Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa
<p>(<b>A</b>) Wild plants of <span class="html-italic">A. africana</span> in flowering condition, (<b>B</b>) culture initiation in MS medium + 10 µM <span class="html-italic">m</span>T (bar = 2 mm), (<b>C</b>) induction of plantlets and growth in +10 µM <span class="html-italic">m</span>T (bar = 2 mm) after 15 days of culture initiation, and (<b>D</b>) proliferation of multiple shoots after 30 days when maintained in 10 μM <span class="html-italic">m</span>T + 5 μM NAA (bar = 1 cm).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Major identified compounds (in %) of micropropagated plants of <span class="html-italic">A. africana</span>.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Chromatographic profile of (<b>A</b>) essential oil and oleoresins (<b>B</b>) acetone and (<b>C</b>) ethyl acetate from <span class="html-italic">A africana</span> micropropagated plants (details are presented in the <a href="#app1-molecules-26-04556" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S1</a>).</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Chromatographic profile of (<b>A</b>) essential oil and oleoresins (<b>B</b>) acetone and (<b>C</b>) ethyl acetate from <span class="html-italic">A africana</span> micropropagated plants (details are presented in the <a href="#app1-molecules-26-04556" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S1</a>).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Major identified compounds of micropropagated plants of <span class="html-italic">A. africana</span>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Principal component analysis (PCA) of the correlation between the essential oil and oleoresins composition based on GC–MS results.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>In vitro cytotoxicity percent (%) of <span class="html-italic">A. africana</span> essential oil and oleoresins with different concentrations on the Vero cell line by MTT assay. The data represent mean ± standard error of the mean of three independent samples with eight replicates (n = 8), <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Tissue Culture of A. africana
2.2. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins
2.3. PCA Analysis of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins
2.4. The Cytotoxicity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Micropropagation and Material Generation from A. africana
4.3. Extraction
4.4. Analysis of the Essential Oils
4.5. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Composition (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | RI | Essential Oil | Acetone Ext. | EtOAc Ext. |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons | ||||
(1) 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-hexene | 799 | 0.50 | ||
(2) 2-Hexene, 2,5,5-trimethyl | 816 | 2.12 | ||
(3) 2-Hexene, 3,4,4-trimethyl | 816 | 0.40 | ||
(4) 2,3-Dimethyl-2-heptene | 878 | 0.46 | ||
(5) Cyclopentane, 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl | 905 | 0.82 | ||
(6) Nonane, 4,5-dimethyl- | 986 | 0.30 | ||
(7) Octane, 5-ethyl-2-methyl | 986 | 0.63 | ||
(8) n-Decane | 1015 | 0.70 | ||
(9) 1-Undecene, 4-methyl | 1140 | 0.63 | ||
(10) Dodecane | 1214 | 0.55 | 0.60 | |
(11) Cyclohexane, (1,2,2-trimethylbutyl) | 1228 | 1.75 | ||
(12) Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl- | 1320 | 1.53 | ||
(13) Tetradecane | 1413 | 6.60 | 3.83 | |
(14) Pentadecane | 1512 | 0.42 | ||
(15) Hexadecane, 4-methyl | 1647 | 0.35 | ||
(16) Heptadecane | 1711 | 1.17 | 16.48 | 9.40 |
(17) Heptadecane, 7-methyl | 1746 | 0.21 | ||
(18) Octadecane, 4-methyl | 1846 | 0.40 | ||
(19) Nonadecane, 2,3-dimethyl | 1980 | 0.22 | ||
(20) Eicosane | 2009 | 3.89 | 26.34 | 6.40 |
(21) Heneicosane | 2109 | 9.45 | ||
(22) 2-methyltetracosane | 2442 | 1.00 | ||
Aliphatic alcohols | ||||
(23) 2-Pentanone,4-hydroxy-4-methyl | 845 | 11.13 | 4.79 | |
(24) cis-4-Hexen-1-ol | 868 | 0.30 | ||
(25) 4,4,6-Trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol | 1085 | 0.35 | ||
(26) Spiro[2.4]heptane-5-methanol, 5-hydroxy | 1208 | 0.49 | ||
(27) Pentadecanol | 1755 | 1.12 | ||
(28) 2-Pentadecyn-1-ol | 1772 | 3.77 | ||
(29) Nonadecanol | 2153 | 1.57 | 0.82 | |
(30) Lignoceric alcohol | 2650 | 1.15 | ||
Aliphatic aldehyde | ||||
(31) n-Hexanal | 806 | 0.88 | ||
(32) trans-2-Decenal | 1212 | 0.49 | ||
(33) Mesityl oxide | 739 | 2.34 | ||
Aliphatic acids and esters | ||||
(34) n-Butyl acetate | 785 | - | 21.13 | 14.34 |
(35) 4-Heptenoic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-6-oxo-methyl ester | 1242 | 0.49 | ||
(36) Myristic acid | 1769 | 0.46 | ||
(37) Pentadecanoic acid | 1869 | 1.31 | ||
(38) Palmitoleic acid | 1976 | 1.42 | ||
(39) Succinic acid, 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl pentyl ester | 2165 | 0.68 | ||
(40) Linoleic acid | 2183 | 18.42 | 2.17 | |
(41) Linolenic acid | 2191 | 10.98 | ||
(42) l-Ascorbyl 2,6-Dipalmitate | 4765 | 11.50 | 0.46 | 1.28 |
Aromatic hydrocarbons | ||||
(43) Toluene | 794 | 2.54 | ||
(44) Ethylbenzene | 893 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 1.34 |
(45) p-Xylene | 907 | 1.53 | 2.28 | 5.24 |
(46) o-Xylene | 907 | 0.70 | ||
(47) 1-Triazene, 1-methyl-3-(4-methylphenyl) | 907 | 0.65 | ||
(48) Mesitylene | 1020 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 2.98 |
(49) o-Ethyltoluene | 1006 | 0.78 | ||
(50) m-Propyltoluene | 1106 | 0.62 | ||
(51) p-Diethylbenzene | 1106 | 1.07 | ||
(52) Benzene, 1-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl | 1119 | 0.93 | ||
(53) Benzene, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl- | 1119 | 1.15 | ||
(54) Durene | 1133 | 1.84 | ||
Aromatic alcohols | ||||
(55) p-Cresol | 1014 | 9.99 | ||
(56) Erythro-1-Phenylpropane-1,2-diol | 1317 | 2.54 | ||
Aromatic aldehydes | ||||
(57) Styrene | 883 | 4.64 | 22.20 | |
(58) Benzaldehyde | 982 | 0.39 | ||
Aromatic ketones | ||||
(59) Hyacinthin | 1081 | 1.26 | ||
(60) Benzyl methyl ketone | 1128 | 1.64 | ||
Aromatic acids and esters | ||||
(61) 2-Ethylbutyric acid, 3-methylbenzyl ester | 1606 | 0.51 | ||
Aromatic acids and esters | ||||
(62) Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester | 1908 | 1.03 | ||
(63) Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester | 2016 | 0.40 | ||
(64) Phthalic acid, dibutyl ester | 2037 | 0.79 | 0.44 | |
(65) Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-(phenylmethyl)-, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenyl ester | 2775 | 0.37 | ||
Monoterpenoides | ||||
(66) Eucalyptol | 1059 | 1.38 | ||
(67) β-Linalool | 1082 | 2.26 | ||
(68) 1,7,7-Trimethyl-2-vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene | 1111 | 0.68 | ||
(69) p-Menth-1-en-4-ol | 1137 | 0.31 | ||
(70) α-Terpineol | 1143 | 1.11 | ||
(71) Dihydroedulan I | 1342 | 0.31 | ||
(72) Dihydroactinidiolide | 1426 | 0.72 | ||
(73) Trans-5-Isopropyl-6,7-epoxy-8-hydroxy-8-methyl | 1465 | 0.34 | ||
Oxygenated norisoprenoids | ||||
(74) Theaspirane | 1370 | 0.38 | ||
Sesquiterpenoides | ||||
(75) Cadalene | 1706 | 0.66 | ||
(76) 3-Isopropyl-6,7-dimethyltricyclo [4.4.0.0(2,8)] decane-9,10-diol | 1710 | 0.52 | ||
(77) Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone | 1754 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
Azulene molecules | ||||
(78) Ethanone, 1-(1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-5-azulenyl) | 1758 | 0.36 | ||
Diterpenoids | ||||
(79) Phytol | 2045 | 0.78 | ||
(80) Phytol, acetate | 2168 | 1.16 | ||
(81) Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl | 827 | 0.35 | 0.91 | |
(82) Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl | 1034 | 0.94 | 2.97 | |
(83) 2,5-Pyrrolidinedione, 3-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl | 1326 | 0.44 | ||
(84) 1,8 (2H,5H)-Naphthalenedione, hexahydro-8a-methyl-, cis | 1517 | 0.46 | ||
Total (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Total (number of compounds) | 55 | 26 | 26 |
Extract | Extraction Yield (mg/100g) | Cytotoxicity Using Vero Cell Line a (LC50 μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
Essential oil | 10 | 52.53 ± 0.69 |
Ethyl acetate extract | 5.3 | 60.05 ± 1.46 |
Acetone extract | 3770 | 25.64 ± 0.78 |
Doxorubicin hydrochloride | 3.46 ± 0.18 or (5.97 μM/mL) |
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Saleh-E-In, M.M.; Bhattacharyya, P.; Van Staden, J. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa. Molecules 2021, 26, 4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154556
Saleh-E-In MM, Bhattacharyya P, Van Staden J. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa. Molecules. 2021; 26(15):4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154556
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaleh-E-In, Md. Moshfekus, Paromik Bhattacharyya, and Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa" Molecules 26, no. 15: 4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154556
APA StyleSaleh-E-In, M. M., Bhattacharyya, P., & Van Staden, J. (2021). Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa. Molecules, 26(15), 4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154556