ED

1. ed
   An abbreviation of editor; of edition.
2. ed
   A prefix now obsolete or occurring unfelt in a few words, meaning ‘again, back, re-,’ as in edgrow, edgrowth, ednew. See eddish, eddy.
3. ed
   An element in proper names of Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning originally ‘property’ (in Anglo-Saxon, ‘prosperity’ or ‘happiness’), as Edward, Anglo-Saxon Eádweard, protector of property; Edwin, Anglo-Saxon Eádwine, gainer or friend of property.
4. ed
   The regular formative of the preterit or past tense, and the perfect participle, respectively, of English “weak” verbs: suffixes of different origin (see etymology), but now identical in form and phonetic relations, and so conveniently treated together. Either suffix is attached (with suppression of final silent -e, if any) to the infinitive or first person indicative, and varies in pronunciation and spelling according to the preceding consonant (the final consonant of the infinitive): -ed, pronounceded after t, d, as in heated, loaded, etc., and archaically in other positions, as in hallowed, raised, etc., and usually in some perfect participles used adjectively, as in blessed, crooked, winged, etc., parallel to blest, crooked (pronounced krukt), winged (pronounced wingd), etc. -ed, pronounced (with suppression of the vowel) d, after a sonant, namely, b, g “hard,” g “soft” (-ge = dzh or zh), j (written -ge, as preceding), s(-se = z), th (= dh), v, z, l, m, n, ng, r, as in robed, robbed, lagged, raged, engaged, rouged, hedged, raised, posed, smoothed, breathed, lived, buzzed, boiled, felled, beamed, dreamed, stoned, leaned, hanged, barred, abhorred, etc. (but after the liquids l, m, n, r, in some words also or only -t: see below), or after a vowel, or a vowel before h or w, as in hoed, rued, brayed, towed, awed, hurrahed, etc.—most words of this class being formerly written without the vowel, which subsequently came to be indicated, pedantically, by an apostrophe, as in rais'd, breath'd, liv'd, etc. (this device being still retained by some, for its apparent metrical value, in verse, but otherwise little used in verbs, though it is the rule in the analogous instance of the possessive case of nouns, as in man's, boy's, etc.), except in a few words which have preserved the simple form, namely, -d, pronounced d (the vowel being suppressed in both pronunciation and spelling), as in laid, paid, staid, shod, heard, sold, told, and (with loss of the final consonant of the infinitive) clad, had, and made (so spelled to preserve the “long” vowel), and, in preterit only, could, should, would—these forms being “irregular” in spelling only (laid, paid, staid), or in spelling and pronunciation, as compared with the forms having the usual -ed. -ed, pronounced t (the vowel being suppressed and the d assimilated to the preceding consonant) after a surd, namely, c “soft” (= s), ch (= tsh), f, k, p, qu (= k), s surd, sh, th surd, x (= ks), as in faced, enticed, matched, cuffed, coughed (pronounced koft), looked, lacked, tipped, piqued, pressed, classed, clashed, toothed, earthed, mixed, etc., such words being formerly, as a rule, and still optionally (in verse, as preferred by Tennyson and other modern poets, or in restored or reformed spelling), spelled as pronounced, with t, as lookt, lackt, tipt, prest, mixt, fixt, etc.; in some words, where -ed after a liquid, l, m, n, r, or a vowel, is pronounced t instead of, as regularly, d, and in some words after p, the spelling -t prevails, either exclusively (and then accompanied by a change of the radical vowel), as in dealt, felt, bought, caught, thought, wrought, brought, sought, taught, slept, swept, wept, etc., or with a parallel form in -ed pronounced d, as in spelt, spilt, spoilt, dreamt, leant, pent, burnt, etc. (the t in some cases absorbing the final -d of the infinitive, as in bent, blent, built, girt, etc.), with parallel forms spelled, spilled, etc. (bended, girded, etc.). In some monosyllables the suffix -ed, reduced to -d or -t, as above, has blended with the final -d or -t of the infinitive, forming, in earlier spelling, a double consonant, dd or tt, which has since been simplified, as in shed, shred, hit, split, etc., all trace of the suffix being thus effaced, and such preterits and past participles being assimilated to the infinitive; an original long vowel in the infinitive becoming short in the preterit and past participle, as in read, preterit and past participle read (red), lead, preterit and past participle led (where the change is recognized in the spelling), and hence, rarely, in the infinitive, as in spread, preterit and past participle spread. Some words ending in -ed (participles used as adjectives) may, with the definite article, or other definitive word, preceding, come to be used as nouns, having as such a possessive case (in 's) and a plural (in -s): as, the police took charge of the deceased's effects; at this the accused's countenance changed. This is found chiefly in newspaper language; but the plural, as “their beloveds,” is not uncommon in recent poetry. See -d, -d, -t, -t.

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