God in All Moments: Mystical & Practical Spiritual Wisdom from Hasidic Masters
By Ebn Leader
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About this ebook
Mystical and practical wisdom—for daily life.
The least known of the Hasidic masters’ teachings—the hanhagot, or “spiritual practices”—are at the heart of this book. These short lists of instructions were created for their followers, inspirational treasures intended to be carried with you at all times. They were to be read again and again—providing spiritual guidance, centering, and aid in bringing joy and God’s presence into daily life.
Practical, personal, and wise, these brief teachings range from straightforward instructions to visualization exercises, meditations, and mantras. Also included are the hanhagot of two neo-Hasidic thinkers: the modern journalist and mystic Hillel Zeitlin (1871–1942), and the contemporary theologian Arthur Green.
Ebn Leader
Rabbi Ebn Leader is director of the Bet Midrash and an instructor in Talmud, Jewish law, and Jewish mysticism at the Rabbinical School of Hebrew College. He is the coeditor of God in All Moments: Mystical and Practical Wisdom from Hasidic Masters , and has contributed to Jewish Mysticism and the Spiritual Life: Classical Texts, Contemporary Reflections (both Jewish Lights). Prior to coming to Hebrew College, he served for several years as an educator at Jewish secondary schools in Jerusalem and Boston.
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God in All Moments - Ebn Leader
Introduction
Hasidism, the great mystical revival movement, swept through Eastern Europe in the late eighteenth century, capturing the hearts and minds of nearly half the Jewish population in a matter of decades.¹ The spiritual founder of this movement was Israel ben Eliezer, the Ba’al Shem Tov (the Master of the Good Name,
1700–1760). A charismatic folk healer,² the Ba’al Shem Tov stood at the center of a small group of mystics who together developed a new religious vision for Judaism.³ The Besht (the acronym by which he is often called) preached a message of hope and inspiration, calling on Jews of different social and educational backgrounds to awaken to God’s immanent presence in the world. Gleaning insights from a wide variety of previous kabbalistic⁴ materials, the early Hasidim stressed the importance of mystical contemplation, joyful religious service, and intentional living.
While the Ba’al Shem Tov was Hasidism’s first great personality, it was his disciple, Rabbi Dov Baer, the Maggid (Preacher
) of Mezeritch (d. 1772),⁵ who was responsible for the creation of the movement. The Great Maggid
was both a gifted teacher and a skillful organizer. He gathered around himself an impressive group of young scholars, creating one of the outstanding spiritual brotherhoods in Jewish history. The members of this group included Levi Isaac of Berditchev, Shneor Zalman of Liadi (founder of HaBaD, or Lubavitch Hasidism), Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl, and the brothers Elimelech of Lizensk and Zusia of Anipol.⁶ Under the tutelage of the Great Maggid, these men developed into creative thinkers, inspiring preachers, and persuasive missionaries. The members of the Maggid’s circle set forth from their master’s study house poised to convert Eastern European Jewry to the ways of Hasidism. Despite meeting immediate and intense opposition from members of the existing rabbinic and social establishment (known as the Mitnaggedim, Opponents
),⁷ these pioneering figures soon transformed the Jewish landscape of Eastern Europe, leaving an indelible mark on Judaism up to the present day.⁸
In the past several decades, many people beyond the traditional Hasidic world have turned to the teachings of the Hasidic masters for inspiration and guidance. This is, of course, part of a larger cultural phenomenon in which increasing numbers of spiritual seekers have looked to the classical religious traditions of the world—particularly the mystical strands within these traditions—in search of meaning.⁹ In the case of Hasidism, the two forms of teaching that have received the greatest attention from modern spiritual seekers are the derashot (homilies, sermons) and the sippurim (tales told by the Hasidic masters and legends about the masters as told by their followers). It was the renowned German Jewish thinker Martin Buber (1878–1965) who first brought the tales to the West at the beginning of the twentieth century, offering a creative (and idiosyncratic) reading of this material that stressed the humanistic character of these writings.¹⁰ Gershom Scholem (1897–1982), Buber’s compatriot and archcritic, pioneered the study of the sermons. As the creator of the academic study of Jewish mysticism, Scholem carefully dissected these works, attempting to understand the doctrinal underpinnings—theological and ideological—of the Hasidic masters.¹¹ Since the days of these two intellectual giants, many other scholars and religious interpreters have added to our understanding of the history and thought of Hasidism.¹²
However, one area of Hasidic lore that has not yet received much attention from seekers or scholars is a genre of literature known as hanhagot, spiritual practices.
¹³ Appended to many collections of Hasidic homilies (or contained within various anthologies) are short lists of instructions created by the Hasidic masters for their followers. These brief teachings are designed to aid the devotee in applying the Hasidic ideals to daily life. Often, the Rebbes (Rabbis,
Hasidic masters in Yiddish) would advise their disciples to copy these instructions and carry them in their pockets throughout the day, reading them whenever they required spiritual guidance or centering. The hanhagot have a practical tone that is mostly absent from the more theoretical homilies or the mythical tales. They include guidance for prayer, advice on personal and interpersonal affairs, and tools (such as mantras and visualization exercises) for maintaining one’s mystical focus while at work or when traveling.
The Hasidic Rebbes, however, were not the originators of this literary form. Rather, it was the sixteenth-century mystics of Safed (in northern Israel) who first developed the practice of writing hanhagot. Several individuals from the circles of Moses Cordovero and Isaac Luria¹⁴ created lists of spiritual directives for themselves and their disciples. The Safed hanhagot have both a mystical and an ascetic character. The devotee is strongly encouraged to undertake a strict regimen of self-mortification, including fasting, sleep deprivation, and the avoidance of bathing and perfuming, as preparation for mystical experience.¹⁵ The practice of writing hanhagot continued in various Jewish mystical circles from the sixteenth century onward.
While the Hasidic directives are similar in many respects to earlier hanhagot, they also have a specifically Hasidic character. This includes a restriction on ascetic practices and a new focus on joy as a spiritual imperative. The Hasidic Rebbes also placed special emphasis on the possibility of encountering the Divine in all areas of life—in the marketplace, while traveling or conversing with friends, and even during sexual relations. Like the Hasidic movement as a whole, the hanhagot represent a careful selection and reworking of earlier religious values and traditions.
By making these texts available in English, we hope to share this inspiring form of Hasidic wisdom with a broad range of spiritual seekers, both Jewish and non-Jewish. The hanhagot offer us insightful and practical suggestions for contemplative living, and their direct and relatively straightforward style invites both the initiated and the beginner into an authentic dialogue with the Jewish mystical tradition. While the hanhagot are often formulated as prescriptive lessons—handed down from master to disciple with definite do’s
and don’ts
—we encourage you to glean freely from this material, incorporating those teachings that are most helpful to you at a particular moment or stage of life. To this end, we have often placed texts with different (even contradictory) messages side by side within each section of the book.
In editing this volume, we have selected those texts that we believe are both representative of the genre as a whole and resonant with contemporary spiritual sensibilities. Therefore, we have consciously omitted materials that are egregiously sexist, racist, or offensive in other respects.¹⁶ The texts included in this volume come from several early Hasidic sources, mostly from the circles of the Besht and the Great Maggid. Some were originally designed for mass distribution