The Patient Revolution: How Big Data and Analytics Are Transforming the Health Care Experience
By Krisa Tailor
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About this ebook
In The Patient Revolution, author Krisa Tailor—a noted expert in health care innovation and management—explores, through the lens of design thinking, how information technology will take health care into the experience economy. In the experience economy, patients will shift to being empowered consumers who are active participants in their own care. Tailor explores this shift by creating a vision for a newly designed health care system that's focused on both sickness and wellness, and is driven by data and analytics. The new system seamlessly integrates health into our daily lives, and delivers care so uniquely personalized that no two people are provided identical treatments. Connected through data, everyone across the health care ecosystem, including clinicians, insurers, and researchers, will be able to meet individuals wherever they are in their health journey to reach the ultimate goal of keeping people healthy.
The patient revolution has just begun and an exciting journey awaits us.
Praise for the patient revolution
"A full 50% of the US population has at least one chronic disease that requires ongoing monitoring and treatment. Our current health care system is woefully inadequate in providing these individuals with the treatment and support they need. This disparity can only be addressed through empowering patients to better care for themselves and giving providers better tools to care for their patients. Both of those solutions will require the development and application of novel technologies. In Krisa Tailor's book The Patient Revolution, a blueprint is articulated for how this could be achieved, culminating in a vision for a learning health system within 10 years."
—Ricky Bloomfield, MD, Director, Mobile Technology Strategy; Assistant Professor, Duke Medicine
"In The Patient Revolution, Krisa Tailor astutely points out that 80% of health is impacted by factors outside of the health care system. Amazon unfortunately knows more about our patients than we do. The prescriptive analytics she describes will allow health care providers to use big data to optimize interventions at the level of the individual patient. The use of analytics will allow providers to improve quality, shape care coordination, and contain costs. Advanced analytics will lead to personalized care and ultimately empowered patients!"
—Linda Butler, MD, Vice President of Medical Affairs/Chief Medical Officer/Chief Medical Information Officer, Rex Healthcare
"The Patient Revolution provides a practical roadmap on how the industry can capture value by making health and care more personalized, anticipatory, and intuitive to patient needs."
—Ash Damle, CEO, Lumiata
"Excellent read. For me, health care represents a unique economy—one focused on technology, but requiring a deep understanding of humanity. Ms. Tailor begins the exploration of how we provide care via the concepts of design thinking, asking how we might redesign care with an eye toward changing the experience. She does an excellent job deconstructing this from the patient experience. I look forward to a hopeful follow-up directed at changing the provider culture."
—Alan Pitt, MD, Chief Medical Officer, Avizia
"Whether you're a health care provider looking to gain an understanding of the health care landscape, a health data scientist, or a seasoned business pro, you'll come away with a deeper, nuanced understanding of today's evolving health care system with this book. Krisa Tailor ties together—in a comprehensive, unique way—the worlds of health care administration, clinical practice, design thinking, and business strategy and innovation."
—Steven Chan, MD, MBA, University of California, Davis
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Book preview
The Patient Revolution - Krisa Tailor
Part 1
Think
Chapter 1
Introduction
Pain Points
One thing that many of us SAS employees have in common, aside from our love for free M&M's and Zumba class at lunch, is something a little less glamorous. It's unfortunately pain: back pain, shoulder pain, neck pain, you name it. But it isn't unique to SAS. Many corporations, especially large software companies like us, share the same challenge. With over 5,000 people on our Cary, NC, campus, we definitely have our fair share of hunched-over-their-computer-screen employees.
Don't take me wrong, though; SAS isn't one of Fortune's top places to work for nothing. While we have world-class healthcare, a wonderful fitness center, and an ergonomics department all onsite, we, however, can't escape the fact that some jobs require long periods of sitting. Well, it turns out that sitting is really bad for you and can evolve into some serious chronic pain. And unfortunately, the M&M's don't relieve pain.
Chronic pain has become so widespread that one out of three Americans suffers from it and it costs our nation over $600 billion a year, which is more than the yearly costs for cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.¹ That's probably the least alarming statistic. Lower back pain, for example, affects 80 percent of the adult population and is the number-one cause of lost workdays in the United States.² And often, that's just the beginning of the vicious pain cycle; chronic pain can lead to obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes, and to injuries and employment disabilities, not to mention the loss of productivity and costs to individuals and employers like SAS. But it's not just the adult population who's in pain. Have you ever heard of text neck
? The younger generations—whose lives revolve around mobile and tech—are experiencing pain as young as in their teenage years; so much so that it's estimated that 25 percent of today's young adults will become disabled before they retire.³
Pain is tricky and confusing in so many ways, which makes it a really difficult problem to tackle. It can fluctuate a lot in intensity, occur in multiple places at once, and it doesn't always appear where the problem originates from. It really doesn't help solve the mystery when the pain in your right knee is contributing to a problem in your left gluteus. (Yes, that's how strange it is.) In a nutshell, it's a hard thing to get to the bottom of. Listening to so many pain stories over the years, I found that people often accept pain as a regular part of their lives. There was my friend Leigh, who was visiting a chiropractor biweekly for five years straight—it was a part of his Friday routine; my colleague John, who was in so much pain for two years that he one day found himself lying on his office floor unable to get up; and Melissa, whose lower back pain that she kept avoiding eventually led to severe knee pain. And there was my own experience in which my long nights of sitting (thank you, grad school) led to pain all over my right side. It was beyond physical, though; the emotional toll it took on all of us was draining. Managing the consequences of pain was tough. Tracking it was tough. Finding a solution was tough. I really wanted to do something about it.
Sometime last year I had an idea that could possibly help people manage their pain better. And after seeing some of the outrageous statistics, I was convinced that there was a way to curb some of the $600 billion in costs. So about 30 seconds after my brainwave moment (I admit I briefly felt as if I'd solved all the world's problems), I called my friend Lance, who's the CEO of DXLab—a local design consultancy that creates remarkable products and services. Following an hour-long phone conversation about the pains of pain, Lance and I mapped out a plan for incubating my idea and we were on our way.
Birth of a Start-up
Lance and his team at DXLab use a process called design thinking to take ideas to implementation in a short period of time. Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that translates observations into insights and insights into products and services that improve lives.⁴ I've been a fan of the methodology since I was introduced to it during my days at NC State University, because of the way it converges creativity with business innovation. Its emphasis on human needs is what drives the approach and is what makes it ideal for solving healthcare challenges.
The process that Lance described to me was simple and refreshing. It looked like Figure 1.1.
Diagram of design thinking process. A row of 5 overlapping circles depict (left–right) discovery, criteria, inspiration, ideation, and implementation. Arrows from Inspiration converge in Implementation.Figure 1.1 Design Thinking Process
Design thinking is unique because it gets people involved from the get-go. The very first thing we'd do is customer discovery—to understand the real issues of managing pain from the customer's point of view, rather than my point of view. Is managing pain really a problem for people? Connecting with people and hearing their stories lets us gain empathy for the individuals, and also helps us define and validate our problems.
So that's what I did. Luckily, I had already expedited this step through many previous conversations around pain, but to put the structure I needed around it, I spoke with several individuals, through workshops and one-on-one interviews, to dive deeper into their pain stories and experiences. I wanted to understand both their obvious needs and their latent needs—needs that may be more difficult to articulate. But my customers weren't only those individuals experiencing pain. It was important to extend my understanding to their network of interactions and to hear how the issues affected them as well. So I connected with those who treat and manage pain; medical professionals such as physical therapists, pain medicine specialists, and chiropractors play an important role in the management of pain.
At the end of these conversations, I had defined and validated multiple problems from the patients' and the providers' points of view. It turned out that there were just as many problems on the provider side in managing pain as there were on the patient's side, and this shed light on what some of the barriers in pain management are. Most important, though, I gained a sense of empathy for both the patients and providers—the first and foundational component of human-centered design. It's something we don't do in healthcare as much as we should, even though we strive to be a patient-centric system. Taking this step before any discussion of the technology or design of the product was eye-opening and put me in a much better position to create something that met both the functional and emotional needs of individuals.
What I learned when I began to see the issues through their eyes was invaluable. I heard about many patient experiences, both good and bad (mostly bad), as they dealt with their pain. Some people had seen dozens of providers for their pain; some of them blamed their provider for their continuous pain; many were frustrated with trying to keep up with their evolving pain and trying to explain it to their providers; many thought they'd find a cure quicker if they weren't having to go from provider to provider to find the best treatment. And everyone said their pain might be healed quicker if the experience was better, more seamless, and easier. What they wanted was meaningful conversations, to get more value out of their doctor's visit, to share their pain story more effectively, and most important, to find a remedy to their pain. One thing was absolutely certain—managing pain needed to be a better experience.
A huge untapped market began to take shape before my eyes, and thus, Remedy was born.
Experience Is the Teacher of All Things
About a year ago, I finally got around to reading Change by Design, by Tim Brown, CEO and president of the highly talented design firm IDEO. The book had been on my reading list for quite some time, and I found it so stimulating that I read it from cover to cover on a six-hour flight to Seattle. The book describes the concepts of design thinking in a simple but enriching way, and the applications Brown draws to our daily lives had me unfolding idea after idea of how it could be applied to healthcare. At the time, I had already begun writing The Patient Revolution, but was so inspired by Brown that I scratched my initial drafts and constructed an entirely different approach.
I used the design thinking process as a framework for this book and to organize my thoughts. I also wanted to shed light on how the human-centered approach can be applied to the healthcare system, both broadly and to individual healthcare issues. Needless to say, this book is very much inspired by Brown's ideas. And while that may have been the best thing that happened to it, I did take a mini-vacation from my reading list to spare myself the possibility of starting over again.
What's Your Healthcare Experience?
In his book, Brown says that whether we're sitting on an airplane, shopping for groceries, or checking into a hotel, we aren't just carrying out a function, but having an experience. The same is true when we engage with the healthcare system, but despite our attempts to be patient-centric, we don't always consider the experiences of individuals as they move through the system. Moreover, our approach to health, arguably the most important aspect of our lives, still lacks personalized experiences that create opportunities for active participation.
Creating those experiences is, of course, not easy. Healthcare, unlike many other systems, isn't a single stream of predictable and regular events. It's uniquely personal to each individual, and that's what makes it so difficult to personalize. Like Dr. Marty Kohn, chief medical scientist at Sentrian, says, unlike Jeopardy, healthcare is not deterministic; there's often no one right answer since many patients have multiple comorbidities. Each individual undergoes a unique health journey; hence there's no one story that characterizes the healthcare experience.
Take a moment to think about some of your experiences with the healthcare system, perhaps a simple event, like your annual physical exam, or something more complex, such as a surgery that required extensive pre-op and post-op care. What series of events occurred throughout the process? Do you think that those activities catered to what's desirable to you? Did you find yourself actively participating or passively consuming?
The Experience Economy
Joseph Pine and James Gilmore say we're now living in what they call the experience economy,
in which people shift from passive consumption to active participation.⁵ Services across most industries have fully shifted toward delivering experiences, and most have gone beyond that to provide personalized and customized experiences. This is what Pine calls the transformation economy, which is the final stage in his chain of economic value. In the transformation economy, services are designed so specifically for a person that they are life-transforming for the individual.⁶ In other words, the experience changes us in some way.
If you're an online shopper like me, you're very aware of how the growth of the experience economy and the emergence of the transformation economy have revamped the online shopping experience. Not only is your shopping personalized to your likes and dislikes, but your experience is your unique experience. That means a retailer learns things about you like your lifestyle, preferences, and shopping habits, so that they can be proactive in giving you a truly personalized experience. And with new innovations like smart watches and one-click shopping, the mobile shopping experience is becoming an increasingly fun and engaging part of our lives. For example, products like the Google Ventures–backed Spring (www.shopspring.com) are attempting to re-create the shopping experience with a one-click-to-buy
feature. And other industries, like financial services and hospitality, are making similar transformations; with services like Mint (www.mint.com), you can manage your financial health through personal budget and goal-setting, and receive custom recommendations for saving money. Even hotels are tailoring each part of the experience for guests, from entertainment and technology to pricing and communications.
These services are focusing on the total experience for their customers, which makes the experience continuous and all-inclusive. It's no longer about a one-night hotel stay or your one sporadic shopping spree; hotels and retailers are now customizing experiences for you before, during, and after your service. So now you may be checking into your room early on your mobile device, preordering television programs and snacks before you even arrive, and receiving personalized recommendations of places to eat near your hotel. And after you leave, you may receive promotions and offers catering to your preferences, encouraging you to plan another stay at the hotel. It's a continuous relationship that keeps you actively participating while blending into your daily rituals, like texting or perusing your Twitter feed.
Now think back to your healthcare experiences from earlier. Do they feel as seamless and continuous as these others? Do you feel like an active participator in your healthcare before, during, and after services?
Experiences are important to products, services, and systems because, simply put, they create happier customers. The key to excellent experiences is to focus on totality and consider every element across people, process, and place. By creating an unwavering consistency in delivering value, experiences result in more engaged and more satisfied customers. It's not an easy thing to do, but is entirely possible with the right understanding of your end-users and the right tools. I'll talk more about this later, but first, let's take note of what's going on today with the healthcare system.
#healthcaretrends
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, has since its inauguration in 2010 prompted a variety of transformations throughout the healthcare system. And while it's been a topic of ongoing debate since its inception, the ACA has brought forth many innovations toward a new health economy focused on consumer value. Healthcare payers, providers, and policymakers are exploring new initiatives to improve the health of individuals while managing the escalation of costs, including new service and payment models. Marketplaces are being created for consumers to purchase healthcare insurance, researchers are examining novel datasets to advance the field of precision medicine, and much, much more. Lots of unprecedented activity is taking place at all levels of the health