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2017, Renewing Local Planning to Face Climate Change in the Tropics
In the last seven years, tropical cities with a climate plan have tripled compared to the previous seven years. According to the 11th United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal, climate planning should significantly increase by 2030. The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction (2015) and the New urban agenda signed in Quito (2016) indicate how to achieve this goal through analysis, categories of plans and specific measures. This chapter identifies the main obstacles to the significant increase in tropical human settlements with a climate plan and the possible solutions. First of all, the distribution and trend at 2030 of tropical human settlements are ascertained. Then local access to information on damage, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk, and the consideration of these aspects in the national guides to local climate planning are verified. Lastly, the categories of plans and climate measures recommended by the United Nations are compared with those that are most common today, using a database of 401 climate plans for 338 tropical cities relating to 41 countries. The chapter highlights the fact that the prescription for treating tropical cities affected by climate change has been prepared without an accurate diagnosis. Significantly increasing climate planning must consider that small-medium human settlements in the Tropics will prevail at least until 2030. And most effort will be required from Developing and Least Developed Countries. The recommendations of the United Nations concerning the preliminary analyses ignore the fact that local authorities usually do not have access to the necessary information.
Tiepolo, M., Pezzoli, A., Tarchiani, V. (Eds). Renewing Local Planning to face Climate Change in the Tropics. Cham (Switzerland), Springer.
Relevance and Quality of Climate Planning for Large and Medium-Sized Cities of the Tropics2017 •
In the last seven years, the number of plans with climate measures for tropical cities has increased 2.3 times compared to the previous seven years as a result of the initiatives of central and local governments, multi-bilateral development aid and development banks. The plans matter in achieving the 11th United Nations' Sustainable development goal. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to ascertain the relevance and quality of climate planning in large and medium-sized cities in the Tropics. The chapter proposes and applies the QCPI-Quality of Climate Plans Index, consisting of 10 indicators (characterization of climate, number, quantification, relevance, potential impact, cost, funding sources, timetable and responsibility of measures, implementation monitoring and reporting). It is revealed that 338 tropical cities currently have a local development, emergency, master, mitigation, adaptation, risk reduction plan or a resilience or smart city strategy. These tools were unquestionably more common in large cities, especially in OCDE and BRICS countries, while they were rare in Developing Countries. Local development plans (Municipal development, general, comprehensive) were the most common in medium-sized cities, along with those with the lowest quality, while stand-alone strategies and plans (resilience, mitigation, sustainable, adaptation), applied mostly in big cities, present much higher quality.
2016 •
During the last decade, many local governments have launched initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions and the potential impact of hydro-climatic disasters. Nonetheless, today barely 11% of subtropical and tropical cities with over 100,000 inhabitants have a climate plan. Often this tool neither issues from an analysis of climate change or hydro climatic risks, nor does it provide an adequate depth of detail for the identified measures (cost, funding mode, implementation), nor a sound monitoring-evaluation device. This book aims to improve the quality of climate planning by providing 19 examples of analysis and assessments in eleven countries. It is intended for local operators in the fields of climate, hydro-climatic risks, physical planning, besides researchers and students of these subjects. The first chapter describes the status of climate planning in large subtropical and tropical cities. The following six chapters discuss the hazards (atmospheric drought, intense precipitations, sea level rise, sea water intrusion) and early warning systems in various contexts. Nine chapters explore flood risk analysis and preliminary mapping, climate change vulnerability, comparing contingency plans in various scales and presenting experiences centred on adaptation planning. The last three chapters introduce some best practices of weather and climate change monitoring, of flood risk mapping and assessment.
Climate change was appeared as a phenomenon since the early 19th Century, and since then non serious international commitment was conducted to reduce its rapid impacts, however after 1980th many countries made extreme efforts to document and understand climate change complex impacts and how to deal with it, but those efforts marked by successes and failures within a very uneven pace. Nowadays many (developed) countries adopted the idea of planning the city for climate change (In-spite of inherent limitations to predictive capacity and uncertainty) that guarantee providing the city not only with the necessary Actions and precautions that insure the city resiliency and inhabitants’ safety, but also contribute to quality of life to have liveable cities. However, many of developing countries have another point of view in considering this issue, as they don’t take climate change issue into consideration while planning for its local/national development Agenda, despite most of them are expose to natural disasters/Hazards (such as tsunamis, floods, flash floods or excessive increase in temperature), depending on the Reaction strategy and short-term Adaptation plans to confront such disasters or at least minimize their impacts. As they believe that even if they accept to conduct climate change action plan; it may represent extreme financial burden on its Local/National budget or it may affect the NGOs/international fund for development. This paper aims to reveal this conflict by explain the climate change paradigm and how/why it transformed from just a phenomenon to Action plan. Followed by identifying the climate change planning cycle and how to make climate change action plan and the challenges that the developing countries faces in planning for climate change and how we could support their initiatives.
International Journal of Climatology
A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning2009 •
Tiepolo M., Ponte E., Cristofori E. (Eds.). Planning to cope with subtropical and tropical climate change. De Gruyter Open
Climate Change Characterisation and Planning in Large Tropical and Subtropical Cities2016 •
In recent years, the number of large subtropical and tropical cities with defined climate plans has increased as a result of the initiatives of local governments, multi-bilateral development aid and development banks. Surveys carried out to date on climate planning consider the overall cities, at times by continent, without underscoring those that present planning deficiencies. For instance, we have no idea whether the cities that are most affected by hydro-meteorological and climatic disasters have plans, nor if their climate plans are ready to be implemented. Clarifying these aspects would strengthen the foundation of the current discussion on the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2030. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to ascertain the relevance and quality of climate planning in large subtropical and tropical cities populated by over 1 million inhabitants. Our survey found 344 large cities in the two climate zones concerned, and 82 of these have mitigation, adaptation, resilience or emergency plans, strategies or policies. We verified the relevance of these tools for the climate zones concerned, the type of economy and the frequency of hydro-meteorological and climate-related disasters. The quality of plans was assessed, ensuring that they had taken climate characterisation into account, that every measure was managed by a designated agency or office, and that funds were secured for implementing measures, as well as a monitoring and reporting sytem was defined. The analysis of collected information underscores considerable differences between large cities in terms of per capita greenhouse gas emissions (which were double in the subtropics relative to the tropics) and exposure to hazards (which were greater in the subtropical zone). Emergency and mitigation plans were the most common, while adaptation plans and resilience strategies were more unusual. The relevance of plans is still weak, given that barely 1/4 of the large cities had a plan. Plans were unquestionably more common in the subtropics, especially in OECD countries and in the BRICS, while they were absent in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), despite the
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