Cité et territoire celtique à travers l'exemple du Belgium

2023

The presence of metalworking tools in burials, hoards, and sanctuaries, from the Bell Beaker period until the Iron Age, invites the question of what link there was between the artisan and his tools, but also between the artisan and society. In these specific find contexts, tools not only provide technical evidence but also acquire a specific symbolic value, as they form part of certain rituals. For example, in the Late Iron Age of Continental Europe, these ritual aspects of artisanship relate to the profound upheavals in society that lead to the emergence of oppida. But tools are also technological items that answer to a specific need, and therefore should not be separated from their function and from the technical purpose for which they are employed. The “Metools” conference which was organised in Belfast in June 2016 as part of the HardRock project “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: context, function, and choice of early metalworking tools on Europe’s Atlantic façade” (Marie Skłodowska Curie, No. 623392) and the “Metal Ages in Europe” commission of the International Union of Pre- and Protohistoric Sciences (UISPP). Its aim was to shine a spotlight on the tools of the metalworker, whether in metal, stone, terracotta or organic materials, to follow their evolution from the appearance of metallurgy at the beginning of the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, as well as the place held by metalworking and its artisans in the economic and social landscape of the period. This volume brings together the various communications that were presented at the “Metools” international symposium to some sixty European researchers. It contains 12 papers by 22 authors. The papers, written in English and French, present new data from the British Isles, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Corsica and cover a wide range of topics that make up some of the latest research on metalworking during the Bronze and Iron ages. Two projects involving experimental archaeology and various prospection methods used to detect open air metallurgy workshops are presented here. They underline the difficulty of identifying metalworking features in the archaeological record and give insight into why this is the case. Gold metalworking is the subject of two papers that give a comprehensive overview of the tools and the techniques required for this intricate and highly specialised artisanship. Other works shed light on the metalworking tools themselves found in domestic contexts, with detailed analyses of their use during specific stages of the metalworking process. Special emphasis is given to the rare tools found in hoards and their significance in these ritual contexts. This conference intended to provide a forum for developing a better understanding of the role metalworking and metalworkers played in society, and of the evolution of that role during the period conventionally referred to as the Metal Ages.

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Chapter in book Controverses rond de canon, written by Maria Grever, Ed Jonker, Kees Ribbens and Siep Stuurman, 2006

The Dutch Canon Committee led by Professor Frits van Oostrom has kept its promise. She presented 'The Canon of the Netherlands' within the set period of one year. The committee has taken its task seriously and that is highly commendable. The report consists of two booklets: an extensive justification in part A and a concrete canon of fifty windows in part B. 1 The fifty canon windows in part B, intended for children aged 7-14 (primary education and lower secondary education), must be bidding on the rich story of the Netherlands in the world through historical figures, objects and events. Excursions, websites, children's books and relevant literature are mentioned in each window. With the cross media concept, the committee follows the modern ICT trend, while also wanting to continue an older and valued tradition. In the spirit of J.H. Isings is a wall chart designed for the classroom with all windows on a timeline, so that the associated images can be impressed upon the students. There is also a website with canon windows that provide more information through branches and references. Finally, the committee believes that a wiki function is important, but complete freedom as with Wikipedia is still a bridge too far. Even though the national canon is intended for everyone, there must remain editorial control on the internet. The committee also wants to place the subject teacher more centrally. It is one of the great merits of this report that it also emphasizes the restoration of the infrastructure of education in history, literature, and culture. After all, while textbooks are becoming increasingly thicker, teachers' subject knowledge is actually decreasing (A, p. 60-63). We can be grateful to the committee for this cry from our hearts. Nevertheless, there is little critical distance from the content in this canon. Historical thinking as didactics is lacking. This is important to know, because in practice the canon can easily become mandatory.

Oxford University Press eBooks, 2007

5.1. Hallar la excitación (NI) necesaria para que en el ENTREHIERRO y en la armadura del circuito magnético de la figura exista un flujo de 9 × 10-5 Wb. Se supondrá que el flujo ÚTIL es 0,9 veces el flujo producido por el arrollamiento de excitación. Factor de apilamiento = 1. SOLUCIÓN: Las longitudes de las lineas medias de fuerza serán, respectivamente: L CULATA = 60-5-5 = 50 Cm = 0,5 m. L NUCLEOS = 2 (55-5) = 100 Cm = 1 m. L EH = 2 × 1 = 2 Cm = 0,5 m L ARMADURA = 60-5-5 = 50 Cm = 0,5 m. La dispersión es del 10% por lo que el flujo producido por la bobina valdrá 1,1 × 9 × 10-5 Wb = 10-4 Wb que será el flujo que atraviesa la culata y los núcleos.

Saya tidak pernah menemukan kitab yang membahas seluruh tema ini. Karena itu saya berkewajiban untuk menyusun sebuah buku yang mencakup semua yang berkaitan dengan sifat shalat Nabi SAW sejak dari takbir hingga salam untuk ikhwan-ikhwan umat Islam yang selalu berkeinginan meneladaini petunjuk Nabinya dalam beribadah. Sehingga mempermudah mereka melaksanakan perintah Rasulullah SAW sebagaimana yang disabdakan " Sholatlah sebagaimana kalian melihat aku melakukan shalat " Atas dasar inilah, saya berusaha keras menelusuri hadits-hadits yang berkaitan dengan tujuan ini di berbagai kitab hadits, yang diantarnya adalah buku yang sedang di tangan anda ini. Dalam penulisan buku ini saya telah menetapkan sebuah aturan agar tidak menggunakan hadits-hadits Nabi sebagai dalil kecuali yang sanadnya kuat, sesuai dengan kaidah dan prinsip-prinsip ilmu hadits. Disamping itu saya juga mencapakkan setiap hadits majhul atau dhaif berkenaan dengan tata cara shalat, zikir, keutamaan-keutamaan dan lain sebagainya. Karena saya yakin bahwa setiap hadits yang kuat sudah cukup dari pada yang dhaif karena yang dhaif itu tidak ada gunanya – tanpa ada perselisihan diatara ahli hadits – kecuali hanya prasangka. Sedangkan keyakinan yang bersumber dari prasangka adalah sebagaimana halnya firman Alloh dalam Qur'an surat an-Najm ayat 28 : " Persangkaan itu tiada berfaedah sedikitpun terhadap kebenaran. " Juga Rasulullah SAW bersabda " Janganlah sekali-kali berprasangka karena persangkaan itu adalah perkataan yang paling dusta " (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim). Langkah semacam ini tidak dapat ditempuh untukberibadah kepada Alloh. Bahkan dengan tegas Rasulullah SAW melarangnya sebagaimana disabdakan " Berhati-hatilah kamu sekalian akan hadits kecuali yang telah kamu ketahui " (HR. Tirmidzi, Ahmad & Ibnu Abi Syaibah). Oleh karenanya meriwayatkan hadits dhaif tidak dibolehkan apalagi bila untuk diamalkan. Demikian buku ini saya susun dalam dua alur, atas dan bawah. Alur pertama, seperti matan hadits atau struktur yang serupa yang saya susun pada tempat yang layak dan tersusun secara serasi, dari awal hingga terakhir. Saya tetap menjaga lafal teks hadits yang terdapat pada kitab-kitab sunnah. Kadang-kadang sebuah hadits lafalnya berbeda-beda dan saya memilih salah satu lafal untuk alasan penyusunan. Terkadang saya menambahkan dengan lafal yang lain dan aku beri tanda dengan kata-kata " Dalam suatu lafal : demikian, demikian ". Atau " Dalam sebuah riwayat : Demikian, demikian ". Dalam penulisan riwayatpun jarang dinisbatkan kepada sahabat. Tidak pula saya jelaskan perawi-perawinya dikalangan imam hadits untktuk mempermudah bacaan dan rujukan. Alur kedua, berupa syarah, penjelasan matan sebelumnya. Dalam hal ini saya telah mentakhrij hadits-hadits yang terdapat pada alur atas, dengan mengemukakan lafalnya, alur riwayatmua disertai dengan uraian sanad, syahid-syahid jarah dan ta'dil, sahih dan dha'ifnya sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah dalam ilmu hadits. Sering kali ditemukan pada sebagain riwayat, lafal-lafal yang berbeda atau tambahan-tambahan yang tidak terdapat riwayat jalur yang lain. Lalu, saya tambahkan kepada hadits yang tertera pada jalur atas. Itupun dilakukan bila serasi dengan hadits yang asli.

Confucian cosmopolitanism, according to recent interpretations, prioritizes care for family and community members while at the same time maintaining that we should extend this care to those outside of these relationships. As such, the Confucian view is a version of what Samuel Scheffler calls moderate cosmopolitanism, which sees one's duties as a citizen of the world as compatible with special obligations. One challenge that Scheffler raises for the moderate view is that, once a person is cut off from their community's "infrastructure of responsibility" that shapes how they interact family and community members, they will have little on which to base cosmopolitan interactions. In this paper, I argue that the Confucian view is especially susceptible to this challenge. I examine some resources by which Confucians might attempt to address the problem, while also drawing attention to the limitations of these resources.

Ημερίδα: Φιλεκπαιδευτικός Σύλλογος Αδριανουπόλεως. 150 χρόνια από την ίδρυση, Νέα Ορεστιάδα, 5 Ιουνίου 2022

REDES CONTRAINCENDIO baja tension

Deleted Journal, 2023