Chemistry 1 Course Palestine Technical University Electrical Engineering Club Chapter1: Chemistry and Measurement Tareq Foqha

This text can be divided into two parts: the first deals with modeling of dynamic systems, passing through the so-called strong formulation to the concept of variational formulation, considering the basic tools of variational calculus and the Hamilton Principle. The concepts are exemplified by two structures that follows the whole text: a unidimensional cable and a plate. Still in the first part, the eigenvalue problem of continuous systems is presen- ted and the properties of self-adjoint operators are shown. Throughout this stage and at the appendix, analytical solutions to the eigenvalue problem are developed. As to get the problems analytical solutions may be too inge- nious or even impossible, another way is proposed: the use of approximate solutions, which is the theme of the second part of this text. It starts by presenting methods of discretization of continuous systems, exemplifying them. The methods are used as tools for approximation of the vibration modes. The Ritz, Galerkin and Collocation methods are exposed. The func- tions used at the first and at the second are generated by the Finite Element Method and the modes approximated by this method are used to reduce the systems to then obtain the dynamic response to a given dynamic loading. The whole theory is reinforced with two practical problems at the end: one is about a cable during a supplying operation of an oil rig and the other is about a plate during a shot blastening operation. Last but not least, a chap- ter is devoted to the Collocation Method, where higher-order polynomials, the Chebyshev polynomials, are used to the approximation using different interpolation grids, the Chebyshev-Gauss and the Gauss-Lobatto grid. Keywords flexible structures. dynamics. model reduction. direct methods. modeling.

Alison Locke Perchuk gives a work-in-progress presentation of an interdisciplinary study of the art, architecture, and landscapes of Benedictine monasteries in central Italy, VI-XII c., including Montecassino, Sacro Speco at Subiaco, and Sant'Eutizio at Norcia, largely destroyed by earthquakes in 2016-17. The project's methodological contribution is to bring ecocriticism into dialogue with art history, positioning landscape as protagonist in the construction of sanctity in the medieval Latin West and examining the ways in which monastic art and architecture established, communicated, and preserved sacred topographies.

Bei den Bauarbeiten für den Ausbau des Fernwärmenetzes in den Quartieren rund um den Wettsteinplatz kamen mehrere frühmittelalterliche Gräber, darunter ein reich ausgestattetes Mädchengrab, zum Vorschein. Das Grab enthielt ca. 380 Perlen, eine Schnalle – vermutlich für ein Täschchen – und eine goldtauschierte Gürtelschnalle. Ein solches Ensemble kannte man bisher nur aus sehr reichen Frauengräbern. Der Kantonsarchäologe Guido Lassau und die Grabungsleiterin Corinne Hodel sprechen mit der Wissenschaftsjournalistin Marion Benz über Herausforderungen und Potentiale der Grossgrabungen für die Fernwärmeleitung, über die vielfältigen Informationen, welche das reich geschmückte Mädchen für die archäologische Forschung liefert, und wie wichtig es ist, ihr Lebensumfeld genauer zu kennen, um ihre Rolle in der damaligen Gesellschaft zu verstehen.

Menurut catatan sejarah, filsafat bermula di Yunani. Bangsa Yunani mulai mempergunakan akal ketika mempertanyakan mitos yang berkembang di masyarakat sekitar abad VI SM. Perkembangan pemikiran ini menandai usaha manusia untuk mempergunakan akal dalam memahami segala sesuatu. Pemikiran Yunani sebagai embrio filsafat Barat berkembang menjadi titik tolak pemikiran Barat abad pertengahan, modern dan masa berikutnya. Disamping menempatkan filsafat sebagai sumber pengetahuan, Barat juga menjadikan agama sebagai pedoman hidup, meskipun memang harus diakui bahwa hubungan filsafat dan agama mengalami pasang surut. Pada abad pertengahan misalnya dunia Barat didominasi oleh dogmatisme gereja (agama), tetapi abad modern seakan terjadi pembalasan terhadap agama. Peran agama di masa modern digantikan ilmu-ilmu positif. Akibatnya, Barat mengalami kekeringan spiritualisme. Namun selanjutnya, Barat kembali melirik kepada peranan agama agar kehidupan mereka kembali memiliki makna. Filsafat dan agama secara umum merupakan pengetahuan. Jika agama merupakan pengetahuan yang berasal dari wakyu, filsafat sendiri adalah hasil dari pemikiran manusia.1 Dasar-dasar agama merupakan pokok-pokok kepercayaan ataupun konsep tentang ketuhanan, alam, manusia, baik buruk, hidup dan mati, dunia dan akhirat. Dan lain-lain. Sedangkan filsafat adalah sistem kebenaran tentang agama sebagai hasil berfikir secara radikal, sistematis dan universal.2 Dengan demikian, hanya akallah yang dapat kita jadikan argumen dan dalil atas eksistensi Tuhan dan bukan ajaran agama. Seseorang yang belum meyakini wujud Tuhan, lantas apa arti agama baginya. Kita mengasumsikan bahwa ajaran 1