Some Unpopular History of the United States
The Eisenhower Years Jan. 1953 to Dec. 1960
Edition as of November 2019
by Richard L. McManus
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this book is to inform readers about historical facts that most US history books omit. Most US citizens do not know about the unnecessary and unjust wars, violations of international law, and covert operations by the CIA and other US government agencies. This history is a work in progress and everyday newly declassified information becomes public. I hope future historians and you will find my mistakes, so together we get closer to the truth.
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Vice President: Richard M. Nixon
W. Averell Harriman was a candidate for the Democratic Presidential Nomination in 1952, and again in 1956. In 1931, Brown Brothers Harriman and Company was created. Averell Harriman broke American law by secretly financing the Bolsheviks while American, British and White Russian troops were still fighting against the infant communist revolution. Harriman bribed Lenin into letting him take over the Czar's cartels, which exported manganese, iron ore and other raw materials. Harriman shipped the Russian raw materials to his German partners, the Thyssens, who had been secretly bought out by the Rockefellers.
The Rockefeller's lawyers, the Dulles Brothers, had deliberately and systematically bankrupted the German economy with the Versailles Treaty. German currency was almost worthless after WWI, and so the Dulles brother's favorite clients, the Rockefellers, were able to buy the stock of nearly every German company for a song.
The Rockefeller-Harriman front company that financed Auschwitz was called Brown Brothers Harriman. It is still around today. Herbert Walker, founded the company, and appointed his impecunious son-in-law Prescott Bush to the boards of several holding companies, all of which became Nazi fronts. The Walkers and Bushes never really liked the Nazis, anymore than Harriman liked the communists. To the robber barons, they were just dogs on a leash.
(The Secret War Against the Jews, pgs. 357-361, pgs. 362-364 , and pgs. 365-371)
http://www.john-loftus.com/bush_nazi_scandal.asp
In October 1945, American intelligence officers learned where some of the Japanese loot stolen from the Asian nations they invaded was hidden. The worth of all this booty is estimated to be as much as $3 billion at 1940 rates – the equivalent of over $100 billion today. According to various post-war estimates, the gold bullion alone totals 4,000 to 6,000 tons.
OSS spies watched as Japanese troops buried treasure on the island of Luzon and the OSS began a clandestine recovery operation that lasted until 1948. This was headed by a Filipino-American OSS contract agent, Severino Garcia Santa Romana. Santa Romana`s OSS case officer was Captain Edward Lansdale. Lansdale was a member of the staff of General Charles Willoughby, who was General MacArthur's chief of Intelligence. Lansdale and Severino Garcia Diaz Santa Romana tortured Major Kojima Kashii, General Yamashita Tomoyuki's driver, until he revealed the sites of the gold.
General Douglas MacArthur, former US president Herbert Hoover and CIA Director Allen Dulles knew the US was confiscating this loot. Lansdale briefed Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy about the findings, and a US Cabinet-level decision was made to confiscate the gold and cover-up its discovery. President Truman may also have been in the charmed circle of those who were in the know. Santa Romana set up numerous front companies to launder the secretly recovered gold bullion.
Captain Edward G. Lansdale, USAF, returned to Tokyo in November 1945 with Robert B. Anderson who was Secretary of the Navy and Deputy Secretary of Defense (Feb. 1953 to Aug. 1955). General MacArthur then accompanied by Anderson went to the Philippines to look at the loot. According the CIA officer Ray Cline and others between 1945 to 1947 this loot, (the Golden Lilly Fund) was moved by ship to 176 accounts at banks in 42 countries.
Millionaire Sid Richardson told General Eisenhower it he ever did get into politics, he could count on plenty of Richardson money.
Robert Anderson purchased the KTBC Radio Station. In 1943 he sold it to the wife of Lyndon B. Johnson for $17,500. By 1951 the station was earning $3,000 a week.
Eisenhower, on the urging of Texas oil millionaire, Sid Richardson and Lyndon Johnson, named Robert B. Anderson Secretary of Treasury (July 1957 to Dec. 1960). From then to 1961 Anderson led a team that devised a system under which quotas were mandated by law on how much cheap, foreign oil each US oil company could import into the US. This bonanza for entrenched power was enacted in 1958 and lasted fourteen years.
Nelson Rockefeller managed to give away to Anderson, a $900,000 slice of their Texas-Louisiana oil property.
In 1950 General Eisenhower and his wife bought a farm for $24,000, but by 1960 it was worth about $1 million. Most of the difference represented the gifts from Texas oil executives connected to Rockefeller oil interests. The oilmen acquired surrounding land for Eisenhower under dummy names, filled it with livestock and big, modern barns, paid for extensive renovations to the Eisenhower house, and even wrote out checks to pay the hired help numerous gifts presented to the Eisenhower farm, including a John Deere tractor with a radio in it, a completely equipped electric kitchen, landscaping improvements and ponies and Black Angus steers-worth, all together, more than half a million dollars. Internal Revenue Service ruled these expenses were gift of more than more than $500,000 by three oilmen. Today this is called bribing Eisenhower for making decisions favorable to the oil industry.
Upkeep of the Eisenhower farm was paid for by three oilmen - W. Alton Jones, chairman of the executive committee of Cities Service; B. B. “Billy” Byars of Tyler, Texas, and George E. Allen, director of some 20 corporations and a heavy investor in oil with Major Louey Kung, nephew of Chiang Kai-shek.
Alton Jones was flying to Palm Springs to visit the retired President of the United States when his plane crashed and Jones was killed. In his briefcase was found $61,000 in cash and travelers' checks. No explanation was ever offered - in fact none was ever asked for by the American press - as to why the head of one of the leading oil companies of America was flying to see the ex-President of the United States with $61,000 in his briefcase.
During his eight years in the White House, Dwight Eisenhower did more for the nation's private oil and gas interests than any other president. Ike encouraged and signed legislation overruling a Supreme Court decision giving offshore oil to the Federal Government.
President Kennedy turned the State Department over to Dean Rusk, who had held various high positions in the department under President Truman. From 1953 until 1962 Dean Rusk was in charge of US foreign policy. Rusk had been on the Rockefeller family payroll as president of the Rockefeller Foundation. And from 1961 until 1977, Rusk and Kissinger were beholden to the Rockefellers for their very solvency. (Sources: The Case Against Congress Drew Pearson & Jack Anderson -1968, pp. 438-440), reporter Fletcher Knebel for the Des Moines Register and Endless Enemies by Jonathan Kwitny -1984)
About the CIA
The CIA has only two political appointees, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) and the Deputy Director and their immediate staff. The Office of the Director has two components to assist the Director in his role as head of US intelligence community. One is the normal staff elements of a US government Department, i.e., Inspector General (IG), legal, press officer, historical, and the Cable secretary who head the message center to and from CIA offices throughout the US and the world. The other part is the office that writes the National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) - the Presidents daily briefing and it is made up of a small staff of senior CIA analysts called the National Intelligence Officers. The code names used in teletype messages for the CIA was/is? ”KUBARK”.
There are four main division of the CIA, the Directorate of Intelligence, the Directorate of Science and Technology, the Directorate of Management and Services, and the Directorate of Clandestine Services (aka operations or plans) (and the has the largest number of CIA employees). Each of these divisions/Directorates is headed by a CIA officer with the rank of a two or three star general. The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) this is not the same role he plays as Director of the CIA. The DCI leads two groups, heads up several inter agency groups. One is the Intelligence Resources Advisory Committee and the other is the United States Intelligence Board. The later Board’s main task is setting out collection requirements and priorities, control the classification and security systems for most of the US government, and decides what classified information will be passed on to foreign countries and allies ( the later means a treaty for defense and intelligence collection, i.e., NATO, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc. ) (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 71)
Eisenhower feared and loathed the clandestine services of CIA, but he did not dare, even in his second term as President, to name them in his farewell address warning. Eisenhower feared and loathed the clandestine services of CIA, but he did not dare, even in his second term as President, to name them in his farewell address warning. In 1954, Eisenhower asked retired Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle to perform a study of the CIA. The resulting classified work was known as the Doolittle Report, 1954.
Doolittle wrote. “Hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply,” He argued that American history was “stained with blood” and that America had been created by “fundamentally repugnant wars” such as Indian wars, the American Revolution, the Mexican War and the Civil War. The CIA-engineered wars were no different. His justified all manner of CIA skullduggery (war crimes) on the ground that American history is dotted with violence going back to the wresting of the land from native Americans and James K. Polk’s forays into Mexico to grab all the land from Texas to California. There were no limitations on what CIA could do, and no accountability.
Appalled by the Doolittle report, Eisenhower appointed a Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities. Then Eisenhower re-assigned this task of writing a report on the clandestine services to David K. E. Bruce, whom he was about to appoint to be Ambassador to Germany. Robert Lovett, Truman’s Secretary of Defense worked on the report with Bruce. The Bruce-Lovett Report was devastating in its condemnation of the clandestine services.
Bruce deplored CIA secrecy. He wrote. “No one, other than those in the CIA immediately concerned with their day-to-day operations, has any detailed knowledge of what is going on….. CIA was enjoying “almost unilateral influence…on the actual formulation of our foreign policies.” This was something President Kennedy would also oppose. Bruce knew from his own experience that CIA’s activities were “sometimes completely unknown to the Ambassador or anyone.” He stated that the Soviet Union, which had lost 28 million people to Hitler. They were less about expansion (and more interested) about survival.
Former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Arthur W. Radford stated that “in almost every respect…there has been an almost hysterical assumption of great capabilities on the part of the Communists, some of which, in my opinion, do not exist.” Adm. Radford had served Eisenhower as Joint Chief of Staff from in mid-1953 until he retired in 1957.
Eisenhower appointed David Bruce in 1957 to be Ambassador to Germany. As soon as Bruce arrived at Bonn, he summoned CIA station chief John Bross and demanded to know every damn thing the CIA was planning to do before it was done (or words to that affect/effect).
CIA boss James J. Angleton admitted that CIA had always operated domestically, whatever the charter reads.
From the 1950s on, the CIA clandestine operations were being conducted at American Universities. The CIA has a list of hundreds of college professors who preformed tasks different tasks for the CIA. Some were paid contract agents who helped the CIA case officers recruit foreign students and some did science and technology research for the CIA and were not allowed to publish their work. The CIA had operational officers in more than 20 major US cities. While most of these offices were working on foreign operations, some were/are used full or part-time for purely domestic activities. By 1955 the CIA had 15,000 employees. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, pp. 20, 194-198).
CIA admitted in a document that “since 1950 the Office of Security has engaged in a program whereby a number of qualified individuals throughout the United States have been employed as independent contractors to conduct background investigations on behalf of the Agency.” This document dated June 20, 1975 was addressed to CIA’s Inspector General via Deputy Director for Administration. Its author is Charles W. Kane, then Director of Security” and its subject is the hiring of “private investigative firms.”
This program was “known within the (CIA’s) Office of Security as the Confidential Correspondent Program.” Those hired were mostly retired U.S. Government investigators. It was a way of the Agency keeping itself at one remove from its own operations. “Each Confidential Correspondent is carefully selected and security approved before any investigative tasks are assigned,” the document goes on to say. Sometimes the Confidential Correspondent was issued US government badges and/or credentials. At other times they received “commercial cover credentials.” Headquarters approval was required before an individual was permitted to use a false identity and/or occupation (cover).
On or about 2017 has emerged that the CIA’s Office of Security had an office of its own in every city where CIA had a field office. https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?14816-The-CIA-in-New-Orleans-Joan-Mellen
Nuclear Fission Atom Bombs
The world’s fourth and fifth 21 kilotons atomic bombs were dropped from bombers and detonated in tests near Bikini Atoll lagoon on June 30, 1946 and July 24, 1946. The bombs called Able and Baker were tested on a target fleet of about 100 ships with an additional 82 US Navy ships to run the test. Navy personnel some distance from the explosions were not wearing protective clothing. Scientists had not predicted the high radioactive contamination of the test ships. The underwater detonation caused most of the target fleet to be bathed in radioactive water spray and radioactive debris.
In a twin-engine plane 20 miles from the falling atomic bomb, Dr. David Bradley, was monitoring the radiation of targeted ships and the ocean water. Needles on all Geiger counters quickly went off scale. Orders were radioed to abandon the survey task with radiation so intense at water level would certainly be lethal and it was spread out over an area miles square.
Four days after the Baker detonation Dr. Bradley and his coworkers became aware that "the live fleet” is lying at anchor in dangerous water. The entire fleet pulled up anchors and moved in an attempt to escape the radioactivity.
More than a week after the blast Dr. Bradley observed most of the ships are still in quarantine because of radioactivity. During the first week of August, attempts were made to decontaminate the vessels. By August upon the advice of the Chief of the Radiological Safety Division, the Task Force Commander decided to terminate these efforts and tow most of the remaining target fleet to Kwajalein Atoll for possible decontamination. US servicemen were sent aboard the target fleet to scrub off the persistent radiation with water. A month after the explosion it became clear that ship surfaces would shed radioactivity only through sandblasting or administering huge quantities of strong acid. Seven weeks after the blast, laboratory studies were consistently detecting a definite amount of plutonium spread atom-thin over most of the contaminated areas.
So that exposure records could be kept, the task force personnel received film badges, however, of the approximately 14,000 participants, only about 2,000 received these film badges. But what is not said is that breathing or eating radioactive hot particles, means the deadly radiation if burning the human body from inside. After washing off the radioactive fallout dust or removing exposed clothing, is what the film badges measures.
After the Able atomic blast US Navy sailor Jack Leavitt was ordered to board the USS Pensacola, a heavy cruiser among the hardest-hit large ships in the Bikini target zone. He was assigned to a team to scrub down the decks to wash off any radioactive fallout. He was on this radioactive ship for nine days. Ever since boarding the Pensacola his health had deteriorated. He said, "I had diarrhea for some time after the test, but was told it was emotional and would go away. I had accompanying pain in the lower abdomen, and in the right side. And have had since. I have had stomach trouble since 1946." His later ailments included colitis, bleeding of the bladder, and obstructive lung disease, all malfunctions of organs vulnerable to internally absorbed radioactive particles.
Kenneth H. Tripke was aboard the USS Quartz supply ship. He said, "I personally was so sick with diarrhea and vomiting for days. I went from 128 to 70-some pounds. I turned a funny color, lost all my hair on my body." Taken onto a hospital ship, Tripke was fed intravenously. Ever since, severe weight loss plagued him, along with calcium deposits in his eyes impairing his sight, and sharp hip pains.
A day after the Baker underwater blast Frank F. Karasti, 26, and three other seamen were sent aboard the destroyer Hughes to keep it from sinking. Karasti recalled, "Out of the four hours we spent on her, two were spent vomiting and retching as we all became violently ill."
Lesions appeared on his lungs about a month later and serious breathing problems evolved. Since 1948 he suffered from uncontrollable hypertension. As with many veterans, Karasti's skin developed frequent severe disturbances. "My skin is deteriorating on my whole body and it is possible to wash off parts of it while bathing. . . . I have been aging ahead of my time and should I use any physical effort, I get ill for three days after."
The day after the Able blast, Karasti was assigned to putting out fires on several of the target vessels, including the bull's-eye ship, the USS Nevada, which had been painted orange. About two weeks later a Navy crew of about 60 men boarded the Nevada, where they ate and slept. Among this crew was seaman Michael W. Stanco. He said, "We became deathly ill after eating. I remember being so ill along with the others."
US Navy, Fireman first class, Warren E. Zink, 18, was assigned to go aboard the heavy cruiser USS Salt Lake City two days after the Able explosion. He said he was, "accompanied by a scientist who was equipped with a Geiger counter. We had no way of telling the severity of the level of radiation other than noticing the indicator went as far as it could on the counter." After the Baker test Zink and his crew returned to the Salt Lake City for cleanup and repair work. The ship was eventually torpedoed because of its extreme contamination.
Charlie Andrews during the last six months of 1946, he worked on radioactive ships that had been at Bikini. "We lived on board, drank the water filtered by contaminated evaporators, and some of the food had been aboard the vessels at the time of the blast, making it also contaminated." In 1980 he was left to agonize over the genetic legacies to the detonations. He said, "I find it very difficult to explain to my 15-year-old son who was born with deformed legs and no heels, http://www.ratical.org/radiation/KillingOurOwn/KOO2.html
Eight of the major ships and two submarines were towed back to the US for radiological inspection. The support ships were decontaminated as necessary at US Navy shipyards, primarily in San Francisco and in Bremerton, Washington. Two years later those ships remained highly radioactive. The remaining target ships were destroyed by sinking off Bikini Atoll, off Kwajalein Atoll, or near the Hawaiian Islands during 1946-1948.
The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb design produced starting in 1949 and in use until 1953. The Mark 4 introduced the concept of in flight insertion which keeps the nuclear core stored outside the bomb until close to the point that it may be dropped. To arm the bomb, the fissile nuclear materials are inserted into the bomb core. Various versions of the Mark 4 had explosive yields equal to 1, 3.5, 8, 14, 21, 22, and 31 kilotons of TNT. A variant called the The Mark 4 was intended for use on the SM-62 Snark cruise missile. The Mark 4 design was cancelled in 1951. A total of 550 were produced and was succeeded by the M6, which was generally similar, but much improved.
The Northrop SM-62 Snark was an intercontinental range (roughly 6,300 miles) ground-launched cruise missile that could carry a W39 thermonuclear (3.8 Mt) warhead or a 6,400 pound warhead. The Snark was deployed by the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command from 1958 through 1961. The guidance systems were often faulty or lost power in flight. One such incident caused a Snark flying near Puerto Rico in 1956 to go off course and eventually crash in the Brazilian rainforest where it was found by a farmer in 1983. Despite being deployed the missile was notoriously unreliableOf the final 10 test flights before deployment, only a single Snark flew the target distance. The missile was retired by President Kennedy in favor of the Atlas and Titan 1 ICBMs and the Jupiter and Thor IRBMs. https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/snark/
In August 1949 the Soviet Union detonated their first Atom bomb.
A series of seven (six atmospheric, one cratering) nuclear weapons test detonations were conducted in November 1951 at the Nevada Test Site with 6,500 troops involved in field exercises six miles from the 21 kiloton blast.
The two explosions were staged in late 1952 at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Proving Ground in the Marshall Islands.
A series of fourteen nuclear test explosions conducted at the Nevada Test Site in the first half of 1955.
In May 1951, US Navy seaman Artie Duvall was aboard a ship ordered to ferry scientists to the blast site. The scientists wore protective garb; the Navy seamen wore jeans, and many had their shirts off in the tropical sun. Duvall and his crew took sick and began vomiting. "It was like having some terrible flu," he remembered. They were ordered to sick bay. The next day, Duvall recalled, a wardroom briefing occurred, with an officer telling the men that they had "received a lethal dose of radiation." A physician recommended weekly blood tests--which were never conducted. Duvall developed skin cancer in 1962.
Air Force Colonel Louis Benne said, “The Army said there was nothing to worry about because there was no doubt in their minds that five roentgens a month is nothing . . . and even 20 is nothing. . . . Well, the funny thing is, blowing of the wind shifted and everyone got about 10 to 15 roentgens, so they had to up the roentgens to 20 on the first shot and, of course, we still had some shots to go.” Benne in 1978 died from internal bleeding at the age of fifty-six.
0.62 rems = 0.664547 roentgens: The general US population receives about 0.62 rems per year from natural background radiation sources.
0.02 rems = 0.021437 roentgens: from a standard diagnostic chest x-ray.
Vernon Lee Hawthorne, was still a teenager when he boarded an Army troop ship for Eniwetok. By the time he was 30, he died from pancreatic cancer at a VA hospital in Amarillo, Texas. http://www.ratical.org/radiation/KillingOurOwn/KOO4.html
On September 28, 1980 a new report about these nuclear vets was broadcast on CBS television program 60 Minutes. Vice Admiral Robert R. Monroe informed CBS correspondent Morley Safer that at the nuclear tests "meticulous precautions were taken to ensure that the exposures were within limits thought to be safe. We have almost no indication today that there is a statistically higher proportion of cancer deaths." And, the admiral added, "This weapon testing exposure is a very, very, very, very tiny amount of very low-level radiation." Admiral Monroe explained that about 16 percent of American men die of cancer, so of course the disease would occur among some nuclear veterans.
The Pentagon representative's on-camera assertions went unchallenged as CBS presented no contrary scientific view. The 60 Minutes segment did not mention the government's own Center for Disease Control study--public for well over a year by that time--showing a leukemia rate more than twice expected among veterans who participated in the Smoky test (aka Operation Plumbbob). This was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site. One nuclear test involved the largest troop maneuver ever associated with an A-bomb explosion. Approximately 18,000 members of the US Air Force, Army, Navy and Marines participated in exercises Desert Rock VII and VIII. The military was interested in knowing how the average foot-soldier would stand up, physically and psychologically.
The question was would US soldiers follow orders or would they do as happened during the US Civil War at Petersburg, Virginia when the Union force tunneled under the Confederate lines and exploding a big hole in their lines (aka operation Smoky). For example, the Union soldiers were so in awestruck by the size of this explosion they failed to do anything, failed to march forward and take advantage of the enemy in disarray. (Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing, Richard L. Miller, pp. 277 to 281 (1989)
Fusion H- Bomb (aka Thermonuclear)
In 1946, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was created to take over the work of the Manhattan Project. David E. Lilienthal became its first chairman. Along with J. Robert Oppenheimer, he opposed the crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb. He recommended instead the United States concentrate on building its stockpile of less destructive atomic weapons, but he was overruled by Eisenhower. In 1950, Lilienthal left the AEC in protest.
In 1933, President Roosevelt appointed Lilienthal head of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). During World War Two, Lilienthal oversaw the construction of twelve and hydroelectric projects (dams), which was seen as the largest engineering and construction project in US history. The TVA worked to change old farming practices, and taught farmers to substitute nitrates with such plants as alfalfa and clover that naturally add nitrogen to the soil. TVA extension programs introduced contour plowing, crop rotation, the use of phosphate fertilizers, and the planting of cover crops for soil conservation. TVA set up demonstration farms to teach farmers about new techniques and farm products. African-American farmers were not even allowed to participate in the demonstration farm program.
One of his customers was the Clinton Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which required huge quantities of electrical power to produce the enriched uranium required for the Manhattan Project.
A 10.4 megatons (Mt) device using liquid deuterium fuel was tested at Eniwetok in November 1952 and proved the theory that a thermonuclear bomb worked leaving a crater approximately one mile. Radioactive coral debris fell upon ships positioned 35 miles from the blast. Liquid deuterium fuel was impractical for a deployable bomb. The next advance was to use a solid lithium deuterium fusion fuel instead.
In August 1953 the Soviet Union detonated a thermonuclear bomb.
On March 1, 1954, the first 15 megaton, thermonuclear bomb (Mark 15) was exploded. It weighed 7,600 pounds The Mark 15 was first produced in 1955, and a total of 1,200 units were made before production ended in 1957. The Mark 15 design was in service from 1955 to 1965. The modification (Mod 1) was tested and had a yield of 1.69 megatons. The Mod 2 nuclear test had a yield of 3.8 megatons. A series of 17 nuclear test detonations were done from May to July 1956. They were conducted at Bikini and Eniwetok atolls.
An improved, Mark 15 nuclear bomb design called a W39 nuclear warhead was in service from 1957 to 1966. They had a yield of 3.8 megatons and weighted of 6,230 pounds. It was used on the SM-62 Snark missile, Redstone IRBM missile, and in the B-58 weapons pod.
Marv Hyman was aboard the USS Curtis on March 1, 1954, when the hydrogen bomb exploded. The ship's crew was kept below decks for three days as fallout fell. In 1980 said. "We were so well-indoctrinated, we were told not to say anything…. I don't know how far away we were--they never told us. There was no way to get out of the fallout when the wind came right back at us. They set up a sprinkler system on deck. They closed all the ports and hatches. Then they said it was low enough to go out. They let us go on the islands in the Eniwetok and Bikini atolls and go swimming. I saw dead sea life all over, floating around by the millions” The USS Curtis remained radioactive when it sailed into San Francisco, CA.
The Atomic Energy Commission reported that severe health damage to people in the Marshall Islands as result of this Mk-15 explosion. On March 3, 1954, US evacuated Rongelap Island to Kwajalein Atoll. Islanders have vomiting, diarrhea, skin burns and later their hair falls out. There were eighteen deaths among children. Out of twenty-two Rongelap children exposed to the fallout, nineteen have had thyroid nodules surgically removed. A boy who was one year old when the fallout settled on Rongelap in 1954, was nineteen years old when he died of leukemia.
In 1957 amid widespread publicity, Rongelapese were allowed to return to their atoll. But Rongelap women still experienced a stillbirth and miscarriage rate twice that of other Marshallese women who had not been exposed to the fallout. And radiation in their bodies increased rapidly. A 1961 Brookhaven study found body radiation levels had raised to 60 times normal for cesium; strontium 90 levels raised six fold. When the fallout rained on her home in Rongelap, an 18 years old woman lost four babies at birth after the bomb explosion, one of which came into the world with no arms or legs. The US government removed the 140 residents of Bikini in 1978 after determining that dangerous amounts of strontium 90 and cesium 137 were being absorbed into their bodies.
Twenty-three fishermen aboard a Japanese fishing boat were sailing 80 miles east of this H-bomb explosion. Within days they were tormented by symptoms of acute radiation exposure--itching skin, nausea, vomiting. When they arrived back in Japan two weeks later they remained sick. Seven months later one man died. Japan monitoring programs showed that "a total of 683 tuna boats were found to have contaminated fish in their holds.
From 1955 to 1958, 21 atomic bombs were exploded near Bikini Atoll and 45 more at Enewetak Atoll.
Downwind of the Nevada Test Site the epidemics of leukemia and cancer among residents would come later. Animals, however, were immediately affected. The AEC quietly paid a few hundred dollars to owners of some horses that suffered beta radiation burns in 1953. But the concern about livestock burns was soon overshadowed as sheep began dropping dead--in unprecedented numbers and with unprecedented rapidity.
In the spring 1953 some 150 miles from the test site in Nevada, a rancher was a pink fallout cloud drift overhead, toward the Utah line, and an Air Force jets following behind. Within a few weeks 500 female sheep of his 1,700 flock were dead and 65 percent of the new lambs were stillborn. Also young children living in St. George, Utah received high doses of radiation due to downwind fallout.
Within six hours of that explosion "the cloud dropped invisible bits of matter that gave a total radiation of 174 mill roentgens in North Las Vegas." Normal background radiation is two mill roentgens; The AEC set a safety minimum of 3,900 mill roentgens, per year for civilians off site. Troops were allowed to absorb that much in a 13-week period. At least 250,000 US troops were exposed to hundreds of atomic blasts between 1946 and 1962.
Until the late 1970s the U.S. Government had made no epidemiological inquiries into the health of these servicemen, established no studies about long-term effects of their radiation exposure. An eighteen-month study was released in 1979 on 3,224 men who were in the Nevada desert military maneuvers in 1957. Some troops sat in tanks, moving toward the nuclear blast point after detonation--with radiation readings up to twelve roentgens metered in the tanks.
The researchers found nine cases of leukemia among those same soldiers or nearly three times higher normal leukemia rate. The research team was headed Dr. Glyn C. Caldwell of the Center for Disease Control official and a study summary published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in autumn 1980. Extrapolation of this study strongly indicates that several hundred veterans died from leukemia alone as a result of their involvement in these field exercises in conjunction with A-bomb tests. The estimate does not include deaths from numerous forms of cancer, blood disorders, and other ailments.
Not only did the US make megaton bombs, it also started making lighter and small bombs. The first artillery test was in May 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. A 15 kiloton nuclear round could fire the 840 pound by a 280 mm cannon and it had a range of 6.2 miles. About 3,200 soldiers and civilians were present. The warhead was designated the W9 nuclear warhead and 80 were produced in 1952 to 1953. It was retired in 1957.
The M388 nuclear artillery round used a version of the W54 atomic bomb. a very small sub-kiloton fission bomb. The M54 weighed (weighs ?) about 51 pounds with a yield equivalent to somewhere between 10 or 20 tons of TNT. It was the smallest nuclear weapon ever built. The complete M388 round weighed 76 pounds. The round was fired by a rocket and the system was called the Davy Crockett. The M388 had a height-of-burst dial on the warhead.
On exploding the M388 round produced an almost instantly lethal radiation dosage within 150 meters and a probably fatal dose within 400 meters. Production of the Davy Crockett rocket system began in 1956 and a total of 2,100 were made. The system was deployed with U.S. Army forces from 1961 to 1971. It was deactivated (removed) from US Army in Europe in August, 1967.
On July 7, 1962, Robert Kennedy attended the atmospheric test of rocket and nuclear explosion.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, one of the most fervent supporters of the Davy Crockett was West Germany's defense minister Franz Josef Strauss. He argued that firing a single Davy Crocket was equal to 40 to 50 salvos of all a NATO division’s artillery guns. US NATO commanders strongly opposed Strauss, as they would have made the use of tactical nuclear weapons almost mandatory in case of war.
The Special Atomic Demolition Munitions (SADM) was (is?) a family of man-portable (50 pounds) W54 nuclear bomb fielded by the US in the 1960s and was never used in actual combat. The US Army planned to use the weapons in Europe in the event of a Soviet invasion to irradiate, destroy, and deny the enemy the use of key supply routes through limited terrain. US troops were trained to parachute into Soviet-occupied Western Europe with a SADM and to destroy power plants, bridges, and dams. It had (has?) a variable yield equivalent to between 10 tons and to one kiloton of TNT.
By 1965 production was started on a 400 pound, W45 Medium Atomic Demolition Munitions that could blow up with the force of between one and 15 kilotons depending on how much force was needed. They were produced between 1965 and 1986. US Army Engineers planned to use these weapon to destroy, irradiate and deny key routes or terrain an enemy would likely use.
US planned to use air-to-air weapon with a nuclear warhead. It was intended to destroy formations of Soviet bombers at a time when guided missiles were not accurate enough to produce high-probability kills with small conventional warheads. The unguided AIR-2 Genie Air to Air nuclear missiles was deployed by the US Air Force from 1957 to 1985 and Royal Canadian Air Force from 1965 the 1984 to kill Soviet heavy bombers. About 3,000 were produced. It was very efficient in generating an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) to kill enemy electronics. The original development was for semi-active radar homing and heat-seeking versions. If used over US territory, it would have spread radioactive fallout.
Belgium, Canada, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom provided artillery units trained in the correct handling and operation of nuclear weapons and in some cases specialist logistic and security units. Their allocated nuclear weapons were in the custody of US Army Artillery Groups (USAAG), 71st Ordnance Battalion that was activated in West Germany in 1955.
Honest John free flight rocket delivering W7 nuclear weapon, 1953
M65 Atomic Cannon delivering 280mm W9 and W19 nuclear shells, 1953
MGM-5 Corporal missile delivering W7 nuclear weapon, 1955
M110 howitzer delivering 203mm W33 nuclear shell, deployed in 1957
M115 howitzer delivering 203mm W33 nuclear shell, deployed in 1957
MGM-18 Lacrosse missile with nuclear warhead. It was deployed in West Germany from 1959 to 1963. http://cd.textfiles.com/cuteskunk/Cellular2/7b.txt
In 1927 Muller had been the first to discover that exposure of plants and animals to x rays causes an increase in genetic mutations. Twenty years later he received the Nobel Prize for his work in genetics. In the autumn of 1955 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman Strauss was caught suppressing a scientific paper by Hermann Muller on the genetic effects of radiation.
In the spring 1955 Dr. M. Stanley Livingston, chairman of the Federation of American Scientists and a physics professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said scientists were growing apprehensive "that we may soon reach a level of radiation in the atmosphere which would be dangerous genetically to the future of the race." It became unpatriotic and perhaps unscientific to suggest that atomic weapons testing might cause deaths throughout the world from fallout.
The issue of fallout was being covered on nation-wide television at the Democratic National Convention. The Democratic Party was campaigning to halt H-bomb tests. In the 1956 presidential campaign, Adlai Stevenson ran against Eisenhower by protesting the genetic and strontium 90 hazards from A-bomb tests. Although he lost the election, his campaign provided a national forum for the fallout debate.
In 1958 the US tested 64 weapons above ground, the Soviet Union 24 weapons, and Britain five. This was the highest rate since the first tests began. Meanwhile strontium 90 levels in milk were rising dramatically. The northern Great Plains--particularly the Red River Valley dividing North Dakota and Minnesota--were fast becoming the most strontium-90-contaminated area in North America.
Linus Pauling was the first to sound the alarm radioactive fallout. On April 23, 1957, Nobel peace prize winner Albert Schweitzer made a radio speech that inspired Pauling to take a first important step in recruiting scientists of the world. By January 1958 Pauling had collected 11,021 signatures from 50 nations, including 216 from the Soviet Union, 701 from Britain and 1,161 from Japan. Pauling personally delivered the petition to the United Nations secretary general, Dag Hammarskjold, on January 15, 1958. By the end of the year the US and the Soviet Union agreed to a voluntary moratorium on testing--a move to enhance negotiations for a test ban treaty. Pauling was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
After more than ten years of atomic weapons testing at the Nevada site, the AEC had never actually bothered to methodically assess the impact of fallout on people living nearby. By the summer of 1962, iodine 131 in milk across the United States was reaching dangerous levels.
Two decades later Robert Minogue, research director for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said, "High AEC officials knew very well the biological effects of low-level radiation in the 1950s.” (Source: Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, by Harvey Wasserman and Norman Solomon, Part One, (1982) or
http://www.ratical.org/radiation/KillingOurOwn/KOO2.html and
http://www.ratical.org/radiation/KillingOurOwn/KOO5.html
US Air Force bombers used to carry nukes
The B-36 with six piston engine airplane was the first bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the US arsenal without aircraft modifications. With a range of 10,000 miles, the B-36 was the world's first manned bomber with an un-refueled intercontinental range. The B-36 was the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of the Strategic Air Command (SAC).
The B-47 entered service with the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) in 1951. It was a mainstay of SAC's bomber strength during the late 1950s and early 1960s. A total of 2,042 B-47s were produced. By 1956, these bombers were operating from forward bases in the UK, Morocco, Spain, Alaska, Greenland and Guam. B-47s were often set up on "one-third" alert, with a third of the operational aircraft available sitting on hardstands or an alert ramp adjacent to the runway, loaded with fuel and nuclear weapons, crews on standby, ready to attack the USSR at short notice.
The CIA’s high-altitude U-2 spy planes began making reconnaissance flights over the USSR in 1956, giving the US its first detailed look at Soviet military facilities. It was learned that the Soviet’s had not gained strategic superiority, not in their numbers of jet-powered, long range bombers nor in the numbers and lifting power of nuclear ballistic missiles. The CIA placed the number of Soviet ICBMs close to a dozen. Continued (sporadic) flights failed to turn up any evidence of additional missiles.
Air Force General Curtis LeMay argued that the large stocks of missiles were in the areas not photographed by the U-2s. Additionally, the National Intelligence Estimate inflated the estimate of the USSR’s "the technical and industrial capability to quickly... have an operational capability with 100 ICBMs" some time in 1960, and perhaps 500 ICBMs "some time in 1961, or at the latest in 1962.”
Kennedy attacked the Republicans for being "weak on defense” during his presidential campaign in 1960. Eisenhower refused to publicly refute the claims, fearing that public disclosure of this evidence would jeopardize the intelligence capability of the U-2 flights and that the US knew about this Soviet’s military weakness. Therefore, this may have been the reason Eisenhower made his Military Industrial Complex warning in his famous speech in anger about unnecessary and excessive defense spending.
It appears to me that hawks within the Pentagon leaked this false data to Democratic Party, Senator W. Stuart Symington Jr. and knowing full well he would tell Kennedy. According to Robert McNamara, Symingtion did tell Kennedy. Senator Symington was a member of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees, and was an advocate for a strong national defense.
An eight-engine, swept winged, B-52 took its maiden flight in April 1952.
Fiscal
Year
B-52 model
Total
A
[56]
B
[2]
C
[57]
D
[58]
E
[59]
F
[60
G
[61]
H
[62]
1954
3
3
1955
13
13
1956
35
5
1
41
1957
2
30
92
124
1958
77
100
10
187
1959
79
50
129
1960
106
106
1961
37
20
57
1962
68
68
1963
14
14
Total
3
50
35
170
100
89
193
102
742
Due to the late 1950s-era threat of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) that could threaten high-altitude aircraft, so B-52 was changed to serve as a low-level penetration bomber keeping mountains between the Soviet radars on approach to a target (aka terrain masking).
Rockets to carry nukes
Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s rockets with a range of 200 miles were launched by the German Army against first London and later Antwerp and Liège, Belgium Each carried a 2,200 bomb. The V-2 and V-1 rockets were propelled by alcohol and liquid oxygen fuel. The first V-1, carrying a 1,900 pound warhead, fell on London on June 13, 1944, and from then until March of 1945, about 6,000 people would be killed by V-1s throughout Europe. These attacks resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 people and twice as many injured.
During operation Paperclip, German Rocket scientist Werner von Braun and a significant portion of the original V-2 team moved to the United States where they continued experimenting on rockets at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Ala. At the end of World War Two the US captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets also gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities, moved it to the Soviet Union, and proceeded to re-establish V-2 production. The Redstone team, led by von Braun, was transferred to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on its formation in October 1958. For NASA, this new Marshall Spaceflight Center at Redstone Arsenal helped design a series of rockets
An estimated 20,000 prisoners died in V-2 production of a total of over 60,000 prisoners who did forced labor in the damp underground tunnels at Mittelwerk, Germany. Some succumbed to disease and malnutrition. Others were hanged publicly in group executions. There are no records of Wernher von Braun planning or overseeing operations at Mittelwerk, even from a distance. Under the proper definition of the term, von Braun was not a war criminal, per se, but it is hard to argue that he was not a party to crimes against humanity as defined today by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum. http://www.answers.com/Q/Is_Werner_Von_Braun_a_war_criminal
The Henschel Hs 293 was a World War Two German anti-ship, radio-controlled, guided bomb or missile. It had a rocket slung underneath it. It was released from a German bomber out of range of Allied anti-aircraft guns. It was also used in Normandy in early August 1944 to attack bridges. The Allies develop methods of using radios to take over control of this bomb and fly it away from their ship or jamming the enemy’s radio signals directing it.
The US version of the V-2 rocket (Hermes A-1) was successfully launched at White Sands between May 1950 and April 1951. The A-1 had a maximum range of 38 miles. The slightly larger Hermes A-3B was the last produced and tested vehicle of the Hermes missile program. It was designed as a tactical surface-to-surface missile carrying a 1,000 pound bomb/warhead and a somewhat longer range.
In early 1954, the Honest John solid-fuel, rocket battalions were deployed each Army Division in Europe. The first such rocket was tested June 29, 1951, and was capable of carrying an ordinary high-explosive warhead weighing 1,500 pounds 15.4 miles and a W7 with a 2 to 40 kiloton nuclear warhead. Weighing 2.5 tons, it was like a free flight, artillery rocket with no electronic controls with a blast or kill radius of 230 meters and an accuracy approaching that of tube artillery.
The development of two cruise missiles, called "Snark" and "Navaho," were funded at much higher levels than the first ballistic missiles. The SM-62 Snark was powered by a jet engine and carried a W39 hydrogen bomb (aka thermonuclear warhead) had a maximum range of 5,500 nautical miles from 1958 through 1961 when it was removed from deployment. It carried a W39
In 1957, tests of the Snark showed an estimated circular error probable (CEP) of just 17 nautical miles. By 1958, the celestial navigation system used by the Snark allowed its most accurate test, which appeared to fall four nautical miles short of the target. Even with work that decreased the CEP, the design was notoriously unreliable.
One unusual capability of the Snark missile was its ability to fly away from its launch point for up to 11 hours, and then return for a landing. If its warhead did not detach from its body, then the Snark could be flown repeatedly.
The Navaho SM-64 was a supersonic, intercontinental cruise missile. Although Navaho did not enter service, its development provided useful research in a number of fields, in particular, the booster engine design. Aa star tracker was added to this missile which would provide mid-course updates to correct for any accumulating drift. The star tracker was a gizz-mo that looked at stars and so in, kept the rocket on course to the target. Guidance of an ICBM is based not only on the direction the missile is travelling, but the precise instant that thrust is cut off. Too much thrust and the warhead will overshoot its target, too little and it will fall short.
The Atlas missile program developed a two-stage ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 nautical miles. The first successful launch of an Atlas missile took place in December 1957. The Atlas missiles were deployed in silo complexes associated with air force bases. Most of these were in the Midwest, although Atlas missiles were also deployed in Washington DC and New York State. Due primarily to the use of liquid oxygen and kerosene fuel used in the Atlas, the silos were dangerous and difficult to maintain. With the advent of the solid fuel Minuteman missiles, the Atlas was removed from active military duty.
The Atlas also was used to launch vehicle for space exploration. It was an Atlas missile that lifted the first modules of the Mercury Program into space. Atlas missiles continued to deliver civilian payloads into space for many years after the end of their military deployment.
The Redstone was the first large US short-range ballistic missile using the German V-2 rocket technology. It had a range of about 620 miles or less. Another source said its range was about 175 miles carrying a 6,900 pound W39 warhead. It was deployed in West Germany from June 1958 to June 1964 as part of NATO's defense of Western Europe. It was the first missile to carry a live nuclear warhead, in the 1958 Pacific Ocean A-bomb test.
The first planning for the Minuteman began in the mid-1950s. The project was underway by mid 1957 and officially announced in 1958. The first test launch took place at Cape Canaveral, Florida in 1961 and it was deployed in Montana in 1962. Solid fuels were already commonly used in short range rockets using ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Adapting a concept developed in the UK, The Navy felt that liquid fuels were too dangerous to use on board ships, and especially submarines.
Fears of a Soviet anti-ballistic missile system in 1957 led to calls for the adoption of a maneuvering reentry vehicle (MARV), which greatly complicates the problem of shooting down a warhead.
Satellites
In October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first, earth orbiting satellite named Sputnik and it weighed 183.9 pounds. The first US satellite called Explorer One was launched in January 1958 This satellite carried a small scientific payload weighing 30.8 pounds, that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen.
On December 1958 the US Signal Corps, with the help of the Air Force, launched the world's first communications satellite. Designated Project SCORE (Signal Communications via Orbiting Relay Equipment). Its system could carry one voice channel or seven teletype channels at 60 words per minute. This pioneering signal station, unfortunately, had a life expectancy of only a few weeks.
NSA and COMINT
The Hagelin cipher machine (M-209) was used by the Allies in World War Two and was considered adequate for tactical use and was still used by the US Army during the Korean War. William Friedman and Boris Hagelin were the developers of it and founded the Swiss company, Crypto AG in 1950. Neutral nations trusted Crypto AG and in 1958 Hagelin agreed to a secret deal to rig newly produced encryption machines so that NSA could read all the messages sent using them.
Upon independence, Britain's Commonwealth Office offered the British Empire's newly-independent states a sweetheart deal. They could protect their sensitive diplomatic communications with free surplus Hagelin cryptographic machines like the C-52 cipher machine once used by Britain. The following nations ended up using Crypto AG; Pakistan, Ghana, Burma, Ceylon, Nigeria, Kenya, Kuwait, Jordan, Central African Republic, Morocco, Tunisia, Gabon, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Cameroon, Togo, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa),
Senegal, Malagasy Republic, Chad, Egypt, Indonesia, Algeria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Mexico, Yemen, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and Argentina not aware everything was being decoded and read by the NSA and the Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) or Britain’s NSA.
Security of the M-209 was good for its time, but it was by no means perfect. As of early 1943, German cryptanalysts were able to read some M-209 messages. If a code breaker got hold of two overlapping sequences, he figure out the settings on the M-209, and its operation had some distinctive quirks that could be exploited. This cryptographic machine used similar mechanical wheels and electronic wiring that randomized the aliphatic letters and put them into five letter groups as did the Enigma machine, only better, such that at this time in history it was impossible to break the code.
Philanthropic foundations and the CIA
In her book The Cultural Cold War, Frances Stoner Saunders recalled how in the past the Ford Foundation collaborated with the CIA on behalf of the ultra-rich families of the US elite.
The use of philanthropic foundations was the most convenient way to secretly pass large sums of money. By the mid-1950s, the CIA's intrusion into the foundation field was massive. Although figures are not available for this period, the general counsel of a 1952 Congress committee appointed to investigate US foundations concluded that an unparalleled amount of power is concentrated increasingly in the hands of interlocking and self-perpetuating groups. In 1976, a Select Committee appointed to investigate US intelligence activities reported on the CIA's penetration of the foundation field by the mid-1960s. During 1963 to 1966, of the 700 grants over $10,000 given by 164 foundations, at least 108 involved partial or complete CIA funding. More importantly, CIA funding was involved in nearly half the grants made by these 164 foundations in the field of international activities during the same period.
Foundations such as Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations were considered the best and most plausible kind of funding cover by the CIA. A CIA study of 1966 argued that this technique was particularly effective for democratically run membership organizations, which need to assure their own unwitting members and collaborators, as well as their hostile critics, that they have genuine, respectable, private sources of income. Certainly, it allowed the CIA to fund a seemingly limitless range of covert action programs affecting youth groups, labor unions, universities, publishing houses, and other private institutions from the early 1950s.
John J. McCloy
In 1956, the CIA established a front-company foundation, the Asia Foundation. They used it through penetration of CIA officers among the officers and members, to fund anti-communist academicians in various Asian countries, for the purpose of disseminating a negative vision of mainland China, North Vietnam, and North Korea, and pro-American views, and to recruit foreign citizens as CIA spies. The impact of this clandestine operation was greater in recruiting new CIA officers from the American academic community, than recruiting spies in Asia. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 150)
McCloy was a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1946 to 1949, and again from 1953 to 1958. He became the president of the Ford Foundation in 1953. McCloy created an administrative unit within the Ford Foundation specifically to deal with the CIA. Headed by McCloy and two other foundation officers, this three-man committee had to be consulted every time the CIA wanted to use the foundation as a pass-through to hide the fact the US government was funding a secret operation. With this arrangement in place, the Ford Foundation became officially engaged as one of those organizations the CIA was able to mobilize for political warfare. That is, financing elections and using propaganda against any candidate or political party that was against the country’s dynastic oligarchy ruled by its military or mafia.
During World War Two, John McCloy was the as Assistant Secretary of War. He had only civilian responsibilities, especially the purchase of war materials for the Army, Lend Lease, the draft, and issues of intelligence and sabotage. From March 1947 to June 1949, McCloy served as the second president of the World Bank. The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) which provides debt financing on the basis of sovereign guarantees and the International Development Association (IDA) which provided interest-free loans or grants.
The World Bank started operations in June 1946. It approved its first loan in May 1947 to France, $250 million for postwar reconstruction. John McCloy chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was half the amount requested and it came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied by removing the Communists from their coalition government. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.
In September 1949, McCloy was the 1st US High Commissioner for Germany of the American zone. He held this position until August 1, 1952, overseeing the further creation of the Federal Republic of Germany.
By June 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea. It was believed that German steel was needed for armaments for the Korean War. In October McCloy, the high commissioner of the American zone in Germany, began pardoning German industrialists who had been convicted at Nuremberg. This included Fritz Ter Meer, the senior executive of I. G. Farben, the company that produced Zyklon B poison for the gas chambers. He was also Hitler's Commissioner of for Armament and War Production for the chemical industry during the war.
In January 1951, McCloy decided to free included Friedrich Flick, one of the main financial supporters of Adolf Hitler. Flick became extremely wealthy by using 48,000 slave laborers from SS concentration camps in his various industrial enterprises. It is estimated that 80 per cent of these workers died as a result of the way they were treated during the war. His property was restored to him and like Krupp became one of the richest men in Germany.
Alfred Krupp built factories in countries the German invaded and occupied. He used the labor of over 100,000 inmates of concentration camps. This included a fuse factory inside Auschwitz. Inmates were also moved to Silesia, in southern Poland to build a howitzer factory. It is estimated that around 70,000 of those working for Krupp died as a result of the methods employed by the guards of the camps.
In 1943 Adolf Hitler appointed Alfred Krupp as Minister of the War Economy. Later that year the SS gave him permission to employ 45,000 Russian civilians as forced labor in his steel factories as well as 120,000 prisoners of war in his coalmines.
Krupp was eventually found guilty of being a major war criminal and sentenced to twelve years in prison and had all his wealth and property confiscated. Convicted and imprisoned with him were nine members of the Krupp AG Company board of directors.
His father, Gustav Krupp, was considered too old to stand trial and was released from custody. Gustav became an ardent supporter of Hitler after he became Chancellor in January 1933. He liked Hitler’s plan to abolish of trade unions. Their company made a fortune out of World War One and World War Two. In World War One the company not only made munitions for the German Army and it had a virtual monopoly. This company also used its shipyards at Kiel to make U-boats that were to become a major factor in the war. Krupp was the chairman of the Adolf Hitler’s Spende, a fund raised by industrialists for Nazi benefits.
Alfred Krupp was accused of plundering occupied territories and being responsible for the barbaric treatment of prisoners of war and concentration camp inmates. Documents showed that Krupp initiated the request for slave labor and signed detailed contracts with the SS, giving them responsibility for inflicting punishment on the workers.
In a few years of his release Krupp's company was the 12th largest corporation in the world.
Telford Taylor, who took part in the prosecution of the Nazi war criminals. He wrote: "Wittingly or not, Mr. McCloy has dealt a blow to the principles of international law and concepts of humanity for which we fought the war."
From 1954 to 1970, John McCloy was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, to be succeeded by David Rockefeller. McCloy had worked closely with Rockefeller the Chase Bank and he had long association with the Rockefeller family, going back to his early Harvard days when he taught the young Rockefeller brothers how to sail. He later served as advisor to John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, and was the primary negotiator on the Presidential Disarmament Committee
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccloyJ.htm
http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3762&st=75
Operation GLADIO
Gladio was the codename for NATO’s top secret, stay-behind guerrilla force in case the USSR invaded Western Europe. Operation Gladio prepared both to fight a Soviet Army invasion and/or Soviet occupation of Italy. Some people believe that the CIA was prepared to overthrow any Italian government if the Italian Communist party won political control. This operation was officially acknowledged for the first time in 1990, when it was finally closed down. A “gladio” was the word for a double-edged sword used by the Romans.
NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) established a secret Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) and Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC). Members of the CPC were the responsible officers of the secret structures of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Italy. Their representatives met every year in one of their capitals.
In April 1950 President Truman signed a top secret National Security Council document ordering the US to be prepared to use all its political, economic and if necessary, military might to stop the Italian Communist Party (PCI). A “Political operation” is the term for secretly funding political candidates and parties and they were primarily done in support right-wing political parties and against socialistic ones. The document stated, “In case that the Communists successfully enter the (Italian) government by legal means, and also in the case that the government should no longer show a strong opposition to both the domestic and foreign Communist threat, the United States have to be prepared to take counter measures.” This US war plan was directed to destroy a possible indigenous Italian Communist guerrilla/ resistance force. First US troops arrive as a show of force (aka a demonstration force), followed by an all-out invasion in Sicily or Sardinia.
Gladio was divided into independent cells coordinated from a CIA camp in Sardinia. These planned guerrilla forces included 40 main groups. Ten specialized in sabotage, six each in espionage, propaganda, evasion and escape tactics, and twelve in guerrilla activities. Another division handled the training of agents and commandos. In the event of a Soviet invasion had hidden caches of arms caches, which included hand guns, grenades, high-tech explosives, daggers, 60-millimeter mortars, 57-millimeter machine guns and precision rifles.
In spite of the CIA’s covert support for Italian right-wing politics, the Communist increased their in parliament by 35 percent. In May 1952, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered that is highest priority and top secret direction called Operation Demagnetize. This operation would work with the CIA in Italy and France on paramilitary, psychological, and political operations with the mission to weaken the Communists in the two countries. In 1953, Gerry Miller was Chief of Station in Rome. In the fall CIA officer William Colby was assigned there. In 1956, US Ambassador to Italy Clare B. Luce pressured the Italian Defense Minister into promoting General Giovanni De Lorenzo, as the commander of SIFAR and its Gladio operation.
De Lorenzo first task was to secretly build a CIA funded, Gladio headquarters and training center on the island of Sardinai off the west coast of Italy. The Italians and the CIA agreed on this operation’s codename. By November 1956, Gladio had a force of 1000 men capable of guerrilla warfare and espionage and 139 weapons and ammunition cashes were hidden all over Northern Italy.
From 1950 to 1959, SIFAR officers collected biographies on every Italian deputy and senator. List increased to include 45,000 dossiers on them alone, 30,000 files with Italians who related to business and industry. Copies of this black list file went to CIA. (Strategy of Terror, Tompkins, P. (Unpublished manuscript) pp. 8-12)
From 1959 to 1967, the Italian police and SIFAR had a massive surveillance program of Italian political and business figures. The purpose of this was partly intended to identify left-wing suspects who would be rounded up and imprisoned in concentration camps on Sardinia in the event the Communist took control of the government in Italy. SIFAR planed microphones in Papal apartments and President's Rome residence. (Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy, by Philip P. Willan (1991), pp. 35-37)
The Italian election in April 1963 again resulted in the Communist gaining seats in the parliament and the other parties losing seats.
In 1960, Eisenhower appointed Vernon Walters military attaché at the embassy in Rome. Walters worked closely with the Jesuit-trained James Jesus Angleton until 1962. In 1961, he proposed an American military intervention in Italy if the Socialist Party had participated in the Government. The General De Lorenzo brought with him 17 lieutenants to begin purging insufficiently right-wing officers. It was the first step to a right-wing coup attempt, with US military attaché Vernon Walters in the vanguard. In a memo to De Lorenzo the same year, Walters suggested types of intervention aimed at provoking a national crisis, including blocking a center-left coalition, creating schisms among the socialists, and funding forces favorable to the status quo. (Source: NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe, by Ganser Daniele, pp, 66 to 69 and http://operation-gladio.net/giovanni-de-lorenzo
According to Italian General Gerardo Serravalle the US dispatched CIA officers and the US Special Forces soldiers to the Gladio meetings. "At the stay-behind meetings, representatives of the CIA were always present. They had no voting rights and were from the CIA field office in the capital in which the meeting took place. Members of the US Forces Europe Command were also present, without voting rights.
Enough information has emerged to show that the CIA sponsored and financed a large portion of the terrorism and disruption that plagued Italy for nearly half a century. Among other things, the US government:
Forged secret alliances with the Mafia and right-wing elements of the Vatican to prevent the left from playing any role in government;
Recruited Mussolini's ex-police into paramilitary bands secretly financed and trained by the CIA, ostensibly to fight Soviets, but really to conduct terror attacks blamed on the left;
Employed the gamut of psychological warfare tactics, including paying millions in slush funds to political parties, journalists, and other influential contacts to tilt parliamentary elections against the left;
Created a secret service and a parallel government structure linked to the CIA whose contract agents attempted several times to overthrow the elected government.
For nearly 50 years of US interference in Italian politics. In the name of fighting communism, the US helped generate a level of political turmoil that sometimes approached civil war. US intelligence and their Italian surrogates took control of key government agencies, at times reducing Italian democracy to little more than a proving ground for the CIA's and the White House's aggressive tactics. (Source: General Gerardo Serravalle’s book in the 1970s// Operation Gladio: The Secret US War to Subvert Italian Democracy by Arthur E. Rowse, and The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 39)
http://frieden-durch-recht.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Gladio_NATO%E2%80%99s-stay-behind-armies-and-terrorism-in-Cold-War-Italy_Dr.-Daniele-Ganser.pdf
http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/gladio.html
Former CIA Director, William Colby, admitted in his memoirs that beginning after World War Two covert western armies were a major CIA initiative to use civilians to conduct guerrilla warfare if and when the Soviet invaded the west. This operation recruited people who were dedicated anti-communists, largely from the political right, including former Nazis. In 1951 CIA officer Colby was based at the CIA station in Stockholm and they supported the training of stay-behind armies in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark.
According to former CIA agent Philip Agee, these stay-behind operations (aka operation Gladio) also served as “a nucleus for rallying a citizen army against the threat of a leftist coup,” each of several groups “capable of mobilizing and carrying on guerrilla warfare with minimal or no outside direction.” CIA organized stay-behind networks in West Germany between 1949 and 1953. According to the Washington Post, "One network included at least two former Nazi SS members—Staff Sgt. Heinrich Hoffman and Lt. Col. Hans Rues—and one was run by Lt. Col. Walter Kopp, a former German army officer referred to by the CIA as an "unreconstructed Nazi". After the fall of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was dissolved and Germany was unified in October 1990, it was learned that the East German foreign intelligence service, the Stasi, had known about these stay-behind plans.
Daniele Ganser In his book, NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe, describes these stay-behind Cold War operations, run by European secret services, collaborating with NATO, the CIA and Britain's MI6 and Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) including working against any communist parties should they win election or others on the political left that gained power.
Trained together with US Green Berets and British SAS, these clandestine, stay-behind soldiers with access to underground arms caches, prepared to fight against a potential Soviet invasion and occupation of Western Europe, as well as the growth of communist parties. The clandestine international network covered the European NATO membership, including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey, as well as the neutral European countries of Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. This international network became publically known in Italy. It was code-named Gladio, the Italian word for a short double-edged sword gladius.
In Belgium, the branch of this secret NATO unit was code-named SDRA8, in Denmark it was called Absalon, in Germany TD BJD, in Greece LOK, in Luxemburg Stay-Behind, in the Netherlands I&O, in Norway ROC, in Portugal Aginter Press, in Spain Red Quantum, in Switzerland P26, in Turkey Özel Harp Dairesi, In Sweden AGAG (Aktions Gruppen Arla Gryning), in France 'Plan Bleu', and in Austria OWSGV. In Finland the stay-behind unit’s codename remains unknown.
In 1947, Austria's first secret army became known when a right-wing stay-behind network was discovered. The so-called Soucek-Rossner conspiracy resulted in a number of arrests, Soucek and Rossner testifying that they had recruited and trained right-wing partisans to prepare for a Soviet invasion, insisting Washington and Britain had full knowledge and approved.
Nonetheless, both men were convicted and sentenced to death in 1949, yet were mysteriously pardoned by Chancellor Theodor Korner, perhaps following CIA orders.
On September 9, 1952, former SS officer, Hans Otto, told Frankfort police that he “belonged to a political resistance group, the task of which was to carry out sabotage activities and blow up bridges in case of a Soviet invasion,” adding that while “neo-fascist tendencies were not required, most members” had them. It had a blacklist of leftists to be assassinated in case of an emergency, perhaps manufactured ones to do it anyway.
On October 8, 1952, a West German politic official, Georg A. Zinn, disclosed that the US had created a secret civilian army for the purpose of resisting a Soviet invasion. This force was made up of from 1,000 to 2,000 men who were between the ages of 35 to 50 years old and former officers of the Luftwaffe, the Wehrmacht, and SS. Zinn disclosed that this outfit had drawn up black lists or cards indexes of people who were to be “put out of the way” when the Soviets tanks invaded. The US admitted its role in the creation and training of this stay-behind army, but denied any involvement in any internal or political activities of these soldiers. An American who directed the training, Sterling Garwood, had been supplied with carbon copies of these index cards/lists (aka Black Lists). (Source: Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, by William Blumb, pp. 63 to 64)
When Greece joined NATO in 1952, the country's special forces, LOK (mountain raiding companies) were integrated into the European stay-behind network. The CIA and LOK reconfirmed on March 25, 1955 their mutual co-operation in a secret document signed by US General Truscott for the CIA, and the chief of staff of the Greek military. In addition to preparing for a Soviet invasion, the CIA instructed LOK to prevent a leftist coup. Evidence points to LOK’s involvement in the Greek the April 20, 1967 coup, one month before national elections likely would have overwhelmingly elected the left-leaning political party. As a direct result of the Civil War ongoing since 1948, by the mid-1960s Greek politics was deeply divided between the leftist and rightist. On April 21, 1967, their stay-behind army Hellenic Raiding Force takes over control over the Greek Defense Ministry. This Hellenic Raiding Force was made up of a group of rightist and anti-communist army officers. Using the political instability and tension of the time as a pretext, tanks rolled through Athens, and they took control of communications centers, parliament, and the royal palace, arresting over 10,000, and seized power from the government, Many were later tortured and killed. The leader of the coup, George Papadopoulos, and subsequently a military regime (later referred to as the Regime of the Colonels) lasted until 1974.
Former CIA agent Philip Agee, who was sharply criticized in the US for having revealed sensitive information, insisted that "paramilitary groups, directed by CIA officers, operated in the sixties throughout Europe.
In 1960 Turkish military supported by secret armies stages a coup d’état and kill Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. In 1961 Algerian members of the French stay-behind operation and officers who returned from the French War in Vietnam founded the illegal Organisation Armee Secrete (OAS). They failed in their attempted coup in Algiers against the French government of de Gaulle. The CIA supported the OAS this attempted coup.
1972 In Italy a bomb explodes in a car near the village Peteano killing three Carabinieri. The terror, first blamed on the left, is later traced back to right-wing terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra and the Italian stay-behind code named Gladio. Italy’s parliamentary police, wrongly blamed on the left-wing, terrorist group Red Brigades. But in 1984 a right wing terrorist, Vincenzo Vinciguerra, was charged with the killings.
During an anti-fascist demonstration a bombing that took place on May 28, 1974, in Brescia, Italy. The terrorist attack killed eight people and and injures and maims 102. In 2015, a Court of appeal in Milan issued a final life sentence to two men for ordering the bombing, closing one of the longest-running cases on terrorism.
On August 4, 1974 and 45 minutes after leaving Florence, Italy a bomb exploded on a train killing 12 and wounding 48. The following day, Ordine Nuovov (translated: New Order ) claimed responsibility. New Order was an Italian far right cultural and extra-parliamentary political and paramilitary organization founded in 1956.
In 1977 in Turkey the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla attacks a May Day trade union rally of 500,000 in Istanbul by opening fire at the speaker’s platform leaving 38 killed and hundreds injured. Several thousand police on hand did nothing to intervene.
On January 24, 1977 the Spanish secret stay-behind army with support of Italian right-wing terrorists, armed with Ingram M-10 sub-machine guns, murdered five people and injuring four at a Madrid train station. They also attacked a lawyer’s office closely linked to the Spanish Communist party kill five more people.
In 1980 in Italy a bomb exploded at the Bologna railway station, killing 85 and seriously injuring and maiming a further 200. Investigators trace the crime back to right-wing terrorists.
In Switzerland Colonel Herbert Alboth, a former commander of the Swiss secret stay-behind army P26, in a confidential letter to the Defense Department declares that he is willing to reveal the whole truth. Thereafter he is found in his house stabbed with his own military bayonet. The detailed parliamentary report on the Swiss secret army was presented to the public on November 17, 1990.
In Turkey in 1980 the commander of the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla, General Kenan Evren, stages a military coup and seizes power.
In 1981 a large stay-behind arsenal is being discovered near the German village about 50 miles south of Hamburg. Right wing extremists are alleged to have used the arsenal in the previous year to carry out a massacre during the Munich October festival killing 13 and wounding 213.
On November 7, 1990, Belgium's socialist defense minister Guy Coeme told a national TV audience that a NATO-linked secret army operated covertly throughout the Cold War.
In 1990 Italian judge Felice Casson discovered documents on Operation Gladio in the archives of the Italian military secret service in Rome and forces Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti to confirm the existence of a secret army within the state to parliament. As Andreotti insists that Italy had not been the only country involved in the conspiracy the secret anti-communist stay-behind armies are discovered across Western Europe. The Italian NATO stay-behind organization functioned under the Minister of Defense from 1953 to 1958. Documents shown to the Italian parliamentary terrorism committee revealed that in the 1970s British and French officials involved in the network visited a training base in Germany built with US money.
On November 14, 1990, Luxemburg's Prime Minister Jacaques Santer told his parliament: "all NATO countries in central Europe have taken part in these preparations, and Luxemburg could not have escaped this international solidarity."
A 2000 parliamentary investigation concluded that operatives “linked to the structures of United States intelligence” were involved in bombings, massacres, and other terrorist attacks as part of a campaign against the political left. In 2001, General Giandelio Maletti, former Italian counterintelligence head, confirmed CIA’s involvement to “do anything to stop Italy from sliding to the left.” http://dissidentvoice.org/2010/09/natos-secret-armies/
http://www.progressiveradionetwork.com/the-progressive-news-hour/
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John McCloy was also a member of the Draper Committee, formed in 1958 by Eisenhower. The Draper Committee was a bipartisan committee, created in November 1958 by President Eisenhower to undertake a completely independent, objective, and non-partisan analysis of the military assistance aspects of the US Mutual Security Program (MSP). The Mutual Security Act of 1951 is a United States federal law, signed on October 10, 1951 by President Harry S. Truman, which authorized nearly $7.5 billion for foreign military, economic, and technical foreign aid to American allies; the aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western Europe, as the Cold War developed.
The Committee was composed of:
William Henry Draper Jr., board chairman of the Mexican Light & Power Co. and retired World War II major general,
Dillon Anderson, Houston Lawyer, onetime presidential assistant for national-security affairs;
Joseph M. Dodge, Detroit Banker, onetime Budget Director;
Alfred Maximilian Gruenther, American Red Cross President, onetime Supreme Allied Commander in Europe;
Marx Leva, Washington Lawyer, onetime Assistant Secretary of Defense;
John J. McCloy, New York Banker, onetime High Commissioner in Germany;
George C. McGhee, Dallas Businessman, onetime Assistant Secretary of State;
General Joseph T. McNarney (ret.), onetime Commander of U.S. forces in Europe;
Admiral Arthur W. Radford (ret.), onetime Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman;
Oklahoma Oilman James E. Webb, onetime Under Secretary of State, onetime Budget Director.
The Mutual Security Act also abolished the Economic Cooperation Administration, which had managed the Marshall Plan and transferred its functions to the newly established Mutual Security Agency (MSA). The Agency was established and continued by acts of October 10, 1951 and June 20, 1952 to provide military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security, but was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, effective August 1, 1953, and its functions were transferred to the Foreign Operations Administration. The act however, was extended by appropriators each fiscal year until the early 1960s.
The President’s Citizen Advisers on the Mutual Security Program (aka the Fairless Committee) was created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 22, 1956. Like most of the advisory groups solicited from outside the government during this period, this committee contained a wealth of civilian and military leaders. Chaired by US Steel President Benjamin Fairless, it comprised William Rand (Monsanto Chemical), Arthur H. Sulzberger (New York Times), Harvie Briscomb (chancellor of Vanderbilt University, and Jesse W. Tapp (Bank of America).
The purpose of the committee was to study and make recommendations on the role, scope, operation, and impact of military, economic, technical and other foreign assistance programs in relation to the foreign policy and national interest of the United States. It reported to the president on March 1, 1957, and ceased operations by the close of that month.
The committee received testimony and reports on foreign aid programs from major military and foreign policy figures. The committee also made a six-week round-the-world trip during which members interviewed leading military and political figures in European and Asian nations receiving American aid. Committee members also received briefings from American military assistance advisory teams and embassy staffs during the trip.
While the committee received an appreciable amount of input on military aid, its major recommendations were in the field of economic assistance and administrative changes in the foreign aid program. It recommended gradual reciprocal tariff reduction to the end of achieving minimal foreign quantitative restrictions on American trade. Also recommended were support of regional organizations like the European Common Market; tax incentives for American private investment abroad; continued government loans to supplement efforts of the Export-Import Bank, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; and continuation of the agricultural surplus sales program.
In the administrative field, the committee recommended separation of military and economic appropriations, integration of the International Cooperation Administration into the US State Department, two-year appropriations for foreign aid, and greater discretionary authority for the executive branch in spending foreign assistance funds.
Truman's decision to send US troops to Europe as part of a standing NATO force further antagonized congressional conservatives and exacerbated their fears that European nations were not doing enough for their own defense. Congress thus reduced the administration's request for Mutual Security funds by 15 percent and authorized $5.998 billion and $1.486 billion, respectively, for military and economic assistance. The deepest cuts were in economic aid, thus ensuring its subordination to military assistance as “defense support.”
The Mutual Security Act was renewed each year until 1961, and it annually produced struggles over the size of the foreign aid budget, and the balance between military and economic aid. The US foreign aid program was then reorganized under new Kennedy Administration legislation, with signing of the Foreign Assistance Act and Executive Order 10973 on November 3, 1961, which established the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Security_Act
Under the 1947 law the CIA falls under the National Security Council and reports to the President thru it and takes its orders from it. The CIA reports sometimes reports to the President, but more often to the NSC staff.
The CIA’s actual role is spelled out in a secret charter – or a series of classified executive orders called National Security Intelligence Directives (NSCIDs) codified in 1959. Not until July 1973 did the CIA offer the congressional subcommittees a glimpse at the secret charter. And the public still has no way of knowing if the CIA is exceeding the law. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 275)
The National Security Act of 1947 did not address the question of the CIA's authority to conduct clandestine intelligence activity within the United States for purposes outside of this country. These National Security Council Intelligence Directives (NSCIDs) (the secret CIA charter) were signed into law in 1959 by the President (or Presidents, I am not sure who), without a vote of Congress, and a whole series of these were signed by the President(s) into law the following years.
Under Director Hoover, the FBI interpreted the term "internal security functions" broadly to encompass almost "anything that CIA might be doing in the United States. Throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's, there were jurisdictional conflicts between the CIA and the FBI.
At no time did the Executive branch ask Congress to amend the 1947 act to modify its ban against CIA exercising "internal security functions." Nor was Congress asked to clarify the ambiguity of the 1947 act about the CIA's authority to conduct clandestine, foreign intelligence and counterintelligence activities within the United States.
National Security Council Intelligence Directive Five provided authority within the Executive Branch for the Director of Central Intelligence to coordinate, and for the CIA to conduct, counterintelligence activities abroad to protect the United States against not only espionage and sabotage, but also subversion. Subversion legally means any effort to discourage Americans from joining the US military. And a broader definition could be any effort to undermine the President foreign policy.
http://www.archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel02unit/finalreportofsel02unit_djvu.txt
Presidents Truman and Eisenhower both reviewed and approved NSC 86/1, NSCID 13, and NSCID 14 that were at the time, classified top secret, but have since been partly declassified. They are based on recommendations prepared by Frank Wisner during Operation Bloodstone that I describe in my Book Three, The Truman Years. These decisions gave the CIA control of several highly secret government inter agency committees responsible for handling émigrés and defectors both overseas (NSC 86/1, dated April 1951 and NSCID 13) and inside the United States itself (NSCID 14).
NSC 86/1 had a part titled, National Psychological (warfare) Plan with Respect to Escapees from the Soviet Orbit, codename Engross. That is, to encourage people to defect, but not a general call for the population to take flight. As a result of the Soviets exploding the hydrogen bomb (November 22, 1955) Eisenhower decided that aggressive covert operations were too risky, and they threatened US security rather than promoted it. (and three years after their first A bomb, Aug. 29 1949). So in 1953 to 1955, the policy changed to one of seeking stable coexistence with the USSR. (Spying on science: Western intelligence in divided Germany 1945-1961, by Paul Maddrell, p. 49)
Every major CIA proposal for covert action still was required to be approved by the President and the 40 Committee. This includes subsidies for foreign political leaders, political parties, and/or publications, interference in elections, major propaganda activities, and the covert paramilitary operations This 40 Committee has been called various names from 1947 to 1980; the Special Group, the 5412 Group, and the 303 Committee. The membership of this committee is/was made up of the Depute Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Chairman of the committee is the Assistant to the President’s National Security Affairs. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, pgs. 278- 279)
"Clandestine operations" means secret efforts to influence the internal affairs of foreign countries so that they cannot be linked to the US government or President. Covert operations means using methods like propaganda, supporting a foreign political party or candidate with US money, bribing people, and recruiting foreign leaders to spy for the CIA, (agents-in-place), etc. Special forces operations means using military means against an incumbent government of a foreign country or secretly fighting an insurgency within a foreign country that is trying to overthrow an incumbent government that is perceived as being as too, pro-socialism.
The 40 Committee was the group that by-law authorizes and overseas CIA’s high-risk covert operations and special military operations to influence the internal affairs of foreign countries.
By the middle of the twentieth century, changing legal philosophies, buttressed by a number of specific resolutions and multilateral treaties, including the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933) and the United Nations Charter (1945), had made it a general rule of international law that states “may not interfere in matters customarily deemed to be the exclusive purview of another state. A state's internal affairs and its relations with third parties are inviolable.” Article 2, paragraph 7 of the UN Charter states that "Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state."
While nonintervention is the general rule, it is still limited by a right of intervention in cases where the current or imminent actions of one state endanger vital concerns of another state or of the community of nations. The clamor of small states for a total prohibition of all interventions has never been heeded. Accordingly, Article 2, paragraph 7 of the charter also provides that the nonintervention principle "shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII." Under Chapter VII, states retain the right of coercive action, including the use of military force, to protect international peace and security.
There is substantial consensus that illegal intervention has occurred when a state dispatches armed forces to the territory of another. The Covenant of the League of Nations (1918), the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), and the United Nations Charter (1945) are examples of international agreements outlawing such armed interventions.
The Soviets totally penetrated the West German Intelligence Service.
One of spies that did the greatest harm to US intelligence efforts was Heinz Felfe. He joined the Nazi SS in 1936 at age 17. He was promoted SS Lieutenant in 1943 and joined the SD stationed first in Switzerland and toward the end of the war in the Netherlands. The SD was the Nazi intelligence unit that spied on the SS and Gestapo. It was the watchdog of everyone with Nazi political connections looking for any disloyalty to Nazi fascism. After the war in July 1945 he was captured and imprisoned by the British in the Netherlands From 1947 to 1950, Felfe worked for British intelligence reporting on communist party activities in the Cologne area. The British dropped Felfe on the well-founded suspicion that he was also working for the Soviets.
The KGB after the war systematically recruited former SS officers using their war crimes records to blackmail them. Heinz Felfe and other former SS colleagues from Dresden seem to have been easy recruits thanks partly to their bitterness toward the Allies for the firebombing civilians in that city in February 1945.
Felfe joined Nazi General Gehlen’s organization and was recruited by the Soviets in September 1951. Recall that General Gehlen former Nazi intelligence officers were now working for the CIA. Felfe’s superiors in the Gehlen Organization were themselves Soviet spies, thus making it easier for Felfe to advance in the organization.
For the next ten years Felfe quickly moved up the ladder in the Gehlen Organization. This organization re-shaped by the CIA into the West German Foreign Intelligence Service’s (BND. For six years Felfe was deputy chief of the section responsible a for countering Soviet espionage, while was himself a Soviet spy. In 1961 Felfe was discovered and arrested.
Declassified CIA documents detail four elaborate operations undertaken in the early 1950s by Soviet Intelligence, designed to support Felfe's usefulness and credibility in the eyes of his West German bosses. In other words, Soviet their own discard-able spies in Germany to shore up Felfe reputation in catching Soviets spies.
The CIA estimated in its 1963 damage assessment that roughly 15,000 secret documents compromised by Felfe. He gave the Soviets the identities of 94 of West Germany's overseas field officers including the CIA’s chief in Bangkok. He tipped off the KGB of planned arrest operations by the CIA and MI-6 against Soviet spies and attempted surveillance of Soviet posts in the West. The CIA’s counterintelligence division later determined that the KGB had learned from the Gehlen organization about the secret base outside Munich. The Gehlen organization had been thoroughly exploited by the Soviets.
On July 22, 1963 Heinz Felfe was found guilty of spying for the Soviet Union and he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. He was released on February 14, 1969 in exchange for 21 mostly political prisoners in the USSR. (Sources: The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p.169)
http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/FELFE,%20HEINZ%20%20KGB%20EXPLOITATION%20OF%20HEINZ%20FELFE_0002.pdf
http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/goda.pdf
The CIA’s International Organizations Division
It mission was for CIA secretly subsidizing international organizations, many US organization that operated internationally. There was simply no limit to the money it could spend, no limit to the number of people it could hire, and no limit to the activities. But the limit the money was the amounts private organizations could credibly spend. Used legitimate, existing organizations; disguise the extent of American interest: protect the integrity of the organization by not requiring it to support every aspect of official American policy.
Thomas “Tom” W. Braden was the CIA’s chief of this division from 1950 to 1954 and it had the mission of was psychological warfare operations directed at Europe and against communism worldwide. The CIA infiltrated academic, trade and political associations, and secretly funding candidates in European elections and disguise the extent of American spending to protect the integrity of the organization by not requiring these groups to support every aspect of official American policy. The objective was to control potential radicals. This includes dirty tricks campaigns against left-wing political parties in France, Italy and Greece. Braden was also supplying funds to the British Labor Party and its main supporting newspaper, the Daily Mirror. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3600
It was Thomas Braden who became the CIA case officer for Walter Reuther, the head of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) union from 1952 to 1955. Reuther had been fighting against the Communist Party union members for leadership if his union. During the Great Depression many workers joined the Communist Party. The Taft Hartley Act of 1947 penalized unions whose officers failed to sign statements that they were not members of the Communist Party. Many Communists held power in the CIO unions (few did so in the AFL).
Cord Meyer Jr. was Braden’s deputy from 1949 to 1951, and became the head of in 1954. He worked with the World Federalist Movement, a global citizens movement that called for a federation of the Atlantic democracies and helped launch the European Movement. According to a New York Times interview in 1950 the CIA gave him several thousand dollars to pay traveling expenses for a delegation of twelve National Student Association representatives to a European international student conference and more secret CIA funds were given by Cord Meyer in 1952 to the National Student Association.
In 1950 Meyer formed the CIA front organization, the Committee to Frame a World Constitution. As a result of this work Meyer made contact with the International Cooperative Alliance, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the Indian Socialist Party and the Congress of Peoples’ Against Imperialism. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmeyerC.htm
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) CIA officer Morris Paladino was the Director of Education, Director of Organization and Assistant Secretary General of the ICFTU.
Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), was a labor foreign policy group of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union secretly supported with CIA funding via former CIA officer, Carmel Offie.
Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) was hidden under US Agency for International Development (USAID) with CIA funding for the purpose of training labor leaders in Latin America in labor organizing techniques and tactics.
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) (June 1950 to 1967?)
The CCF was the 1950 brainchild of a group of private individuals who come up with the idea of fighting Stalin’s brand of communism by using the non-communist left writers in Europe and the US. It became a section of the CIA with the secretly funding (subsidizing) writers, publishers and literary, magazine companies, as well as artists and musicians. This covert operation was difference from operation Mockingbird, which entailed CIA hiring news journalist and news organizations to write and published disinformation and propaganda. I will explain later that CIA propaganda operation, directed at Americans.
Truman signed the National Security directives PSBD-33/2 establishing the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) in April 1951. Its first chairman was Gordon Gray and served until May 1952. Gray was Truman’s assistant secretary of the army in 1947; two years later, he was appointed Secretary of the Army (1949 to 1950). Eisenhower then appointed Gray his National Security Advisor from 1958 until 1961.
The mission of the Psychological Strategy Board (CIA codenamed “Packet”) was to centralize and coordinate the psychological warfare operations of the CIA, Department of Defense, and State Department. According to one of the officers who worked in this secret project, Charles Burton Marshall, it was run by a group of self-appointed elites.
By May of 1952, Psychological Strategy Board took over the supervision of "psychological warfare program to influence overseas "opinion leaders." They assumed the supervision of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom; the Moral Rearmament Movement, the Crusade for Freedom, which was the funding conduit for CIA Director (DCIA) Dulles's National Committee for a Free Europe Radio Free Europe; and Paix et Liberte. Dulles was DCIA from February 26, 1953 to November 29, 1961)
Paix et Liberté was a French organizations of the anti-Communist apparatus that published, distributed and cupboards hundreds of thousands of posters in France in the 1950s. These were posters denouncing the Stalinist regime and the Communist Party and its leaders. It was substantially subsidized by the CIA.
Detailed logs kept at the White House showed PSB planners had to consult with Charles D. Jackson before their plans became operational. Brigadier General Charles Jackson, Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division, SHAEF, HQ in West German from 1944 to 1945.
Jackson was the guy who purchased Abraham Zapruder film (of JFK’s assassination) on behalf of Time/Life Inc. magazine. He ordered it locked in a vault at the Time/Life building in Manhattan for years. The magazine only published still photos made from the film. The film was later faked to hide curtain facts, for example, the limousine coming to a complete stop during or after shots were fired at it. But that story requires another book in order for me to describe all the evidence. Henry Luce, the owner of the Time magazine empire, was a friend of Allen Dulles and Luce help in establishing CCF.
The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) (codenamed QK/OPERA) was run by CIA boss Frank Wisner and ended up in the CIA International Organizations Division. Reporting to Wisner was the CIA's Lawrence de Neufville, who worked at the CIA’s French Labor desk.
CIA officer Michael Josselson worked in CCF's Paris headquarters. James Burnham, the former Trotskyite, was hired as a contract agent/consultant and was the primary liaison between the CIA and the intellectual community.
The paymaster for the operation was Irving Brown, who also ran CIA’s covert programs directed against the growing communist influence within labor unions, throughout Europe.
Recently discovered archival reports written by special agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics indicate that Brown was under investigation in the mid-1960s for trafficking in drugs, or money-laundering from drug-trafficking (which provided funds for covert operations). US documents linked him to notorious French crime bosses and Italian mafia figures.
The Fairfield Foundation and several other foundations were created by the CIA as fronts to hide the fact that the funds were from CIA. Once programs were established, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations took over major aspects of the funding, with the help of other leading US family foundations. Former German High Commissioner McCloy had personally written to mid-1960s Ford Foundation president McGeorge Bundy, to secure funding for Congress for Cultural Freedom after the covert operation was blown in 1967- made public by Tom Braden’s story in the Saturday Evening Post.
Braden was recruited into Special Operations Executive (SOE). SOE consisted of teams of British Special Forces soldiers who parachuted or somehow got behind enemy lines, dressed in civilian clothes during World War Two. They were deployed into any country under the occupation of Nazi Germany including France, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Denmark and Yugoslavia. The SOE was extremely active in helping the French Resistance. In 1944, along with Stewart Alsop he went to work with Allen Dulles at the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). After the war Braden co-wrote with Alsop a history of the OSS called Sub Rosa: The O.S.S. and American Espionage (1946).
When Allen Dulles joined the CIA as Deputy Director of Operations in December 1950 and he brought in Tom Braden (CIA alias Homer D. Hoskins) as his assistant. Braden suggested to Allen Dulles that he should be allowed to establish International Organizations Division (IOD) to counteract Soviet propaganda by which helping to establish anti-Communist front groups in Western Europe. The International Organizations Division was dedicated to infiltrating academic, trade and political associations. Braden oversaw the funding of groups such as the National Student Association, the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Communications Workers of America, the American Newspaper Guild and the National Educational Association. According to Braden, the CIA was putting around $900,000 a year into the Congress of Cultural Freedom (or about $2.5 million in 2015 dollars). CIA skimmed hundreds of millions of dollars from the Marshall Plan to finance its activities, funneling the money through fake philanthropic foundations it created or real ones like the Ford Foundation. Gilbert Greenway, a former CIA officer, recalled. "There were no limits, and nobody had to account for it. It was amazing."
In November, 1954, Braden left the CIA. CIA officer Cord Meyer replaced him as head of International Organizations Division and CCF.
Gene Pope, the Enquirer’s publisher, had worked for the CIA since his twenties when he served in psyops for the CIA’s Italy desk. He left the CIA to serve in Korea War. After that he bought the failing New York Enquirer with a loan from mafia boss Frank Costello. He transformed it into the National Enquirer with CIA hovering as an editorial presence. The National Enquirer joined Reader’s Digest, to which CIA assigned the cryptonym LP/OVER. Respectable publishing houses like Farrar, Starus & Giroux cooperated with CIA.” (Sources: memoir of his father, by Paul David Pope)
http://jfkcountercoup2.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-addendum-to-our-man-in-haiti.html
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin and the poet Stephen Spender, who was co-editor of Encounter, knew about the CIA's role. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., who was in the OSS and knew about some of the CCF’s activities, argued that the agency's role was benign, even necessary. He stated, “Compared with the coups the CIA sponsored in Guatemala, Iran and elsewhere, its support of the arts was some of its best work…It enabled people to publish what they already believed. It didn't change anyone's course of action or thought." I agree.
If you want to research which books and left-of-centre, literary magazines were subsidized by the CIA, go to my sources. Here is a short list of magazines Kenyon Review, Sewanee Review, and Poetry, Partisan Review, Paris Review, Daedalus and Encounter. This picture of the CIA's secret war of ideas had cameo appearances by scores of intellectual celebrities like the critics Dwight Macdonald and Lionel Trilling, the poets Ted Hughes and Derek Walcott and the novelists James Michener and Mary McCarthy, all of whom directly or indirectly benefited from the CCF operation.
It may have been the only good thing the CIA has done or will do, notwithstanding a lot of liberal writers feeling embarrassed because they were used by the “man”.
The CIA recognized from the beginning that it could not openly sponsor artists and intellectuals in Europe because there was so much anti-American feeling there. Instead, it decided to woo intellectuals out of the hard core, communist party orbit by secretly promoting a non-Communist left of democratic socialism. (Sources: The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters by Frances Stonor Saunders)
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/031800-02.htm
http://modernhistoryproject.org/mhp?Article=Kulturkampf
http://jacketmagazine.com/12/pybus-quad.html
In August 1953, Cord Meyer was told that Joseph McCarthy had accused him of being a communist. The FBI added to the smear by announcing it was unwilling to give Meyer security clearance. However, the FBI refused to explain what evidence they had against Meyer. Allen W. Dulles and both came to his defense and refused to permit a FBI interrogation of Meyer.
In November, 1954, Meyer began spending a lot of time in Europe and one of his tasks was to supervise Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the United States government broadcasts to Eastern Europe. Meyer was overseeing a vast black budget of millions of dollars channeled through phony foundation of a global network of associations and labor groups that on their surface appeared to be progressive.
In 1956, he was stationed as a covert operations agent in Europe. He travels constantly, inciting student demonstrations, spontaneous riots and trade union strikes; creating splits among leftist factions; distributing Communist literature to provoke anti-Communist backlash. This localized psychological warfare is ultimately, of course, warfare against the Soviets, who are presumed to be the source of every leftist political sentiment in Italy, France, and the entire Europe Theater. In Eastern Europe his aim on the contrary is to foment rebellion. This was 1956,when the CIA learns that the Soviets will indeed kill 60,000 Hungarians with armored tanks. They had been led to believe by CIA officers that the US would come to the rescue if they started an arm rebellion..
Operation AE/RODYNAMIC, I suspect was funded thru the CIA’s Congress for Cultural Freedom, but tasking and collection of intelligence was most likely run by the CIA’s Soviet/Eastern Europe Division.
The main CIA contract agent for this operation was Mykola Lebed (aka Maksym Ruban, Marko or Yevhen Skyrba), codenamed QR/PLUMB-2. In 1949 he immigrated to the United States where worked for or founded the Prolog Research Corporation and Publishing Company in New York City. This was a CIA and Lebed gathered intelligence on the Soviet Union as late as into the late 1960s and a Ukrainian propaganda operation. It was also an assassination program run by the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) originally called the Office of Special Projects.
The OPC was a covert psychological operations and paramilitary action organization. OPC was created in 1948 under the United States National Security Council. The OPC's directors included representatives of the State and Defense departments and the CIA. Though a unit of the CIA, the OPC Director reported to the State Department. State Department official George F. Kennan was the key figure behind OPC's creation.
Kennan served as deputy head of the mission at the US Embassy in Moscow from 1944 to April 1946. Between April 1947 and December 1948, Kennan worked for Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, where Kennan was the more influential than at any other period in his career. During the summer of 1953 Eisenhower asked Kennan to manage the first of a series of top-secret teams, dubbed Operation Solarium, examining the advantages and disadvantages of continuing the Truman administration's policy of containment and of seeking to "roll back" existing areas of Soviet influence. Upon completion of the project, the president seemed to endorse the group's recommendations. In December 1951, Truman appointed Kennan United States ambassador to the USSR. The critical difference between the Truman and Eisenhower policies of containment had to do with Eisenhower's concerns that the United States could not indefinitely afford great military spending.
The Office of Policy Coordination’s executive director was Frank Wisner, a former OSS figure in Romania and later an assistant secretary of state for refugee affairs. OPC was and it was merged with the CIA in 1951.
As leader of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), Mykola Lebed was responsible for the ethnic cleansing in 1943 of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia against Polish and Jewish populations. Historians estimate that 60,000-100,000 Polish civilians were massacred in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. In 1991, the US Justice Department discovered Lebed was a war criminal, but they did not pursue prosecution. He died in 1998.
During 1952 to 1985, he headed the research center Prologue in New York. In 1956 to 1991 he was a member of the board of the Ukrainian Society of Foreign Studies in Munich and Toronto.
CIA funding of Prologue facilitated support to dissidents and opposition currents within the Communist Party of Ukraine. It routinely came under threat from infiltration by the KGB. CIA support enabled Prologue to publish books and journals, including the only Russian-language journal published by a Ukrainian émigré organization, across the political spectrum and to closely work with opposition movements in central-eastern Europe, especially Poland.
Prolog was a leader in the smuggling of literature into and out of Ukraine, and maintaining contacts with Ukrainian underground organizations and overt dissidents and opposition movements. Members of this operation who were arrested spent 25 years in Soviet Prison Camps. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967067X12000086
http://operation-gladio.net/mykola-lebed
Operation Mockingbird (propaganda directed at Americans)
CIA boss Frank Wisner recruited Philip Graham from The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. CIA boss Frank Wisner recruited Philip Graham from The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. By 1952, Wisner had more than 2,800 assets/contract agents working in 47 CIA stations around the world. New York based correspondent Edward Hunter with legitimate World War Two reporting credentials worked for him. Secretly Hunter worked for the OSS’s psychological warfare division during the war. Harry F. Kern, Newsweek’s foreign affairs editor in New York knew he was a CIA contract agent. Hunter was a right-wing extremist who spoke openly in favor of a violent overthrow of the US government under President Kennedy.
In 1956 Harry Kern founded Foreign Reports Inc. provides political reporting and analysis to energy companies, governments, and financial institutions on world energy issues. He traveled extensively throughout the world, but especially in the Far and Middle East. Harry Kern remained a frequent visitor to many of twentieth century’s key players, including the Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdul Nasser of revolutionary Egypt, and Crown Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia, to name but a few. Kern also maintained close relationships with the leading foreign policy actors in the Eisenhower Administration, notably Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, CIA Director Allen Dulles, thus forging a long relationship with US intelligence both in Washington and in the CIA’s foreign “stations.”
According to author Deborah, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of The New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles." In 1951, CIA Director Allen W. Dulles persuaded Cord Meyer to join the CIA. According to Deborah Davis, Meyer became Mockingbird's "principal operative." After 1953, the media network was overseen by Allen Dulles, by which time Operation Mockingbird had major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. The usual operation was placing reports developed from intelligence to cooperating or unwitting reporters. Those reports would be repeated or cited by the preceding reporters, which in turn would then be cited throughout the media wire services. These networks were run by people with well-known liberal but pro-American big business and anti-Soviet views, such as William S. Paley (CBS), Henry Luce (Time and Life Magazine), Arthur Hays Sulzberger (New York Times), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of the Washington Post), Jerry O'Leary (Washington Star), Hal Hendrix (Miami News), Barry Bingham, Sr. (Louisville Courier-Journal), James Copley (Copley News Services) and Joseph Harrison (Christian Science Monitor). “The National Enquirer joined Reader’s Digest, Conover Mast Publications, (cryptonym LP/OVER) , and respectable publishing houses like Farrar, Starus & Giroux. (Source: Katharine the Great, (a 1979 biography of Washington Post owner Katharine Graham) by Deborah Davis.
David A. Phillips joined the CIA as a part-time agent in 1950 in Chile, where he owned and edited The South Pacific Mail, an English-language newspaper that circulated throughout South America and several islands in the Pacific.
In 1951 and1952, Charles Douglas “C.D.” Jackson served as president of the anti-communist Free Europe Committee (NCFE). The organization created and oversaw the anti-communist broadcast service Radio Free Europe. The Free Europe Committee sent leaflets with balloons from West Germany to the Eastern Bloc countries. Each of the balloons was able to drop 100,000 leaflets. Initially a small cannon was used to cut cords, but as a result of propaganda claiming them to be lethal, a new type of balloon with a timer and motor-powered razor blades was developed. CIA funding/ subsidies to the Free Europe Committee ended in 1971 which caused restructuring to its operations.
Jackson joined the media industry. In 1931 he went to work with Henry Luce at Time Magazine. In 1940 Luce allowed Jackson to organize an anti-isolationist propaganda group called the Council for Democracy. During the Second World War from 1942 to 1943 Jackson served as special assistant to the Ambassador to Turkey for economic warfare before joining the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1943. The following year he was appointed Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). He started working for the CIA in 1948.
According to journalist Carl Bernstein, Jackson was "Henry Luce's (the owner of Time-Life) personal emissary to the CIA." I interpret that analysis by Bernstein to mean Jackson was Luce’s CIA case officer. He also claimed that in the 1950s Jackson had arranged for CIA employees to travel with Time-Life credentials as cover.
http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjacksonCD.htm
Jackson was also recruited into Operation Mockingbird according to Deborah Davis in her book Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and the Washington Post.
From February 1953 to March 1954, He worked closely with the Psychological Strategy Board and was a member of the Operations Coordinating Board. According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library files, Jackson's area responsibility was loosely defined as “the coordination of activities aimed at interpreting world situations to the best advantage of the United States and her allies and exploiting incidents which reflected negatively on the Soviet Union, Communist China and other enemies in the Cold War."
In August 1954, the managing editor of the Saturday Evening Post, Robert Fuoss assured an aid to Allen Dulles that the CIA could preview news stories before they went to press.
Journalist Carl Bernstein confirmed that CBS television network was CIA’s most valuable broadcast media asset. (Source: Censored 2017, edited by Mickey Huff, Andy Lee Roth, Project Censored
Jackson was in contact with a CIA officer Carleton Alsop, in Hollywood's Paramount Studios. Alsop was involved in trying to influence the content of the films the company was making. (Source: Who Paid the Piper? by Frances Stonor Saunders, (2000)
Letters from C.D. Jackson sent to the producers of films called for scenes showing African Americans mixing on equal terms with whites. One of Jackson’s proposals involved “planting black spectators in a crowd watching a golf game in the Martin and Lewis comedy The Caddy”. One of the main concerns of the CIA was the portrayal of race-relations in Hollywood movies. They argued that the left was using this issue to undermine the idea that America was a democracy based on equal rights. http://goldenageofgaia.com/2010/03/28/the-cias-operation-mockingbird/
The CIA and FBI also provided right-wing television producer, Vincent Harnett, with information about left-wing figures in the industry. In June 1950 Harnett published Red Channels, a pamphlet listing the names of 151 writers, directors and performers who they claimed had been members of subversive organizations before the Second World War but had not so far been blacklisted.
According to Frances Stonor Saunders, the author of Who Paid the Piper? (2000), Frank Wisner recruited several important figures for Operation Mockingbird. This included former OSS filmmaker John Ford and studio bosses Cecil B. DeMille (Paramount Pictures) and Darryl Zanuck (Twentieth Century-Fox).
In 1950 CIA boss Frank Wisner arranged for Joe Bryan to recruit anti-communist documentary-maker Louis de Rochemont to produce a movie version of the tale. It was decided to get the film made in Britain to disguise CIA involvement in the project. Rochemont employed the British animation studio of husband and wife John Halas and Joy Batchelor to make the film. Most of the funding came from a CIA shell corporation, Touchstone. E. Howard Hunt was one of those agents involved in the production of the film whose role was to remove the socialist elements in Orwell’s allegory.
Hugh Wilford argues in his book, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (2008) that it was a senior executive at Paramount, Lugi G. Laraschi, who was most important CIA assets at the studio. Laraschi was the head of foreign and domestic censorship at the studio, whose job was to "iron out any political, moral or religious problems".
Other studios, including MGM and RKO, had similar CIA officers or agents working for them and were probably CIA “placements” (aka undercover CIA officers or contract agents). In a private letter to Sherman Adams, Jackson claims the role of these CIA placements was "to insert in their scripts and in their action the right ideas with the proper subtlety". Another important figure in this group was Howard Hughes, the boss of RKO Pictures. As Charles Higham points out in Howard Hughes: The Secret Life (2004), this was also good for business: “Hughes’s crusade against Communism” was “exacerbated by his desire to have Hughes Aircraft profit from the Korean and any future anti-Soviet wars”. By the end of 1950, the Korean war had made Hughes even richer than before.”
CIA officer Robert “Bob” T. Crowley stated that the CIA used PR firms like the Hill and Knowlton's (H&K) "to put out press releases and make media contacts to further its positions. ...H&K employees at the small Washington office and elsewhere distributed this material through CIA assets working in the US news media." "Hill and Knowlton's overseas offices were perfect cover for the ever-expanding CIA. Unlike other cover jobs, being a public relations specialist did not require technical training for CIA officers." News organizations ordered their employees to cooperate with the CIA, including the San Diego-based Copley News Service.
Among the executives who lent their cooperation to the CIA were William Paley of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Henry Luce of Time Inc., Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the New York Times, Barry Bingham Sr. of the Louisville Courier-Journal and James Copley of the Copley News Service. Other organizations which cooperated with the CIA include the American Broadcasting Company, the National Broadcasting Company, the Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters, Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard, Newsweek magazine, the Mutual Broadcasting System, The Miami Herald, and the old Saturday Evening Post and New York Herald-Tribune. By far the most valuable of these associations, according to CIA officials, have been with The New York Times, CBS, and Time Inc.
William Colby exclaimed at one point to the Church committee’s investigators. “Let’s go to the managements. They were witting” In all, about twenty-five news organizations (including those listed at the beginning of this article) provided cover for the Agency... http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8574
Another major use for its money was a campaign to bankroll alternatives in Western Europe to Soviet-influenced newspapers and books. Attempting to influence the attitudes of students and intellectuals, the CIA sponsored literary magazines in Germany, Der Monat and in Britain Encounter, promoted abstract expressionism in art as a radical alternative to the Soviet Union's socialist realism, and secretly funded the publication and distribution of over two and a half million books and periodicals (Source: The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, Frances S. Saunders)
The China Lobby was the first of the big foreign lobbies to blossom after passage of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act. More accurately it should be called the Taiwanese Lobby (aka Republic of China /ROC/ lobby). CIA operation Mockingbird funds were given to them.
The China Lobby demanded and won billions of dollars in US military and economic aid for Chiang’s dictatorship, first on mainland China and then on Taiwan. Exploiting the wave of anti-Communism during the McCarthy era, it also ruthlessly suppressed any criticism of Nationalist China’s shortcomings like drug trafficking and any moves toward diplomatic recognition of the People’s Republic of China. Republicans who rejected criticism of Chiang’s corrupt regime and attacked the Truman administration for not sending enough financial and military aid to prevent the “fall of China.”
In April 1952 Max Ascoli editor of the Reporter magazine wrote, “While what is left of Chiang’s army is rusting in Formosa (aka Taiwan), the Lobby’s operators are employing all their mental and financial resources in the United States…In the last couple of years, they have had remarkable success. Once more the big lie has proved to be unanswerable and un-debatable.”
The Nationalist Chinese government (aka Taiwan) pumped more than $2,000,000 into the Republican campaign in 1948. In 1949, two members of Congress called for an investigation of the lobby’s “brazen power.” Rep. Mike Mansfield, who later became Senate majority leader, he accused Nationalist Chinese officials of diverting US aid to fund their public relations campaign (propaganda) directed at Americans. They sent $800,000 and as a result, squelched Mansfield’s proposed investigation. And the success of Republicans in the 1952 elections forced the CIA more into line with regard to US relations with Taiwan and the People s Republic of the China. (Source: CIA officer/Colonel C. B. Hansen, USAF, memo to assistant CIA Director, March 19, 1952 https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80R01731R001300130010-7.pdf
The China Lobby was organized by men close to the CIA, such as Philip Horton of Reporter magazine, who was the CIA station chief in Paris in the late 1940s, and Alfred Friendly of the Washington Post. Friendly was a World War Two OSS veteran who also worked in Paris in the late 1940s with numerous CIA officers, including E. Howard Hunt).
In 1947, OSS officer Philip C. Horton joined TIME magazine as an associate editor, and two years later, he became executive editor of THE REPORTER, where he remained until the magazine ceased publication in 1969. He then was a professor at the Fletcher School of Public Diplomacy at Tufts until he retired in 1977. After serving in the OSS, Horton most likely continued to work for the CIA’s Mockingbird operation (propaganda directed at Americans). The facts about the money Taiwan spent to shape US foreign policy was deleted from news articles published by these news companies. For a more about Operation Mockingbird read my books entitled, Some Unpopular History of the US.
According to historian Ross Koen, the China Lobby's first and best outfit was the Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations (COM), led by Marvin Liebman. COM’s an inner core consisted of zealots who were often motivated by self interest. A faction of the China Lobby consisted of US Republicans and the World Anti-Communists League. Founded in 1953, COM survived until 1971 (the year that the PRC/China was finally admitted to the UN and Taiwan removed as the representative of China). Taiwan’s (the Republic of China's) most recent request for admission to the UN, was turned down in 2007.
Liebman was a Jewish homosexual and in 1947, he worked with Irgun, a right-wing terrorist organization. He enjoyed a long-time friendship with William F. Buckley, Jr. and his family. Liebman viewed Buckley as an inspiring mentor. Despite being born into the Jewish faith, under Buckley's guidance Liebman had converted to Roman Catholicism.
Author Stanley D. Bachrack in his book The Committee of One Million: "China Lobby" Politics, 1953-1971, provided strong evidence of the covert CIA financing of COM.
In April 1948, William J. Goodwin was a member of the Christian (Catholic) Front and an anti-Semite and a Hitler apologist. He was hired as a $30,000-a-year public relations expert for the Chinese National Resources ...wined and dined Congressmen and Senators. Stanley Bachrack identified William J. Goodwin as a highly paid PR guy in 1949 for the China Lobby.
Henry Luce, the son of a missionary and founder of Time and Life magazines were members of the China lobby, as was Minnesota Congressman Walter Judd who was a former medical missionary in China. They formed a lobby group called “The Friends of China.” It was also connected with right-wing, anti-union organization like the American Fascists and other groups sympathetic to Hitler.
Marvin Liebman, Rep. Judd, and Harold L. Oram were all experts at raising money from CIA friends to finance anti communist activities abroad and at home. Together, for example, they organized in 1952 Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals (ARCI), sponsored by many of the same people who backed COM. Its purpose was to aid and publicize the plight of, Chinese intellectuals who fled the mainland. ARCI was in constant touch with the Psychological Strategy Board, set up under Truman to oversee all CIA psychological warfare operations. And the CIA gave the ARCI its initial funding (as well as more later on). ARCI executive chairman Christopher Emmet admitted in a private letter that "Oram's contact in Washington, who works for the (CIA's) Free Asia Committee . . . got us the first $5,000 from them with which we started our work."
In later years, Walter Judd was in direct touch with Cord Meyer of the CIA, who took a personal interest in funding Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals. It is perhaps also significant that in the first months of its formation, ARCI used the offices of the American Committee on United Europe (ACUE), free of rent. CIA contract agent Harold Oram also handled fundraising ACUE and it was wholly controlled and organized by CIA officers, several of whom were top executives sat on its board.
ARCI was more than a foreign CIA operation; it had an important domestic role (propaganda directed at Americans) as well. Christopher Emmet pointed to "the educational importance of
this project in making Americans more aware of the Chinese anti-Communist cause. . . . The reason is that the humanitarian appeal for relief incidentally permits giving all the political facts
about persecution, etc.... It does not invite argument and attack as in the case of direct political propaganda, however right it may be." Thus, through ARCI, the CIA was financing political propaganda directed at Americans.
This question raises, did the CIA back the American Friends of Vietnam (AFV or AFVN), the potent lobby for US intervention in Vietnam? AFV, well-stocked with CIA connected individuals, included Oram as fundraiser. He was at the same time a lobbyist for the Diem regime. Harold Oram and Gilbert Jonas led their PR firm (The Oram Group, Inc.) employing anti communist propaganda experts. So here we have again evidence of the CIA sharing responsibility for initiating America's disastrous policies towards both China and Vietnam. The CIA funneled money to this group in the early 1960’s thru the David, Josephine and Winfield Baird Fund as well to the American Friends of the Middle East lobby group.
The New York Times disclosed that the International Rescue Committee (IRC), which Leo Cherne founded in 1946, was the recipient of funds from the Kaplan Fund. This foundation was a conduit for CIA covert funds. The IRC was only interested in helping a certain type of political refugee—politicians and intellectuals who would be useful in the Cold War fight against communism. These refugees, once spotted and assisted by the IRC, were then—when useful—recruited and trained by various government agencies to form free world "movements" that would oppose the communists.
Joseph Buttinger helped establish the International Rescue Committee (IRC) and for over 40 years served as director of the IRC's Paris office and European division, and as an IRC board member and vice president. He was a native of Austria who fled Nazi Germany prior to World War Two to the US. During and after the war, he helped smuggle thousands of anti-Fascist refugees out of Europe. He was a supporter of Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam with the American Friends of Vietnam. Buttinger later became disillusioned with Diem's dictatorial ways and renounced him.
Wesley Fishel was a executive committee member of American Friends of Vietnam. Fishel was also the head of the Michigan State project in Vietnam. He was one of Diem's top advisers while his subordinate CIA officers in the project took over the Vietnamese secret police and several other agencies. For nine years Leo Cherne, Gilbert Jonas and Wesley Fishel formed an intimate political clique that attempted to mold American public opinion, and it has been amply documented that the Michigan State-Saigon end of the project was a CIA operation. (Source: Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA ..., by Eric Thomas Chester, chapter The Paid Lobbyist)
All this Christian hostility toward Mao Zedong seems paranoid to me, given Mao was raised in Confucianism and Taoist traditions and his writings in his little Red Book reflect these strong religious influences. Communist China also treated religion differently than the Soviet Union. For many years in the PRC there was a sort of cold tolerance of religion, although it was not condoned by the state. (Source: Hard Right Turn: The History and the Assassination of the American Left, by Jerry Carrier, pp. 42 to 26)
This is a welcome call for a serious investigation of how the American public has been and is manipulated, and for an end to government secrecy. (Source: The Committee of One Million: "China Lobby" Politics, 1953-1971, by Stanley D. Bachrack) http://208.109.186.237/Pub/LibertarianRev-1978jun-00035?View=PDF
http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/gen241250.html
In 1977, over $100 million (up from $30 million a decade ago) was spent each year by foreign governments and corporation on shaping US foreign policy and influencing policymakers. These lobbies represent minority opinions making US Congressional decisions which most Americans opposed.
The Israeli lobby's relationship with Congress commands three quarters of the vote in the Senate, well over half the vote in the House, and two thirds of the whole foreign‐aid bill. (How Lobbyists Mold America's Foreign Policy, by Russell Warren Howe and Sarah Hays Trott, 569 pp.)
In 1958 the book, Masters of Deceit was published. It was supposedly written by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, and it became a massive bestseller. In truth, the book has been written by four for five Bureau agents assigned to the job and is finally polished up by Fern Stukenbroeker, an agent with a PhD. who works in Crime Records. FBI agents all over the country are required to promote the book and to place “reviews” -- written in advance at the Bureau -- with friendly newspapers. A controlling interest in Henry Holt, the publisher, is owned by Clint Murchison. Murchison virtually instructs the company to buy the book and expresses his desire that Hoover be given an especially favorable contract. On February 9, 1958 J. Edgar Hoover announces that he intends to give all of his royalties from his book, to the FBI Recreational Association. No one thinks to ask Hoover what this association is. In reality, it is a slush fund established for Hoover, Clyde Tolson and key FBI aides. It is also a money laundering operation so Hoover will not have to pay taxes on his book royalties. When the television series “The FBI” premieres in 1965 and runs for nine years, Hoover receives a $500 payment for each episode. Every cent goes into the FBI Recreational Association.
American Security Council (ASC) and American Security Council Foundation (ASCF)
In September 1954 by General Robert E. Wood, retired chairman, Sears Roebuck and Company was initiated. The Freedom Studies Center was headed by John M. Fisher, a former FBI agent under J. Edgar Hoover. John M. Fisher who became head of security for Sears, Roebuck & Company in Chicago to bust up communist infiltration of Sears' affiliated labor unions. In 1955, several major Chicago-headquartered companies decided to organize to work together and cooperate with government and other groups. In 1958 Fisher founded the American Security Council Foundation was originally known as the Institute for American Strategy. The New York Times reported that the American Security Council (ASC) had gathered files of more than one million supposedly subversive US citizens and that the group was collecting names of rate of 20,000 per month. Castro’s success in taking over Cuba for Communism, and keeping it, dramatized the inadequacies of US foreign and defense policies. This was of particular interest to American business because the Cuban branches of major companies, like Sears, were nationalized without compensation. (Source: Old Nazis, The New Right and the Republican Party, by Russ Bellant)
Clare Boothe Luce was twice elected to Congress as a Republican and supported Republican Berry Goldwater for President in 1964.(losing to Lyndon Johnson). Luce founded what was called the "Cold War College" (aka United Freedom Academy), to train young men and women to suppress popular leftist movements in non-aligned Third World nations.
The Cold War College was to be part an anti-Communist operative training center established with the assistance of 63 higher education institutions and other organizations in 1966 to counter what Luce called "various schools run by the Communist Party, the Black Panthers, and other revolutionary groups."
Among the American Security Council's original file collectors were several right-wing activists who had actively opposed US participation in World War Two. These included Sears Roebuck Chairman Robert E. Wood and publishing magnate William Regnery, both involved with the America First Committee; Harry Jung of the American Vigilant Intelligence Federation (an anti-Semitic group); and John Trevor of the pro-Nazi American Coalition of Patriotic Societies. (Roads to Dominion, by Sara Diamond, pp. 46-47)
The ASC was in the busy computing a new kind of Congressional rating system – the ‘security voting index’ … will evaluate the record of each member of Congress on what the council considers the important national security questions of the day. National Security Voting Index immediately became one of the standard congressional ratings. It was given wide publicity when it was released and newspaper and TV news stories used it as a measure of Congressional performance. The Index was a more revealing rating than most Congressional vote ratings because it did not use votes where nearly all votes were on the same side. For example, it did not score the final vote on the defense budget, which always passed with very wide margins.
Previously, the most active anti-defense members of Congress could vote for amendments to stop weapons systems and then vote for the defense budget. They could then go home posing as pro-defense to deceive their constituents. In 1970 for example, Senators Frank Church (D), Idaho, John Culver (D), Iowa and George McGovern (D), South Dakota all scored zero. They had voted for the Defense budget but against the ABM, aid for South Korea, the Subversive Activities Control Board and the war in Vietnam. Church, Culver and McGovern were re-elected in 1974. But, in 1980, with the same zero rating, they were all defeated.
The council was a powerful organization that fits none of the stereotypes of the anti-Communist groups that have thrived in the 25 years of the Cold War. Its aims are superficially like those of the John Birch Society, but it does not engage in radical attacks against public figures. Neither does it try to equate anti-Communism with godliness. The VFW Reserve Officers Association, American Legion Auxiliary, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and General Federation of Women’s Clubs were represented on the Boards of either the ASC of the ASCF.
The ASC/ASCF-led Coalition for Peace Through Strength (CPTS)’s core participants included the ASC’s National Strategy Committee; the ASCF’s Strategy Board; their respective Boards of Directors and staffs; leaders of the 3500 ASCF member companies and unions and 350,000 individual members; and thousands of ASCF contributors.
https://www.ascfusa.org/app/webroot/files/fckfiles/HISTORY%20MILESTONES.pdf
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In March 1954, following Stalin’s death, Ivan Serov became the head of the KGB. He immediately set to work expanding the KGB’s capacity for assassinations. He turned the KGB’s assassination department into a tool for political retribution. In 1955, when Khrushchev became secretary general of the Communist Party and he gave the KGB and Serov authority to kill anywhere in the world, as long as weapons used could not be easily traced to Moscow Serov formalized and enforced a policy requiring that all assassinations be approved by a special secret committee of the Politburo. In September 1956, the first target of assassinations were to silence the leaders of the old anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi émigré’ movement, the National Labor Union, NTS. Some hundred thousand Russians had secretly planned covert actions against the Soviets during World War Two. The CIA had recruited thousands of vulnerable refugees who fled their homeland behind the Iron Curtain and used them with little thought for their safety. Of the hundreds of these émigré (hired CIA agents) trained and sent back into the Soviet Union were killed and there is no indication that a single agent ever was successful in accomplishing his mission. (The Secret History of the CIA, pp. 179-181)
The code room in US Embassy in Moscow had been bugged by the Soviets since 1952. Forty odd listening devices were found embedded the walls throughout the embassy. In 1964, the US discovered that this fact after Nikita Khrushchev made a remark to Ambassador Foy Kohler which indicated to Kohler that there was a leak somewhere or weakness in security and the listening devices were discovered. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 186)
It is my wild ass guess because of Khrushchev’s close and trusted relationship with President John Kennedy, this listening devise bugging of the code room may have been a deliberate tip-off by Khrushchev.
In 1954, the US brought hydrogen-bomb armed F-100 fighter-bombers to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa. The TM-76 Mace was the newest weapon in the US nuclear arsenal. It was dispatched to West Berlin and Republic of Korea in 1959 and Okinawa in 1961. A progeny of the V-1 rockets that the Nazis rained down on Britain during World War Two, it was 13-meter-long, weighed 8 tons, and cost $500,000 each. Packed into the missile's guts was a 1.1-megaton nuclear warhead that, at over 75 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, could obliterate everything within a 5-km radius, create a crater 20 stories deep and irradiate the landscape for decades to come. htttp://truth-out.org/news/item/10441-seconds-away-from-midnight-us-nuclear-missile-pioneers-on-okinawa-break-fifty-year-silence-on-a-hidden-nuclear-crisis-of-1962
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In February 1955, CIA Operation Gold started intercepting messages from a telephone wiretap on the East German telephone cable. The CIA had tunneled underground 330 yards inside East Berlin from West Berlin. Every official Soviet government call made from Eastern Europe was routed through the central exchange in East Berlin. If a Soviet general in Prague called Moscow, the call went through East Berlin.
On March 26, 1956, MI-6 told the CIA the tenor of conversations on the telephone lines changed, indicating the Soviet knew someone was listening. (Ibid, pgs. 140- 146)
MI-6 (British Secret Intelligence Service) officers and spy, George Blake, disclosed Operation GOLD to the Soviets. He had worked with the CIA tunnel planning team. He spied for the Soviets from April 1953 until he was discovered in December 1960 and his arrest in April 961. (The Secret History of the CIA, p.161)
The CIA’s telephone wiretapping operation Berlin tunnel operation in the mid-1950’s, provided little in the way of high-grade secret information that could be used by the CIA’s intelligence analysts. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 8)
The CIA had secretly trained Hungarian freedom fighters at a secret base outside Munich. The CIA led thousands of Hungarians to believe that the US would help overthrow the Soviets in the upraising of October 1956. It was an election year in the US and President Eisenhower did not want to risk a direct confrontation with the Soviets for political reasons. He had already refused to back the British, French, and Israelis over the Suez Canal in August 1956. (Ibid, pp. 167 -168)
The CIA-directed Radio Free Europe broadcasts had come very close to encouraging the uprising. (The Secret War Against Hanoi, p. 162)
As of February 1960, the CIA and Army intelligence had not been collecting intelligence on the East German defense establishment. The CIA base in Berlin concentrated on the Soviets and ignored the East German military. (The Secret History of the CIA, p. 178)
Philippines
After World War Two Major Lansdale had been the US Chief of the Intelligence Division in the Philippines. His main task was to rebuild the country's security services. The Republic of the Philippines Military Assistance Agreement in 1947 created the Joint US Military Advisory Group in response to the Hukbalahap insurgency. And In the early 1950s, Allen Dulles gave Lansdale $5 million to finance CIA operations against the Hukbalahap movement, the rural peasant farmers fighting for land-reform in the Philippines. In 1950, Elpidio Quirino, the president of the Philippines, requested Major George Lansdale's help in his fight against the communist insurrection taking place in his country.
To understand the Filipino dictatorships and dynastic oligarchy one only has to know the history of Ferdinand Marcos’s rise to power. His father, Mariano Marcos, was a Filipino politician, and on September 20, 1935, the day after another Philippine candidate won the election, that guy was shot and killed in his home. Ferdinand, his father, his brother and brother-in-law were tried for the assassination, and Ferdinand and his brother-in-law were found guilty of the murder. On appeal to the Philippine Supreme Court and he won acquittal a year later. You can assume that bribing Supreme Court Judges was helpful this achieving the acquittal.
In the Philippines local mayors and provincial public officials appoint the local police officers (aka provincial constabulary). The police officers are all members of the local Filipino mafia family and going back before World War Two, they run a protection rack. The police/mafia tax local farmers in order combat or eliminate cattle rustling. Owners of rice mills and large landowners pay the highest extortion tax. When local cops steal tenant farmers’ domesticated water buffalo, he cannot plow his field until he pays the cops to find and return it. Mafia warlords steal water buffalo and cars, rob banks, murder, kidnapping, rape, etc. etc. in turf wars against each other. And of course election fraud is the name of the game or assassination.
(Source: Figures of Criminality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Colonial Vietnam, by
Vicente L. Rafael)
The CIA had used the Protestant missionaries to great effect in another Catholic country: the Philippines. They had been employed in that country in a CIA campaign against the Huks. There, the CIA, operating through an organization called the Free Asia Committee, had collaborated successfully with a number of Protestant missionary groups - especially two: (1) the Wycliffe Bible Translators and (2) the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) [in reality, both were really one and the same organization] - to quash the Huk uprising and install Ramon Magsaysa as president of the Philippines who used torture and death squads.
To be sure, Wycliffe and the other Protestant groups had not been engaged directly in any of the combat activities directed against the Huks, but they had acted as "pamphleteers" for the CIA and as "information gatherers." The same Protestant missionary organizations were used by the CIA in Guatemala. And the bait (money) the CIA used to reel the Protestants in. The exchange between the CIA and the missionaries was a simple one: money for information and propaganda work on behalf of the CIA's War Against Communism.
Missionary activity directed at helping the CIA in its war against Communist subversion became the CIA's answer for getting reliable people on the ground in areas off limits to the American business community and the local police. Missionaries could go where business people and the police were unwelcome.
In 1955 the US estimated there were some 1,500 guerrillas had surrendered or simply quit the resistance. At this time Major General Leland Hobbs was Chief of the Joint US Military Agreement Group and this was a contingent of US military advisers permanently deployed in the Philippines to help train the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in case of counter-insurgency or internal warfare.
US Ambassador to the Philippines Admiral Raymond Spruance was given authority over all US forces in the Philippines. Chief of Station for the Philippines was retired Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and he more than likely was working within the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) and not the CIA. Later the OPC would become the clandestine, direct-action division of the CIA.
Filipino Senator Claro M. Recto was the victim of the CIA's dirty tricks department because of his staunch crusade against the US military bases in the Philippines. On April 9, 1949, Recto opened his attack against the unfair impositions of the US government as expressed in the Military Bases Agreement of March 14, 1947, and later in the Mutual Defense Treaty of August 30, 1951, and especially the Tydings Rehabilitation Act.
This Act was passed by the US Congress and authorized $620 million in aid to Filipinos. However, in exchange of the US economic aid, the United States laid down one condition, that is, the Philippines had to grant the Americans with parity rights, or equal right to utilize and exploit the country's resources, and put into function important public utilities in the Philippines. In response to the aid, the Filipinos amended their constitution, granting parity rights to the American citizens. It was ratified on March 11, 1947.
In 1953 US Ambassador to the Philippines Admiral Raymond Spruance with the help of the CIA secretly helped finance the election of Ramon Magsaysay for President of the Philippines. President Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles supported this operation. (Source: The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, chapter 25)
US military advisers of the Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) and the CIA station in Manila designed and led the bloody suppression of the nationalist Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB) which was vehemently opposed to the post-war Parity Rights amendment and the onerous military agreements with the United States. The CIA was success in crushing the peasant-based Huk rebellion in the 1950s. Colonel Lansdale and his Filipino sidekick, Col. Napoleon Valeriano were later to use their counterguerrilla experience in the Philippines for training covert operatives in Vietnam and in the US-administered School of the Americas, which trained counterguerrilla assassins for Latin America.
In the 1953 and 1955 elections, Filipino Senator Claro M. Recto denounced the influence and coercion of the Church on voters' decisions. The Philippines had a 90 percent Catholic majority at the time. In a 1958 article in The Lawyer's Journal he suggested that a constitutional amendment be passed to make the article on Separation of Church and State clearer and more definitive. He also rallied against the teaching of religion in public schools.
Recto opposed President Ramon Magsaysay on a number of fundamental issues, among them the Philippine relations with the Chiang Kai-shek regime in Taiwan, a reparations deal that granted of more bases to the United States, and the American claim of ownership over those bases.
It was also during the time of Recto and the Huks leftist guerrillas that the CIA covertly sponsored the Security Training Center as a "counter subversion, counter guerrilla and psychological warfare school" on the outskirts of Manila. CIA funds concentrated on the sensitive area of "rural development" and funds were channeled to the National Movement for Free Elections' (Namfrel) community centers, the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) and a rural development project called Committee for Philippine Action in Development, Reconstruction and Education (COMPADRE) thru CIA fronts and conduits like the Catherwood Foundation and the "Committee for a Free Asia (CFA), later renamed the Asia Foundation."
Gabriel L. Kaplan served as the CIA officer in 1951 in Manila under the cover of the Catherwood Foundation of Philadelphia, the Committee for Free Asia (later the Asia Foundation), and as resident director of the Committee for Philippine Action and Development, Reconstruction and Education (COMPADRE) from 1954 to 1958. He also formed the National Committee for Free Elections in the Philippines. Kaplan had work closely with Colonel Lansdale in the US efforts to put Ramon Magsaysay to the Philippine presidency. The CIA manipulated the trade union movement through the Asian-American Free Labor Institute (AAFLI) and through funds which were channeled thru the USAID, Asia Foundation and National Endowment for Democracy.
CIA contract agent David Sternberg fronted as a foreign correspondent for an American newspaper based in Boston, the Christian Science Monitor, when he assisted Kaplan in managing the presidential campaign of Ramon Magsaysay in the 1950s.
Lansdale ran the successful presidential campaign of Defense Minister Ramon Magsaysay in the Philippines in 1953. US warships were said to have been mysteriously present in Manila Bay a few days before the elections. Magsaysay won more than two-thirds of the votes cast.
Once Magsaysay was in office, the CIA wrote his speeches carefully guided his foreign policy and they used contract agents (paid editors and journalists) to provide him with a constant support for his domestic programs and his involvement in the US directed anti-communist crusade in Southeast Asia. Lansdale was even appointed by former President Ramon Magsaysay as his military adviser but was, in fact, his speechwriter as well, who determined Magsaysay's foreign and military policy. Magsaysay died in the plane crash in 1957.
Various other Filipino politicians and parties were recruited by the CIA or these parties offered themselves as such. Diosdado Macapagal become president in 1961 and he provided the CIA with political information for several years and eventually asked for and received what he felt he deserved – heavy financial support for his campaign.
Manila was also the center of operations for the Trans-Asiatic Airlines Inc., a CIA company operating along the Burma-China border against the People's Republic of China, along with Civil Air Transport, Sea Supply Co. and Western Enterprises Co.
The CIA recruited for this operation in the early 1950s several Filipino aviators who were World War Two veterans, including operatives of the Armed Forces of the Philippines' Military Intelligence Service (MIS) who were still in active service. The CIA hired Chinese warlord General Li Mi as leader of the invasion force. After a few skirmishes with the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Li Mi later quit the CIA and pocketed the US financial and military assistance for an invasion against China and he concentrated on the lucrative opium trade along the Burmese-Thai border.
A Filipino, undercover MIS officers posed as the labor attaché at the Philippine embassy in Rangoon and he was reporting to the American ambassador to Burma.
Claro M. Recto died of a heart attack in Rome, Italy, on October 2, 1960, while on a cultural mission, and en route to Spain where he was to fulfill a series of speaking engagements. Recto had no known heart disease, met with two mysterious Caucasians wearing business suits before he died. United States government documents later showed that a plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison was discussed by CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and the US Ambassador to the Philippines Admiral Raymond Spruance years earlier. Recto campaigned against the US military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the CIA conducted black propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with “Courtesy of Claro M. Recto“ on the labels. In the 1953 and 1955 elections, Recto denounced the influence and coercion of the Catholic Church and supported more separation of church and state. He also argued against the teaching of religion in public schools.
US bases in the Philippines served as operational headquarters for Operation Brotherhood which operated in Indochina under the direct supervision of Colonel Edward Lansdale and CIA/OSS officer Lucien Conien. Operation Brotherhood was an organization of dedicated Filipinos providing social-economic and medical assistance and support to victims of counter guerrilla actions. Its primary aim was to cater medical services to the refugees and farmers in South Vietnam. They were the very first team sent to Saigon via Philippine Red Cross plane in October 1954 consist of only ten medical staff. The Freedom Company of the Philippines, Eastern Construction Co. and Operation Brotherhood provided "a mechanism to permit the deployment of Filipino personnel in other Asian countries, for unconventional operations covertly supported by the Philippines." Source: Instruments of Statecraft: US Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counter terrorism, 1940-1990 by Michael McClintock, (1992) pgs. 10 - 16)
http://www.alternet.org/news/148451/surprise__the_very_dark_side_of_u.s._history?page=entire
http://www.history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch5.htm
US military advisers of the Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) and the CIA station in Manila designed and led the bloody suppression of the nationalist Hukbong Mapagpalayang Bayan (HMB) which was vehemently opposed to the post-war Parity Rights amendment and the onerous military agreements with the United States. Brigadier General Lovett had been ordered not to divulge CIA activities to the State Department. (Source: The quiet warrior: a biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance By Thomas B. Buell p. 446)
Before 1970 according to a former CIA operative, the sprawling Subic Naval Base was the site of a China operations group of the CIA and "the agency even constructed 100 expensive modern homes, a large two-story office building and a big warehouse at Subic Bay." (Smith, 1976)
The Regional Service Center (RSC) located in Manila at the Seafront Compound. The RSC fronts as a facility of the United States Information Service (USIS), formerly called the US International Communications Agency. This ultra-modern printing facility functions as a secret CIA propaganda plant. It has the ability to produce large quantities of high-quality color offset magazines, posters, leaflets and the like in at least 14 Asian languages.
During the Vietnam War, the RSC was ceaselessly involved in economic sabotage against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) or North Vietnam. The RSC was involved in counterfeiting North Vietnamese currency which was airdropped all over the DRV to sabotage the economy and weaken the country's resistance. The CIA's Technical Services Division maintains close liaison with the RSC, which still actively operates within the Seafront Compound. The post-Vietnam War and later on, the post-bases era had only increased the importance of Manila as a major listening post and regional headquarters of the CIA.
A former junior CIA case officer in Manila, Janine Brookner, described the capital city of the Philippines as "a wild place" for CIA officers who spent a lot of time in bars, sex shows and brothels. This was because the standard CIA procedure for recruiting targets was to "get him drunk, get him laid, and then get him on the CIA’'s dole." Brookner was an attractive, determined blond who claimed to have developed assets in both the government and the Communist Party during her assignment to the Philippines. Brookner was also a very productive recruiter who, as a handler of important contract agents and as a CIA case officer, claims to be able to make her targets confess everything. "You take care of them," Brookner recalls, "and they tell you their fears and nightmares...I'm good at people depending on me." In fact, her targets, especially high-ranking Philippine government officials, often propositioned her. (Starobin, 1997)
The CIA has long utilized in the Philippines sophisticated or subtle means for clandestine propaganda, such as the manipulation of trade unions and cultural organizations, rather than heavy-handed activities such as paramilitary operations, political assassinations and coups as they had done extensively in Africa, Latin America and Vietnam. Ralph McGehee, a former CIA officer and other former CIA officers assigned to the Manila station state that the CIA had many unheralded successes in the Philippines such as the manipulation of the trade union movement through the Asian-American Free Labor Institute (AAFLI) and through funds which were channeled thru the USAID, Asia Foundation and National Endowment for Democracy.
The CIA station handles political aid and political matters. This means, according to the CIA's Intelligence Memorandum on the 1965 Philippine presidential elections for instance, assuring that the victorious national candidates who are acceptable to the US should be "western-oriented and pledge to continue close and equitable relations with the US and the West on matters of mutual interest." (Bonner, 1987)
The CIA station also conducts widespread covert operations, among them: stage-managed national elections to assure preferred US outcome; payoffs to government officials under the guise of grants; financing for favored business and civic groups and pro-US propaganda campaigns among the population; the supply of intelligence information on activists and dissidents to the Armed Forces of the Philippines and so on. (Robinson, 1996)
Among the most prominent CIA fronts in Manila is the Asia Foundation with offices at Magallanes Village, Makati. According to a former US State Department bureaucrat William Blum in a recent book, the "Asia Foundation is the principal CIA front" and funding conduit in Asia. The Asia Foundation funded and supported known anti-communist groups or influential personalities, i.e. academics, journalists, local officials, etc. and institutions. (Blum, 1999)
According to the former executive assistant to the CIA's Deputy Director for Operations CIA officer Victor Marchetti in his book, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, the Asia Foundation had the objective "to disseminate throughout Asia a negative vision of Mainland China, North Vietnam, and North Korea." (Marchetti and Marks, 1980 edition)
New York Times investigative journalist Raymond Bonner has also identified the Asia Foundation as "a CIA creation" and "front" in one of his books, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (1987). Former CIA officers in the Philippines confirm the active use of this foundation for the CIA.
Another organization heavily subsidized by the CIA was the Asia Foundation. Established by the CIA in 1956, with a carefully chosen board of directors, the foundation was designed to promote academic and private interest in the East. It sponsored scholarly research, supported conferences and symposia, and ran academic exchange programs, a CIA subsidy that reached $88 million dollars a year. While most of the foundation's activities were legitimate, the CIA also used it...to recruit foreign agents and new officers.
Neo-liberalism today, according to American sociologist James Petras, encourages NGOs to "emphasize projects, not movements; they 'mobilize' people to produce at the margins, not to struggle to control the means of production and wealth; they focus on the technical financial aspects of projects not on structural conditions that shape the everyday lives of people." While using the language of the Left such as "people empowerment," "gender equality," "sustainable development" etc., these NGOs funded by USAID, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Asia Foundation, etc. have become linked to a framework of collaboration with donors and even with government agencies with whom they have partnerships that subordinate activity to nonconfrontational politics, rather than militant mass mobilization. (Journal of Contemporary Asia, by American sociologist James Petra, 1999)
It must be emphasized that the US places high premium on the ideological legitimating of its continuing neo-colonial domination over the Philipines and, as such, depends heavily on US-financed and US-sponsored institutions, especially on the ideological front. Thus, grants are generously poured in by such agencies like USAID, NED, Asia Foundation and the big business-sponsored Ford Foundation. The objective is to constantly lure and lull the masses into the elite-dominated electoral process, thus legitimizing the neo-liberal economic system and its political apparatus, producing a fragile social peace and a "peaceful" mechanism for competition among the Filipino elite and oligarchy.
Indonesia
The Eisenhower administration identified three major crises: Indonesia, North Africa, and the Middle East. All involved oil production and Islamic political forces which were then secular. Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles stressed that there was no Soviet involvement in any of these crises. The problem was ‘radical nationalism. These areas of the world were part of the nonaligned movement. In Indonesia, the culprit was Sukarno who was one of the leaders of nonaligned movement and was also allowing too much democracy: a popular-based party of poor peasants was gaining influence. Sukarno set up a conference in the Indonesian city of Bandung to discuss the doctrine of neutralism. To the men of the CIA station in Indonesia the conference was heresy.
Indonesia had been discovered by the Dutch at the end of the 1500s. During the early 1600s they were dominated by the Dutch East Indies Company, a private concern, for nearly 200 years. In 1798, authority over Indonesia was transferred to the Netherlands, which retained dominion over this fifth largest country in the world until 1941, at which time the Japanese moved in during the course of World War Two.
On August 17, 1945 Indonesian no longer was a colony of Netherlands. In 1955, during the national election campaign in Indonesia, the CIA had given a million dollars to the Masjumi party, a centrist coalition of Muslim organizations, in a losing bid to thwart Sukarno’s Nationalist Party as well as the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). CIA officer Joseph Burkholder Smith said this project “provided for complete write-off of the funds, that is, no demand for a detailed accounting of how the funds were spent was required. I could find no clue as to what the Masjumi did with the million dollars.”
The first of the public safety or police aid programs were set up in Sukarno's Indonesia in early 1955, which had overt as well as covert aspects and which sought to develop investigative mechanisms capable of detecting subversive individuals and organizations, collecting and collating information. CIA officer Alfred C. Ulmer Jr.’s main task was to try and overthrow President Sukarno of Indonesia. The CIA spent a million dollars to try to influence the Indonesian elections in 1955, but much of the money was wasted or stolen. CIA boss, Frank Wisner told Ulmer that "I think it's time we held Sukarno's feet to the fire." Allen Dulles agreed and told Ulmer he would be "given $10 million to back a revolution in the Indonesian archipelago." In 1975, the Senate committee investigating the CIA and they heard testimony that CIA officers stationed in an East Asian country had suggested that an East Asian leader be assassinated “to disrupt an impending Bandung Conference in 1955.” In 1957 an assassination attempt was made against Sukarno.
As Sukarno's domestic authority was secured, he began to pay more attention to the world stage. He embarked on a series of aggressive and assertive policies based on anti-imperialism to increase Indonesia's international prestige. These anti-imperialist and anti-Western policies, often employing brinkmanship with other nations, were also designed to unite the diverse and fractious Indonesian people.
After his first visit to Beijing in 1956, Sukarno began to strengthen his ties to the People's Republic of China and the communist bloc in general. He also began to accept increasing amounts of Soviet bloc military aid.
During 1957 the United States became increasingly concerned that Indonesia was becoming vulnerable to communism due to the rising influence of the Indonesian Communist Party. In January 1958 the CIA began developing covert support networks to what they assumed were anti-commie rebels. CIA support of the rebels came in the form of 15, B-26 bombers and some P-51 Mustang fighters which formed the rebel/insurgent air force based on City of Manado’s airfield, large amounts of weapons and equipment, significant funds, plus an international cast of CIA contract agents and mercenaries from Taiwan, Poland, the Philippines and the US.
In 1956 the CIA began supporting the PRRI-Permesta rebellion in Sulawesi, one of the large islands of Indonesia. This rebellion was a failure. The following year the CIA arranged for arms to be supplied to rebels on the island of Sumatra. In February 1958, the rebels felt strong enough to declare the island independent. Within days "Sukarno's navy blockaded the rebels, his air force raided them, and his army began to move on Sumatra". The CIA sent in paramilitary SAD officer Tony Poe to Sumatra. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKulmer.htm
In 1957, the CIA decided that the situation called for more direct action. The CIA actively used Philippine territory, particularly Clark Air Base, for the training and launching of operatives and logistics in the late 1950s, where the US covertly supported dissident Indonesian colonels in the failed armed overthrow of Indonesian President Sukarno. The CIA then established supply, training and logistical bases on several islands in the Philippines. A CIA-owned proprietary company, the Civil Air Transport, was actively used by the CIA from Philippine territory to give direct assistance to Indonesian military rebel groups attempting to overthrow Indonesian President Sukarno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name.
In 1957 Sukarno nationalization of former Dutch holdings, led to a situation of grave concern to American business interests, notably the oil and rubber industries. The CIA eagerly pitched in, helping to foment rebellion between the outer, resource rich, islands, and the central government based in Jakarta, Java. Two prominent American-based oil companies doing business in Indonesia at this time were of the Rockefeller-controlled Standard Oil family: Stanvac which was jointly held by Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony Mobil-Socony being Standard Oil of New York.
In the early months of 1958, rebellion began to break out in one part of the Indonesian island chain, then another. CIA pilots took to the air to carry out bombing and strafing missions in support of the rebels. In Washington, DC, Col. Alex Kawilarung, the Indonesian military attaché, was persuaded by the CIA to defect. He soon showed up in Indonesia to take charge of the rebel forces. Yet, as the fighting dragged on into spring, the insurgents proved unable to win decisive victories or take the offensive, although the CIA bombing raids were taking their toll. Sukarno later claimed that on a Sunday morning in April, a plane bombed a ship in the harbor of the island of Ambon – all those aboard losing their lives – as well as hitting a church, which demolished the building and killed everyone inside. He stated that 700 casualties had resulted from this single run.
By 1958, having failed to buy the government through the election process, the CIA was fomenting a full-fledged operation in Indonesia. Operation Hike, as it was called, involved the arming and training of tens of thousands of Indonesians as well as mercenaries to launch attacks in the hope of bringing down Sukarno. (Source: Portrait of a Cold Warrior, by Joseph Burkholder Smith (a former CIA officer involved with the Indonesian operations)
In 1958, a group of disillusioned regional military officers backed by the CIA and suspicious of Sukarno's devotion to socialist economic strategy, set up a short-lived rebel government based in West Sumatra. At that time, the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) was expanding its influence through its systematic organization of urban and plantation workers and the peasantry. The PKI soon became one of the biggest political parties, particularly in East and Central Java. Hated and distrusted by both the military and the Islamic parties, the PKI developed an alliance with the PNI, Sukarno's Indonesian Nationalist Party.
On April 28, 1958, British oil tanker, San Flaviano. was in Balikpapan Harbour, in the East Kalimantan Province of Borneo, when a B-26 bomber painted black and with no markings, bombed and sank her. The pilot of the bomber was a former United States Army Air Forces officer William H Beale, Jr., who as sent by the CIA as part of US covert support for the rebellion.
The CIA pilots had orders to target commercial shipping to drive foreign merchant ships away from Indonesian waters, thereby weakening the Indonesian economy and destabilizing the Indonesian government of President Sukarno. Shell's suspension of operations and partial evacuation of personnel was exactly what the CIA attack was intended to achieve.
Emboldened by CIA aid, the rebels began a series of airstrikes against cities held by central government. The cities bombed by CIA-piloted insurgent planes included Balikpapan, Makassar, and Ambon. On May 15,1958, a CIA plane bombed the Ambon marketplace, killing a large number of civilians on their way to church. The Indonesian government had to act to suppress public demonstrations. Three days later CIA pilot, Allen Lawrence Pope, 33, was shot down by the Sukarno’s military during another bombing run over Ambon and captured. He had been working for a CIA front company, Civil Air Transport.
Pope was captured carrying a set of incriminating documents, including those which established him as a pilot for the US Air Force and Civil Air Transport. Like all men flying clandestine missions, Pope had gone through an elaborate procedure before taking off to sanitize him, as well as his aircraft. But he smuggled the papers aboard the plane, for he knew that to be captured as an "anonymous, stateless civilian" meant having virtually no legal rights and running the risk of being shot as a spy in accordance with custom. A captured US military man, however, becomes a commodity of value for his captors while he remains alive.
The Indonesian government derived immediate material concessions from the United States as a result of the incident. Whether the Indonesians thereby agreed to keep silent about Pope is not known, but on May 27th the pilot and his documents were presented to the world at a news conference, thus contradicting several recent statements by high American officials. Notable amongst these was President Eisenhower's declaration on 30 April concerning Indonesia: "Our policy is one of careful neutrality and proper deportment all the way through so as not to be taking sides where it is none of our business."
With the exposure of Pope and the lack of rebel success in the field, the CIA decided that the light was no longer worth the candle, and began to curtail its support. By the end of June, Indonesian army troops loyal to Sukarno had effectively crushed the dissident military revolt.
The Indonesian leader continued his adroit balancing act between the Communists and the army until 1965, when the latter, likely with the help of the CIA, finally overthrew his regime.
The government military campaign that commenced on March 12, 1958 scored a quick victory in preventing the destruction of the Caltex oil fields and refinery by the rebel forces. Caltex began in 1936 as the California Texas Oil Company, a joint venture between the Texas Company (later named Texaco) and Standard Oil of California (later named Chevron Corporation).
He was to spend four years as a prisoner in Indonesia before Sukarno acceded to a request from Robert Kennedy for his release. He again began flying for the CIA.
By the early 1960s, the Soviet bloc provided more aid to Sukarno's Indonesia than to any other non-communist country, while Soviet military aid to Indonesia was equaled only by its aid to Cuba. This large influx of communist aid prompted an increase in military aid from the Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy Administrations, which worried about a leftward drift should Sukarno rely too much on Soviet bloc aid.
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev paid a return visit to Jakarta and Bali in 1960, where he awarded Sukarno with the Lenin Peace Prize. To make amends for CIA involvement with the 1958 rebellion, US President Kennedy invited Sukarno to Washington, D.C. and provided Indonesia with billions of dollars in civilian and military aid.
(Sources: The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, pgs. 26 and 37)
Sources: nonaligned movement
http://mondediplo.com/1998/06/02chomsky
http://www.realhistoryarchives.com/collections/hidden/freeport-indonesia.htm
Hegemony or Survival America’s Quest for Global Dominance by Norm Chomsky, p 163 to 165.
http://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/indonesia
Japan
The CIA gave money to the Liberal Democratic Party and its members in the 1950's and the 1960's, to gather intelligence on Japan, make the country a bulwark against Communism in Asia and undermined the Japanese left, said retired intelligence officials and former diplomats. From 1946 on, Major-General Charles Willoughby, General Mac Arthur's G2 chief in Japan, used Japan's dope-dealing yakuza gangs to break up left-wing strikes and demonstrations.
Since 1955, Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party was for 38 years a one-party (conservative/right wing) governance ended when they fell from power after a series of corruption cases -- many involving secret cash contributions. Still the largest party in Japan's parliament, they formed an awkward coalition with their old cold war enemies, the Socialists -- the party that the CIA's aid aimed in part to undermine.
The American occupation forces freed accused war criminals like Nobusuke Kishi, later Japan's Prime Minister. Some of the rehabilitated politicians had close contacts with organized crime groups, known as yakuza. So did Yoshio Kodama, a political fixer and later a major CIA contact in Japan who worked behind the scenes to finance the conservatives.
These politicians also drew support from a group of retired diplomats, businessmen and veterans of the Office of Strategic Services. The group's leader was Eugene Dooman, an old Japan hand who quit the State Department in 1945 to promote "the reverse course."
During the Korean War, the Dooman group pulled off an audacious covert operation, bankrolled by the CIA. Japanese conservatives needed money. The American military needed tungsten, a scarce strategic metal used for hardening missiles. "Somebody had the idea: Let's kill two birds with one stone," said John Howley, a New York lawyer and OSS veteran who helped arrange the transaction but said he was unaware of the CIA's role in it.
So the Dooman group smuggled tons of tungsten from Japanese military officers' caches into the United States and sold it to the Pentagon for $10 million. The smugglers included Kodama and Kay Sugahara, a Japanese-American recruited by the OSS from a internment camp in California during World War Two.
Colonel Lansdale was in and out of Tokyo on secret missions with a team of Filipino assassins, assassinating leftists, liberals and progressives. (Source: Author Sterling Seagrave)
The files of the late Sugahara -- researched by the late Howard Schonberger, a University of Maine professor described the operation in detail. They say the CIA provided $2.8 million in financing for the tungsten operation, which reaped more than $2 million in profits for the Dooman group.
The group pumped the proceeds into the campaigns of conservatives during Japan's first post-occupation elections in 1953, John Howley said in an interview. "We had learned in OSS, to accomplish a purpose, you had to put the right money in the right hands."
By 1953, with the American occupation, the CIA began working with warring conservative factions in Japan. In 1955, these factions merged to form the Liberal Democratic Party.
The fact that money was available from the United States soon was known at the highest levels of the Japanese Government. In 1956, Eisenhower worked long and hard to install Nobusuke Kishi as head of the right wing, Japanese Liberal Democratic party and as new prime minister. Kishi was a member of the hard core ruling clique in Manchuria, China with General Hideki Tojo and Naoki Hoshino, head of the narcotics cartel.
(Source: Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold by Sterling Seagrave and Peggy Seagrave)
On July 29, 1958, Douglas MacArthur 2d, the General's nephew, who was then United States Ambassador in Tokyo, wrote to the State Department that Eisaku Sato, the Finance Minister, had asked the United States Embassy for money. Sato was Prime Minister of Japan from 1964 to 1972.
Ambassador MacArthur wrote that such requests from the Government of Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi were nothing new. "Eisaku Sato, Kishi's brother, has tried to put the bite on us for financial help in fighting Communism," his letter said. "This did not come as a surprise to us, since he suggested the same general idea last year."
Sato was worried, an accompanying memo explained, because a secret slush fund established by Japanese companies to aid the Liberal Democratic Party was drained.
"Sato asked if it would be possible for the United States to supply financial funds to aid the conservative forces in this constant struggle against Communism," the memo said. While it is unclear whether Sato's request was granted directly, a decision to finance the 1958 election campaign was discussed and approved by senior national security officials, according to recently declassified CIA documents and former intelligence officers. He said. "If Japan went Communist it was difficult to see how the rest of Asia would not follow suit. Japan assumed an importance of extraordinary magnitude because there was no other place in Asia from which to project American power."
"This story reveals the intimate role that Americans at official and private levels played in promoting structured corruption and one-party conservative democracy in post-war Japan, and that's new," said John Dower, a leading Japan scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "We look at the Liberal Democratic Party and say it's corrupt and it's unfortunate to have a one-party democracy. But we have played a role in creating that misshapen structure."
Bits and pieces of the story are revealed in United States Government records slowly being declassified. A State Department document in the National Archives describes a secret meeting in a Tokyo hotel at which Eisaku Sato, a former Prime Minister of Japan, sought under-the-table contributions from the United States for the 1958 parliamentary election. A newly declassified CIA history also discusses covert support sent that year.
But the full story remains hidden. It was pieced together through interviews with surviving participants, many well past 80 years old, and Government officials who described still-classified State Department documents explicitly confirming the Kennedy Administration's secret aid to the Liberal Democrats in the early 1960's.
The law requires the Government to publish, after 30 years, "all records needed to provide a comprehensive documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions." Some State Department and CIA officials say the Kennedy-era documents should stay secret forever, for fear they might disrupt Japan's coalition government or embarrass the United States. Other State Department officials say the law demands that the documents be unsealed.
The CIA's help for Japanese conservatives resembled other cold war operations, like secret support for Italy's Christian Democrats. But it remained secret -- in part, because it succeeded. The Liberal Democrats thwarted their Socialist opponents, maintained their one-party rule, forged close ties with Washington and fought off public opposition to the United States' maintaining military bases throughout Japan.
One retired CIA official involved in the payments said, "That is the heart of darkness and I'm not comfortable talking about it, because it worked." Others confirmed the covert support.
"We financed them," said Alfred C. Ulmer Jr., who ran the CIA's Far East operations from 1955 to 1958. "We depended on the Liberal Democratic Party for information." He said the CIA had used the payments both to support the party and to recruit informers within it from its earliest days.
By the early 1960's, the payments to the party and its politicians were "so established and so routine" that they were a fundamental, if highly secret, part of American foreign policy toward Japan, said Roger Hilsman, head of the State Department's intelligence bureau in the Kennedy Administration.
The CIA supported the party and established relations with many promising young men in the Japanese Government in the 1950's and 1960's. Some are today among the elder statesmen of Japanese politics.
Masaru Gotoda, a respected Liberal Democratic Party leader who entered parliament in the 1970's and who recently served as Justice Minister, acknowledged these contacts.
"I had a deep relationship with the CIA," he said in an interview, referring to his years as a senior official in intelligence activities in the 1950's and 1960's. "I went to their headquarters. But there was nobody in an authentic Government organization who received financial aid." He would not be more explicit.
"Those CIA people who were stationed in the embassy with legitimate status were fine," he said. "But there were also covert people. We did not really know all the activities they were conducting. Because they were from a friendly nation, we did not investigate deeply."
The recruitment of Japanese conservatives in the 1950's and 1960's was "a pretty sophisticated business," said one CIA officer. "Quite a number of our officers were in touch with the Liberal Democratic Party. This was done on a seat-by-seat basis in the Japanese parliament.” A second CIA officer said the agency's contacts had included members of the Japanese cabinet.
As the CIA supported the Liberal Democrats, it undermined their opponents. It infiltrated the Japan Socialist Party, which it suspected was receiving secret financial support from Moscow, and placed agents in youth groups, student groups and labor groups, former CIA officers said.
Obstructing the Japanese opposition "was the most important thing we could do."
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/world/cia-spent-millions-to-support-japanese-right-in-50-s-and-60-s.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
After Italy, the CIA moved on to Japan, paying to bring Nobusuke Kishi to power as Japan's prime minister (in office 1957-1960), the country's World War II minister of munitions. It ultimately used its financial muscle to entrench the (conservative) Liberal Democratic Party in power and to turn Japan into a single-party state, which it remains to this day.
(Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner, p. 298)
When the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) finally selected Nobosuke Kishi as prime minister in February 1957, the CIA was happy. Kishi reasserted his loyalty to America's Cold War strategy, pledging to limit contact with China and, instead, to focus Japanese economic attention on exports to the United States and mutual development of Southeast Asia.
But the Eisenhower’s administration recognized that their troubles were hardly over. The recently merged Japan Socialist Party garnered public support with its calls for economic reform, an opening to China, and a campaign to rid Japan of its humiliating military pact with the United States. US political analysts predicted that in the Diet election expected in the spring of 1958, the JSP might win nearly as many seats as the fictionalized LDP.
During Prime Minister Nobosuke Kishi’s three-year reign from 1957 to 1960, his Liberal Democratic Party received $10 million each year from the CIA, chiefly drawn from the CIA’s controlled Golden Lily Fund (aka the M-Fund or Yamashita gold).
From 1945 to 1948, the American forces who occupied Japan purged the Japanese government of the right-wing militarists who had led Japan into war. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the departure of US forces from Japan to Korea left a vacuum in the maintenance of public order in Japan. Because of the provision in the Japanese Constitution prohibiting the maintenance of military forces, the government of Japan was totally unprepared to meet the cost of creating the new military force. General MacArthur solved this financial problem by allocating 20 billion yen (then about $60 million) from the Golden Lily Fund. While the exact amount of secret funding remains uncertain, sums as high as $10 million may have been spent annually between 1958 and 1960.
The following is the history of the Golden Lily fund.
In 1936, it is said Emperor Hirohito realized that a new world war was coming. He foresaw that the defeat by the United States would require extraordinary military forces backed by unprecedented financing. He organized a special team to confiscate the wealth of Asia, overseen by his brother Prince Chichibu. The latter's organization was code-named kin no yuri, or “Golden Lily”, the title of one of the emperor's poems.
Other princes headed different parts of Golden Lily, theft operations across the conquered territories. One of these was Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi, one of Hirohito's first cousins and grandson of the emperor Meiji, who is said to have been ultimately responsible for seeing that all the gold in the Philippines was buried.
The first major project of this group – the rape of Nanking – was only the tip of the iceberg. As the Japanese imperial army swept through China and occupied virtually all of south-east Asia, it seized over 4,000 years' worth of stored gold, silver, precious gems and works of art.
Much of Europe's vast wealth had also been secretly placed in Japan's path. This included moving many of the national treasures of the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), those of France to Indochina (Vietnam) and those of Britain to Singapore.
Field Marshall Count Terauchi commanded the Japanese imperial forces in the south-eastern Pacific. He sent orders to Admiral Masaharu and several other admirals and generals (including Yamashita) saying that all war booty taken from their respective occupied territories – Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Malaya, Thailand, Burma and northern India – should be collected and transferred to Japan. However, from the end of 1943, the great bulk of the World War Two treasures was sent to the Philippines, as the shipping lanes to Japan became too dangerous due to patrolling American naval vessels.
The Japanese strongly believed that they would be able to keep the Philippines as a concession for peace, and then would use the vast wealth hidden there to rebuild their empire. Thus, the relocation of the enormous shipments of war treasure to the Philippines was seen as Japan's only hope of ethnic survival. However, it didn't work out – the Americans invaded the Philippines in October 1944.
Before the US invasion, the Japanese forces were busy hiding and securing the stolen loot. Elaborate tunnels were dug, some to depths of hundreds of feet, to the final 'storage chambers'. Many of these tunnels were excavated just below the water table during the dry season, which meant that they would eventually fill with water – a deterrent to any future salvagers. And if that were not enough, most if not all of the tunnels were booby-trapped with 1,000- and 2,000-lb bombs and poisonous gas.
In most cases, POW labor was used to dig the intricate tunneling systems. In all cases, when securing the gold in the pits was completed, the POWs were executed and buried along with the treasures. In rare cases, Japanese officers even had their own soldiers killed and buried along with the treasure, to protect the secret locations.
When the Americans invaded the islands, there was still much treasure remaining and left to be buried. Japanese forces took it with them during their retreat and interred it in many different locations. In the Philippines, there are said to be 172 documented official Japanese imperial burial sites (138 on land and 34 in deliberately scuttled ships), not to mention the numerous instances of World War Two loot buried by greedy officers and renegade soldiers. The worth of all this booty is estimated to be as much as $3 billion at 1940 rates – the equivalent of over $100 billion today. According to various post-war estimates, the gold bullion alone totals 4,000 to 6,000 tons.
In October 1945, OSS and military intelligence officer learned where some of the Japanese loot was hidden. OSS spies watched as Japanese troops buried treasure on Luzon and the OSS began a clandestine recovery operation that lasted until 1948. This was headed by a Filipino-American OSS contract agent, Severino Garcia Santa Romana. Santa Romana‘s OSS case officer was BG Edward Lansdale. General Douglas MacArthur, former US president Herbert Hoover, and CIA Director Allen Dulles knew the US was confiscating this loot. President Truman may also have been in the charmed circle of those who were in the know. Santa Romana set up numerous front companies to launder the secretly recovered gold bullion. On his death, Santa Romana's will and his tax record have provided evidence of his fortune deposited in the US, Switzerland, Hong Kong and elsewhere.
The Sir Henry Keswick (British) family had controlling interest in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), which was the largest holder of Santa Romana’s known gold accounts. When Romana died, the bank refused to hand over his accounts to his heirs, and confiscated his accounts.
The sons of Henry Keswick, John and William Keswick, were British OSS officers and participated and support for the OSS. The British OSS was called the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Fifty years later, the financial institutions represented by these individuals would become the major financial banks in the world, along with the Swiss-German banks they hid the gold in. The Keswick family had controlling interest in Jardine Matheson (bank), which owned and operated Ferdinand Marcos’ gold smelting operation, which was opened in the mid 1970s. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/lastdays4.html
Numerous sources have documented that at the end of World War Two, the treasury of the Japanese Empire was discovered in the Philippines by BG. Edward Lansdale. A US Cabinet-level decision was made to confiscate the gold and cover-up its discovery. The gold would be added to the Black Eagle Trust fund, gold confiscated from the Nazis. Over the years, the significance of the Nazi gold would pale in comparison to the confiscated Japanese treasure. As the fund grew, it was distributed in private accounts across the globe in over 100 banks, and administered by Erle Cocke, Jr.
During World War Two, First Lieutenant Cocke serviced with the US Army’s 103rd Infantry Division, became a POW, was shot three different times, awarded the Silver Star, and left the Army as a Major. After the war, he earned a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University. He was politically an extremist, Republican against the Secretary of State Dean Acheson and called for all members of the American Communist Party to be arrested and tried for treason.
In 1951, Erle Cocke worked as a banking consultant and lobbyist who did considerable work in business management and public relations. After serving as an aide to Secretary of State George Marshall and Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett, he was appointed a US delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by Eisenhower in 1959.
Cocke held a position in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (one of the two parts of the World Bank) during the administrations of Presidents Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. He co-founded Cocke & Phillips International Corporation, allegedly a banking consulting and lobbying firm founded in Washington, D.C. This sounds to me like a CIA front company from which the Golden Lily Fund could be kept secret. He was promoted to brigadier general in the Georgia National Guard. Cocke married Madelyn Grotnes on June 13, 1955. She had been a private secretary to Senator Joseph McCarthy.
In their book, The Yamato Dynasty: The secret history of Japan's imperial family by Sterling and Peggy Seagrave. 2000, they wrote that the Yamashita gold would become a major funding source from which many covert operations of the US intelligence would be funded. Under international law the gold should have been either returned to the countries from which it was stolen (as was done with the Nazi gold), or should have been incorporated into the US Treasury.
The men responsible for initiating and executing the confiscation this gold represent the most senior intelligence officers in the US and Britain at the end of World War Two, and the Cabinet of the President of the United States.
These men included William Donovan’s OSS direct staff included:
Allen Dulles, future Director of the CIA and a principal of Bank of New York, and legal representative of Brown Brothers, Harriman.
Henry S Morgan and Spencer Morgan the sons of JP Morgan, and would return from their service to manage the financial empire that would evolve from JP Morgan to ‘Morgan and Chase’ (Chase Manhattan bank)
George S Moore became the President and CEO of First National City Bank of New York, which would evolve to become Citibank. Citibank would end up with over 116,000 metric tons of the Marcos Gold in 1983.
Five Star Trust (bank) has been connected by these informed sources to have originated in 1983, when deposed Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, Saudi billionaire Adnan Khashoggi, and Vice President George H.W. Bush were allegedly looking for a repository for an estimated $3 billion in looted Philippine gold and gems. Some of the Marcos money was stashed in accounts in the Cook Islands, a dependency of New Zealand that has its own banking and corporation laws. Marcos and Khashoggi created Five Star Trust in 1983. It was as a means to create a vehicle to use the Philippine wealth to create and funnel fungible assets.
According to US intelligence sources, Vice Pres. Bush authorized a Boeing 747 with a special airlift of several tons of gold bars from Clark Air Force base in the Philippines to LaGuardia Airport in New York. The gold bars were then transported to the International Diamond Exchange Vaults near Rockefeller Center. The Marcos fortune was the price exacted by Vice President Bush for his being granted asylum in Hawaii. A CIA front company called Oceaneering International of Houston was reportedly involved in airlifting some of the gold from the Philippines, in addition to sea-lifting the remainder to the state of Oregon. During his Hawaiian exile, Marcos declared that he had given Reagan $4 million in 1980 and $8 million in 1984. (Source: Lost History: Marcos, Money & Treason, by investigative reporter Robert Parry)
Major General George Olmsted became responsible for distributing US Military Assistance, later becoming President of a Washington DC based bank holding company known as International Bank, which took over the CIA’s Mercantile Bank and Trust in the Bahamas. Under Olmsted’s leadership, International Bank sold Financial General Bankshares (FGB) then known as First American, to BCCI.
William Colby was the lawyer for Helliwell’s covert operation banks.
Paul Helliwell would become the primary covert operations banker for US intelligence setting up in 1973, the Nassau Castle Bank and then Mercantile Bank and Trust. When Castle Bank needed to be closed, he set up Nugan Hand Bank. When the Nugan Hand Bank closed in 1980, he helped shift banking operations to Household Bank in Chicago, Illinois and to the notorious BCCI bank. His front man, and associate of Bill Donovan was Erle Cocke, Jr.
The Nugan Hand Bank gained respectability by the recruitment of a number of retired senior US military and intelligence personnel, such as former Rear Admiral Earl P. Yates as bank president and ex-CIA Director William Colby as legal counsel. Australian trucking magnate Peter Abeles was also connected with the bank and Bernie Houghton became the bank's Saudi Arabian representative.
I write about all this in my chapter covering this period of history.
The financial institutions represented by these individuals would become the major financial banks in the world, along with the Swiss-German banks. BG Lansdale had a personal account in Zurich that grew to over 30,000 metric tons of gold – greater than the national treasury of any modern nation state. Santa Romana had multiple accounts, the largest single account was valued at over 20,000 metric tons. While these accounts were created in their names, over time it would be shown these were actually government accounts. Citibank would be the largest recipient of the confiscated treasure. As a point of reference, in 1980 the US gold repository at Fort Knox held 8,221 tons.
Thailand, Burma, Laos, and China/PRC's Yunnan Province
Thailand was to become the base for future covert operations into Laos. On August 20, 1954, President Eisenhower approved National Security Council Policy Statement 5429/2 that recommended the US Government provide military and economic assistance to the Thais and “concentrate efforts on developing Thailand as a support of US objectives in the area and as a focal point of US covert and psychological operations in Southeast Asia.”
In December 1954, a United States Operations Mission (USOM) office was established in Vientiane to organize economic assistance. The size of USOM Laos increased from a dozen CIA SAD officers or so at the end of 1954 to over 100 in December 1957. France had announced that its near-total funding of the Lao National Army (ANL) would cease as of January 1, 1955.
The Department of Defense in December 1955 established a disguised military mission in Vientiane, Laos called the Programs Evaluation Office (PEO). The PEO became operational on December 13, 1955 and worked under the cover of the civilian aid mission and was staffed by United States military personnel and headed by a general officer, all of whom wore civilian clothes and had been removed from Department of Defense rosters of active service personnel. From 1955 to 1961, the PEO gradually supplanted the French military mission in providing equipment and training to the Royal Lao Army.
Short on funds, French intelligence and paramilitary organizations became involved in opium trafficking in order to finance their covert operations against Ho Chi Minh in the north. By 1951, French intelligence controlled most of the opium trade in the region. The French started top secret Operation X which resulted in a steady supply of Hmong opium into the dens of cities such as Saigon and Da Nang.
Western Burma
In the 1950s, American aid to the Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Chinese/anti-communists) soon dropped off significantly when Burmese warlord Khun Sa, (aka Chang Chi-fu) began to extend his influence in the mountainous region of the Shan states just south of China. Khun Sa began his military career with the KMT when he was 18 years old and was trained in both arms and opium by the CIA-supported army. When the KMT fled into Burma after the victory of Mao’s Communists in 1949, he was with them. Khun Sa was a guerrilla leader in the separatist movement of the Shan, an ethnic group linguistically related to the Thais. The area known as the Shan state is the western side of Burma that borders China, Laos and Thailand. As Khun Sa extended his influence into the Shan states, the CIA was slowly edged out along the Burma-China border, and were no longer able to use that area too stage subsequent attacks into Yunnan province.
With CIA support, the KMT remained in northern Burma until 1961 when the Burmese army finally drove the right wing army into Laos and Thailand. In the 1960s, thousands of KMT mercenaries made their way across the mountains of the Golden Triangle to eastern Burma. Khun Sa's army was defeated by a KMT General in the 1967 Opium War, and his troops fled into central Laos. The Opium War left the KMT in control of 80 percent of the opium trade in Burma.
The KMT's dominance in northern Burma -- from the end of World War II to 1960s -- his CIA subsidized army increased opium production by nearly 500 percent from 80 tons to 500 tons annually. The Golden Triangle provided approximately 33 percent of the world's illicit opium trade.
Khun Sa entered the opium business in 1963, when the Burmese government authorized him and others to form militias allied with the central government as a way of outsourcing the job of fighting (communist) rebel groups. Within a year he broke his ties with the Burmese Army and established an independent fief in the northernmost reaches of Burma, near the border with China. In 1969 he was captured by the Burmese central government and imprisoned until 1974.
The loss of the Chinese mainland to Mao in 1949 briefly disrupted the heroin trade, but it was soon up and running again when remnants of Chiang's army under General Li Mi escaped into Burma and Thailand and seized control of the poppy-growing areas of the Golden Triangle, where they were supplied and supported for over thirty years by the CIA.
From then on, Chinese syndicates in Thailand and Laos -such as the chiu chao with its well-established ties to the KMT controlled the refining and marketing of hard drugs supplied by General Li Mi's "opium armies" and delivered these drugs by courier to dealers in Europe and America. These same Chinese syndicates also controlled the sex trade in Thailand, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, in symbiosis with government officials.
Refugees from communist-held Yunnan also joined his army. Many married local women, and they systematically took over the local opium trade. With the help of the Thai military, Li's army traded their opium through Thailand, exchanging it for weapons and supplies delivered from Taiwan. They made serious attempts to take control of Yunnan during this period, but did not achieve long-term success. At one point there were 20,000 pro-KMT soldiers attempting to recover Yunnan. The operation liberated four counties before their logistical network broke down, and Li's forces were not able to achieve their goal.
There were several reasons for the American decision to put pressure on Chiang to remove Nationalist troops from Burma. An internal document investigating the usefulness of the Burmese Nationalist troops to the United States concluded that they were "of less military value to the free world as a support to regional defense than the regularly organized Burmese Army". Communist insurgents then present in Burma were known to cite the presence of Li's troops as their justification for being there. Additionally, if Rangoon were to devote their resources to defeating Li's troops, it would weaken their ability to defeat these other, communist guerrilla movements.
The Chinese avoided interfering in amphetamines, which were the drugs of choice in high-strung Japan and Korea, leaving that market entirely to the Yakuza. The role of the Philippines in the drug trade was to provide couriers and a transshipment point for Chinese heroin traffickers, and to provide a secure base for the illicit manufacture and supply of amphetamines and handguns for the Yakuza in Japan and Korea.
In 1951, OSS officer Paul L.E. Helliwell helped set up and run Sea Supply Corporation, a concern controlled by the CIA as a front. For almost ten years, Sea Supply was used to supply huge amounts of weapons and equipment to 10,000 Nationalist Chinese (KMT) troops in Burma as well as to Thailand’s police. Both the KMT troops in Burma and the Thai Police were the two main arms of the CIA-KMT-Burma-Thai drug connection, and were involved together in the growth and trafficking of opium for the world market, including the United States.
To cover a fraction of the cost of the massive covert operations, CIA officer Paul L.E. Helliwell, an active leader in the Florida Republican Party, and a friend of Nixon’s friend Bebe Rebozo established and ran string of drug-money, laundering banks for the CIA. Helliwell had set up a Bangkok trading company Sea Supply, which provided cover for CIA officers advising the drug-smuggling Thai border police. This part of what I call the “shadow CIA.” They used gold captured by the US military and OSS from the Nazis and Japanese Army to conduct more covert operation, and they did not have to use funds appropriated by Congress which were accountable in the US annual budget. I write about this in other chapters of this book. (The Strength of the Wolf, p. 262)
The CIA had develop a large secret air force using front companies (aka proprietary companies), like Air America, Civil Air Transport, Southern Air Transport, and Air Asia which were self-sustaining, profit-making business. The airplanes, flown by CIA contract pilots, supported Chiang Kai-shek’s army in north Burma, did air drops of supplies to the French at Dien Bien Phu, provided logistics and tactical air (bombing) support for the Indonesian operation, air lifted North Vietnamese refugees to South Vietnam, did more than 200 over-flights of mainland China (PRC) and Tibet, and did extensive air support and tactical air operations in Laos - supporting the opium economy, which in turn mostly financed the Laos warlords and the Chiang Kai-sheks army. Air support missions were flown out of Taiwan, northeast India, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia, with secret maintenance facilities.
On June 30, 1930, the Bureau of Narcotics was formed from the remnants of the Narcotics Division and the Treasury Department's Foreign Control Board. In September 1930, Harry Anslinger, 38 years old, took charge - became the head of the new Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN). Its mandate imposed by Congress upon the Commissioner of narcotics, was to go to the foreign source of America’s narcotics problem, without upsetting the State Department’s apple cart. In order words, it’s job included protecting the CIA’s drug trafficking operations. For the next, 32 years until he retired in 1962, he defined the nation’s war on drugs. Anslinger would become one of the founding fathers of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the CIA in 1947. (The Strength of the Wolf, pp. 16, 22, and 26.)
Harry Anslinger had the power to enable him to decide, in consultation with other top US officials, which drug smuggling rings were to remain intact and which ones would be targeted for investigation and prosecution. This applied especially to the Nationalist Chinese government, which since its inception in 1927, relied heavily on drug-smuggling revenues. China and Japan were the major exporters of opiates to the US illicit market throughout the 1930s. After the Japanese forces seized Shanghai in August 1937, Anslinger was less willing to target Chiang Kai-shek heroin trade to North America. Massive profits from the sales of drugs enabled the Kuomintang Party (KMT) to purchase $31 million worth of fighter planes for Chian Kai-shek’s National Revolutionary Army. (Ibid. p. 38)
In April 1955 President Eisenhower authorized the CIA assassination of the leader of the People Republic of China, Chou En-Lai. The assassination attempt failed when a freelancer employed by the CIA blew up an Air India plane, however, Chou En-Lai did not take the plane to the Bandung Conference.
The Chinese government claimed that it was an act of sabotage carried out by the US and Taiwan, a misfired effort to murder Chou En-lai. The chartered Air India plane had taken off from Hong Kong on April 11, 1955 and crashed in the South China Sea. The Air India plane carried 19 people from China and Vietnam as well as several journalists from Asia and Europe. Three members of the crew escaped the wreckage after the plane crashed into the sea and were rescued but the remaining 16 people were killed. A clockwork mechanism was later recovered from the wrecked airliner and the Hong Kong police called it a case of “carefully planned mass murder”. Months later, British police in Hong Kong announced that they were seeking a Chinese Nationalist for conspiracy to cause the crash, but that he had fled to Taiwan. A second attempt to poison Chou En-Lai was called off by General Lucien Truscott. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/q0283.shtm
In the 1950s, American policy makers decided to arm and equip these Nationalist troops for a reinvasion of Yunnan Province. From Formosa, CIA allegedly masterminded the operation. Arms, munitions, supplies were airlifted into Burma, but despite this support, there is little evidence that Chiang's gallant warriors ever wreaked much damage on the Chinese Reds. Instead, the Nationalists discovered they could achieve the finer life more easily by growing opium, and a great number of them settled down in Northern Burma and proceeded to do just that.
Chiang's fighters showing no regard for Burmese sovereignty practically took over the state of Kengtung and established their own government, the Burmese actually filed a vigorous protest with the United States.
As Charles Edmundson wrote in The Nation (November 7, 1957), the American Ambassador in Burma hadn't been let in on the secret of what the CIA and the KMT were up to. The Ambassador, William J. Sebald, therefore denied in perfect good faith that America had anything to do with supporting Chiang's guerrillas in Burma. Burmese Prime Minister U Nu knew better and became so incensed he suspended all U.S. Point Four activities and almost broke off relations entirely.
In 1953, 7,000 troops, including Li Mi, were airlifted to Taiwan, but many more troops decided to remain behind. Some 7,000 troops remained entrenched around the Burma-Laos border, while several thousand more remained in Thailand.
After achieving independence, the prime minister of Burma, U Nu, attempted to suppress Li's activities and ordered his forces to surrender, but Li refused. After the Burmese army attacked Li, he moved his troops to Mong Hsat. At the time, Burma was fighting four other insurgencies, including two communist guerrilla movements, and was not strong enough to seriously pursue Li's irregulars.
The CIA program to aid Li's troops in Burma was called Operation Paper. Operation Paper involved the use of Thailand as a transit route, transporting weapons and supplies between Taiwan and Burma. Once arriving in Thailand, these supplies would then be transported via air by CAT (an air force company) under the command of Major General Chennault, working though two dummy corporations as diplomatic cover. The ThaiIn 1953, 7,000 troops, including Li Mi, were airlifted to Taiwan, but many more troops decided to remain behind. Some 7,000 troops remained entrenched around the Burma-Laos border, while several thousand more remained in Thailand. At the time, the Thai prime minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (also known as "Phibun"), agreed to aid Operation Paper, due to poor Thai-Burmese relations and the promise of American economic and military aid.
After achieving independence, the prime minister of Burma, U Nu, attempted to suppress Li's activities and ordered his forces to surrender, but Li refused. After the Burmese army attacked Li, he moved his troops to Mong Hsat. At the time, Burma was fighting four other insurgencies, including two communist guerrilla movements, and was not strong enough to seriously pursue Li's irregulars.
Between 1949 and 1953 Li's men impressed thousands of local tribesmen into joining them, and in coalition with communist groups to remove Li's troops. There were also concerns that China might invade Burma in order to suppress them. After returning to Taiwan in 1953, Li Mi retired from active military service, becoming a member of the Nationalist legislature, and the party's central committee. He died in Taipei on March 10, 1973.
Following a partial withdrawal of troops to Taiwan, in 1960 the Burmese Army continued military efforts to remove them, possibly with the assistance from the PLA. By 1961, most remaining Nationalist forces had moved their bases inside Laos and Thailand, with the consent of those nations' governments and armies. Many were used by the governments of Thailand and Laos to combat communist insurgents in their countries.
By 1967, Nationalist Chinese troops fought a war against a rival warlord, Khun Sa, for control of local opium production and distribution. They were quickly successful in the ensuing "Opium War", and continued to monopolize the local opium trade. Subsequent efforts by Chiang Kai-shek to reassert control over these troops failed, and they became effectively independent of Nationalist control.
In 1961, Li's former troops who had retreated into northwestern Thailand agreed to combat local Communist insurgents in exchange for official residence, as they had no legal status. Under the nominal command of the Thai army, the unit was renamed the "Chinese Irregular Forces" (CIF), and continued to grow and distribute opium in order to fund their anti-communist activities. In the late 1980s, the Thai government concluded that the CIF's anti-Communist activities had been successful, and they were granted Thai resident status. Their descendants mostly settled around village of Santikhiri.
Author Alfred W. McCoy wrote "With CIA support, the KMT remained in Burma until 1961, when a Burmese army offensive drove them into Laos and Thailand. By this time, however, the Kuomintang had already used their control over the tribal populations to expand Shan State opium production by almost 1,000 percent-from less than 40 tons after World War Two to an estimated three hundred to four hundred tons by 1962. From bases in northern Thailand the KMT have continued to send huge mule caravans into the Shan States to bring out the opium harvest. ... over twenty years after the CIA first began supporting KMT troops in the Golden Triangle region, these KMT caravans control almost a third of the world's total illicit opium supply. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/ops/burma.htm
In 1994, US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officer Richard A. Horn, 63, charged that CIA officers illegally wire tapped his home in Rangoon, Burma where he was stationed, and portions of a private phone call were used as an excuse to oust him from that job. Horn claimed that this was done by Franklin Hurdle Jr. (who was then US ambassador to Burma) and CIA officer Arthur Brown in an effort to sabotage the DEA activities in the country. Brown was later promoted to head the CIA’s East Asia division. In July of 2009, a US court ruled that CIA attorneys committed fraud and delayed the law in alleging for 15 years that US national security would be harmed. The CIA was forced to settle the lawsuit out of court.
http://intelnews.org/2010/09/02/01-553/
Tibet
The insurgency began after the People’s Liberation Army invaded Tibet following its defeat of the Nationalists, and after Beijing forced the Dalai Lama’s government to recognize Chinese administration over the region. In 1955, a group of local Tibetan leaders (Khamba Horsemen) secretly plotted an armed uprising, and rebellion broke out a year later, with the rebels besieging local government institutions and killing hundreds of government staff as well as Han Chinese people. In May 1957, a rebel organization and a rebel fighting force were founded, and began killing communist officials, disrupting communication lines, and attacking institutions and Chinese army troops stationed in the region. Their numbers were 14,000 warriors at its peak.
While the CIA effort never produced a mass uprising against the Red Chinese occupiers, it did provide one of the greatest intelligence successes of the Cold War, in the form of a vast trove of Peoples Liberation Army documents captured by Tibetan fighters and turned over to the CIA in 1961. These revealed the loss of morale among Chinese soldiers, who had learned of the vast famine that was wracking China during The Great Leap Forward. These documents also disclosed the extent of Chinese violence in Tibet.
In the spring of 1955, an American pretending to be a tourist, most likely CIA officer John Turner out of CIA station in Calcutta, in the extreme west part of India, near Bangladesh using a Scottish missionary George N. Patterson, as his Tibetan translator.
Gyalo Thondup, one of the Dalai Lama’s brothers, was closely involved in the operations, and Knaus, who took part in the operation, writes that “Gyalo Thondup kept his brother the Dalai Lama informed of the general terms of the CIA support.” According to Knaus, starting in the late 1950s, the Agency paid the Dalai Lama $15,000 a month. In 1959 during a Peoples Liberation Army offensive operation, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India. Those payments came to an end in 1974.
Historian Webster G. Tarpley refers to the Dalai Lama's feudal rule over Tibet; how just 200 families controlled 93 percent of the wealth of Tibet; how the "people's uprising" in 1959 failed because the masses did not join the wealthy Tibetan elites effort to overthrow the Chinese; how the CIA underwrote the Dalai Lama's activities in exile, including giving him a personal stipend of $185,000 per year. Later the US tax payer continues to contribute $2 million per year to the Dalai Lama and his associates. He questions why the US is supporting the Dalai Lama's feudalism, a throw-back to the dark ages of medieval Europe. He finds nothing spiritual about the torture and oppression the Dalai Lama inflicted on Tibet. He thinks of Tibet under the Dalai Lama as 'a hell on earth. http://www.westernshugdensociety.org/video/mystics-and-cold-warriors/
For CIA operations to assist Tibet, it constructed extensive support facilities in Northeast India and brought large numbers of Tibetan guerrillas to a deserted Army base in Colorado for special training. The CIA also used a Navy base in Saipan. The CIA also trained special operations forces in the use of weapons that violated the Geneva Convention, like silencer-equipped machine guns. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 98)
Previous operations had aimed to strengthen a number of isolated Tibetan resistance groups, which eventually led to the creation of a paramilitary force on the Nepalese border with approximately 2,000 men. The CIA SAD teams then advised and led these commandos against the Chinese, both from Nepal and India.
In the fields of political action and propaganda, the CIA's Tibetan program was aimed at lessening the influence and capabilities of the People’s Republic of China’s regime. Operation ST CIRCUS was the training of Tibetan guerrillas in the island of Saipan, and at Camp Hale in Colorado, operation ST BARNUM was the airlifting of CIA agents, military supplies, and support equipment into Tibet, and operation ST BAILEY was a propaganda campaign.
In 1955, a group of local Tibetan leaders secretly plotted an armed uprising, and rebellion broke out in 1956, with the rebels besieging several Chinese government agencies and killing hundreds of Chinese government staff as well as Han Chinese people. By May 1957, a rebel organization with its own fighting force was established with the support of the CIA.
Some CIA trainees ended up commanding an army of 2,000 resistance fighters. The rebels were directly paid by the CIA to attack Chinese government facilities and installations in Tibet. They attacked Chinese trucks and seized some Red Chinese /PRC government documents.
The CIA Tibetan program was gradually discontinued in the late 1960s, and finally ended when Richard Nixon decided to seek rapprochement with China in the early 1970s. As a result, each of the 1,500 CIA-trained rebels received 10,000 rupees to buy land in India or to open a business.
Thailand and Laos
When America replaced the French in Vietnam after 1954, the CIA became heir to these covert alliances and their involvement in opium trading. In Laos during the 1960s the CIA battled communists with a secret army of 30,000 Hmong highlanders, a secret war that implicated the CIA in that country's opium traffic. The CIA’s combat strength and covert action effectiveness of its secret army was integrated with the Laotian opium trade.
The CIA and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) supplied the region's opium and heroin dealers with arms, ammunition, food, buildings and humanitarian aid, in exchange for mercenary forces or political leverage. These dealers included the KMT on the Chinese border, Hmong tribesmen in Laos led by narcotics trafficker Vang Pao, and various political factions in South Vietnam and Burma.
The OSS and Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) also work closely with Chinese gangsters who control vast supplies of opium, morphine and heroin, helping to establish the third pillar of the post-World War Two heroin trade in the Golden Triangle, the border region of Thailand, Burma, Laos.
Over the next decade, Burma's Shan states were transformed into the world's largest opium producer. The Shan state area is the western part of Burma that borders China, Laos and Thailand.
The CIA's alliance with the opium armies in the Burma-Thai borderlands lasted for a decade. The CIA delivered arms to their forces in Burma and then loaded opium aboard Civil Air Transport planes for the return flight to Bangkok. Infiltration routes for CIA commando teams into Southern China were also used as drug smuggling routes for traffickers in Burma and Thailand. The Agency maintained five secret training camps and two key listening posts in the Shan states, protected by drug smuggling KMT troops and local tribesmen.
The CIA, via its Sea Supply Company threw its full support behind Thai General Phao, making him the strongest man in Thailand. In exchange, Phao allowed the CIA to develop two Thai paramilitary organizations, the Police Aerial Reconnaissance Unit and the Border Patrol Police (BPP). To manage the training and equipping of the BPP, the CIA brought in Paul Helliwell, one of their specialists on forming front companies and laundering funds for black operations, to set up a cover organization operating out of Miami.
By 1953, the CIA had supplied General Phao with $35 million of naval vessels, arms, armored vehicles, communications equipment and aircraft, and the CIA had 275 officers and contact agents working with Phao's police. Phao became Thailand's most ardent anti-Communist and it appears that his major task was to support the KMT's political aims in Thailand and its guerrilla units in Burma. Phao protected KMT supply shipments, marketed their opium and helped to generate support for the KMT among Thailand's overseas Chinese community, the richest in Asia.
By 1955, Phao's National Police Department (TNPD) had become the largest opium-trafficking syndicate in the country and was intimately involved in every phase of the narcotics trade. The level of corruption was remarkable, even by Thai standards. Police border guards escorted the KMT opium caravans from the Thai-Burma border to police warehouses in Chiangmai. From there, police guards brought it to Bangkok by train or police aircraft. Then it was loaded onto civilian coastal vessels and escorted by the maritime police to a mid-ocean rendezvous with freighters bound for Hong Kong or Singapore. The military elite that ruled the country grew immensely wealthy from their drug monopoly and from ties to the CIA.
The CIA's airlines Civil Air Transport (later Air America) and Air Asia, along with the CIA's front company, the Pacific Corporation, provided air support for many of the drug operations in the Far East.
The first B-26s to arrive in Southeast Asia were deployed to Thailand in December 1960. These unmarked aircraft, operated under the auspices of the US CIA, were soon augmented by an additional 16 aircraft, under Operation Mill Pond. The aircraft were subsequently operated in South Vietnam under Project Farm Gate but with Vietnamese markings.
President John F. Kennedy gave B-26s to prepare the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces for combat. Most A-26As stayed in Southeast Asia for nearly Three years, the last combat mission being flown in November 1969. (Source: The CIA: Cocaine Import Agency HE CIA, Chapter 5) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/b-26.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch5.html
South Vietnam
On September 1, 1952, Lieutenant General John W. O'Daniel became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces Pacific, Fort Schafter, Hawaii. In April 1954, he was assigned as the Chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group for Indo-China. In 1954, American military aid to the French in Vietnam reached $1.1 billion or 78 percent of the French war burden. Colonel Lansdale was a member of Lt. Gen. O'Daniel’s mission to Indo-China in 1953, acting as an advisor on special counter-guerrilla operations to French forces against the Viet Minh. (Source: The Pentagon Papers, p.10)
When the French were fighting to get back its colony, and losing, on April 22, 1954, just two weeks before the French were to suffer their historic defeat at Dien Bien Phu, US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles asked the French Foreign Minister Georges Bidault, at a meeting in Paris: “Would you like two atom bombs?” It was a serious offer of two tactical nuclear weapons to be used against the Vietnamese. The French declined the offer. (Source: Professor Fred Logevall of Cornell University)
On July 21, 1954, a Geneva Accord ended the war in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam and establishing North and South Vietnam by dividing the countries at the 17th Parallel. The south was in the hands of the pro-French emperor Boa Dai, and the north in the hands of the Communist liberation fighter, Ho Chi Minh. He had worked with the OSS against the Japanese in World War Two. The partition was supposed to be temporary. In the Geneva Accords was a provision for democratic elections for a new unified country in July 1956.
President Eisenhower made the decision not to replace the French Army with a large American military presence soon after the Korean war, but he badly wanted to prevent the country from going Communist. He picked paramilitary expert Brigadier General Lansdale for the job in Vietnam. Lansdale had been successful in stopping a Communist takeover in the Philippines. BG Lansdale picked CIA officer Lucien “Luigi” Conein to work with him. As a member of OSS, Conein distinguished himself by parachuting into Indochina and leading raids against the Japanese Army.
From 1954 to 1957, Colonel Lansdale he was stationed in Saigon as an advisor to the US supported government of South Vietnam. His cover was within the International Rescue Committee’s office. The US spent $250 million per year to aid the South Vietnamese economy. Lansdale also recruited mercenaries from the Philippines to carry out acts of sabotage in North Vietnam. This was unsuccessful and most of the mercenaries were arrested and put on trial in Hanoi. Lansdale also set about training the South Vietnamese army (ARVN).
Lansdale left Vietnam in 1957 and officially went to work for the Secretary of Defense in Washington. However, he was also employed as a senior officer in the Central Intelligence Agency. Posts held included: Deputy Assistant Secretary for Special Operations (1957-59), Staff Member of the President's Committee on Military Assistance (1959-1961). http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=13678
In 1954 CIA Officer Lucien Conein was sent to work under Bridadier General Lansdale in a covert operation against the government of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam. The plan was to mount a propaganda campaign to persuade the Vietnamese people in the south not to vote for the communists in the forthcoming elections. In the months that followed they distributed targeted documents that claimed the Vietminh had entered South Vietnam and were killing innocent civilians. The Ho Chi Minh government was also accused of slaying thousands of political opponents in North Vietnam.
In the late 1950s Lucien Conein worked closely with William Colby, the CIA station chief in Saigon. Conein helped to arm and train local tribesmen, mostly the Montagnards, who carried out attacks on the Vietminh. These men also guided Vietnamese Special Forces units who made commando raids into Laos and North Vietnam.
Ray S. Cline was part of an OSS team working in China at the end the Second World War. Others in China during this period include John K. Singlaub, Richard Helms, E. Howard Hunt, Mitchell WerBell, Paul Helliwell, Robert Emmett Johnson, Lucien Conein, Tommy Corcoran, Whiting Willauer and William Pawley. They became close friends and worked on several projects together. More importantly, they were all involved in undercover illegal activities that included drug running, the arms industry and assassinations. The thing that they all shared was extremist right-wing views.
Ray Cline was the CIA’s Chief of Station in Taiwan 1958 to 1962. In the 1960s, Cline was a member of Ted Shackley’s “Secret Team” that continued to provide assassination services to right wing military dictators. They were also involved in the drug and arms industries. Other members of the Secret Team included Thomas G. Clines, Carl E. Jenkins, David Morales, Rafael Quintero, Felix Rodriguez and Edwin Wilson.
Both these groups included people involved in the assassination of JFK and its cover-up: Carl E. Jenkins, David Morales, Rafael Quintero, Richard Helms, E. Howard Hunt, Mitchell WerBell, Paul Helliwell, Robert Emmett Johnson and William Pawley. This same group of people was also involved in Watergate and Iran-Contra.
One of the first things BG. Lansdale did was find a leader who was acceptable to the US Lansdale convinced Boa Dai to appoint Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. In exchange the CIA gave the emperor a large stipend to ease his endless exile on the French Riviera.
Lansdale understood Diem would not win an election, whether or not a majority of the Vietnamese favored Communism, they honored Ho Chi Minh as the man who had led the war of liberation against the French. (The Secret History of the CIA, pgs. 327- 329)
American intelligence estimates during the 1950s show that the Vietnam War began largely as a rebellion in the South against the increasingly oppressive and corrupt regime (and Catholic) of Ngo Dinh Diem (in a mostly Buddhist Country). In 1956 to 1958, an insurgency began after Diem rejected scheduled elections per the Geneva accords. “Most of those who took up arms were South Vietnamese and the causes for which they fought were by no means contrived by North Vietnam.”
American officials in Saigon, including those in the embassy, the CIA, and the US military command were fully aware of President Diem’s shortcomings. They regularly reported to Washington that he was “authoritarian, inflexible, and remote,” that he entrusted power only to his own family and that he had alienated all elements of the population by his oppressive policies. According to captured Communist North Vietnamese documents, from 1954 to 1958 North Vietnam concentrated on its internal development, apparently hoping to achieve reunification either through the elections provided for in the Geneva settlement or through the natural collapse of the week Diem regime. In 1960, 75 percent of the land was owned by 15 percent of the people. (The Pentagon Papers, pp. 67-78)
The majority of Vietnamese favored Communism and they honored Ho Chi Minh as the man who had led the war of liberation against the French. One of the provisions of the Geneva agreement was the resettlement provision. By May 1955, every Vietnamese had to choose whether to live in the north or south. The CIA gave its men (officers) a blank check to resettle enough Catholics in the south to create a political base for Ngo Dinh Diem. The CIA spent $100 million moving nearly a million Vietnamese from the north to the south. General Chennault conducted the evacuation using his Civil Air Transport (CAT), which he ran from Taiwan. One of CIA officer Luigi Conein jobs in assisting BG Lansdale, was to create a sense of panic and terror over what life would be like for those who remained in the north. (The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento, p. 329)
In 1956, the CIA helped establish the First Observation Group, a paramilitary organization south of the 17th parallel of stay-behind South Vietnamese units in the event of a North Vietnamese invasion. The US was limited to 685 military advisers in Vietnam.
Conein was the case officer for a Filipino priest who operated in enemy territory, Haiphong, North Vietnam. The priest was in charge of distribution of counterfeit North Vietnamese money to other CIA stay-behind agents. They counterfeit money was also to help destabilize the North’s economy. It didn‘t take long for Ho Chi Minh‘s government to discover the priest and destroy the CIA‘s stay-behind agents and operation. (Ibid, p. 330)
Some 600,000 Catholics were convinced to move below the 17th Parallel, 65 percent of the north’s Catholics. These refugees were a problem for Diem and the CIA handlers because nearly 400,000 of them saw themselves as more French than Vietnamese. This was because they had been affiliated with the colonial French, including government bureaucrats and military personnel. Also among the refugees were more than 15,000 Vietminh sent by Hanoi to live in the south until called upon to blow up shit (aka sleeper agents/guerrillas) (Ibid, p. 330)
Conein and BG. Lansdale’s efforts in Vietnam were a failure. They had little understanding of the two thousand years of Vietnamese history. In a country where the majority of the people were Buddhist, they created a government backed and supported by the Vatican. Diem might as well have called his country the Catholic Republic of Vietnam. (Ibid, p. 332)
By 1959, there were 40 CIA officers working in Vietnam. Conein failed to tell CIA headquarters that the Catholic minority had become oppressors of South Vietnamese Buddhist majority and Diem’s brother Ngo Dinh Nhu and his wife, Madame Nhu, placed stringent restrictions on Buddhist religious practices. (Ibid, p. 332)
In July 1959, Garland J. Williams a narcotics specialist for the State Department’s Office of Public Safety, stated in a report, “The Narcotics Situation in South Asia and Far East” that the Kuomintang as the region’s primary narcotics producer and Bangkok as “the most important single source of illicit opium in the world today. It is also the locale for the least amount of corrective effort by responsible American agencies.”
Williams noted that not only were Thai, CIA, and Kuomintang officials involved in the drug trade in the Golden Triangle, but also the French intelligence. The information Williams noted, became public knowledge in 1962 in Andrew Tully’s book, CIA: The Inside Story. (The Strength of the Wolf, p. 274)
Throughout the Cold War, the CIA used gangsters and war lords, many of them drug dealers, to fight communism. It includes Marseilles Corsicans, Lao generals, Thai police, Nationalist Chinese irregulars, Afghan rebels, Pakistani intelligence, Haitian colonels, Mexican police units, Guatemalan military and more. During the forty years of the Cold War, the CIA included--forged covert action alliances with some of Asia's key opium traffickers. The Agency tolerated such trafficking and when necessary blocked Department of Justice /DEA investigations. Since ruthless drug lords made effective anti-Communists, and heroin profits amplified their power.
http://sonic.net/~doretk/Issues/97-06%20JUN/ciacovert.html
Operation SOLO
This was a 27 year long FBI covert operation that infiltrated the Communist Party in the United States by Morris and Jack Childs from 1958 until 1977. The FBI through extraordinary measures, managed to keep this operation secret from everyone, including the CIA. Morris H. Childs (aka last name, Chilovsky) was a naturalized US citizen of Russian/Ukrainian origins. His father was a Jewish anti-Tsar, Russian who immigrated to the US and a revolutionary activities against the Tsarist regime, for which he was imprisoned.
Morris Childs was an important figure in the US Communist Party in the 1930s and 1940s, serving as the editor of its newspaper, the Daily Worker. He and his brother Jack Childs had fallen out with the Party in 1948. In 1945, the FBI approached him as part of an operation code named TOPLEV, in which agents tried to talk top-level Communist Party members and officials into becoming confidential informants.
Childs became a Communist for the FBI. He rejoined the Party and rose higher and higher in its secret hierarchy. In the summer of 1957, the Party's leaders proposed that he serve as their international emissary in an effort to reestablish direct political and financial ties with the Kremlin. If Moscow approved, Childs would be reporting to Hoover as the foreign secretary of the Communist Party of the United States.
Morris Childs repeatedly risking his life by making 57 clandestine missions into the Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe, and Cuba.
Jack Childs dropped out of the Communist Party in 1947. Jack has happy to lend assistance to the FBI, declaring to them that he "never really believed any of that communist bullshit" and that he had been active in the Communist Party merely for the sake of his brother, who had been a true believer and a figure of authority. Now Morris had been abandoned, fired from his job and left penniless, stricken by a heart attack and seemingly near death. He had begun to question everything.
One day in April 1952, Special Agent Carl Freyman of the Chicago office of the FBI made a successful appeal to Morris Childs to go to work as a secret government informant. The Chicago FBI office paid for Morris's treatment at the Mayo Clinic, managing to restore him physically.
Beginning in 1958, Morris Childs became a Soviet espionage agent and acted as a secret courier on behalf of the American Communist party, briefing Soviet officials on political affairs in the American party and carrying funds from Moscow to New York City, reporting details all the while to his FBI handlers. Over the course of two decades of activity in this role, Childs played a major part in the transfer of more than $28 million in Soviet subsidies to the American Communist movement. The total approached $2 million annually by 1976 and rose to $2,775,000 by 1980. The FBI knew the precise amount because it counted every dime at a half-way house prior to when Morris deposited it in a safe for Gus Hall, president of the US Communist Party.
Childs remained on the FBI's payroll until his retirement in 1982. FBI Special Agent Walter Boyle put in a full 20 years as a case officer for the Childs.
In 1962 Morris was married to Eva Childs, who often took part in his frequent trips to Moscow and was herself an FBI informant.
FBI Director Hoover briefed Eisenhower about the SOLO mission repeatedly from November 1958 onwards. For the next two years, Hoover sent summaries of his reporting directly to Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon. Hoover reported that the world's most powerful Communists– Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev– were at each other's throats. The breach between Moscow and Beijing was a revelation to Eisenhower. The FBI director also reported that Moscow wanted the American Communist Party to support the civil rights movement in the United States.
The Childs brothers had provided information to the FBI about Stanley Levison, one of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr's key political advisers. Levison had been active in the US Communist Party during the early 1950s but, as Childs reported, had left the organization because of its political irrelevance. Nevertheless, the FBI saw Levison as a Soviet agent and used his former political connections as leverage to force King to break with his adviser.
Hoover told the White House that one of the Childs brothers had met with Anibal Escalante, a political leader of the newly victorious revolution in Cuba, a confidant to Fidel Castro, and he said that Castro knew the United States was planning a paramilitary attack to overthrow him.
I don’t know whether or not Eisenhower or the CIA fail to tell President Kennedy that Castro know of the coming invasion? Eisenhower never approved the invasion plan; that was left to President Kennedy.
Morris H. Childs was an American political activist and American Communist Party functionary who became a Soviet espionage agent and then a double agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation until leaving both services by 1982. (Source: Operation Solo: The FBI's Man in the Kremlin, by John Barron, 1997)
In 1955, Sami Khoury sold 50,000 sub-machine guns to Israel. According to Federal Bureau of Narcotic (FBN) agent Jim Attie, the Israelis spend millions in CIA money bribing officials in Europe and the Middle East for information and protection. The Israelis provided the contacts and money that enabled Khoury to move narcotics across Europe. With protection guaranteed by the Israeli foreign intelligence service, Mossad. Khoury packed his car full of morphine base and drove to France, where he stayed at an Israeli safe house. Attie also claims that the Israelis prevented the FBN from conducting investigations against drug-dealing Israeli agents in Aleppo, Syria the major transit point in the region. (The Strength of the Wolf, pgs. 125-126)
Morris H. Childs was the first and perhaps the only American spy to penetrate the Soviet Union and Communist China at the highest levels during the Cold War. He had face-to-face conversations with Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Zedong and others Communist leaders.
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On June 30, 1930 the Bureau of Narcotics was formed from the remnants of the Narcotics Division and the Treasury Department's Foreign Control Board. In 1926, Harry J. Anslinger, was transferred from the State Department to the Treasury Department, where he served until 1929 as chief of the Probation Unit’s Division of Foreign Control which had the mission stopping the flow of illegal liquor and narcotics into U.S. ports, arresting smuggling rings, and eliminate corruption. Anslinger’s staff assistant Malachi Harney, in the 1920s oversaw Eliot Ness and the Untouchables in the successful pursuit of Al Capone in Chicago. (The Strength of the Wolf, p. 22)
In September 1930, Anslinger, 38 years old, took charge - became the head of the new Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) -years later become the DEA) He had served as a US Foreign Service officer (with the State Department) from 1918 to 1926 in Germany, Venezuela, and the Bahamas. For the next, 32 years until he retired in 1962, defined the nations war on drugs.
Anslinger would become one of the founding fathers of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the CIA in 1947. (Ibid. pp. 16, 22, and 26)
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Mario Brod was James J. Angleton’s contact with the mafia. Brod was an Army Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) officer who had worked with Angleton in the OSS. Angleton also held the Israeli account at CIA and he and his subordinates CIA officers alone were conducted liaison with the Mossad. One of Angleton’s missions for CIA was to penetrate the intelligence services of France. Angleton was the Director of CIA’s Counterintelligence Division (Ibid, pgs. 151-152).
The Daniel Act in 1955, provided mandatory sentencing, so that a teenage caught with a joint was treated as severely as a mafia don (boss). (Ibid, p. 153)
In October 1957, a series of mafia summit meetings in Palermo, Italy were carefully monitored by the FBN and verified the existence an International Grand Council of Mafiosi. Lucchese and Lansky had sent their sons to West Point. They and Santo Sorge were rich and didn’t need all the heat from US government drug law enforcement and so tried to convince the bosses to get out of the drug business. The Sicilians gave the American mafiosi an ultimatum to Palermo. “They knew there were a number of rebellious young hoods in America, so they told the bosses, ’If they don’t deal with us, we’ll deal with them’. Not having control over narcotics would have put all their rackets at risk, so the Americans had no choice but to go alone.” Via a wiretap of a Boston hood who had attended this Palermo summit, FBN learned about the Apalachin, New York convention/meeting of American mafia bosses on November 17, 1957. (Ibid p. 168)
FBN learned that one avenue of heroin into Kansas City came from Marseilles via Havana, and then via Tampa, Florida. Santo Trafficante Sr. won a mafia war with his mafia competitors in Florida and went in with Meyer Lansky to control the Cuba-to-Tampa, drug trade/connection.
CIA turned to its corporate clients
In World War Two, President Roosevelt appointed Nelson A. Rockefeller chief of his own office, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA). After a turf war with Bill Donovan's Office of Strategic Services, Nelson's CIAA won exclusive rights to anti-Axis propaganda as well as mapping and securing of vital resources for the war effort--in Latin America. This agency's function was to distribute news, films and advertising, and to broadcast radio, in and to Latin America in order to counter Italian and German propaganda there. The FBI was tasked to do counterintelligence and counter espionage in Central and South America.
The OCIAA grew to be a large Federal agency with a budget of $38 million by 1942 and 1,500 employees by 1943. CIAA disease-eradication and education projects were directed to those regions where oil, minerals, rubber and other resources needed to be exploited. But a compliant labor source also needed to be secured. Striking Indian miners in Bolivia were brutally put down in 1942, at a cost of hundreds of lives. The Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs was penetrated by at least nine Soviet intelligence spies during World War Two.
Rockefeller also saw his operations in these years as a mere prelude to post-war ambitions. Beyond the mines and oilfields of Mexico and the Andes lay the untapped riches of South America's remote interior--the Amazon. On August 31, 1945, the informational activities of the Office of Inter-American Affairs were transferred to the Department of State, and on April 10, 1946 it became known as the Office for Inter-American Affairs (OIAA).
The CIA turned to its corporate clients and the money faucet was opened. Rockefeller money and other corporate funds poured into Wycliffe's coffers and the coffers of other Protestant groups. From these beginnings emerged a web of powerful men moving back and forth from the worlds of Rockefeller foundations and the top levels of government power. Christian fundamentalists saw the Rockefellers, who were sinking money into universities and "modernizing" Protestant institutions, as a sinister force of liberal, urban ways. A de facto cooperative arrangement formed between the Rockefeller empire and the most effective, ambitious and zealous fundamentalist missionary group. The common challenge was the post-World War Two pacification of the new frontiers of the developing world especially the Amazon rain forest. Nelson Rockefeller, John D.'s politically ambitious grandson, and William “Cam” Townsend, founder of America's biggest fundamentalist missionary group, Wycliffe Bible Translators. Townsend founds Summer Institute of Linguistics in 1934 and Wycliffe Bible Translators in 1942.
Rockefeller companies and ranches penetrated the Amazon in Brazil and Cam Townsend’s Wycliffe Bible Translators began operations there. Through tortuous routes of universities and foundations, Rockefeller money found its way into Wycliffe operations. So did money from US aid and intelligence agencies.
The name Wycliffe is from a man named John Wycliffe who was an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common Middle English language. He completed his translation directly from Latin into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as Wycliffe's Bible.
John Wycliffe emphasized that each person’s interpretation of the Bible as the best guide to a moral life, as opposed to the Catholic Church’s emphasis on receiving its sacraments as the only way to salvation. Second he insisted that holiness of an individual was more important than official office; that is, a truly pious person was morally superior to a wicked ordained cleric. Wycliffe challenged the privileged status of the clergy, which was central to their powerful role in England. Finally he attacked the exorbitant luxury and pomp of the Catholic churches and their ceremonies.
Wycliffe Translators and its affiliated Summer Institute of Linguistics and Jungle Aviation & Radio Service, maintained globe-spanning operations and develops the foremost scholars of indigenous languages. In the Amazon and elsewhere, Wycliffe missionaries are sometimes the first to contact remote indigenous peoples--even before the local national government. With cutting-edge linguistic and anthropological work fueled by a millennial vision of having translated the Bible into every tribal tongue on earth by the year 2000, Wycliffe is uniquely skilled in cracking native languages. Ostensibly funded by small donations from supporters, Wycliffe in fact receives grants from private foundations, government agencies, corporations and universities.
The overlapping worlds of government, industry and religion follow each other across the globe as the needs of counterinsurgency, development and saving souls demand: Wycliffe entered the Philippines in the 1950s as the CIA combated the peasant Huk rebellion, then moved to South Vietnam in the 1960s, where the Rockefellers planned a massive development effort around a series of Mekong River hydro dams. But the greatest prize was the vast resources in the continental interior of the traditional US influence sphere, Latin America.
Townsend began as a missionary among the Maya Indians of the Guatemalan highlands in the 1920s, while Rockefeller was directing private disease-eradication efforts in the region. In the 1930s, Townsend launched his own operation and won the heart of Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas, then seeking to break the grip of the Catholic Church over Mexico's Indians. Summer Institute of Linguistics and Wycliffe gained a first Latin beachhead in the revolutionary nationalist Mexico of Cardenas, ironically. But the Mexico operations were only a training ground for Townsend's real destiny--to bring light to the "green hell" of the Amazon, where whole peoples had yet to be "contacted."
Rockefeller Brothers Fund analysts would find themselves in the Cabinet and CIA of even such postwar presidents as Kennedy, an open Rockefeller rival. One such analyst and close Nelson Rockefeller crony, Adolf Berle, was ambassador to Brazil during America's "first Cold War coup."In October 1945 against President Getulio Vargas sought to nationalize the country's oil. Vargas resurrected the dream upon returning to power in 1950. Four years later, after founding the state oil company Petrobras, he shot himself in the head, leaving behind a suicide note accusing "international economic and financial groups" of undermining his nationalist regime.
Vargas' protégé, labor boss, Joao Goulart eventual became president. In the early 1960s, as the US corporate presence in the Amazon burgeoned, Goulart eyed nationalization of Brazil's mineral resources. CIA’s Western Hemisphere Deputy Director, J.C. King was the CIA's point man for the coup against Goulart--launched in 1964, after President Lyndon Johnson became President. Joao Goulart suffered a second coup ushered in 1967 with the help of the CIA.
Retired from the Deputy Director of the Western Hemisphere Division, King continued to secretly work for the CIA and he scoured the rain forest on behalf of his Amazon Natural Drug Company collecting samples of poisons and hallucinogenic flora and fauna used by Indian hunters and shamans which might have a profitable application in the medical, pharmaceutical or agricultural industries. The CIA received his specimens for their MK-ULTRA mind-control experiments. Contemporary ethno botany actually owes much to King's efforts and CIA funding.
There was cooperation of academia in the interests of pacification of native peoples resisting industrial encroachment. King was on the scene when the government of Peru when the CIA helped launched a counter-insurgency drive against the Indian peasants of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) in the 1960s, while the Rockefellers' Standard Oil was moving into the country. Dr. James Perkins, president of New York's Cornell University, was a director of the Rockefellers' Chase Manhattan Bank and Nelson's International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC). Under his leadership, Cornell received CIA funds for anthropological and linguistic field programs among Peru's Indians. We can be certain these programs were closely monitored by the CIA to streamline its counter-insurgency effort. Wycliffe missionaries were also part of the academia-intelligence network. One Cornell graduate in those years, Donald Burns, would go on to become Wycliffe's top Quechua translator.
The Rockefellers’ own youthful academic indulgences followed the industrial empire's nose. Nelson's son Michael was dispatched to Dutch New Guinea in 1960, ostensibly to collect "primitive art" from the indigenous peoples of the remote rain forest region; simultaneously Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon) won joint mineral exploration rights there with Royal Dutch Shell. Michael was killed by headhunters: by offering a high price for painted human skulls he was encouraging internal warfare, and this was realized by tribal leaders who apparently ordered that his own skull be stripped and painted. But neither Michael's death nor the subsequent annexation of Dutch New Guinea by Indonesia slowed the corporate exploitation of the region. The native peoples there, having lost most of their land, are still fighting the international oil and mineral interests today--including Chevron, western wing of the Rockefeller Chase Manhattan investment empire.
Nelson Rockefeller's IBEC investment network in ranching, oil and minerals fueled the destruction of the Amazon in the 1960s. Massacres, forced re-locations and atrocities against native peoples in the Amazon were committed by goons in the pay of ranchers and industrial interests. The Brazilian Indian agency was itself co-opted into an instrument of counter-insurgency, even firing on Indians. (Sources: Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon : Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil by Colby and Dennett and http://www.morc.info/MORC_ThyWill.html
Turkey
In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) In Turkey in 1960, the CIA’s stay behind guerrilla army (operation Gladio) working with the right-wing political parties and the Turkish army staged a coup d’état and killed Prime Minister Adnan Menderes.
Iran
When Eisenhower took office in 1953, Iran had a “developmentalist” leader Mohammad Mossadegh, who had already nationalized the oil company. Under pressure from corporate interests, a movement took hold in the U.S. and British foreign policy circles that attempted to pull the Third World nationalist (moderate and democratic governments) or developmentalist governments in the binary Cold War fears. These countries were viewed as on the road to totalitarian Communism. The J.P. Morgan and Company, the International Nickel Company, the Cuban Sugar Cane Corporation, and the United Fruit Company feared that demands of workers for higher wages and the talk of nationalizing foreign owned businesses. (The Shock Doctrine, p. 58)
Iran's oil had been discovered and later controlled by the British-owned oil company, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company AIOC. Popular discontent with the AIOC began in the late 1940s: a large segment of Iran's public and a number of politicians saw the company as exploitative and a central tool of continued British imperialism in Iran.
In 1941, Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran was forced by the British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1944, Mohammad Mosaddegh was elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of National Front of Iran. On April 28, 1951, the Shah appointed Mossadegh as Prime Minister after the Parliament of Iran nominated Mosaddegh. The Shah was aware of Mosaddegh's rising popularity and political power, after a period of assassinations and political unrest by the National Front.
Mossadegh had sought to audit the books of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British corporation (now BP) and to change the terms of the company's access to Iranian petroleum reserves. AIOC was unwilling to allow Iranian authorities to audit the company accounts or to renegotiate the terms of its access to Iranian petroleum. So n 1951, Iran's petroleum industry was nationalized with near-unanimous support of the Parliament of Iran. In response, Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically. Initially, Britain Prime Minister Clement Attlee tighten the economic boycott] while using Iranian agents to undermine Mosaddeq's government. With a change to more conservative governments in both Britain and the United States, Winston Churchill decided to overthrow Iran's government, though the predecessor Truman administration had opposed a coup. Classified documents show that British intelligence officials played a pivotal role in initiating and planning the coup, and that the AIOC contributed $25,000 towards the expense of bribing officials.
On May, 1, 1951 Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company cancelling its oil concession and expropriating its assets. The next month a committee of five members/deputies of Parliament went to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalization.
In July, Mosaddegh broke off negotiations with AIOC after it pull out its employees and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalized management many refineries lacked the trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a de facto blockade, reinforced its naval force in the Persian Gulf and lodged complaints against Iran before the United Nations Security Council. The British government also obtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not to fill in where the AIOC was boycotting Iran. The entire Iranian oil industry came to a virtual standstill as oil production decreased. At the same time, BP and Aramco doubled their production in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, to make up for lost production in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain.
During the Mosaddegh administration introduced a wide range of social reforms: unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. Twenty percent of the money landlords received in rent was placed in a fund to pay for development projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control.
On July 16, 1952, during the royal approval of his new cabinet, Mosaddegh insisted on the constitutional prerogative of the Prime Minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done up to that point. The Shah refused, seeing it as a means for Mosaddegh to consolidate his power over the government at the expense of the monarchy.
In March 1953, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles directed the CIA under Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Mossadegh. On April 4, 1953, Allen Dulles approved $1 million ($9,022,036 in 2015 dollars) to be used in any way that would bring about the fall of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh out of the CIA’s total a worldwide budget of $82 million ($748,829,018 in 2015 dollars).
In 1953 CIA officers Kim Roosevelt and Howard “Rocky” Stone had orchestrated a coup in Iran against the democratically elected President Mohammed Mosaddegh after Mosaddegh tried to renegotiate the terms of Iran's lopsided contracts with the oil giant, BP. Mosaddegh was the first elected leader in Iran's 4,000 year history, and a popular champion for democracy across the developing world. Mosaddegh expelled all British diplomats after uncovering a coup attempt by UK intelligence officers working in cahoots with BP.
Mosaddegh, however, made the fatal mistake of resisting his advisors' pleas to also expel the CIA, which they correctly suspected, and was complicit in the British plot. Mosaddegh idealized the US as a role model for Iran's new democracy and incapable of such perfidies. Despite Dulles' needling, President Truman had forbidden the CIA from actively joining the British caper to topple Mossadegh.
Iran expert, Ray Takeyh says documents reveal that the Eisenhower administration was hardly in control and was in fact surprised by the way events played out. Historian Hugh Wilford describes Kermit and Archie Roosevelt and Miles Copeland leading the CIA’s efforts in the Middle East. Author William Blum criticized CIA officer Kim Roosevelt for providing no evidence when he argued that Mossadegh had to be removed to prevent a communist takeover of Iran. Blum states that Mossadegh's role was much more nuanced and this view was shared by many in the intelligence community. On July 1952 the Chief of station in Iran Roger Goiran resigned rather than participate in the coup. Life is funny at times, ain’t it? Goiran was replaced by Joseph C. Goodwin.
Donald N. Wilber, PhD (in architectural history) was involved in the plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August. Iranian CIA operatives who pretended to be socialists and nationalists threatened Muslim leaders with savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh, thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent, and stirring up anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community.
The CIA had hired a network of some 100 contract agents. This network was codenamed TP/BEDAMN. The British MI6 were also involved in this coup and called their covert action, Operation Boot. The CIA’s goal was to turn the Islamic community against Mossadegh. They made threatening phone calls to religious figures to support Mossadegh or expect savage punishment, spread rumors that Mossadegh was Jewish rather than Muslim, and conducted false flag bombings in mosques and homes of religious leaders as a way of falsely proving the Mossadegh’s government was unwilling or unable to protect them. The CIA hired terrorist gang and leaders of Islamic fundamentalist groups. The CIA bribed Mossadegh’s sister Ashraf with a mink coat and money, and in so doing she changed her mind about supporting his leadership. In April 1953 the chief of police in Tehran , General Mahmoud Afshartous was kidnapped and murdered.
In August 1953, the Shah finally agreed to Mossadegh's overthrow, after CIA officers Kim
Roosevelt said that the United States would proceed with or without him, and formally dismissed the Mossadegh in a written decree and convened under martial law. As a precautionary measure, he flew to Baghdad and then to Rome. He actually signed two decrees, one dismissing Mosaddegh and the other nominating the CIA's choice, General Fazlollah Zahedi, as Prime Minister. His decrees were specifically written as dictated by Donald Wilber. Soon, massive protests, engineered by CIA officer Roosevelt's team, took place across the city and elsewhere with tribesmen paid to be at the ready to assist the coup. Anti- and pro-monarchy protesters, both paid by Roosevelt, violently clashed in the streets, looting and burning mosques and newspapers, resulting in some 300 to 800 people dead. By spending a meager sum of $1 million, the CIA "stirred up considerable unrest in Iran, giving Iranians a clear choice between instability and supporting the shah." The CIA brought the largest mobs into the street, began disseminating gray propaganda, passing out anti-Mossadegh cartoons in the streets and planting unflattering articles in local press. CIA's Iranian operatives pretending to be Communists threatened Muslim leaders with savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh. The house of at least one prominent Muslim was bombed by CIA agents posing as Communists. The CIA tried to orchestrate a call for a holy war against Communism. A journalist who was one of the CIA's most important Iranian agents led a crowd toward Parliament, inciting people to set fire to the offices of a newspaper owned by Mossadegh's foreign minister. CIA officers swung security forces to the side of the demonstrators. Pro-shah truckloads of military personnel arrived at all main squares. Pro-shah speakers went on the air, broadcasting the coup's' success and reading royal decrees. (Source: California State University economics Professor Sasan Fayazmanesh, August 2003)
On August 22, 1953, the Shah returned from Rome. General Zahedi's new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oil companies to form a consortium and "restore the flow of Iranian oil to world markets in substantial quantities", giving the United States and Great Britain the lion's share of Iran's oil. In return, the US massively funded the Shah's resulting government, including his army and secret police force, SAVAK.
As soon as the coup succeeded, many of Mosaddegh's former associates and supporters were tried, imprisoned, and tortured. Some were sentenced to death and executed. The minister of foreign affairs and the closest associate of Mosaddegh, Hossein Fatemi, was executed by order of the Shah's military court. The order was carried out by firing squad on October 29, 1953.
Mosaddegh was kept under house arrest at his Ahmadabad residence (city some 40 mile south of Azerbaijan in northern Iran), until his death on March 5, 1967.
British documents show how senior officials in the 1970s tried to stop US from releasing documents that would be very embarrassing to the UK. Documents in the UK remain secret. In about 2009 the British Foreign Office said it could neither confirm nor deny Britain's involvement in the coup.
According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, Mosaddeq epitomized a unique, anti-colonial leader who was also committed to democratic values and human rights. He said, "My argument is that there was never really a realistic threat of communism … discourse and the way justifying any act was to talk about communist danger, so it was something used for the public, especially the American and the British public." (Sources: The Coup: 1953, the CIA and the Roots of Modern US-Iranian Relations by Ervand Abrahamian, an Iranian-Armenian historian) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh
The Iranian oil industry was denationalization in 1955. The British oil monopoly was superseded by a consortium in which Anglo-Iranian received 40 percent of revenues, five U.S. corporations (Gulf Oil, Standard of New Jersey, Standard of California, Texas, and Socony-Mobil) received 40 percent, and 20 percent went to Royal Dutch Shell and a French company. (Source: Mohannad Mosaddeq and the 1953 coup in Iran by Mark J. Gasiorowski page 237)
Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. retired from the CIA in 1958 to take a job with Gulf Oil. Two years later he was appointed vice president. According to Geoff Simons: "Later he (Roosevelt) formed the consulting firm, Downs and Roosevelt, which in the late 1960s was receiving $116,000 a year from the Iranian government. At the same time, the aerospace Northrop Corporation was paying Roosevelt $75,000 a year to aid its sales to Iran and other states in the region." He left Gulf Oil in 1970 and worked as a consultant to American companies doing business in the Middle East.
Syria, Jordan, and Egypt -- The Eisenhower Doctrine for the Middle East
On September 15, 1941, Syria proclaimed its independence from France. On September 7, 1944, the United States recognized the independence of Syria and Lebanon. Assistant military attaché (and undercover CIA officer) Lt. Colonel Stephen J. Meade, who became intimately acquainted with Syrian Army Chief of Staff Colonel Husni Zaim several weeks prior to the March 30, 1949 coup and has been described as the coup's architect—along with the CIA's Damascus station chief, Miles Copeland Jr.
Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The Eisenhower administration, even more than the Truman administration saw the Near East as a huge gap into which Soviet influence could be projected, and accordingly required an American-supported security system. The CIA offices led by Miles Copeland helped a coup that deposed King Farouk of Egypt in 1952. Gamal Abdel Nasser and his Society of Free Officers took over the government. Nasser maintained links with any and all potential allies from the Egyptian Communist Party on the left to the Muslim Brotherhood on the right. In 1954 both MI6 and the CIA began considering a plan to assassinate Nasser with the Muslim Brotherhood assistance. A CIA telegram to London stated they been in contact with suitable elements in Egypt and the rest of the Arab world. Another former CIA officer said, “ if Allah decided political assassination was permissible, that was fine…so long as no one talked about it in polite company…” (Source: Shadow Wars: The Secret Struggle for the Middle East by Christopher Davidson, chapter one)
In 1953, the Egyptian military had begun pressuring the British to end their military presence in the Suez Canal zone. Britain had attempted several times to assassinate President Nasser in October 1954. In 1953, working in non-official cover CIA officer Miles A. Copeland, Jr. worked at a consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton.
In 1954, President Nasser supervised the establishment Egypt’s General Intelligence Directorate (GID). It had separate divisions for Radio (SIGINT), Computer, Forgery and Black Operations. Nasr set up a GID front company, Al Nasr Company, ostensibly an import-export firm. Nasr played a very important role helping Algeria, Southern Yemen and many Arab and African states gain independence. Although the Egyptian foreign ministry was officially responsible for foreign affairs, GID initiated and aided many Arab and African movements for independence as a part of Gamal Abdel Nasser's anti-imperialist policies.
The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was involved in these negotiations. US pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key to this treaty. Eisenhower could not risk being seen as participating in these negotiations due to the pro-Israel lobby in the US and he also knew Congress would not vote in favor of such a treaty. They would not risk bucking this Israel lobby. The US did join the Anglo-French economic blockade of the Egypt.
Modeled after the NATO, CENTO committed the nations to mutual cooperation and protection, as well as non-intervention in each other's affairs. Its goal was to contain the Soviet Union by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southwestern frontier.
Furious with the United States for reneging on a promise to provide funds for construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River, Nasser ordered the Suez Canal seized and nationalized in July 1956.
The US and Britain’s covert intervention in Syria to secure control of the region’s oil was only one of numerous such operations in the Middle East in the 1950s. Throughout the postwar period, London and US sought to undermine popular Arab nationalist governments in the Middle East. Syria was torn apart by military coups throughout the early 1950s. Then in 1954 the parliamentary system was restored. The politicians - and most of the Syrian people - were now terrified of America, not just because of the interventions and the coup, but also because of their support for Israel. In response the new government turned to the Soviet Union for economic aid and friendship.
On October 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal. The Israelis soon were joined by French and British forces. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev railed against the invasion and threatened to rain down nuclear missiles on Western Europe if the Israeli-French-British force did not withdraw. In response Eisenhower warned the Soviets that reckless talk of nuclear conflict would only make matters worse, and cautioned Khrushchev to refrain from direct intervention in the conflict. Eisenhower also issued stern warnings to the French, British and Israelis to give up their campaign and withdraw from Egyptian soil. Eisenhower was upset with the British, in particular, for not keeping the United States informed about their intentions. The United States threatened all three nations with economic sanctions if they persisted in their attack. The threats did their work. In the end, the British, French and Israeli governments withdrew their troops in late 1956 and March 1957.
Britain, France and Israel had invaded Egypt in 1956 in an attempt to seize the Canal, overthrow Nasser, and install a regime more flexible to their will. The British motive for making war was oil. Two thirds of Europe's oil passed through the canal. The move to using super-tankers for shipping Middle East oil to Europe and the fact these ships were too big to use the Suez Canal, British needlessly went to war due to their fear of a potential cutting-off of their importation of oil.
In March 1957, the US Congress passed what became known as the “Eisenhower Doctrine,” which named international communism as the greatest threat to the region and promised financial help to any country that tried to resist it. It authorized the president to send US troops to any Middle East country that asked for help against “communist aggression.”
Although Syria itself had little oil, as the centre of Arab nationalism it played a key political role in the region and controlled the West’s access to Iraq’s northern oilfields: the pipeline transporting Iraq’s oil to Turkey and the Mediterranean flowed through Syria. Syria refused to accept the Eisenhower Doctrine. In August 1957, Syria signed an agreement with Moscow for military and economic aid, recognized China, and appointed an officer with Stalinist sympathies, as the armed forces’ chief of staff.
When a power struggle broke out in Jordan between King Hussein and his pro-Nasser government, which sought to establish diplomatic links with the Soviet Union, The Baghdad Pact countries, at a meeting in Ankara attended by senior State Department official Loy Henderson, agreed that “the present regime in Syria had to go; otherwise the takeover by the Communists would be complete.” The Soviet Union warned the West against intervening in Syria as Turkish troops massed along the border with Syria, generating a huge international crisis.
The US and British governments were actively plotting a regime change to prevent Syria falling within Moscow’s sphere of influence. On July 1, 1956 National Security Council member Wilbur C. Eveland and CIA official Archibald Roosevelt discussed a US-backed anti communist takeover of the country. The CIA and the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), as MI6 planned to use agents provocateurs to launch a series of incidents. These events would create political turmoil to provide a pretext by Syria’s pro-Western neighbors to mount an invasion in support of the government’s right-wing opponents. A key element of the plan was to assassinate three leading figures: the head of Syrian military intelligence, a pro-Soviet chief of staff, and the leader of the Syrian Communist Party. CIA and SIS planned to use their capabilities in both the psychological and action fields to augment tension.” In other words, they should organize “sabotage, national conspiracies and various strong arm activities” in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq, responsibility for which were to be attributed to Damascus. These were operations in which the special political action section of the SIS specialized during the 1940s and 1950s. Once the general climate of fear had been created, they would stage frontier incidents and border clashes to provide a pretext for Iraq and Jordan, then under British tutelage, to invade Syria.
Early in 1956, the plan to overthrow the Syrian government called for use of the Iraqi army; it then shifted its focus to CIA contract agents within Syria itself. But the coup was exposed before it ever got off the ground. Syrian army officers who had been assigned major roles in the operation walked into the office of Syria's head of intelligence, Colonel Sarraj, turned in their bribe money and named the CIA officers who had paid them.
This CIA-MI6 plans fell apart and was not carried out.
Lt. Col. Robert Molloy, the American army attaché, Francis Jeton, a career CIA officer, officially Vice Consul at the US Embassy, and the CIA officer Howard E. "Rocky" Stone, with the title Second Secretary for Political Affairs, were all declared personae non-gratae and expelled from the country in August 1957. The US State Department denied Syrian accusations of a coup attempt, banned Syria's ambassador to the US, and withdrew its own ambassador from Syria. The US government and media began describing Syria as a Soviet satellite. The New York Times backed the US government's claim and suggested that the story had been fabricated for political purposes.
In September 1957, the US sends its Sixth Fleet to the Mediterranean and sends arms and other military equipment to Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The US also has Turkey move 50,000 troops to its border with Syria. The US is apparently trying to goad Syria into a use of force in order to justify a military intervention. In response the Soviet Union ships arms to Syria, Egypt and Yemen. However, Syria did not rise to the bait and other Arab states refused to back up the US rhetoric that Syria was a threat and Soviet satellite. (Sources: Killing Hope by William Blum, (1995), p. 88, Macmillan Backed Syria Assassination Plot, by Ben Fenton, 2003) and The Guardian, September 26,2003. Jones, "The 'Preferred Plan'" (2004), p. 410. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/10/syri-o06.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/sep/27/uk.syria1
The history of Jordan after 1953 was largely shaped by King Ḥussein’s policies to secure his throne and to retain or regain the West Bank for the Hāshimite dynasty. Jordan’s relationship with Israel in the first decade of the Jewish state’s existence was uneasy but tolerable, though bloody raids and acts of terrorism carried out by both sides added to the tension. Jordan’s involvement in the Palestinian question led as much to a contest with Egypt over Jordan’s future as it did to a struggle with Israel. In particular, it repeatedly forced Jordan to balance relations with and between various Arab nations, the Palestinians, and the West and Israel. Thus, popular demonstrations, especially in the West Bank, and pressure from Egypt prevented Ḥussein in 1955 from signing/joining the CENTO treaty. In 1956 Ḥussein bowed to popular pressure and in a show of support for Egyptian efforts at pan-Arab leadership, dismissed his British advisers and abrogated the Anglo-Jordanian treaty of 1946. When members of Jordan’s National Guard, drawn mainly from the West Bank, attempted a coup in April 1957, the king purged the legislature of Palestinian nationalists and extremists, banned political parties, and set up a royal dictatorship to curb domestic unrest. The US ordered the Sixth Fleet to the eastern Mediterranean in a show of support and helped Hussein to overthrow his own government. The British government, eager to see the pro-Western Ḥussein secure in Jordan, stationed British paratroops in the country until late 1958. By the early 1960s the United States was providing King Ḥussein with about $100 million annually, which stimulated economic development and secured the king’s future. https://www.britannica.com/place/Jordan/Jordan-under-King-Hussein
Unlike NATO, CENTO did not have a unified military command structure, nor were many US or UK military bases established in member countries, although the US had communications and electronic intelligence facilities in Iran, and operated U-2 intelligence flights over the USSR from bases in Pakistan. The United Kingdom had access to facilities in Pakistan and Iraq at various times while the treaty was in effect.
On July 14, 1958, the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown in a military coup. The new government was led by General Abdul Karim Qasim who withdrew Iraq from the CENTO treaty (aka the Baghdad Pact), opened diplomatic relations with Soviet Union and adopted a non-aligned stance.
Syria
Even after its expulsion, the CIA continued its secret efforts to topple Syria's democratically elected Ba'athist government. The CIA plotted with Britain's MI6 to form a “Free Syria Committee" and armed the Muslim Brotherhood to assassinate three Syrian government officials, who had helped expose “the American plot”.
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria. Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into Jordan to prevent a possible Israeli invasion. In November 1956 Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria.
(Source: Matthew Jones, a Reader in International History, at London’s Royal Holloway College) http://www.globalresearch.ca/syria-cia-mi6-intel-ops-and-sabotage/29126
Iraq
In July 1956, less than two months after the CIA's failed Syrian coup, Senator John F. Kennedy, infuriated the Eisenhower White House, the leaders of both political parties and our European allies with a milestone speech endorsing the right of self-governance in the Arab world and an end to America's imperialist meddling in Arab countries.
Kennedy's speech was a call for recommitting America to the high values our country had championed in the Atlantic Charter, the formal pledge that all the former European colonies would have the right to self-determination following World War Two. FDR had strong-armed Churchill and the other allied leaders to sign the Atlantic Charter in 1941 as a precondition for US support in the European war against fascism.
In 1957 at the age of 20 Saddam Hussein joined the Baath Party - a movement founded by two Syrians in the early 1940s. It's ideology combined elements of Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism and socialism and were strongly opposed to the Iraqi Communist Party - which was largest in the Arab world. Evidence suggests that Hussein was already working as a CIA agent in 1958, and that he may well have recruited by them in the previous year. There was no way the US or the UK was ever going to allow a popular and secular Communist party to come to power - or allow any leftist government in Iraq. In 1963 the CIA finally succeeded in deposing the Iraqi president and installing the Ba'ath Party to power in Iraq.
A charismatic young murderer named Saddam Hussein was one of the distinguished leaders of the CIA's Ba'athists team. The Ba'ath Party's Interior Minister, Said Aburish, who took office alongside Saddam Hussein, would later say, “We came to power on a CIA train." Aburish recounted that the CIA supplied Saddam and his cronies a “murder list" of people who “had to be eliminated immediately in order to ensure success."
Following the Syrian coup attempt, anti-American riots rocked the Mid-East from Lebanon to Algeria. Among the reverberations was the July 14, 1958 coup, led by the new wave of anti-American Army officers who overthrew Iraq's pro-American monarch, Nuri al-Said. The coup leaders published secret government documents, exposing Nuri al-Said as a highly paid CIA puppet. In response to the CIA’s political warfare, the new Iraqi government invited Soviet diplomats and economic advisers to Iraq and turned its back on the West.
After CIA Station Chief, James H. Critchfield replaced Roosevelt, he attempted a failed assassination plot against the new Iraqi president using a toxic handkerchief. Critchfield later acknowledged that the CIA had, in essence, “created Saddam Hussein."
A military coup in 1958 coup brought to power Abd al Karim Qassim. Hussein participated in a 1959 attempt to assassinate Qassim. The assassins killed Qassim's driver and wounded Qassim, but not fatally. One of the assassins was killed, and Hussein was shot in the leg and got away.
After the botched assassination, Hussein had to flee Iraq. He spent the next four years in the Lebanon, Egypt and Syria, the only period he has lived outside Iraq. While Hussein was in Beirut, the CIA paid for his apartment and put him through a brief training course, former CIA officials said according to Richard Sale writing for the United Press. The agency then helped him get to Cairo, where he attended law school in Cairo and is believed to have made frequent visits to the US embassy there, according to Eric Star writing in Star Tribune in February 2003
http://www.startribune.com/stories/1762/3626448.html
Egypt:
Kermit “Kim” Roosevelt, Jr. kept forming anti-Israel groups, such as 1949's Holy Land Christian Committee, ostensibly to assist Christians in Israel. In 1951 by columnist Dorothy Thompson, CIA officer Kim Roosevelt, and 24 other pro-Arab American educators, theologians, and writers, formed the American Friends of the Middle East (AFME). It was an organization often critical of US support for Israel. The lobby group worked in close coordination with the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism, and with the US State Department. According to historians R.M. Miller, Hugh Wilford, and others, it was Roosevelt who used his role at the CIA to ensure the organization would fund the group through the CIA and ARAMCO, also known as the Saudi Arabian Oil Company.
Many of the OSS veterans were also members of a fading patrician class of American Protestants – with deep ties to elite universities like Harvard and Yale, and to missionaries with connections throughout the Middle East.
http://www.meforum.org/5030/early-cia-anti-zionism
America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East, by Hugh Wilford, pp. xi to xiv)
As a CIA non-official cover officer, Miles A. Copeland, Jr. in 1953, he worked at a consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton. He traveled to Cairo to meet Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had overthrown King Farouk and taken power in Egypt. In this role he offered US economic development and technical military assistance. The CIA distributed money to anti-communist leaders. This included a payment of $12 million to General Bey Naguib in Egypt. However, Gamal Nasser overthrew Naguib and stole the $12 million.
In 1954 that Israel's army intelligence section conceived a plan to attack British personnel seconded to King Hussein's government in Jordan. The purpose was to sour relations between Britain and Jordan as well as between both Jordan and Britain on the one hand and Egypt, which would be blamed for such attacks.
Israeli army intelligence activated two terrorist networks of young Egyptian Jews who
were to explode small incendiary bombs in American installations in Egypt, presumably to set off a chain of mutual recriminations to spoil the budding Eisenhower-Nasser courtship.
The plan was to sabotage American installations and then to bomb public places in Cairo and Alexandria, actions that Nasser would attribute to the Muslim Brotherhood, which supported the deposed General Naguib, and thus create a climate of Egyptian instability during the British-Egyptian Suez Canal Zone negotiations.
An Israeli Mossad officer posing as a German businessman was sent to Cairo to set the plan in motion. On July 14, 1954, incendiary devices exploded in US Information Service libraries and consular offices open to the public in both Cairo and Alexandria. This occurred on Bastille Day, the day the French celebrate the overthrow of monarchy both in France.
Although the resulting small fires caused minor property damage, there were no casualties and none of the US government buildings targeted were destroyed. Nine days later, on July 23, during Egyptian commemoration of the second anniversary of its revolution, members of the Israeli sabotage network took firebombs to the Cairo railway station and to movie theaters in Cairo and Alexandria.
Within days eleven people were in custody. They included all members of both the Cairo and Alexandria sabotage networks and an additional Israeli spy who was not a part of either network. Only the Israeli Mossod officer who had set the plain in motion escaped. By January 20, 1955, two of the conspirators had been hanged in Egypt.
The Israeli army intelligence chief, Colonel Benjamin Gibli, carefully covered his own tracks, but there were others in the chain of command who knew the truth. Gibli's immediate superior, General Moshe Dayan. The blame for the operation would fall on Dayan's own direct superior, Defense Minister Pinchas Lavon.
The Soviets in turn offered to finance the Egypt’s Aswan High dam, while the Israelis began pressing their major supplier, France, and the US for arms to offset those being supplied to Egypt. Seeing things were getting out of hand, the US again tried to initiate secret contacts.
By February 1956 the Egyptians were receiving their Soviet-brokered arms, and Israel, after its arms request was refused by the US, was receiving secret deliveries of French aircraft, tanks and munitions.
There followed the withdrawal by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles of US funding for the Aswan High Dam. He did so largely as a result of Israeli lobbying in Congress, Nasser, in turn nationalized the British- and French-owned Suez Canal.
That triggered the buildup toward the October. 29, 1956 Israeli-French-British attack on Egypt and the Suez Canal. That in turn was followed by Eisenhower refused to back the British, French, and Israelis over the Suez Canal in August 1956. Eisenhower's successful demands that Britain and France abandon their attempt to take back the Canal by military force, and that Israel withdraw from the Egyptian territory it had seized.
(The Untold History of Israel, Jacques Derogy and Hesi Carmel who are Israeli journalists (1979) http://www.wrmea.org/1992-july/the-lavon-affair-when-israel-firebombed-u.s.-installations.html
It was a source of constant puzzlement to American officials in the 1950s that the Arab states and the Israelis had seemed to have more interest in fighting each other rather than uniting against the Soviet Union. The Arab states were "more fearful of Zionism than of the Communists political groups within their nations.
The Middle East was perceived as strategically important due to its oil. The Eisenhower administration, even more than the Truman administration saw the Near East as a huge gap into which Soviet influence could be projected. In 1952 the United States, weighed down by defense commitments in Europe and the Far East (threat from North Korea after the war ended in July 1953), lacked sufficient troops to resist a Soviet invasion of the Middle East. American diplomats favored the creation of the CENTO treaty in the Middle East to provide the necessary military power to deter the Soviets from invading the region.
Egypt's post-World War Two domestic politics were experiencing a radical change, prompted in no small part by economic instability, inflation, and unemployment. Unrest began to manifest itself in Egypt in the growth of Islamic Fundamentalist groups like Muslim Brotherhood, and an increasingly hostile attitude towards Britain and its presence in the country. Added to this anti-British fervor was the role Britain had played in the creation of Israel. In 1955, petroleum accounted for half of the ships moving thru the Suez Canal and two thirds of Europe's oil passed through it. In addition, pipelines linking the oil fields of Iraq and the Persian Gulf states to the Mediterranean, were prone to suffer from instability, so British preferred to use the sea route through the Suez Canal.
Gamal Abdel Nasser's friendship with certain CIA officers in Cairo led the US to vastly overestimate its influence in Egypt. The CIA’s chief of Station was Miles Copeland. Nasser For a time Nasser was viewed by the CIA as a contract agent. Nasser maintained links with any and Egyptian political groups, including the right wing Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Communist Party. In turn, the British who were aware of Nasser's CIA ties deeply resented this relationship, which they viewed as an American attempt to push them out of Egypt. The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Britain the right of intervention against all foreign and domestic threats.
Following the rise of Nasser to power in 1952 to 1953, with CIA support, Nasser asked his CIA officer, Kermit Roosevelt, for help in re-organizing the Egyptian intelligence services. Kermit wired Allen Dulles.
The CIA hired Otto Skorzeny to work for them in Egypt. Skorzeny left Egypt after about a year, but he left behind him about 50 former SS and Gestapo men, many of them recruited from Argentina and neighboring countries. Otto Skorzeny was a former former Nazi SS Major acquitted at a brief trial at Nuremberg. He was a key figure in the remnants of post-war Nazi organization. A US defense attorney at at Nuremberg produced a British an MI6 officer, undercover as a regular British army officer, who falsely testified that what Skorzeny had done only what he myself would have done, for example, shooting prisoners/POWs. Which was total BS! Although Skorzeny faced further charges in Denmark and Czechoslovakia, he was allowed to walk away from his prison camp. He soon traveled to Peron's Argentina, amply supplied with money from Nazi industrialist Gustav Krupp.
By 1950 Skorzeny had opened an under cover, unconventional warfare consultancy in Madrid, Spain. As a sales representative for the German Krapp company, Skorzeny became an influential figure in, Argentina, and then in Franco's Spain. In this period Skorzeny lectured at Spanish universities on the new type of warfare that would turn to such techniques as assassinations and kidnappings.
In May 1953, during a meeting with Secretary of State John Dulles, Dulles asked Egypt to join an anti-Soviet alliance, but Nasser refused. Nasser did not share Dulles's fear of the Soviet Union taking over the Middle East, and insisted quite vehemently that he wanted to see the total end of all British influence not only in Egypt, but all the Middle East. The CIA offered Nasser a $3 million bribe if he would join the proposed Middle East Defense Organization; Nasser took the money, but then refused to join. At most, Nasser made it clear to the Americans that he wanted an Egyptian-dominated Arab League to be the principal defense organization in the Near East, which might be informally associated with the United States, a new policy of "even-handedness" where the United States very publicly sided with the Arab states in several disputes with Israel in 1953 to 1954. Most of all, Nasser wanted the United States to supply arms on a generous scale to Egypt. Nasser refused to promise that any U.S. arms he might buy would not be used against Israel, and rejected out of hand the American demand for a Military Advisory Group to be sent to Egypt as part of the price of arms sales.
Nasser's first choice for buying weapons was the United States, but his frequent anti-Israeli speeches and his sponsorship for the fedayeen (highly trained military groups likely to sacrifice themselves in the belief they would go to heaven) who were making raids into Israel had made it difficult for the Eisenhower administration to get the approval of Congress to sell weapons to Egypt.
The news in September 1955 of the Egyptian purchase of a huge quantity of Soviet arms via Czechoslovakia was greeted with shock and rage in the West, where this was seen as major increase in Soviet influence in the Near East.[ Three nations dominated the arms trade in the non-Communist world, namely the United States, the United Kingdom and France. They had agreed to limiting how many weapons they could sell in the Near East, and also to ensuring that any arms sales to one side was matched by arms sales of equal quantity and quality to the other.
Why didn’t all three nations agree not to sell any arms to any of these Near East nations? The American conservative historian Arthur L. Herman claims that the Suez Canal War ruined the usefulness of the United Nations to support American ideals.
If the Soviet Union did go to war with NATO allies Britain and France, then the United States would be unable to remain neutral, because the United States' obligations under NATO would come into effect, requiring them to go to war with the Soviet Union in defense of Britain and France. Likewise, if the Soviet Union attacked Israel, though there was no formal American commitment to defend Israel, the Eisenhower administration would come under heavy domestic pressure to intervene. U-2 spy flights only started in July 1956 and it was not until February 1959 that the US firmly established that the USSR did not have overwhelming strength with a huge arsenal of nuclear tipped ICBMs.
On July 29, 1956 the French Cabinet decided upon military action against Egypt in alliance with Israel.
On October 29, 1956 Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai. On November 5, 1956 the British and French forces invaded the Canal Zone at Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian urban warfare tactics at Port Said proved to be effective at slowing down the Allied advance.
Anglo-French operations against Egypt were militarily successful. The Royal Marine helicopter assault at Port Said showed promise as a technique for transporting troops into small landing zones. Strategic bombing proved ineffective. To operate in the open desert without air supremacy proved to be suicidal for the Egyptian forces in the Sinai. Civilian deaths that did occur helped to turn world opinion against the invasion and especially hurt support for the war in Britain. The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957.
The American historian John Lewis Gaddis wrote about the aftermath of the crisis: “When the British-French-Israeli invasion forced them to choose, Eisenhower and (John) Dulles came down, with instant decisiveness, on the side of the Egyptians. They preferred alignment with Arab nationalism, even if it meant alienating pro-Israeli constituencies on the eve of a presidential election in the United States, even if it meant throwing the NATO alliance into its most divisive crisis yet, even if it meant risking whatever was left of the Anglo-American 'special relationship', even if it meant voting with the Soviet Union in the United Nations Security Council at a time when the Russians, themselves, were invading Hungary and crushing a rebellion there, (with) far more brutally than anything that happened in Egypt.”
The United States applied crushing economic pressure to the British and French to disengage from Suez, which they did. Their oil supply had been damaged by the closing of the Suez Canal, In concert with US, Saudi Arabia started an oil embargo against Britain and France. The US refused to fill the gap until Britain and France agreed to a rapid withdrawal. The other NATO members refused to sell oil they received from Arab nations to Britain or France.
Subsequently a cease fire was called and the Israeli pull-back from the Sinai as well. After all of this, one might have thought the United States would have won the lasting gratitude of Nasser, the Egyptians and the Arab world. Instead, the Americans lost influence in the Middle East as a result of Suez, while the Russians gained it.
Eisenhower turned the UN organization from the stout voice of international law and order into at best a meaningless charade. Instead of teaching Nasser and his fellow dictators that breaking international law does not pay, Suez taught them that every transgression will be forgotten and forgiven, especially if oil is at stake. Suez war destroyed the moral authority of the UN as a world community.
As it turned out the sad historic reality was that super tankers were beginning to be used more and more to ship oil and they were too large to use the Suez Canal to get to Britain and France.
In 1957, with the approval of Dulles, the CIA attempted to poison Egyptian leader, Gamel Abdel Nasser, but this attempt failed. (The Secret History of the CIA, p. 194)
Egypt’s leader, Nasser, also was a pillar of the nonaligned movement (radical Arab nationalism). In 1958, a coup in Iraq overthrowing the British-backed government, was assumed to be Nasserite in origin. Eisenhower sent military forces to Lebanon to block a perceived nationalists threat and to ensure control over (oil) pipelines.
Another country it was feared would fall under Nasserite influence was Jordan, then the regional base of British military power. Israel assisted in assuring British control. In 1958, the Israel-Turkey relationship was established. (The Secret History of the CIA, pp. 167 -168)
Latin America
Guatemala
In the 1930s American businessman Sam Zemurray became the owner of United Fruit Company that grew bananas. He closely aligned himself with Guatemala’s dictator Jorge Ubico who was in power there from February 1931 to July 1944. In so doing, his company received import duty and real estate tax exemptions. Ubico gave United Fruit hundreds of square miles of land. United Fruit Company controlled more land than any other individual or group in Guatemala. This company became richer and owned the railway, the electric utilities, telegraph, and the country's only port at Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast. Guatemalans called this company, “the octopus” because it had its hands on controlling everything.
Under Ubico’s rule, landless men of working age were required to perform a minimum of 100 days of forced labor annually. Ubico authorized landowners to take any actions against their workers, including executions. During World War Two Ubico believed in fascism and admired Hitler, but he became an ally of the US. In June 1944, a popular pro-democracy movement led by university students and labor organizations forced Ubico to resign.
Juan Jose Arevalo was easily elected president in December 1944 with 85 percent of the vote. For the first time in Guatemalan history, organized labor had played an important part. Arévalo’s policies favored urban and agricultural workers and the country’s Indian population. During his administration, a social-security system was established, a labor code enacted, and important programs in education, health, and road building were begun. He allowed freedom of speech and of the press. Right-wing opposition to Arévalo’s reforms increased during his administration, and he withstood several military coup attempts. During his term he refused to recognize Anastasio Somoza’s Nicaragua, Francisco Franco’s Spain, and Rafael Trujillo’s Dominican Republic.
President Arevalo of Guatemala held office from March 1945 to March 1951. Arevalo suppressed various Communist political movements in Guatemala. He exiled several communist activists, declined to legalize the Communist Party of Guatemala, removed government officials with ties to the communist newspaper. He implemented sweeping reforms by passing new laws that gave workers the right to form unions. This included the 40,000 Guatemalans who worked for United Fruit. Arévalo endured nearly 30 attempted coups from members of the Guatemalan military due to his perceived empathy for communists.
In 1949 Sam Zemurray hired lawyer Thomas G. Corcoran to join the United Fruit Company as a lobbyist and special counsel, fearing that Arevalo would nationalize the land owned by United Fruit in Guatemala. Zemurray asked Corcoran to express his fears to senior political figures in Washington. Corcoran began talks with key people in the government agencies and departments that shaped US policy in Central America. He argued that the US should use United Fruit as an American beachhead against communism in the region. Corcoran had been a wheeler-dealer who had the ear or high US government officials since the days of the FDR Administration. Corcoran recruited Robert La Follette Jr. to work for United Fruit. Corcoran arranged for La Follette to lobby liberal members of Congress. The message was that Arbenz was not a liberal but a dangerous left-wing radical. Follette’s father and followed by himself, they held the seat in the US Senate in Wisconsin from 1909 to December 1946.
Colonel Jacobo Árbenz was elected in 1951 following Arévalo in and served until he was overthrown by the CIA in June 27, 1954. Arbenz continued the agrarian reforms of Arévalo's government. Prior his election he had severed as the First Minster of National Defense from 1945 to 1951.
In the spring of 1950, Corcoran paid a call on the Allen Dulles, the deputy director of the CIA. During their meeting Dulles explained to Corcoran that while the CIA was sympathetic to United Fruit, he could not authorize any assistance without the support of the State Department.
Corcoran contacted President Anastasio Somoza and warned him that the Guatemalan revolution might spread to Nicaragua. Somoza then appealed to President Truman about what was happening in Guatemala. After discussions with CIA director General Walter Bedell Smith, a secret plan to overthrow Arbenz was developed. Part of this plan involved Tommy Corcoran arranging for small arms and ammunition to be loaded on a United Fruit freighter and shipped to Guatemala, where weapons would be distributed to dissidents. When the Secretary of State Dean Acheson discovered details, he had a meeting with Truman and he vigorously protested the CIA overthrowing a democratically elected President Jacobo Arbenz. Truman refused to allow it.
United Fruit Company hired a public relations firm that ran a concerted campaign of propaganda to portray the company as the victim of the Guatemalan government for several years. After Eisenhower was elected in 1952, United Fruit stepped up this public relations (propaganda) campaign. Overall, the company spent over a half-million dollars to influence both US lawmakers and US voters that the Guatemalan government needed to be overthrown.
This PR strategy alarmed Congress was duly when on June 17, 1952 Arbenz announced a new Agrarian Reform program. This included expropriating idle land on government and private estates and redistributing it to the poor. Before the reform government took power, two percent of the population owned 60 percent of the land, while 50 percent of the people eked out a living on only three percent of the land.
The New York Times decried “The Guatemalan Cancer”… “a sense of deep disappointment and disillusionment over the trend of Guatemalan politics in the two months since Árbenz became President.” The editors took particular umbrage at the growth of Communist influence, complaining that “the Government’s policy is either running parallel to, or is a front for, Russian imperialism in Central America.” The Washington Post carried an editorial a few months later titled “Red Cell in Guatemala” that branded the new president of Guatemala’s Congress a “straight party liner” and dismissed Árbenz as little more than a tool.
Eisenhower appointed John Peurifoy as ambassador to Guatemala. Peurifoy believed that the Arbenz government posed a threat to the America’s campaign against communism. Eisenhower’s personal secretary was Anne Whitman, the wife of Edmund Whitman, United Fruit’s public relations director.
In March 1953, some 200,000 acres of United Fruit Company's uncultivated land was taken by the government which offered compensation of $525,000. The banana monopoly wanted $16 million for the land.
As a lobbyist, Corcoran arranged for Whiting Willauer, his friend and partner in Civil Air Transport, to become US ambassador to Honduras. Willauer established sites in Honduras where the CIA trained pilots for the rebel air force to be used in the invasion of Guatemala. He kept the Honduran government happy about the CIA training within their country. John Foster Dulles decided that he needed a civilian adviser to the State Department team to help expedite the overthrow. He chose a friend of Corcoran’s, William Pawley, a Miami-based millionaire. Pawley had worked with Corcoran, Claire Chennault, and Willauer. They had set up the American Flying Tigers pilots in China against the Japanese in World War Two and transformed Civil Air Transport into a CIA airline. Pawley’s most important qualification for the job was his long association with right-wing Latin America dictators.
Eisenhower replaced Secretary of State Dean Acheson with John Foster Dulles. Both of the Dulles brothers had sat on the board of directors of the Schroder Banking Corporation that was a partner with United Fruit. U.N. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge was also stockholder and he had been a strong defender of United Fruit Company when he served as a US senator.
After CIA Director General Walter Bedell Smith become an Undersecretary of the State Department, he told Corcoran he would do all he could to help in the overthrow of Arbenz. He added that he would like to work for United Fruit once he retired from government office. And that wish later was granted, making him a director on the board of United Fruit.
Allen Dulles arranged for Tracy Barnes and Richard Bissell to plan and execute the operation to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz. CIA Deputy Director Frank Wisner tasked Colonel Albert J. Haney (aka Dunbar) to head up the operation. Haney was transferred from his post as CIA station Chief in South Korea for the job. Haney was told to report to Joseph Caldwell King, director of the CIA’s Western Hemisphere Division.
Haney hired a force of 300 mercenaries. He decided to use psychological warfare using leaflets and a fake commercial radio station broadcasting into Guatemala, calling itself the Voice of Liberation.
King suggested Colonel Hanley meet Tommy Corcoran. Haney did not like the idea and refused to work with Corcoran. However, Allen Dulles kept Corcoran fully informed of the latest developments in planning the overthrow of Arbenz. CIA officer Tracy Barnes was assigned to work with Haney. They both had worked together in South Korea. Haney brought in Rip Robertson to take charge of the paramilitary side of the operation. Robertson had been Hanley’s deputy in Korea. In violation of standing orders from Washington, Roberson had gone into North Korea on raids with the South Korean commandos. Also in the team was CIA officers Henry Hecksher, who operated under cover in Guatemala to supply front-line reports, William Harvey and David Morales.
Tracy Barnes brought in David Atlee Phillips to run a “black” propaganda radio station. Barnes also appointed E. Howard Hunt as chief of political action. In his autobiography, Undercover (1975), Hunt claims that “Barnes swore me to special secrecy and revealed that the National Security Council under Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon had ordered the overthrow of Guatemala’s Communist regime.” David Atlee Phillips and E. Howard Hunt were responsible for running the Voice of Liberation radio station. It started broadcasting on May, 1, 1954. This CIA’s powerful transmitter overrode the signal from Guatemalan national radio.
Sydney Gruson of the New York Times began to investigate this story. Journalists working for Time Magazine also tried to write about these attempts to destabilize Arbenz’s government. Arthur Hays Sulzberger, the publisher of the New York Times, agreed to stop Gruson from writing the story. Henry Luce was also willing to arrange for the Time Magazine reports to be rewritten at the editorial offices in New York. Over 200 articles based on information provided by the CIA were placed in newspapers and magazines by the United States Information Agency.
The CIA propaganda campaign included the distribution of 100,000 copies of a pamphlet and the distribution of posters. They also produced three films on Guatemala for showing free in cinemas. Faked photographs were distributed that claimed to show the mutilated bodies of opponents of Arbenz.
On February 19, 1954, the CIA began planting of a false Soviet arms-cache in Nicaragua, to publicly demonstrate Guatemalan Government ties to the Soviet Union.
Haney began collecting exiles and looking for a suitable leader to replace Jacobo Árbenz . The CIA found a man they felt was perfect for the job, to lead the troops. His name was Castillo Armas, who was a former military leader, with no strong views other than anti-Communism. He did not know much about conducting for military operations, but he willingly took orders from his United States superiors.
The rebel “liberation army” was formed and trained in Nicaragua. This was not a problem as President Anastasio Somoza had been crying since 1952 that that the Guatemalan revolution might spread to Nicaragua. The rebel army of some 150 to 480 men was trained by Rip Robertson and it was commanded by a disaffected Guatemalan army officer.
It was clear that a 150 man army was unlikely to be able to overthrow the Guatemalan government. However, Tracey Barnes believed that if the rebels could gain control of the skies and bomb Guatemala City, they could create panic and Arbenz might be fooled into accepting defeat.
Arbenz became aware of this CIA plot to overthrow him. Guatemalan police made several arrests. In his memoirs, Eisenhower described these arrests as a “reign of terror” and falsely claimed that “agents of international Communism in Guatemala continued their efforts to penetrate and subvert their neighboring Central American states, using consular agents for their political purposes and fomenting political assassinations and strikes."
The commando force invaded Guatemala on June 18, 1954, backed by bombings of Guatemala City and an anti-Árbenz radio station claiming to be genuine news. According to CIA boss Richard Bissell, Somoza was willing to provide cover for this covert operation. However, this was on the understanding that these aircraft would be provided by the US. Eisenhower agreed to supply Somoza with a small pirate air force to bomb Arbenz into submission. To fly these planes, the CIA recruited American mercenaries like Jerry DeLarm.
CIA plane sank a British merchant vessel SS Springfjord heading for Guatemala. The bombing had been ordered by Rip Robertson without first gaining permission from the CIA or Eisenhower. Napalm bombs set the ship on fire and it was badly damaged, yet none of her crew was killed. A CIA secret memorandum dated July 1, 1955 confirmed that the pilot who attacked Springfjord was Ferdinand Schoup, a US national.
Robertson had been convinced that the Springfjord was a “Czech arms carrying freighter”. In reality it had been carrying only coffee and cotton. With the help of British intelligence, the CIA later quietly reimbursed Lloyd’s of London, insurers of the SS Springfjord, somewhere between $900,000 to $1.5 million for the ship and its cargo.
The Voice of Liberation reported massive defections from Arbenz’s army. According to David Atlee Phillips the radio station broadcast false reports about two columns of rebel soldiers converging on Guatemala City. In fact, Castillo Armas and his makeshift army were still encamped six miles inside the border, far from the capital.” As Phillips later admitted, the “highways were crowded, but with frightened citizens fleeing Guatemala City and not with soldiers approaching it.”
The insurgents force fared poorly militarily. However, the psychological warfare operations and the possibility of a US intervention or invasion caused the Guatemalan army to refuse to fight. Jacobo Arbenz had been convinced by the Voice of Liberation reports that his army was deserting. He decided to distribute weapons to the “people’s organizations and the political parties”. As a result the conservative men who constituted the leadership of the Guatemalan army viewed his action as the final unacceptable (as in supporting communism). They told Arbenz they would no longer support him. He resigned on June 27th and sought refuge in the Mexican Embassy.
Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas was installed in the presidential palace as Guatemala's new leader on July 7, 1954. The idea of forming assassination teams ("K" groups) apparently originated with Armas in 1952. The CIA aided him by shipped 20 silencers (converters) for .22 cal. caliber rifles.
US Secretary of State John F. Dulles told US Ambassador John E. Peurifoy to encourage the Guatemalan government scour the countryside for communists and to slap them with criminal charges. Peurifoy gave the Guatemalan’s a list of suspected communists that he and the CIA wanted executed. (The Nation, 10/28/1978, p. 444)
Under Colonel Armas the Guatemalan army butchered tens of thousands of people. Labor laws were forgotten and worker organizers began disappearing from united fruit plantations. The CIA worked inside the Guatemalan Army’s Intelligence (G-2) unit which maintains a network of torture centers. CIA officers advised, trained, armed and equipped the Guatemalan G2 officers.
In the years that followed the coup in Guatemala, tens of thousands of politically suspected socialists died at the hands of security forces. Available public record suggests that the CIA indeed did go forward with the assassination plots. Not only did US officials give a death list (aka black list) to the Guatemalan military and the CIA forced out of power Guatemalan officers who balked at the murder assignments. In the name of anti-communism, the Guatemalan army launched scorched-earth warfare against Mayan Indian villages considered sympathetic to leftist guerrillas. The slaughter took on the look of genocide.
By falsely represented as working for the UN affiliated World Health Organization.
Anthropologist Richard Adams (alias Stokes Newbold) was really working for the US State Department’s Intelligence and Research Division. He interviewed some 250 inmates in Guatemalan prisons who have been arrested after the coup. He concluded that few if any of the prisoners know anything about Communism.
The goal of the CIA was the apprehension of suspected communists and sympathizers. At CIA behest, Castillo Armas created committee and issued decree that established death penalty for crimes including labor union activities. The committee was given authority to declare anyone a communist with no right of defense or appeal. By November 1954 committee had some 72,000 persons on its death list (aka black list). (Sources: NACLA (a magazine in Latin America) 2/1983, p. 4, Schlesinger, S., & Kinzer, S. (1983). Bitter Fruit, p. 221, Communism in Guatemala by Ronald Schneider (1959) and Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala by Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer)
http://genius.com/Central-intelligence-agency-cia-assassination-proposals-operation-pbsuccess-guatemala-annotated/
https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story37.html
Mexico
Mexico's population more than doubled in less than thirty years, from 16 million in the mid-1930s to 34 million in 1960. The resulting population pressure, as well as the concentration of services and new jobs in urban areas, encouraged massive urban migration, most notably in and around Mexico City. The proliferation of urban shantytowns in the capital's outskirts became a growing symbol of the imbalance between urban and rural development in postwar Mexico.
Miguel Alemán Valdés served as the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952 and the country's first non-military president. During his administration women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections. In 1952, newly elected President Ruiz Cortines set out to eliminate the corruption and graft that had tainted the previous administration.
In March 1952, the US Congress passed a bill mandating fines for American employers who recruited illegal aliens. http://www.paperlessarchives.com/mexico.html
Mexico’s Federal Security Directorate (FDS) and CIA both formed in 1947. The Colonel Carlos I. Serrano was one of the first directors and he was connected to drug trafficking. One of the main responsibilities of the DFS was to conduct surveillance of Mexico’s labor movement and the left, an activity which was well under way by the middle of 1947. The office of the Mexican Railway Workers Union was attack in October 1948. The US State Department and military attaché Maurice C. Holden denounce the DFS for its drug trafficking connection, but not the CIA when it established its station in Mexico City in 1949. DFS Director Marcelino Inurreta and his deputy Lt. Col. Manel Magoral were also involved in drug trafficking.
From 1950 to 1951, CIA’s Chief of Station in Mexico City was E. Howard Hunt. CIA reported that Serrano was “unscrupulous, involved in illegal activities, including narcotics.” The Mexican connection had been ongoing since around 1931 and was in business with Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky. The Times once called it “one of the greatest international drug rings discovered in years.” Hunt returned to Mexico in 1954 in connection to the CIA’s overthrow of Guatemala. (Source: American War Machine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global Drug Connection, and the ...By Peter Dale Scott, pp. 49 to 58.
In the mid-1950s Chief of Station in Mexico, Winston Scott recruited Mexican Presidents Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952 to 1958) then Adolfo Lopez Mateos (1958 to 1964) and Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (1964 to 1970). Adolfo Lopez and Win Scott were personally close friends. This CIA station became the second largest in the world. Vienna Station was the largest primary responsible for the Soviet bloc operations. By 1969 CIA station in Mexico was staffed by some 50 people of whom 15 were under diplomatic cover and another some twelve outside the embassy in non-diplomatic cover. Daily liaison with the DFS was the job of two CIA officers under USAID cover. The CIA set up a secret communication network between the president’s office and principal cities in Mexico. DFS officers were an integrated component of CIA’s intelligence collections. As a young DFS intelligence officer in 1952, Fernando Gutierrez Barrios, befriended Fidel Castro who was jailed by the Mexican political police, helping him win his freedom. It was the start of a 44-year friendship with Castro. In 1964, Gutierrez became the director of the DFS.
CIA recruited confidential informants /sources and contract agents within the upper echelons of the Mexican government from 1956 to 1969. Senior CIA officers, such as the Chief of Station in Mexico City, Winston “Win” Scott developed a spy network code-named "LI/TEMPO. Scott used the LI/TEMPO project to provide "a secret unofficial channel for intelligence collection and the exchange of selected sensitive political information which each government wanted the other to receive but not through public protocol exchanges." As a result, the CIA helped protect Mexico's ruling party from bearing responsibility for the massacre.
First-hand accounts from former associates, friends and family of Station Chief Winston Scott, stated that he relied on his friendships with Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos (1958-1964) whose CIA code was LI/TENSOR and other senior Mexican officials to inform Washington about the student movement. Two of these CIA confidential sources were future Presidents of Mexico, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (LI/TEMPO-2) and future President Luis Echeverría( LI/TEMPO-8). (Sources: "The CIA's Eyes on Tlatelolco" Proceso magazine, October 1, 2006 by Jefferson Morley) http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB204/
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/intro.htm
The US journalist Tad Szulc said that for nearly a half-century after 1956, Latin America experienced a Twilight of the Tyrants, as military dictators fell in Peru (1956), Colombia (1957), Venezuela (1958), and Cuba (1959). Strongmen also left office in Brazil (1954) and Argentina (1955). In 1953 British Guyana elected a socialist, Prime Minister Cheddi Jagan, but after 133 days he resigned and on the advice of the CIA, the Britain intervened, suspended the constitution and chose an interim government. He was not jailed and was only restricted in his movement about the country until 1957.
At the time of the governor's trip, Standard Oil of New Jersey, part of the trust put together by Nelson A. Rockefeller's grandfather, controlled 95 percent of Venezuela's largest oil company, Creole Petroleum. Below the equator, another Rockefeller family corporation, International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC), showed assets of well over $50 million. There were also Rockefeller-controlled industries, banks, and supermarkets.
International Basic Economy Corporation founded by Rockefeller in 1947, operated on the premise that a private American business corporation that focused on developing the basic economies of developing countries could turn a profit and encourage others, especially nationals in those countries, to establish competitive businesses. During 1947 to 1955, IBEC established a subsidiary in Venezuela that formed companies in the fishing, wholesale grocery (and later retail supermarkets), and milk industries. IBEC also established five agricultural companies in Brazil and invested modestly in Brazilian manufacturing and investment banking.
US investors controlled 80 percent of Latin America's sources of raw material. US investment had doubled from $6 billion in 1960 to $12 billion nine years later, and the Rockefeller interests remained among the most visible of those investments. After the coup in 1964 coup, the US pumped $2 billion into Brazil to protect US investments totaling only $1.6 billion.
Older police officers were replaced "when the CIA and the US police advisers had turned to harsher measures and sterner men." (Source: Hidden Terrors by A. J. Langguth, (1978) p. 286)
Columbia
On June 13, 1953, General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla seized power by means of a political coup d'état supported by Liberals and Conservatives. He was elected President of Colombia in 1954. Rojas enacted legislation that gave women the equal right to vote. He introduced the television and constructed several hospitals, universities and the National Astronomic Observatory. He was also a strong supporter of public works and infrastructure, promoting and conducting projects such as the Atlantic railway, a hydroelectric dam and the oil refinery.
On May 10, 1957, the people of Colombia, dissatisfied with the government of Rojas, launched a massive national protest demanding his resignation. Rojas was ousted and the events of this day were called a “coup d'état of public opinion”. A military junta of five Generals assumed the control of the nation.
In May 1957, the dictatorship of General Rojas fell. At the level of the país político (the ruling political class), Rojas’s departure involved an unprecedented rapprochement between the leaders of the liberal and conservative parties. Attempting to reestablish in a National Front, the coexistence that had broken down after 1945, the political elite agreed to share power for 16 years. No longer would public office holders from one party be violently dislodged if their opponents took power in elections. Instead, the bureaucracy would be divided evenly between conservatives and liberals, from the presidential cabinet all the way down. The presidency itself would alternate between liberals and conservatives for four electoral cycles. Other political groups were constitutionally barred from standing for office.
The National Front was the best known element of Colombia’s 1957-1958 democratic
transition. The multi-stage inauguration of the National Front was received optimistically not solely by the país politico. Vast sectors of the país nacional optimistically viewed the National Front not just as a potential end to the nightmare of the prior decade, nor as the restoration of vague democratic ideals. The popular classes considered the overthrow of Rojas to have been a true national, collective endeavor, in which they had played a role. This suggests the persistence and durability of popular notions of political participation, in spite of the horror of Colombia’s 20-year civil war from 1946-1966.
A poll commissioned by the transitional military junta less than six months after the fall of
Rojas indicates the extent to which people in Bogotá believed that popular involvement played a
key role in the end of the dictatorship. Around 31 percent of those polled believed that the banks
and large business interests had organized the labor strike of early May and they were responsible for the strikes success. An almost identical percentage believed that public protest accounted for Rojas’s downfall. A plurality of those polled believed that the fall of Rojas had most benefited the economic elite. Still, over a quarter of respondents felt that resignation of General Gustavo Rojas (el 10 de mayo) benefited the “whole nation” or the popular classes specifically.
This view is reinforced by the myriad petitions and proposals from the país nacional contained in Colombia’s national archives. On the one hand, the ascension of a nominally democratic government and the partial reinstatement of political freedoms certainly meant that average Colombians felt more willing to raise their thoughts and concerns with the government in Bogotá. On the other hand, correspondence from the país nacional to the government also show that the país nacional felt a specific empowerment stemming from its role in el 10 demayo. The reestablishment of democratic government in Colombia was thus accompanied by new notions of popular political participation.
The fall of Rojas also provided specific models for political action. The Colombian Communist Party (PCC) remarked later in 1958 that it was surprised by the strength of the bourgeoisie, which had “proven itself as the ruling class of Colombia,” dragging the working class and popular forces along with it. The lessons the Party drew from Rojas’s fall were nonetheless not entirely pessimistic. One Communist analyst wrote later in the spring of 1957 that the final days of the Rojas regime showed the need for mass political action, rather than the sort of death squad adventures being realized against the Batista dictatorship in Cuba.
Argentina
In the 1930s Argentina had an authoritarian government. Political power was largely with the landed aristocracy, which was allied with the Catholic Church. In June 1943, an almost bloodless military coup interrupted Argentine politics. General Arturo Rawson was named president, but, when it was discovered that he actually favored the Allies and wanted to include civilians in the government, he was soon replaced.
By December 1943 all political parties were banned. The military regime began a war against what they called subversion. Organizations that favored the Allies were suspended on the charge that they were communistic. Communist-led labor unions were closed. Professors were fired and demonstrations suppressed. Textbooks were required to praise Argentina and the military. Movie houses were required to show a patriotic newsreel with their regular presentations. Newspapers were suppressed and editors jailed. All publishers and journalists had to be registered with the government. In the schools, religious education was compulsory.
The coup leaders were isolationist and nationalistic regarding the economy. They erected barriers against imports, ending the import-export strategy of the landowners and men of commerce who had been making money selling beef and other agricultural products abroad. The new military leaders wanted Argentina to start building its own industries rather than buy from foreign manufacturers – especially from the United States.
One of the men in the new military government was Colonel Juan Perón. He was sent to Italy for a year beginning in February 1939, and there he admired Mussolini's skill in appealing to the masses and Mussolini's social reforms. He had been a member of a secret organization of officers who had planned the right-wing coup of 1943.
On February 24, 1944, Perón was made minister of war and then vice-president. Argentina's new leadership watched as Germany was headed for defeat, and on March 27, 1945, with the fall of Germany imminent, they declared war on the Axis powers. Delegates to the United Nations in San Francisco had a heated debate on whether to admit Argentina to the United Nations, but did so in early May over opposition from the Soviet Union.
Perón appealed to workers, a patriotic appeal as an alternative to the Marxist tradition and Communist infiltration in the labor movement. Perón encouraged the creation of strong unions among meat packers and those who worked on sugar plantations. Under Perón's leadership a minimum wage was given to field hands, and wages rose for other workers. The eight-hour day was established. Rents were frozen. Workers received paid vacations. The workers received protection through restrictions on firings, and they were given an opportunity to voice complaints in labor courts. It was all done in the name of unity rather than the divisiveness of class struggle advocated by Marxists. The military regime could afford being generous to laborers. This was a time of affluence for Argentina. The Argentineans had been doing well selling their beef abroad. And employers were not unhappy with it, but they enjoyed the security it gave them from Communist subversion within their work force.
The victory of the Allies over fascism, gave popular demonstrations erupted against the regime in power in Argentina, and the regime promised free elections. The military regime backed down and brought Perón back into the government. In 1946 Juan Perón won election as President and his followers won two-thirds of the seats in Argentina's House of Representatives and all but two seats in the Senate. For the first time in Argentina's history, workers were now to occupy important government positions.
Juan Perón first articulated his foreign policy, the "Third Way" (non-aligned), in 1949. This Cold War policy was developed both the United States and the Soviet Union as allies rather than enemies. He restored diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, severed since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1918, and opened grain sales to the shortage-stricken Soviets.
US policy restricted Argentine growth during the Perón years; by placing embargoes on Argentina, the US hoped to discourage the nation in its pursuit of becoming economically sovereign. US interests feared losing their large commercial holdings in Argentina such as oil production and meat packing industries, and Argentina was a good consumer of US mechanical goods.
The government began buying railroads, of which 70 percent were owned by the British and the British owned trolley system. These were viewed as examples of British imperialism. Perón nationalized the US owned telephone company, IT&T, and he nationalized other key sectors of the economy. He put limits on the amount of profits that foreign-owned firms could take out of the country. This was followed by a dramatic drop in foreign investing in Argentina.
The rising influence of American diplomat George F. Kennan, a staunch anti-communist, fed US suspicions that Argentine goals for economic sovereignty and neutrality were Perón's disguise for a resurgence of communism in the Americas. The US Congress took a dislike of Perón and his government. In 1948 they excluded Argentine exports from the Marshall Plan, the landmark Truman administration effort to combat communism and help rebuild war-torn European nations by offering US aid. This contributed to Argentine financial crises after 1948. The policy deprived Argentina of potential agricultural markets in Western Europe to the benefit of Canadian exporters, for instance.
Perón increased the size of the army, gave it modern equipment and increased its pay scale. Radical students supported Perón because of his stand for social justice and against US imperialism. He continued government indoctrination and the crushing of selected opposition. He had the justices of the Supreme Court removed and replaced by people who were more docile. Universities were put under the direction of rectors appointed by the government. Political activity on campus was forbidden. Around 70 percent of the professors were purged. But, in keeping with Perón's support of working class, university fees were abolished. Money was no longer a barrier to higher education. The universities were opened to all who could qualify. Perón sought out Jewish Argentines as government advisers. Argentina signed a generous commercial agreement with Israel that granted favorable terms for Israeli acquisitions of Argentine commodities, and the Eva Perón Foundation sent significant humanitarian aid. Argentine accepted more Jewish immigrants than any other country in Latin America. Today Argentina has the largest Jewish population in Latin America, the third-largest in the Americas, and the sixth-largest in the world.
In March 1949, Perón created a new constitution permitting the president to succeed himself, and Perón's political party re-nominated him as its presidential candidate for 1952. There were still those who were not with Peron, and opposition parties and members of the press became increasingly critical. In September, Perón's majority in Congress retaliated with legislation that provided prison terms for persons who showed disrespect for government leaders. Opponents of the Perón regime were jailed. Opposition newspapers were repressed, and restrictions were imposed on the anti-Peronista parties.
The landed wealthy, industrialists and financiers were also hostile to the Peróns, but he did not confiscating their property. Nor was he about to open an assault against industrialists or to attack those few in the military who disliked him or his wife Eva (aka Evita).
Evita Perón championed and succeeded in giving women the vote. She launched a woman's Peronist political party. She advocated glamour for the common woman. The poor, she claimed, deserved the best. Also she preached that women should follow their traditional roles of subservience to their husbands and devotion to their families.
Beginning in 1950, good times for the Perons began to fade. Political unrest was on the rise, and in September, 1951, there was a failed coup attempt against him. He responded with more repression. His regime restricted public meetings and forbade talk of politics on the radio -- except for the regime's political messages. The elections slated for 1952 were pushed forward to 1951. During the campaign one of the candidates for the presidency was arrested and another was shot. Perón received 64 percent of the votes cast. All of those elected to Argentina's governorships and all elected to the Senate were Peronists. And 90 percent of those elected to the House of Representatives were Peronists.
In July 1954 a group of Catholics founded a rival political party. Then Catholics started organizing their own labor union. Perón felt threatened and began making verbal attacks against the priesthood. He accused priests of meddling in politics. He threw some priests in jail, closed Catholic papers and prohibited religious processions. Hoping for support from liberals, he had Congress legalize divorce and remove religious instruction from the schools. He granted legitimacy to children born out of wedlock, and he had prostitution legalized.
The Church incited mass demonstrations against Perón. Two Argentine priests were deported to Italy, and on June 16, 1955, the Vatican excommunicated those responsible for the expulsion, without naming anyone specifically. On that same day, the Navy and Air Force launched a coup, and airplanes bombed Perón's primary residence. Perón survived, but 350 civilians died in the assault. And in September 1955 the armed forces fought each other again, for three days. Four thousand people were killed. Perón went into exile, first to Paraguay and then to Venezuela.
In 1956 inflation was rampant. In an effort to check inflation, the new military dictator Major General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu kept wages frozen, and occasionally he crushed revolts by outraged workers. Thousands were arrested. Thirty-eight alleged Peronists were executed, and scores were imprisoned on charges of plotting to overthrow the new regime.
In elections held in Argentina in March 1962, Peronists polled 35 percent of the total vote. The military saw danger and declared the elections invalid. New elections were held in July 1963. Peronists and Communists were barred from running for office.
In June 1966, the military intervened again. Still afraid of Peronism and thinking they were needed to keep the country orderly and proper, for the rest of the decade the military remained the power behind whomever it chose as president.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24arg-7.htm
Protection of Nazi war criminals
Argentine Author Uki Goñi alleges that Axis Power collaborators, met with Juan Perón and in this meeting, a network would have been created with support by the Argentine Immigration Service and the Foreign Office. Goñi has documented the part played by Perón's government in organizing the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe (aka the ratline), as well as documenting the aid of Swiss and Vatican authorities in their flight. (The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina (2002), by Uki Goni)
The Swiss Chief of Police Heinrich Rothmund and the Croatian Roman Catholic priest Krunoslav Draganović also helped organize the ratline. An investigation of 22,000 documents by the DAIA (the umbrella organization of Argentina's Jewish community) in 1997 discovered that the network was managed by Rodolfo Freude. He was scion of a wealthy Argentine German family and was Peron’s chief of intelligence in 1946. Freude's agency organized a network of agents who smuggled the fugitives to Buenos Aires through way stations in Milan, Italy; Madrid; and other cities.
According to Ronald C. Newton book, The "Nazi Menace" in Argentina, 1931-1947. Ludwig Freude, Rodolfo's father, was investigated over his connection to possible looted Nazi art, cash and precious metals on deposit at two Argentine banks. But on September 6, 1946, the Freude investigation was terminated by presidential decree.
Examples of Nazis and collaborators who relocated to Argentina included:
Emile Dewoitine, who arrived in May 1946 and worked on the Pulqui jet,
Erich Priebke, who arrived in 1947,
Josef Mengele in 1949,
Adolf Eichmann in 1950,
Franz Stangl the former Commandant of Sobibor and Treblinka death camps,
Austrian representative in Spain, Reinhard Spitzy,
Charles Lescat, editor of Je Suis Partout in Vichy France,
SS functionary Ludwig Lienhardt,
German industrialist Ludwig Freude,
SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie.
Many members of the notorious Croatian Ustaše war criminals took refuge in Argentina. A Croatian priest, Krunoslav Draganović was authorized by Perón to assist Nazi operatives to come to Argentina and evade prosecution in Europe after World War Two, in particular the Ustaše. The major Roman ratline, the San Girolamo ratline, was operated by a small, but influential network of Croatian priests, led by Father Draganović. His headquarters was at the San Girolamo Seminary College in Rome, with links from Austria and embarkation was from port of Genoa. Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, the Middle East and Canada were also destinations of Nazi war criminals.
Ante Pavelić became a security advisor of Perón, before leaving for Francoist Spain in 1957. He was a Croatian fascist dictator who led the Ustaše movement and Independent State of Croatia. By the end of war, the Ustaše exterminated 30,000 Jews, about 29,000 Gypsies, and between 300,000 and 600,000 Serbs. Some 45,000 to 52,000 of these Serbs were murdered in the Croatian concentration camp, Jasenovac.
The former Yugoslavian collaborator, Milan Stojadinović, spent the rest of his life as presidential advisor on economic and financial affairs to governments in Argentina and founded the financial newspaper El Economista. The French collaborator Jacques de Mahieu became an ideologue of the Peronist movement. Belgian collaborator Pierre Daye became editor of a Peronist magazine.
The Argentine consulate in Barcelona gave false passports to fleeing Nazi war criminals and collaborators. Recently declassified files from Brazil and Chile reveal that during WWII Péron sold 10,000 blank Argentine passports to ODESSA – the organisation set up to protect former SS men in the event of defeat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n
Spain, not Rome, was the "first center of ratline activity that facilitated the escape of Nazi fascists", although the exodus itself was planned within the Vatican. By 1946, there were probably hundreds of war criminals in Spain, and thousands of former Nazis and fascists. According to US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, Vatican cooperation in turning over asylum-seekers was "negligible". According to Phayer, Pius XII "preferred to see fascist war criminals on board ships sailing to the New World rather than seeing them rotting in POW camps in zonal Germany".
Costa Rico
In the mid-1950s CIA agents intruded deeply into the political affairs of Costa Rica, the most stable and democratic republic in Latin America. In 1955 US Ambassador Woodward reported the government should be urged to maintain closer surveillance over communists and prosecute them more vigorously, and the government should be influenced to amend the constitution to limit the travel of communists, increase penalties for subversive activities and enact proposed legislation eliminating communists from union leadership. Meanwhile USIA programs continued to condition Costa Ricans about the communist menace. (Z Magazine, 11/1988, p. 20)
The CIA's wanted to help unseat Jose “Pepe” Figueres, the moderate socialist who became President in a fair and open election in 1953. He was president of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1948–1949, 1953–1958, and 1970–1974.
The Eisenhower administration’s major grievance was that Figueres had scrupulously recognized the right of asylum in Costa Rica -- for non-Communists and Communists alike, so the CIA increased its staff there. The CIA's strategy was twofold: to stir up embarrassing trouble within the Communist Party in Costa Rica, and to attempt to link Figueres with the Communists.
The CIA gave Figueres money to publish a political journal, Combate, and to sponsor the founding meeting of the Institute of Political Education in Costa Rica in November 1959. The money passed first to a shell foundation, then to the Kaplan Fund of New York, next to the Institute for International Labor Research located in New York, and finally to San José.
The institute was organized as a training school and a center for political collaboration for political parties of the democratic left, principally from Costa Rica, Cuba (in exile), the Dominican Republic (in exile), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (in exile), Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. The CIA concealed its role from most of the participants except President Figueres. The IILR's treasurer, Sacha Volman, who also became treasurer of the institute in San José, was a CIA agent. The CIA used Volman to monitor the institute, and CIA officer Cord Meyer dealt directly with Figueres. Figueres himself acknowledged in 1981 that he had received help from the Central Intelligence Agency. He stated, "At the time, I was conspiring against the Latin American dictatorships and wanted help from the United States", he recalled. "I was a good friend of Allen Dulles."
In March of 1954, in the course of a Senate speech, US Senator Mansfield cited a newspaper report to the effect that "a CIA man was caught red-handed" in the "tapping of the telephone of Jose Figueres.
Figueres abolished the Costa Rican army, which forced him to appeal to the Organization of American States to protect his country in 1955 from Somoza's aggression. Figueres backed the leftist Sandinista revolution in neighboring Nicaragua that overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer
Dominican Republic
During the United States’ occupation of the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina joined the Constabulary Guard and was trained by US Marines. His military career quickly progressed and by 1927 after serving in the Army for nine years, he was promoted to General and then commander in chief of their National Army. Trujillo received more votes than actual voters. Trujillo was sworn in on June 16, 1930 and he immediately assumed dictatorial powers. He had already begun jailing opponents even before his swearing-in.
In October 1937, amid reports of Haitians stealing cattle and crops from Dominicans along the border, Trujillo ordered the massacre of an estimated 20,000 Haitians. Punishment for the atrocity amounted to an agreement in which a paltry $525,000 was paid to the Haitian government.
Rafael Trujillo’s repressive, right-wing, dictatorship, maintained a firm grip of power with consistent support from Truman and Eisenhower. Those who dared to oppose him were imprisoned, tortured and murdered. Their bodies often disappeared, rumored to have been fed to the sharks.
Trujillo was credited with improving sanitation, constructing new roads, schools and hospitals, and increasing the general standard of living for the Dominican people. But his practice of securing kickbacks on all public works contracts and monopolizing a vast array of lucrative industries ensured that the increased economic prosperity was disproportionately distributed to his family, supporters and military personnel.
Jesus de Galindez started to investigate the corruption and crimes Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo and his government. It has been estimated that Trujillo's tyrannical rule was responsible for the death of more than 50,000 people in addition to the slaughter of some 10,000 to 30,000 Haitians living just across the border in Haiti (aka ethnic cleansing). Galindez fled the Dominican Republic to New York in 1946. He wrote his PhD thesis at Columbia University about Trujillo and his rule. Galíndez was also a FBI confidential informant/contract agent.. A confidential White House memorandum of January 25, 1971, noted Robert Maheu was a close associate of rogue FBI agent John Frank, generally believed to have engineered the kidnapping of Jesus de Galindez in New York City and flew him to the Dominican Republic on March 12 1956 on behalf of Trujillo. Trujillo boiled Gaindez alive, killing him.
http://www.nypress.com/the-jesus-de-galindez-case/#sthash.xsCTY7nz.dpuf
http://www.charleyproject.org/cases/d/degalindez_jesus.html
The CIA also warned Eisenhower that Trujillo was so unpopular in Dominican Republic that it was only a matter of time before he became the victim of a left-wing revolution. Therefore it was suggested that the CIA should become involved in replacing him with a more suitable pro-American supporter. CIA's Executive Action officers were brought in to remove Trujillo. As early as 1958, the CIA Chief of Station in the Dominican Republic, Lear B. Reed, along with several Dominicans, had plotted the assassination of Rafael Trujillo, which never came to fruition.
This plan had the support of President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela. He told Eisenhower: "If you don't eliminate him, we will invade". A training camp was setup in Venezuela by Dominican exiles flown there from the United States and Puerto Rica by the CIA. This group had been recruited from the privileged sectors of Dominican society in order to make sure that the overthrow of Trujillo did not result in the establishment of a communist government.
In March of 1960 Eisenhower sent retired General Edwin S. Clark to Santo Domingo to convince Trujillo to step down from power. It was difficult for Eisenhower in July 1960 to brand Castro as a dictator and call for sanctions against Cuba while Trufillo was in power.
The CIA warned Eisenhower that Trujillo was so unpopular in Dominican Republic that it was only a matter of time before he became the victim of a left-wing revolution. Therefore it was suggested that the CIA should become involved in replacing him with a more suitable pro-American supporter. In the early 1960's the United States attempted to economically destablilize the Trujillo regime.
President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela had developed a plan to assassinate Trujillo. He told Eisenhower: "If you don't eliminate him, we will invade." A training camp was setup in Venezuela by Dominican exiles flown there from the United States and Puerto Rica by the CIA. This group had been recruited from the privileged sectors of Dominican society in order to make sure that the overthrow of Trujillo did not result in the establishment of a communist government. http://ajweberman.com/noduleX3-HISTORY%20OF%20THE%20CIA.htm
After discovering that the Venezuelan government had sponsored a plot to oust him, Trujillo retaliated by sending agents to assassinate President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela. This assassination attempt in Caracas on June 24, 1960, failed. News of the attempt infuriated world leaders and prompted the Organization of American States (OAS) to dissolve diplomatic ties and impose economic sanctions on the Dominican Republic. The US closed its embassy and withdrew its ambassador.
President Eisenhower had already approved a contingency plan to remove Trujillo if a suitable successor could be persuaded to take over. But the new Kennedy administration withdrew formal support for the attempt on Trujillo's life at the last minute.
In a letter to his State Department superior in October 1960, US diplomat Henry Dearborn, wrote: "If I were a Dominican, which thank heaven I am not," I would favor destroying Trujillo as being the first necessary step in the salvation of my country and I would regard this, in fact, as my Christian duty."
In April 1959, 56 rebels, including ten Cubans, land in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Army rapidly destroys the invading force. Official Cuban accounts admit that they have sent a small revolutionary group to Rafael Trujillo’s Dominican Republic. However, they claim that the US Embassy - which is aware of the plans - supplied some resources for the enterprise through Frank Fiorini (aka Sturgis) in June, 1959.
Haiti
Since 1492, the Spanish colonized the whole island of Hispaniola and then later the French took control of the northwest half of the island, and so now we have French speaking people in Haiti and Spanish speaking people in the Dominican Republic. African slaves ended up living and working on the island for the rich landowners.
During World War One President Woodrow Wilson feared that Germany might invade Haiti in order to establish a military base there and it would be very close to the newly finished Panama Canal. There were many German settlers in Haiti who had financed cacao farms (the stuff we make chocolate out of, not cocaine) with loans and they were begging Germany to invade and restore order. In 1915 President Wilson sent two companies of Marines to Haiti and they took all the gold from the Haitian bank and ship it to the First National City Bank in New York. Also property was taken from the peasants throughout the island on which Marine camps were built. There were many atrocities during a revolt in 1918. A an estimated 2,000 Haitian were killed. Haitians carrying a gun were for a time shot at sight. American machine guns were turned into crowds of unarmed peasants. (Source: Reporter Herbert Seligman, the Nation magazine in 1920).
During their 19-year occupation, the United States built a lot of infrastructure in Haiti, including 1700 kilometers of roads were made usable, 189 bridges many irrigation canals were rehabilitated, hospitals, schools, and public buildings were constructed, and drinking water was brought to the main cities. All done using forced labor at the points of bayonets Agricultural education was organized with a central school of agriculture, but this was done. US companies then grabbed the more of the fertile valleys and set up agribusinesses growing sugar, rubber, sisal, and other crops. The Marines trained the Garde D'Haiti, a national police force that became an important political force. The US tested its new weapons, many for the first time, such as aerial bombing and strafing, rudimentary tanks, and machine guns. The Marines killed thousands of Haitian freedom fighters who resisted the corrupt dictatorial rule and demanding basically more to eat and justice. Peasants who resisted were herded into concentration camps. In 1929 the Marines gunned down 264 protesting peasants in a town.
The Wilson administration attempted to strong-arm the Haitian legislature into adopting a new constitution that would allow foreign ownership of land. The democratically elected Haitian legislature feared if they let foreigners own land they would end up running their County. United States had to force the Haitian president to dissolve the legislature. It was 1929 before the Haitian legislature convened again.
A new Constitution, written by Assistant Secretary of the Navy named Franklin Delano Roosevelt which was pushed through a reluctant Haitian Congress. The most interesting inclusion in the constitution was the right for foreigners to own land.
http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofthecaribbean/p/08haiti1915.htm
The US Marines left in 1934. The US continued its direct control of fiscal affairs in Haiti until 1941, and indirect control until 1947, to protect the business interests of Americans. The American company Brown and Root built a damn in Haiti starting in 1953.
Haiti had one corrupt dictatorship after another and they stole most of the US foreign aid and made millions off the labor of the dirt poor, working class. Haitians who were descendants of
African slaves became the ruling oligarchy, so race was and is a big factor that divides the population into those who wear shoes ancestors of African slaves (Black) folks and those who cannot afford to buy shoes, mulattoes and whites.
On October 22, 1957, Dr. Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, MD was elected in October 22, 1957. Just like the Haitian dictators from 1934 until the 1950s, the Duvalier's government was soon accused of being one of the most repressive in the hemisphere. He created a private army called the Ton Ton Macoutes (translated in English “bogey man”) who had no official salary and made their living through crime and extortion. They killed entire families. People were tortured and executed and estimates of those killed are as high as 30,000. Within the country Papa Doc used expulsion to suppress his opponents and many educated professionals fled Haiti exacerbating an already serious lack of doctors and teachers. The government confiscated peasant land holdings and allotted them to members of the militia, dispossessed swelled the slums by fleeing to the capital to seek meager incomes to feed themselves. Malnutrition and famine became endemic.
After Fulgencio Batista (a personal friend of Duvalier) was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, Duvalier, worried that new Cuban leader Fidel Castro would provide a safe haven for Haitian dissidents who fled to Cuba and from the very start of his regime, Castro gave anti-Duvalier exiled dissidents his full support. On August 12, 1959 a group of some 680 Cuban guerrillas and Haitians who had been living in exile in Cuba, invaded Haiti in an attempt to overthrow Duvalier, but they were all killed or captured by 432 soldiers of the Haitian Army.
The CIA had been concerned about the instability in Haiti years before he was elected. In July 1954 New York lawyer Herbert Itkin met with CIA boss Allen Dulles and they discussed the political climate in Haiti. In 1958, labor lawyer Mario Brod met with Itkin and discussed the possibility of a mafia assassination of Papa Doc in return with gambling concession in Haiti. Herbert Itkin had strong ties to the mafia mainly as a lawyer. He worked as a contract agent or confidential informant for the FBI and a CIA contract agent from 1954 until 1960.
Mario Brod had a long history of working directly for CIA boss James Angelton and they both worked with the mafia in Italy. Brod became Angelton’s cut-out when the CIA wanted to contact the mafia. (Source: The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs, by Douglas Valentine) and The Caribbean Basin: An International History by Graeme Mount, Stephen Randall
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13560512
Foremost among the entrepreneurs who invested in Haiti was Clint Murchison Jr. a millionaire who owned a Texas oil, oil pipeline and oil refinery company called Southern Union Gas Company. It was later renamed the American Liberty Oil Company four flour mills and a large meat packing business, which had substandard sanitary conditions. He was also closely linked to the American mafia. In 1955 a Senate committee discovered that 20 per cent of the Murchison Oil Lease Company was owned by Vito Genovese the boss of the New York mafia family. It was also discovered that Murchison had close financial ties with Carlos Marcello, who was head of mafia territories that included Louisiana, Texas, Miami, FL, and other Caribbean Islands.
The CIA had hired de Mohrenschildt (CIA aliases Phillip Harbin and P. Forestier) to go to Haiti and spy for them. De Mohrenschildt was a geologist. The CIA used him and his contracts to search for minerals and oil in Yugoslavia and later in Haiti, to spy for them. De Mohrenschildt worked with another CIA contract agent New York lawyer and Herbert Itkin (CIA alias Portio) in oil matters.
The reason I bring this up is because De Mohrenschidlt was the guy the CIA hired to meeting Lee and Marina Oswald on their return from the Soviet Union. De Mohrenschidlt and the Dallas, TX, White Russian community helped Oswald in finding jobs. Before President Kennedy was killed his brother, US Attorney General Robert “Bobby” Kennedy was using Itkin as a confidential informant to gain information about the American mafia. As a lawyer Itkin represented a lot of mob guys in court. By May 1963, Itkin had become the attorney for the Haitian government-in-exile. This group was made up of the educated professional Haitians living in the US whom the CIA hoped someday these people would return to Haiti and establish an anti-communism and pro-business climate for the Texas oil oligarchy.
George de Mohrenschildt got a $30,000 contract from his alleged friendship with Duvalier to do a mineral survey in Haiti. People described him being a physically lazy, con-man. He married four rich women for their money and after he beat them, they all ended up divorcing him. In 1957 he was in Yugoslavia on behalf of the CIA front, the International Cooperation Agency allegedly doing a geological survey looking for oil. He was accused by Yugoslav authorities of photographing and sketching their military installations. Eight months later in was back in Dallas, TX and was debriefed by CIA officer J. Walter Moore. Moore had an office there and the CIA had/has an officer(s) working out of major US cities. Later this was the CIA officer who tasked de Mohrenschildt to handle with Oswald and his wife, and allegedly set Lee up as a pasty to the Kennedy assassination. (Source: Act of Retribution: The Military-Industrial-Intelligence Establishment And ... by J.P. Phillips, pp. 91-92)
In 1959 de Mohrenschildt got seven loans from the Bank of Haiti and he became friends with rich Haitian businessmen. One of these friends was Clemard Joseph Charles who was the owner of the Banque Commerciale d’Haiti. De Mohrenschildt got seven loans from the Bank of Haiti. In 1961 he spent two or three months in Haiti. De Mohrenschildt had an office Republic National Bank of Dallas from 1959 to 1965.
Author George McMillan wrote in the Washington Post that he had once stayed with de Mohrenschildt and his wife in Haiti at their home in Port-au-Prince. He noted the de Mohrenschildt’s lived, “not insignificantly within the compound where Papa Doc Duvalier then lived. We had to pass through heavily guarded gates as we came and went.” George McMillan wife was a CIA contract agent who cover was as journalist. She was Priscilla McMillan (Johnson) who interviewed Lee Oswald while he was in the Soviet Union.
Papa Doc Duvalier had granted Clemard Joseph Charles a monopoly on automobile insurance in Haiti. Charles was Controller General of the Haitian Southern banana industry and he was the exclusive agent in Haiti for General Electric of the UK, for German company Siemens, Toyota and the cocoa industry. De Mohrenschildt became a business partner with Charles and B. Gindline-Tardieu in a Haitian holding company. B. Gindline-Tardieu held the monopoly on banana exports from Haiti to the US.
The CIA was using George de Mohrenschildt to help them size up Charles for a possible successor to Papa Doc Duvalier. Charles worked for Duvalier, and later asked the CIA for assistance in replacing him. Charles was Papa Doc’s bag man to American politicians. A “bagman” is slang for someone who transports cash for paying bribes to foreign politicians or entities and transporting mafia money. The term is mafia slang for a guy to collect extortion/protection money from legitimate businessmen and a person who pays off corrupt cops. The CIA had officers who carried cash from place to place in order to pay their contract agents, etc. Charles was director of Joseph F. Dryer Jr.’s Haiti kenaf operation and owned eight other companies.
In his testimony before the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) Joseph Dryer recalled George de Mohrenschildt's activities in Haiti. “I met him in Haiti. We were there as fiber growers. I had been living in Cuba for ten years. When we saw that was coming to an end we began looking for a new base to multiply seed for our fiber. So we moved simultaneously into Guatemala and Haiti. Our banker was a man who I had met in Havana, during a trip he made there to attract potential business to Haiti, Clemard Joseph Charles. George de Mohrenschildt was trying to become an advisor to Clemard Joseph Charles and to his bank. De Mohrenschildt would follow Charles home at night in his automobile. He was always very polite. I believe he was looking into oil and mineral leases there. Clemard Joseph Charles had political aspirations at the time.
Dryer later said, "I could never figure out what he did." He expressed the belief that George De Mohrenschildt had "some intelligence connection."
In the early 1950's, Dryer had been involved with a US Government-sponsored plan to develop a jute substitute so that Caribbean countries need not import it. He set up a jute subsidiary operation in Cuba. Jute is a fiber from which rope is made. Dryer reported that Clemard Joseph Charles had many CIA connections. Charles introduced Dryer to De Mohrenschildt, who claimed he came to Haiti to scout for oil.
Dryer is a former US Marine Corps Platoon Commander. After World War Two, he obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School and moved to Cuba where as President of North Atlantic Kenaf Corporation for 10 years with his brother. US military needed the fiber to make sand bags with financing from the US Government in Cuba. Dryer moved to Haiti and developed one of the large businesses in the country which he called NAKORE, SA.
He became a leading developer of a new fiber, kenaf, designed to make Cuba self-sufficient to be used in sugar and coffee sacking. Dryer initiated projects in Guatemala, Haiti, Colombia, Peru, Nigeria, Ghana and the French Ivory Coast. Kenaf was/is a cash producing fiber crop rotated with food crops, all beneficial to the local economies. Political instability forced him to change careers and eventually becoming a Senior Vice President of Shearson American Express and a member of Sandy Weil’s Chairman Executive Council.
De Mohrenschildt moved back to Haiti after he was done setting up Oswald as a pasty to the JFK assassination. The CIA, along with the US Army’s, 902nd Military Intelligence Group, kept de Mohrenschildt under something like twenty-four hour surveillance. His dinner parties were frequently attended by a CIA officer using the alias Conrad V. Rubricius. Rubricius’ reported to CIA’s Port au Prince Chief of Station according declassified records released by the National Archives. Rubricius was particularly interested in de Mohrenschildt’s relationship with a Haitian banker Clemard Joseph Charles. Charles CIA considered Charles as a replacement to Duvalier.
CIA boss James Angleton saw to it that every piece of de Mohrenschildt’s mail in Haiti was copied to the Agency. Some letters turned out to be from the new husband of one of de Mohrenschildt’s ex-wives. Then each of de Mohrenschildt’s correspondents was subjected to an investigation by the FBI. Hoover was irritated at having to perform this task, but the FBI complied.
Port-au-Prince restaurant owner Jacqueline Lancelot ran an intelligence network that was the source of information concerning de Mohrenschildt’s Haitian bank account. Among her informants was a Pan American Airlines employee who was working for CIA. Pan American was used in Haiti for a CIA cover. Lancelot’s Haitian contacts also included the head of tourism and his brother, the Commander of the Palace Guard. To the CIA agents who frequented her restaurant, Jacqueline passed information about the Duvalier government.” George de Mohrenschildt and US Naval attaché Joseph F. Dryer. Jr. frequently ate at her restaurant.
In the early 1960s, Dorothe Matlack was the Assistant Director of the Office of Domestic Exploitation Section, Army Chief of Staff for Intelligence and Army Intelligence’s chief liaison with the CIA. She sent Captain Rogers, the DIA’s Haitian desk officer to meet the Clemard Charles. This meeting was also Charles way of getting a feel for how much support he could expect from the CIA. Also at this meeting was the head of CIA’s New York field office James Balog and CIA officer Mayo Stuntz of CIA’s Operational Support Branch. In the late 1970s, the House Select Committee on Assassinations, i.e., the JFK assassination, found that Charles had been recruited by the CIA in 1963 when CIA was sponsoring exile and rebel groups to overthrow Papa Doc Duvalier.
http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-09-12/news/1990255156_1_renda-mafia-teamsters http://www.thomhartmann.com/users/leighmf/blog/2011/01/baby-doc-and-martin-luther-sign?page=1
Another CIA contract agent Michael J.P. Malone was operating in Cuba and Haiti. Before this he most likely tasked by the CIA to work as the personal assistants of the Archbishop of New York, Francis, Cardinal Spellman. Spellman enlisting priests in Latin American countries as spies and he passed intelligence to both CIA and to the FBI. Cardinal Spellman wrote about this in his biography “as an agent of the United States government.”
Next Malone managed a cattle ranch in Cuba owned by a Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and his relatives. They owned the largest ranch in the world located near Brownsville in southern Texas, called King Ranch. King Ranch was made up of nine satellite ranches. The Kleberg family lost their 40,000 acre cattle ranch worth $5.7 million when Castro nationalized property. In 1939 the oil was discovered on their land, so you can think of it part of the Texas oil, political power brokers. In Cuba Michael Malone performed such covert direct actions as breaking people out of prison and aiding them to flee the country. Robert Kleberg was a close friend both of the Allen Dulles, and J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI.
In 1953, Allen Dulles flew to King Ranch to ask for Kleberg’s advice right after he became Director of the CIA. The issue was always what the CIA could do to further the causes in which Kleberg believed, never the other way around. Malone and Kleberg in their conversations had no respect for President Kennedy, either for his power or for his abilities. They sometimes called Kennedy “Little Boy Blue,” meaning someone child-like, naïve and way out of his depth.
Malone also worked as the vice-president of the Czarnikow-Rionda Sugar Company Inc., one of the largest sugar brokers in North America for almost a century, acting as a middleman between growers and refiners of sugarcane, with its principal focus on Cuba. In 1960 and 1961, however, soon after Fidel Castro came to power, Czarnikow-Rionda lost all its property in Cuba, including six remaining sugar mills. Czarnikow-Rionda's eight subsidiaries in 1969 included the London brokerage, a Philippine firm, New York- and Panama-based shipping companies, and Closter Farms, Inc. of Florida making an annual profit of $40 million.
Malone also ran Kenaf Corporation in Haiti, a subsidiary of Czarnikow-Rionda Sugar Company Inc. It was used instead of jute that came from Pakistan and India. Cuba purchased a $100 million worth of jute a year from India.
Malone discovered that Castro had targeted David Atlee Phillips as being a CIA officer through one of his contacts. CIA then quickly moved Phillips out of Cuba where he was working out of the CIA station before it was closed down.
Castro and the Cuban revolution
In June 1947, Fidel Castro learned of a planned expedition to invade the Dominican Republic and overthrow the right-wing military junta of Rafael Trujillo, a U.S. ally. Being President of the University Committee for Democracy in the Dominican Republic, Castro joined the expedition.
The invasion force consisted of around 1,200 troops, mostly Cubans and exiled Dominicans, and they intended to sail from Cuba in July 1947. However, under US pressure, Cuba’s President Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín stopped the invasion, although Castro and many of his comrades evaded arrest. Grau as president was forced to address many financial problems left by his predecessor, Fulgencio Batista (October 1940 to October 1944). Batista's increasingly corrupt and repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cuba's commercial interests, by negotiating lucrative relationships with the American mafia. Grau was elected in 1944.
Returning to Havana, Castro took a leading role in student protests. The protests, accompanied by a crackdown on those considered communists, led to violent clashes between activists and police in February 1948, in which Castro was badly beaten.
In April 1948, Castro traveled to Bogotá, Colombia, with a Cuban student group sponsored by President Juan Perón's Argentine government. There, the assassination of popular leftist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala led to widespread rioting and clashes between the governing Conservatives – backed by the army – and leftist Liberals. Castro joined the Liberal cause by stealing guns from a police station, but subsequent police investigations concluded that he had not been involved in any killings. Returning to Cuba, Castro became a prominent figure in protests against government attempts to raise bus fares. That year, he married Mirta Díaz Balart, a student from a wealthy family through whom he was exposed to the lifestyle of the Cuban elite.
Under Cuban President Carlos Prío Socarrás faced widespread protests the police force, assassinated Justo Fuentes, a socialist friend of Castro's. Carlos Prío was the President of Cuba from 1948 until he was deposed by a military coup led by Fulgencio Batista on March 10, 1952, three months before new elections were to be held. They were a time of constitutional order and political freedom.
On March 10, 1952, Batista and his collaborators seized military and police commands throughout the country and occupied major radio and TV stations. Batista assumed power when Failing to mount a resistance, Prio boarded a plane and went into exile to Mexico.
Declaring himself president, Batista cancelled the planned presidential elections. Castro, like many others, considered it a one-man dictatorship. Batista moved to the right, solidifying ties with both the wealthy elite and the United States, severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, suppressing trade unions and persecuting Cuban socialist groups.
Although a revolutionary socialist, Castro avoided an alliance with the Cuban communist party, fearing it would frighten away political moderates, but kept in contact with them like his brother Raúl. Castro stockpiled weapons for a planned attack on the Moncada Barracks, a military garrison outside Santiago, Cuba. Castro's militants intended to dress in army uniforms and arrive at the base on July 25, 1952.
On July 26, 1953 the rebels suffered 6 fatalities and 15 other casualties, whilst the army suffered 19 dead and 27 wounded. Meanwhile, some rebels took over a civilian hospital; subsequently stormed by Batista’s soldiers, the rebels were rounded up, tortured and 22 were executed without trial. Accompanied by 19 comrades, Castro set out for the rugged Sierra Maestra mountains located in the southern end of Cuban island, where they could establish a guerrilla base.
Batista put 122 defendants on trial on September 21, 1953, 55 were sentenced to prison terms of between 7 months and 13 years. Castro on October 16 was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in the hospital wing of the prison, a relatively comfortable and modern institution. In this prison with 25 comrades, he renamed his group the 26th of July Movement (MR-26-7) in memory of the Moncada attack's date. He formed a school for prisoners.
Both Fidel and Mirta initiated divorce proceedings, with Mirta taking custody of their son Fidelito; this angered Castro, who did not want his son growing up in a bourgeois environment. Backed by the US and major corporations, Batista believed Castro to be no threat, and so on May 15, 1955, the prisoners were released. Two of Castro’s girl fiends, each conceived him a child.
From 1955 to 1957, CIA Director Allen Dulles pressed Batista to establish with CIA help, a bureau for the repression of communist activities. In 1956, the CIA established the Cuban Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities, BRAC. It was secret police outfit that became well known for torture and assassination of Batista's political opponents. (Gentleman Spy: the Life of Allen Dulles,by Grose, P. (1994). p. 412 and Unclassified W/1994-1995, pp. 16-17).
In 1955, bombings and violent demonstrations led to a crackdown on dissent, with Castro and Raúl fleeing the country to evade arrest. The Castro brothers and several comrades traveled to Mexico, where Raúl befriended an Argentine doctor and Marxist-Leninist named Ernesto "Che" Guevara.
Castro also associated with the Spaniard Colonel Alberto Bayo, a veteran of the Spanish Civil War. He agreed to teach Castro's rebels the necessary skills in guerrilla warfare. Castro opposed the student's support for indiscriminate assassination. In November 25, 1956 Castro set sail from Tuxpan, Veracruz, with 81 armed revolutionaries. They headed to support MR-26-7 members who had conducted an armed uprising in Santiago and Manzanillo, Cuba. However, they voyage ultimately lasted 7 days, and with Castro and his men unable to provide reinforcements. And the MR-26-7 after two days of their attacks, fled inland into the forested Sierra Maestra mountain range, while being repeatedly attacked by Batista's troops. Upon arrival, Castro discovered that only 19 rebels had made it to their destination, the rest having been killed or captured. Setting up an encampment, the survivors included the Castros, Che Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos.
They began launching raids on small army posts to obtain weaponry, and in January 1957 they overran the outpost, treating any soldiers that they wounded. They executed the local mayoral (land company overseer), who was despised by the local peasants.
With volunteers boosting the rebel forces to over 200, in July 1957 Castro divided his army into three columns, commanded by himself, his brother, and Guevara. Across Cuba, anti-Batista groups carried out bombings and sabotage; police responded with mass arrests, torture, and extrajudicial executions. Commanding General Eulogio Cantillo surrounded the Sierra Maestra with 10,000 soldiers while Castro countered with landmines and ambushes. Batista’s army withdrew from the Sierra Maestra region, and by spring 1958, the rebels controlled a hospital, schools, a printing press, slaughterhouse, land-mine factory and a cigar-making factory. Influenced by anti-Batista sentiment, the US government ceased supplying him with weaponry. By November 1958, Castro's forces controlled most of Oriente and Las Villas, and divided Cuba in two by closing major roads and rail lines, severely disadvantaging Batista.
Fearing Castro was a socialist, the US instructed General Cantillo to oust Batista. Cantillo secretly agreed to a ceasefire with Castro, promising that Batista would be tried as a war criminal; however Batista was warned, and fled into exile with over $300,000,000 on December 31, 1958. It is estimated that between 1000 and 4000 Cubans died in their civil war.
At Castro's command, the politically moderate lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó was proclaimed provisional president. The new government attempted to remove Batistanos from positions of power by dismissing Congress and barring all those elected in the rigged elections of 1954 and 1958 from future office. Castro then pushed Urrutia to issue a temporary ban on political parties; he repeatedly but falsely claimed that they would eventually hold multiparty elections, and he began clandestinely meeting members of the Popular Socialist Party to discuss the creation of a socialist state. An argument between Castro and senior government figures broke out. Castro was infuriated that the government had left thousands unemployed by closing down casinos and brothels. As a result, Prime Minister José Miró Cardona resigned, going into exile in the US and joining the anti-Castro movement.
On February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba. May 1959 Castro signed into law the First Agrarian Reform, setting a cap for landholdings to 993 acres per owner and prohibiting foreigners from obtaining Cuban land ownership. Around 200,000 peasants received title deeds as large land holdings were broken up; popular among the working class, it alienated the richer landowners.
Judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised and in March 1959 Castro declared rents for those who paid less than $100 a month halved. In the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years.
Meeting with Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar, fruit, fibers, and hides, in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods, and a $100 million loan. Cuba's government ordered the country's refineries – then controlled by the U.S. corporations Shell, Esso and Standard Oil – to process Soviet oil, but under US pressure, they refused. Castro responded by expropriating and nationalizing their refineries. Retaliating, the US cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most US-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills.
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In future years, Castro supported revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua, and Grenada, and sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur War, Ethio-Somali War, and Angolan Civil War.
Castro was educated at a private, Jesuit boarding school and grew up in wealthy circumstances amid the poverty of Cuba's people. He was intellectually gifted and entered law school at the University of Havana, becoming immersed in the political climate of Cuban nationalism, anti-imperialism and socialism.
CIA planting/installing electronic listing devices / bugs) Operation AM/ESCALADE
In May 1959, the New China News Agency opened an office in Havana in on about the 17th floor of a building which is occupied partly by business concerns and partly used for residential apartments. Shortly thereafter, the Havana CIA Station obtained the concurrence of Ambassador Bonsal and Carolyn O. Stacey, an Embassy employee, who lived in an adjacent apartment which provided the opportunity to do an audio operation (electronic bugging) via the wall. The CIA learned that the Chinese Nationalist Embassy was planning to take over the offices of this news agency.
Far East CIA Division sent case officer Robert “Bob” Neet and one TSD technician to Havana, and they installed a microphone and tape recorder in Stacey’s apartment on November 29, 1959. By June 1960, it had become evident that two other rooms occupied by New China News Agency possibly housed communication equipment and were used for conferences. Neet managed to lease an apartment directly over these rooms and arranged for Marjorie Lennox, an Embassy secretary, to lease it. Lenox was told that access to her apartment was needed for photographic surveillance purposes. Also the owners of the building were cancelling apartment subleasing contracts and recalling leases.
In August 1960 a team of three TSD technicians who were in Havana on a separate SR Division bugging mission to plant a microphone transmitter in the ceiling of the penthouse room expected to be occupied by the Soviet Ambassador in the Hotel Rosita. So the Chief of Station decided to install transmitters and switches in order to permit continued monitoring of the target from a distant listening post. At this time the equipment was removed from Stacey’s apartment. (Source: Secret Contenders by Melvin Beck, p. 74)
CIA officer Melvin Beck was stationed in Cuba in 1960. A three-man team of TSD technicians, consisting of David L. Christ, Walter E. Szuminski and Thorton J. Anderson, arrived in Havana as ordinary tourists under very light commercial cover, on September 8, 1960, to install audio equipment in the Chinese Nationalist Embassy before it was due to be turned over to the Chinese Peoples Republic.
By very light commercial cover means two of the listening device installers had a cover story that they working for a company in New York and the third, one in Baltimore, MD. In each case the cover company consists of a telephone answering service and a name on the door. Telephone messages and mail were picked up periodically by a CIA contract agent. The men were provided with this cover as well as un-back stopped homes addresses for use when entering or leaving as Cuba as tourists. Tourist on landing at the Havana airport had to fill out cards noting home address, phone number, occupation and employer, etc. “Heavy cover” would be backstopped so no aggressive investigator or journalist could discover their fake CIA cover background.
Central Cover supplied David Christ with false Identification that consisted of a New York Driver's License, Pennsylvania Birth Certificate, Social Security Card, a United States Air Force Reserve Officers Association Membership Card, an American Association of Engineers Membership Card, and an International Vaccination Certificate. Christ had a backstopped address in New York City that appeared on all his documents. New York CIA Field Office, CIA officer S. M. Horton and later John M. Mertz were tasked with backstopped Christ’s story should Castro’s spies try to check on him. Horton was Counterintelligence Chief James Angleton’s deputy.
At 0100 hours on September 15, 1960, the apartment of Lennox was entered into and searched by Cuban authorities, and she was taken into custody. The Castro’s police found the CIA’s electronic listening devices, as well as a tape of a conversation between the Red Chinese in San Juan, Puerto Rico and the New China News Agency. TSD technicians Christ, Szuminski and Anderson were arrested, tried, sentenced and imprisoned, where living and sanitary conditions were intolerable. Prisoners were required to perform hard manual labor and there was an insufficiency of food.
Richard Helms put CIA officer John M. Mertz in charge of trying to free them from the Cuban prison without disclosing they worked for CIA. Their cover stories were never disclosed by the three of them to Castro’s interrogators. James Angelton, head of counter intelligence, told Mertz to contact Charlie Siragusa to make contact with the American mafia and see if they could help in getting them out of jail and back to the US. The mafia ended up taking $10,000 up-front, deposit agreeing to take action. This was just a lie. The mafia had no interest in getting involved, rather just enjoyed stealing the CIA’s money. Siragusa was at this time a Federal Bureau of Narcotics special agent.
During two and a half years the wives and close relatives of the technicians were told what happened and were contacted at least once daily by members of CIA’s Technical Support Division. Throughout their time in prison CIA employees were constantly visiting the wives, keeping them advised and to determine if there were any personal problems on which the Agency could be of help. For the time being the wives are telling their neighbors that their husbands are on a trip. The plan was to adjust the story depending on what course of action the Cuban Government takes, whether their aliases remain intact, and whether recognizable photographs of them were published in the press.
In April 1963, James Donovan arranged a prisoner exchange. The United States agreed to release four G2 officers, including Francisco "the hook" Molina, a Castro agent with a missing hand, who was serving a 20-year sentence for the accidental murder of a nine-year-old child. Governor Nelson Rockefeller agreed to sign the pardon that freed Francisco Molina from Attica prison on April 22, 1963. Simultaneously, Attorney General Robert Kennedy announced that charges had been dropped against three Cubans who had been arrested for plotting to blow up defense installations around New York City. The three, plus Francisco Molina were deported from Florida to Havana as Donovan brought back the Americans from Cuba in a straight swamp.
http://www.whatsnextreport.com/uploads/2/6/6/9/26693570/nodulex12-david_lemar_christ.pdf
CIA’s secret war against Cuba
The Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba -- Operation Zapata
To help you understand the Bay of Pigs invasion in April after Kennedy assumed the Presidency, I need to go back a few years earlier. In 1926, US companies owned 60 percent of the Cuban sugar industry and imported 95 percent of the total Cuban crop. By the late 1940s, North American capitalists owned 40 percent of the Cuban sugar industry, 90 percent of telephone and electricity utilities, 50 percent of the railroads, and 23 percent of the non-sugar industries. By the 1950s, the U.S. controlled 80 percent of Cuban utilities (electricity and gasoline), 90 percent of Cuban mines, close to 100 percent of the country’s oil refineries, and 90 percent of its cattle ranches.
Henry Neil Mallon built Dresser, an oil pipeline equipment concern. In 1928 the Wall Street investment-banking firm of W. A. Harriman and Company, Inc., bought Dresser and made it a publicly traded corporation. Mallon was a close friend to Allen Dulles. Mallon was a founder of the Council of World Affairs, a nonprofit organization that provides a forum for the discussion of world problems.
Mallon the president of Dresser Industries of Dallas, TX gave George HW Bush his first job at a Dresser subsidiary International Derrick and Equipment Company (Ideco). George HW Bush named his son Neil Mallon Bush. Prescott Bush was president of Brown Brothers Harriman (bank) and one of the partners of this bank was Averell Harriman. George Herbert Walker, George HW Bush's grandfather served as president of Brown Brothers Harriman. From November 1952 until January 1963 Prescott Bush was a US Senator from Connecticut. Richard Nixon was a protégée of Prescott Bush, who in 1946 had supported Nixon's bid for congress. In fact, Prescott Bush was the Republican campaign strategist who brought Eisenhower and Nixon to the presidency of the United States.
In 1982 Dresser Industries employed 40,000 people in North America and the company was worth reported $4.16 billion. In 1998, Dresser merged with its main rival Halliburton and became known as Halliburton Company. Former Vice President Dick Cheney retired from the company during the 2000 US presidential election campaign with a severance package worth $36 million. As of 2004, he had received $398,548 in deferred compensation from Halliburton while Vice President.
In the mid and late 1920s, and early 1930s, George H. Walker, the maternal grandfather of George HW Bush, was a director of seven companies operating in Cuba; the Cuban Railroad, Cuban Dominican Sugar, Barahona Sugar, Cuba Distilling, Sugar Estates of Oriente, and Atlantic Fruit and Sugar. These companies were merged in 1942 to become the West Indies Sugar Company, and it was nationalized in 1960 by the Fidel Castro. http://www.sabinabecker.com/2010/08/the_bush_crime_familys_tentacl.html
In 1959, Castro nationalized Brown Brothers Harriman’s 200,000 acre plantations in Cuba. http://halbower.blogspot.com/2009/02/family-of-secrets-by-russ-baker.html
In March 1952 three months before the elections, Fulgencio Batista Zaldívar became the dictator of Cuba due to a military coup. He revoked most political liberties, including the right to strike. He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations, and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans.
Batista's increasingly corrupt and repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cuba's commercial interests, by negotiating lucrative relationships with the American mafia. Some 15 to 20 percent of the labor force was chronically unemployed, and only a third of the homes had running water.
In 1952, Meyer Lansky was purchasing a share of the Cabaret Montmartre gambling casino in Havana and entering into a partnership with Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The US Congressional Kefauver committee hearings had shutdown Lansky’s gambling clubs in Florida and Batista allowed the mob to control Cuba’s hotel and tourist unions, The deal also allowed Santo Trafficante to move narcotics from the Middle East and Far East through Cuba to Miami. Lansky’s partner John Pullman formed the Exchange and Investment Bank of Geneva specifically to laundering money for the drug syndicate. (The Strength of the Wolf, p. 113)
American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. who served as special assistant to President Kennedy said of Batista, "The corruption of the government, the brutality of the police, the government's indifference to the needs of the people for education, medical care, housing, for social justice and economic justice ... is an open invitation to revolution.”
Batista carried out wide scale violence, torture and public executions; ultimately killing anywhere from 1,000 to 20,000 people. For several years until 1959, the Batista government received financial, military, and logistical support from the CIA.
Strong evidence points to the fact that the original middleman between the CIA and the American mafia was Jimmy Hoffa. Hoffa used Florida as a shipping base for guns and a few army surplus airplanes to both sides in the Cuban Revolution. Hoffa wanted to continue gun-running after Castro took control of Cuba and wanted to use $300,000 of Teamster Union money for his mafia friend Santo Trafficante, Jr. Trafficante had an office in the building of Teamster Local 320 in Miami. (Source: Ultimate Sacrifice, by Thom Hartmann)
From December 1956 to December 1958, Fidel Castro's July 26 Movement and other nationalist rebelling elements led an urban and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batista's government and on New Year's Day 1959 Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic. Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs. Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them.
The grandson of Fulgencio Batista, Raoul G. Cantero, III, became a naturalized US citizen, he graduated from Harvard Law School, and became a Justice on the Florida Supreme Court.
In 1958, Gulf Oil Corporation leased GHW Bush’s Zapata Offshore oil drilling platform. CIA veteran Kermit “Kim” Roosevelt had joined Gulf’s board. This was the same Kermit Roosevelt who had overseen the CIA’s successful 1953 coup against the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, after Mossadegh began nationalizing Anglo-American oil concessions. http://whowhatwhy.org/2013/09/25/part-2-viva-zapata-3/
Kimery states, "Veteran CIA operatives in the war against Castro say Bush not only let the CIA use Zapata Offshore (oil drilling company) as a front for running some of its operations, but (they) assert that Bush personally served as a conduit through which the agency disbursed money for contracted services.” Meaning services for the Bay of Pigs invasion. Oil drilling rigs needed to buy supplies and need a ship to carry supplies and people to and from it, even helicopters, so it was a good way to hid large purchases. For example, the CIA purchased US Navy landing craft infantry (LCI) that were used in World War Two and renamed them the Barbara J and an LCI named Blagar. Records falsely show the LCI were sold for scrap steel, by Florida or Atlantic Reserve Fleet pool in May 1960. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the LCI, Barbara J continue to serving with the Maritime fleet of the CIA under the Operation Mongoose from 1962 to 1965 under the following names Villaro, Explorer and Petrel. Kimer stated Bush personally served as conduit thru which the CIA contracted services. Zapata leased cargo vessels and shipped CIA cargo disguised as oil drilling equipment. According to, Bush had been tasked to search for people who could be recruited by the CIA as business contract agents.
http://www.circulonaval.com/Historia/III_historia_1959_2011/bahia_de_cochinos/unidades.htm
Kimery says, “George Bush would be given a list of names of Cuban oil workers we would want placed in jobs,” said one (CIA) official connected to Operation Mongoose, the program to overthrow Castro (in the years following the Bay of Pigs invasion). “The oil platforms he dealt in were perfect for training the Cubans in raids on their homeland…. Bush had been a top officer of the CIA since at least 1960, when he recruited Cubans for the Bay of Pigs invasion.” (Source: Covert Action Quarterly: Anthony Kimery)
Beyond providing a staging area for anti-Castro Cubans, Zapata Offshore appears to have served as a paymaster. CIA officer John Sherwood said, “We had to pay off politicians in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and elsewhere Bush’s company was used as a conduit for these funds under the guise of oil business contracts. The major breakthrough was when we were able, through Bush, to place people in PEMEX – the big Mexican national oil operation.” The complicated PEMEX affair began in 1960, when Zapata Offshore offered a lucrative secret partnership to a competing Mexican drilling equipment company, Perforaciones Marinas del Golfe (Permargo).
After Castro took power in January 1959, the CIA Intelligence Directorate prepared an intelligence report for the White House that stated the rebels’ success was due largely to the corruption of the Batista regime and the resulting popular disgust among the Cuban people. And while an annoyance, Castro was in no way a direct threat to the US. The intelligence summary stated despite Castro’s socialistic leanings, he was fiercely independent and a devout nationalist and he had the general support of the populace. CIA Director Allen Dulles personally intervened and rewrote this report. Just like what the AWOL Bush administration did in 2001, shaping the intelligence to match the policy.
In April 1959, Alan Robert Nye, 31, an American lieutenant in the US Naval Reserve from Chicago was arrested and prosecuted in Havana. He is accused of plotting to kill Fidel Castro. Prosecuting attorney Lieutenant José Antonio Suarez asserts that Nye received $100,000 from the ousted Batista regime. He was convicted and sentenced to death, but is allowed to leave the island as long as he never returns. At this time, there had been a total of 483 total war criminals of the Batista regime executed by firing squads.
According to Amnesty International 21 political executions were done by the Castro’s government since the revolution (1959 until 1987) of 237 death sentences after a trial. Latin American historian Thomas E. Skidmore says there had been 550 executions in the first six months of 1959. British historian Hugh Thomas, in his study Cuba or the pursuit of freedom stated that "perhaps" 5,000 executions had taken place by 1970, while The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ascertained that there had been 2,113 political executions between the years of 1958 to 1967. Professor of political science at the University of Hawaii, Rudolph J. Rummel estimated the number of political executions at between 4,000 and 33,000 from 1958 until 1987, with a mid range of 15,000. According to the US government some 1,200,000 Cubans (about ten percent of the current population) left the island for the United States between 1959 and 1993.
In April 1959, the CIA Station in Havana still had officers working in the US Embassy. CIA officer David Morales had recruited FBI undercover agent, Bernard Barker. Soon after World War Two, Barker was discharged from the US Air Force with the rank of captain. He returned to Cuba and joined the National Police. He worked as an assistant to the Chief of Police with the rank of sergeant. At the same time, he was recruited by the FBI and began to work for them. Later, he transferred to the newly-established CIA.
Bernard L. "Macho" Barker Jr. was born in Havana, to a Russian American father. Barker’s mother was a Cuban woman from a prestigious family and a member of the old Cuban aristocracy. He became a dual US citizen along in addition to his Cuban citizenship. Barker was one of the Watergate burglars.
When Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, Barker was ordered by his CIA superiors to relocate with his family to Miami where he would be more useful working among Cuban exiles. He and his family moved to Miami in January 1960. Bernard Barker was also working for Santo Trafficante Jr. (Sources: Legacy of Secrecy by Lamar Waldron with Thom Hartmann)
On December 1959 Allen W. Dulles, the director of the CIA established Operation 40, a pro-Batista or crony, capitalist government in exile. It obtained this name because originally there were 40 CIA officers and anti-Castro Cuban, contract agents involved in the operation. Later this was expanded to 70 agents. The group was presided over by Vice President Richard Nixon. CIA officer Tracy Barnes became operating officer of what was also called the Cuban Task Force. According to Fabian Escalante, a senior officer of the Cuban Department of State Security (G2 or DGI), in 1960 Richard Nixon recruited an "important group of businessmen headed by George HW Bush and Jack Crichton, both Texas oilmen, to gather the necessary funds for the operation."
The Common Cause magazine in 1990, argued that: "The CIA put millionaire and contract agent George HW Bush in charge of recruiting anti-Castro Cubans for the CIA’s invading army; Bush was working with another (right-wing) Texan oil magnate, Jack Crichton, who helped him in terms of the invasion." This news story was linked to the release of "a memorandum in that context addressed to FBI chief J. Edward Hoover and signed November 1963, in the body of this memo it was noted, “Mr. George Bush of the CIA."
In 1959 George HW Bush was asked “to cooperate in funding the anti-Castro groups that the CIA decided to create”. The man the CIA “assigned to him for his new mission” was Félix Ismael Rodríguez Mendigutia. His uncle was minister of Public Works during the Fulgencio Batista. At 18 years old, he joined the Caribbean Anti-communist Legion, created by Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, with the intention of ending communism and restoring fascism in Cuba. In September, 1960 he joined a group of Cuban exiles (Brigade 2506) in Guatemala. And with the behind enemy lines, paramilitary warriors (Operation 40) illegally entered Cuba a few weeks before the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. Utilizing his familiarity with the country, he was able to gather critical intelligence is support for the invasion.
In the 1960s the CIA worked to overthrown the elected Revolutionary Nationalist Movement that ruled the Bolivian government from 1952. It established the universal vote, nationalizing the tin mines, worked with miner’s unions and instituting an extensive program of land distribution (agrarian reform). In 1964 military coup established a dictatorship. In 1967, the CIA recruited Féliz Rodríguez to train and head a team to hunt down Marxist guerrillas fighter a civil war against the in Bolivia. Between October 1966-1968 Amnesty International reported between 3,000 and 8,000 people killed by death squads. (Sources The CIA: A Forgotten History, by William Blum (1986). p. 264 and The Bush Family and the Kennedy Assassination by Reinaldo Taladrid and Lazaro Baredo, (2006).
Author Daniel Hopsicker also takes the view that Operation 40 involved private funding. In his book, he claims that Richard Nixon had established Operation 40 as a result of pressure from American corporations which had suffered at the hands of Fidel Castro. (Source: Barry and the Boys: The CIA, the Mob and America’s Secret History, by Daniel Hopsicker, 2001, p. 170)
President Eisenhower planned to destroy Castro and regime change in Cuba. Vice President Richard Nixon was head of the 5412 committee (aka the 40 committee) and was the White House action officer in charge of the "Program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime." This group included Admiral Arleigh Burke, Livingston Merchant of the State Department, National Security Adviser Gordon Gray and CIA Director Allen Dulles. In January 1960, CIA Director Dulles presents "Cuban project" for "careful planning of covert actions." A plan to provoke a general uprising of the Cuban people with the collaboration of the forces in exile to legitimize, US intervention (overt war).
Vice-President Nixon portrayed himself in his memoirs as one of the original architects of the plan to overthrow Castro, proposed to the CIA that they support “goon squads and other direct action groups” inside and outside of Cuba. The Vice President repeatedly sought to interfere in the invasion planning. He had assembled an important group of businessmen headed by George HW Bush and Jack Crichton, both Texas oilmen, to gather the necessary private funds (in other words, a second track operation in addition to what the CIA was getting funded for the invasion). The CIA’s declassified Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation (Zapata or JM/ATE) also notes that invasion planners discussed pursuing “Operation AM/HINT to set up a program of assassination.”
Nixon’s mafia connections
In February 1955, Vice President Richard Nixon traveled to Havana to embrace the despot Fulgencio Batista at his lavish private palace, praised ''the competence and stability'' of his regime, awarded him a medal of honor, and compare him with Abraham Lincoln. Nixon hailed Batista's Cuba as a land that ''shares with us the same democratic ideals of peace, freedom and the dignity of man.'' When he returned to Washington, the vice president reported to the US cabinet that Batista was ''a very remarkable man … older and wiser … desirous of doing a good job for Cuba rather than Batista … concerned about social progress…'' And Nixon reported that Batista had vowed to ''deal with the Commies.''
What Nixon omitted from his report was the Batista connection with mafia boss Meyer Lansky to the rampant government corruption under Batista – and the extreme poverty of most Cubans. Nixon also ignored Batista's suspension of constitutional guarantees, his dissolution of the country's political parties, and his use of the police and army to murder political opponents. Twenty thousand Cubans reportedly died at the hands of Batista's thugs.
Meyer Lansky was a member of the American Jewish mafia and he was partners with Italian mob boss Lucky Luciano. Lansky became the money laundering expert for the American mafia by hiding from the Internal Revenue Service, a lot of the profits made from their growing US casino businesses. The mafia only reported to the IRS a smaller amount of their profits. Lansky used a Swiss bank account and moved the money back into the US economy through a network of shell and holding companies.
In his first 1946 political foray and run for Congress for southern California, Nixon received a $5,000 contribution from Mickey Cohen plus free office space for a ''Nixon for Congress'' headquarters in one of Cohen's buildings. Cohen was one of the leaders of the mafia in Los Angeles. In Nixon's 1950 campaign Cohen claims he raised $75,000 for Nixon in return for political favors. This news story was published by Drew Pearson in 1956 that this deal was organized by Murray M. Chotiner. Nixon did not sue Pearson. Cohen signed a confession in October, 1962 admitting this. In his autobiography, Cohen claims that the orders to help Nixon came from mafia boss Meyer Lansky. (Source a radio broadcast in 1956 by journalist Drew Pearson)
Chotiner served as campaign manager for Ricard Nixon’s successful runs for the United States Senate for California in 1950 and for the vice presidency in 1952. He was active in each of Nixon's two successful runs for the White House in low-profile positions. As a lawyer and Republican campaign worker, Chotiner obtained a reputation for working for organized crime bosses.
He returned in 1968 to help Nixon defeat Hubert Humphrey. The following year he was named special counsel to the president. Chotiner was involved in the attempt to blackmail George Wallace about corruption in Alabama. This played an important role in persuading Wallace to announce that he would not be a third-party candidate in the 1972 presidential election. (The Politics of Rage by Dan T. Carter and http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKchotiner.htm
In 1956 Robert Kennedy began an investigation of Murray Chotiner. He discovered evidence that a New Jersey uniform company that had been convicted of stealing from the federal government had paid out $5,000 to Chotiner. An informant told private investigator Carmine S. Bellino that the money was meant for Richard Nixon to help prevent a possible prosecution by the Department of Justice. Chotiner received support from Joe McCarthy and the case against him was eventually dropped.
Carmine Bellino was a former FBI special agent who served as an administrative assistant to J. Edgar Hoover until the end of the Second World War. He was Congressional investigator for 30 years who Bellino specialized in dealing with organized crime and corrupt trade union officials and was credited with a major role in bringing about the downfall of the teamster leaders James R. Hoffa and Dave Beck. Bellino was also employed by Joseph Kennedy as his accountant and personal secretary.
John W. Leon worked as a private detective for Carmine Bellino during the 1960 presidential election. Leon bugged the phones of Engelhard Industries. Charles W. Engelhard, a South African diamond merchant, who had discovered that JFK was having an affair with a nineteen year old student at Radcliffe College. It seems that Bellino had a long history of carrying out covert operations for the Kennedy family (Joe, John and Robert). He worked for JFK during his presidency. One of his job seems to have been to deal with blackmailers.
http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=4663
Jimmy Hoffa hated John and Robert Kennedy. Robert Kennedy had been trying to put Hoffa in jail since 1956, when Robert was staff counsel for a Senate probe into the Mob's influence on the labor movement. In 1960, Robert Kennedy said, "No group better fits the prototype of the old Al Capone syndicate than Jimmy Hoffa and some of his lieutenants."
In the 1960 presidential election, Hoffa and his two million-member union backed Vice President Nixon against Kennedy. Edward Partin, a Louisiana Teamster official and later government informant, eventually revealed that Hoffa met with mafia boss Carlos Marcello to secretly fund the Nixon campaign — saying: "I was right there, listening to the conversation. Marcello had a suitcase filled with $500,000 cash which was going to Nixon ... (Another half-million dollars) was coming from mob boys in New Jersey and Florida." The Hoffa-Marcello meeting took place in New Orleans in September 1960, and has been verified by William Sullivan, a former top FBI official.
Nixon lost the 1960 election, and Hoffa soon wound up in prison for jury tampering and looting the union's pension funds of almost $2 million. In December 1971, President Nixon gave Hoffa an executive grant of clemency, allowing Hoffa to serve just five years of a 13-year prison sentence. Nixon broke from clemency custom by not consult the judge who had sentenced Hoff and did not listen to the US Parole Board negative recommendation for early release. Hoffa’s son James P. Hoffa Jr. stated that racketeer Allen Dorfman delivered $300,000 to a Nixon aid at a Washington DC hotel to secure the elder Hoffa's release. This allegation is corroborated in a FBI record of a statement made by an FBI informant. One restriction Nixon did put on Hoffa's freedom: he could never again, directly or indirectly, manage any union. The restriction helped Hoffa's successor to the leadership of the Teamsters Union, Frank Fitzsimmons. This restriction was reputedly bought by a $500,000 contribution to the Nixon campaign by New Jersey Teamster leader Tony Provenzano. He had for years dominated Teamsters New Jersey Local 560.
An internal FBI memo of May 24, 1973, describes Frank Sinatra as ''a close friend of Angelo DeCarlo of long standing.'' And in April 1972, DeCarlo asked singer Frankie Valli to contact Sinatra and have him intercede with Vice President Agnew for DeCarlo's release. Sinatra ''allegedly turned over $100,000 cash to Maurice Stans (Nixon campaign finance chairman) as an unrecorded contribution.'' Vice presidential aide Peter Maletesta ''allegedly contacted former Presidential Counsel John Dean and got him to make the necessary arrangements to forward the request (for a presidential pardon) to the Justice Department. ''Sinatra is said to have then made a $50,000 contribution to the president's campaign fund. President Nixon pardoned Angelo DeCarlo, described by the FBI as a ''methodical gangland executioner.'' Supposedly terminally ill, DeCarlo was freed after serving less than two years of a 12-year sentence for extortion. Soon afterward, Newsweek reported the mobster was not too ill to be ''back at his old rackets.”
(Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs, pp. 156 to 167)
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1998_cr/980507-l.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKroselli.htm
In March 1950, US Senator Estes Kefauver (D-TN) worked to form Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce that worked to expose the role of organized crime in political corruption, illegal gambling, and labor racketeering. The FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, refused to allow the FBI to serve as investigators for this committee. (The Strength of the Wolf, p. 85)
The Nixon administration intervened on the side of Mafia figures in at least 20 trials, mostly for the ostensible purpose of protecting CIA ''sources and methods.'' Nixon ordered the Justice Department to stop using the words "Mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" to describe the mafia. During the Nixon years, pressure from Washington eased off on Sam Giancana. And the long-standing deportation proceedings against mafioso Johnny Roselli were dropped. By the 1960s, the FBI had identified Nixon’s close friend, Charles G. “Bebe” Rebozo’s links to the mafia.
In 1950, fearing that Congressman Dick Nixon of California was facing a nervous breakdown, Florida US Senator George Smathers suggested he take a holiday in Florida. This is where Nixon first met Rebozo. They became very close friends, if not homosexual lovers. Bebe Rebozo’s parents come from Cuba and he was born in American.
Senator Smathers was part owner of Automatic Vending company and he was involved with in a company called Serve-U-Corporation whose owners were Bobby Baker, Fred Black and mafiosos Ed Levenson and Benny Sigelbaum. Established in 1962, the company provided vending machines for companies working on federally granted programs. The machines were manufactured secretly owned by Sam Giancana and other mobsters based in Chicago. (Source: Nonmenclature of an Assassination Cabal, by William Torbitt)
As far back as 1951, Rebozo had been involved with Lansky in illegal gambling rackets in Miami, Hallandale, and Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Former crime investigator Jack Clarke said back then Rebozo was ''one of Lansky's people.” Rebozo's organized crime connections were solid. He had both legal and financial ties with ''Big Al'' Polizzi, a Cleveland gangster and drug kingpin. Jewish mafioso Moe Dalitz the major figures who shaped Las Vegas, Nevada, was also a friend of Bebe Rebozo.
Nixon and Rebozo bought real estate in Florida’s upscale Key Biscayne, getting bargain rates from Donald Berg, a mafia-connected Rebozo business partner. The Secret Service eventually advised Nixon to stop associating with Berg. The lender for one of Nixon's properties was Arthur Desser, who consorted with both Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa and mobster Meyer Lansky.
Nixon and Rebozo were friends of James Crosby, the chairman of a firm repeatedly linked to top mobsters. Rebozo's Key Biscayne Bank was a suspected pipeline for mafia money skimmed from Crosby's casino in the Bahamas. (Source: Nixon's Darkest Secrets: The Inside Story of America's Most Troubled President, by Don Fulsom (2012))
According to historian Anthony Summers, in the early 1950s Bebe Rebozo paid off Nixon's big gambling losses - possibly as much as $50,000. Most of Nixon's gambling took place at Lansky's Hotel Nacional in Havana.. Nixon stayed in the Presidential Suite of this hotel for free. Moe Dalitz and Meyer Lansky were owners of the Hotel Nacional.
Moe Dalitz ran a Jewish gang called the Cleveland Syndicate and he was an associate of Paul Laxalt of Nevada, and Dalitz contributed tens of thousands of dollars to his campaigns. Laxalt was Governor of Nevada from 1967 to 1971 and a United States Senator from 1974 to 1987. He was one of Ronald Reagan's closest friends in politics. http://mafia.wikia.com/wiki/Moe_Dalitz
When Howard Hughes wanted to buy the Desert Inn hotel, principally owned by the Moe Dalitz, The CIA’s private investigator Robert Maheu persuaded Jimmy Hoffa into talking to Dalitz. The mafia then sold the hotel to Howard Hughes. One big reason Hoffa was successful in talking Dalitz into selling, was that all of the mafia’s Las Vegas casinos owed borrowed money from Teamster’s pension-fund.
Howard Hughes ended up buying four resort hotels from the mafia owners, most of the land on the Las Vegas Strip, two airports, one airline, and a local television station. It all came to almost $100 million.
In April 1975, The Washington Post reported, "Hughes Aircraft has been mentioned as a potential hotbed of interrelationships with the CIA." The New York Times on March 20, 1975, quoted high Government officials as saying the Hughes Aircraft Company had been building spy satellites for years and his company "employed a number of high-ranking CIA and military men" who were really working for the CIA.
In 1956, Hughes made a controversial $205,000 loan to Nixon’s brother Donald. Details of the loan were leaked during the 1960 Nixon vs. Kennedy presidential campaign. In 1969 and 1970, years when Howard Hughes was seeking federal approval for airline acquisitions, he hired Robert Maheu and Maheu delivered two bundles of $50,000 each in cash to Bebe Rebozo,. This was an alleged campaign contribution for Nixon.
Joseph Yablonsky, the FBI special agent in charge of the Las Vegas district office from 1980 through 1983 said, "Back in 1946, FBI agents in New York were investigating Bugsy Siegel and Frank Costello. They and a few other mafiosos were getting together to come up with the financing for the Flamingo (casino)."But the New York FBI agents soon received an order from Truman's Attorney General, Tom Clark, to cease the investigation on the grounds it "lacked federal jurisdiction." Yablonsky said, "Well, they later found out that (Nevada’s US Senator) Pat McCarran had interceded on behalf of his newly emerging constituency" in Las Vegas. McCaran charged that the FBI investigation had been designed to "damage the economy" of Nevada. Thus it wasn't a coincidence, says Yablonsky, that "The guys who came out there [to Vegas], from Bugsy Siegel on up into the 50s and the 60s, were outright guys with mob ties and serious records for illegality in other places."
Yablonsky said with the exception of US Senator Dick Bryan, when he assumed the governorship in 1980, he didn't see a lot of integrity among the state's major politicians. http://www.newsnet1.com/electricnevada.com/pages96/mob1.htm
Richard Danner, a former FBI agent gone bad, was the city manager of Miami Beach when it was controlled by the mafia. Danner eventually became a top aide to Howard Hughes. And years later during the final act of the Watergate scandal, Danner delivered a $100,000 under-the–table donation from Hughes to President Nixon.
By contrast, the Kennedy administration's war on organized crime was highly effective: indictments against mobsters rose from zero to 683; and the number of defendants convicted went from zero to 619.
Right-wing Republicans were calling on Kennedy to take a more aggressive approach towards Castro. For example, in one speech US Senator Barry Goldwater said: “I advocate the recognition of a Cuban government in exile and would encourage this government every way to reclaim its country. This means financial and military assistance.” GHW Bush took a more extreme position than Goldwater and called for a “new government-in-exile invasion of Cuba”. (Source: George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin, 2004, p. 173) and http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoperation40.htm
Operation Pluto -- the training and equipping phase for the Bay of Pigs Invasion
On March 17, 1960, Eisenhower signs National Security Council directive ordering planning and training (Operation Pluto) for the Bay of Pigs invasion and covert operations against the Castro regime. Part of the invasion plan was infiltrating a team of anti-Castro Cubans whose mission was to kill selected leaders of Castro’s regime (Operation 40). In November 1960, Colonel Edward Lansdale, a counterinsurgency specialist for the White House (NSC) sent the invasion task force a “must go list” (aka a black list or kill list) of eleven top Castro regime officials, including Che Guevera, Raul Castro, Blas Roca and Carlos Raphael Rodriguez. (Sources: Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, p. 82, Untold Story of the Bay of Pigs, By Robert Dallek, Newsweek, August 14, 2011 and Fonzi chronology, p. 415, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/
This includes the use of a propaganda campaign designed to overthrow Castro, and;
a) the termination of sugar purchases,
b) the end of oil deliveries,
c) continuation of the arms embargo in effect since mid-1958,
d) the organization of a paramilitary force of Cuban exiles to invade the island.
e) Radio Swan, a CIA anti-Castro radio station goes on the air and by summer, several clandestine and CIA-funded radio stations in the US join Radio Swan in broadcasting to Cuba.
(Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 11/20/75) https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Alleged+Assassination+Plots+Involving+Foreign+Leaders
Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro. The freighter La Coubre (sometimes erroneously called "Le Coubre") exploded at on March 4, 1960, while it was being unloaded in Havana harbor, Cuba. This 4,310-ton French vessel was carrying 76 tons of Belgian munitions from the port of Antwerp. Unloading explosive ordnance directly onto the dock was against port regulations. Ships with such cargoes were supposed to be moored in the center of the harbor and their high-risk cargo unloaded onto lighters. The death toll was between 75 and 100 people with more than 200 people injured. (The CIA on Campus: Essays on Academic Freedom and the National Security State, edited by Philip Zwerling)
Between January and August 1960, 5,780 incidents occurred against Castro’s regime in Cuba, of which 716 involve sabotage of important economic objectives. In August 26, the US Coast Guard impounds two boats in Marathon, Florida, after members of the Florida-based "Student Revolutionary Directorate" used them to fire automatic weapons at Havana beachfront buildings the night before. The 23 members of the expedition are not arrested, and no charges are brought against them. http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/time/timetbl4.htm
Of the 21 ministers appointed in January 1959 in the Cuban government, twelve had resigned or had been ousted by the end of the year. In 1960 four more were out as the revolution moved toward a Marxist-Leninist political system. (Cuba, A Short History," Edited by Leslie Bethell)
Colonel J.C. King, Chief of CIA's Western Hemisphere Division, argued to CIA director Allen Dulles that in Cuba there existed a far-left dictatorship, which if allowed to remain will encourage similar actions against US holdings in other Latin American countries. In June 1960, Gerard Droller was sent to Miami, as Chief Political Action under Jacob “Jake” Esterline Chief of the Cuban Task Force (aka Branch 4) to help organize the overthrow of Fidel Castro in Cuba. Esterline reported to the Deputy Director for Plans, Richard M. Bissell and not to King. CIA officer Jim O'Connell was in charge of supporting operations of the Cuban Task Force.
Droller (CIA alias Frank Bender) posed as a wealthy steel tycoon. His main task was to recruit and organize the political leaders of anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area, assisted by CIA officer E. Howard Hunt (alias Eduardo). CIA officer Tracy Barnes functioned as operating officer. CIA officers David Atlee Phillips, Barnes, Esterline, and Hunt had previously worked together in the 1954 in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala (Operation PB/SUCCESS).
Jake Esterline and Droller upset CIA officers William Pawley and E. Howard Hunt during the planning for the Bay of Pigs operation and mainly concerning political issues. Pawley thought it was important to get a right-wing government established in Cuba after the invasion. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/bayofpigs/esterlineinterv.pdf
William Pawley made millions of dollars in his oil business during World War Two. Pawley also owned major sugar cane farmland and mills in Cuba and Havana’s bus and trolley company. His father was a wealthy businessman based in Cuba, and young Pawley attended private schools in both Havana and Santiago. Pawley will be one of the dispossessed American investors in Cuba who tries to convince Eisenhower that Castro is a communist and urges him to arm the Cuban exiles in Miami. He was a close friend to both pre-Castro Cuban rulers, President Carlos Prio and General Fulgencio Batista. In 1933 he moved to China where he became president of China National Aviation Corporation an airline running between Hong Kong and Shanghai. He later assembled aircraft in partnership with the Chinese Nationalist government. In 1941, with his two brothers, he was involved with the organization and support of the First American Volunteer Group, setting up the Flying Tigers with General Claire Chennault. William Pawley was appointed as US Ambassador to Peru in 1945 by Harry Truman. He was named US Ambassador to Brazil in 1948. Pawley played a role in the CIA plot to overthrow the Guatemalan government in 1954. Pawley is thought to have served with the State Department in Peru, Brazil, Panama, Guatemala, Cuba and Nicaragua between 1945 and 1960.
Through his national security aide, Nixon demanded that William Pawley be given briefings and access to CIA officers to share ideas. Pawley pushed the CIA to support untrustworthy exiles as part of the effort to overthrow Castro risking disclosing the war plan.
On March 23, 1960, Rafael Garcia Rubio infiltrates into the northern coast of Havana Province, Cuba. He later explains: “Our job consisted of making contact with armed organizations and groups operating on the island, and training them in weapons and explosives. We were 86 men.”
I assume this group of guerrilla/ terrorists were the Task Force W that William Harvey was in charge of running and supplying.
The principal counter-Castro revolutionary movement inside Cuba the Movement of Republican Revolution (MRR) led by Manuel Artime. MRR received support from members in Miami, Mexico, Venezuela and etc. Tony Verona was involved with MRR. Infiltration into Cuba and airplane drops of arms and supplies to the MRR forces were arranged by the CIA. There were emergency airplane landings in Mexico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Island on some of these flights. Out of 30 air supply missions only four were successful, and an airplane crash in Mexico almost blew the Bay of Pigs mission.
In May 1960, Howard Hunt was involved in the creation of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, the umbrella anti-Castro organization and the Cuban government in exile. Also involved with Hunt were Bernard L. Baker Jr. and Frank Sturgis, all three arrested in the Watergate burglary. (Sources: George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography Chapter -XII- Chairman George in Watergate --- by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin and http://www.tarpley.net/bush12.htm
Secretary of State Dean Rusk confirmed this planning for the coup however he hadn’t learned about it until just after JFK’s death.
In June 1960 groups of Cuban refugees within the US formed the Frente Revlucionario Democrático (FRD) organization which was opposed the government of Fidel Castro. The FRD consolidates five existing anti-Castro groups: the Movimiento de Rescate Revolucinario, headed by Manuel Antonio Varona; the Movimiento Democrático Cristiano, headed by Jóse Ignacio Rasco; the Movimiento de Recuperación Revolucionario (MRR), lead by Manuel Artime; the Associación Montecristi, led by Justo Carillo; and the Frente Nacional Democrático (Tripel A), led by Aureliano Sanchez Arango. Manuel Artime is put in charge of military activity and remains the main link to the CIA. Each of these groups differed in terms of being less angry about the Batista’s dictatorship and/or more or less in favor of socialism or anti ties with the Soviet Union which Castro turned to for foreign aid. The liberal Cuban exiles believe that the real purpose of Operation 40 was to kill communists and after eliminating hard-core Fidelistas, to go on to eliminate first the progressive followers of Manuel Ray, then the followers of Tony Varona and finally to set up a right wing dictatorship, presumably under (Manuel) Artime.” (codenamed AM/BIDDY-1).
In July 1960, the CIA ordered the CIA’s Havana Station to put out the word that the CIA would pay $10,000 to anyone who assassinated Che Guevara. On August 16, 1960, the first assassination plot by the US against Fidel Castro is initiated when a CIA officer is given a box of Castro’s favorite cigars and told to poison them. It is unknown whether any attempt was later made to pass the cigars on to Castro. (Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 11/20/75, p. 73) http://history-matters.com/archive/church/reports/ir/html/ChurchIR_0047a.htm
In August 1960, DCIA Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell authorized CIA officer William Harvey to go after Communist Cuba. Harvey with his assistant CIA officer Ted Shackley set up facilities to recruit anti-Castro Cubans. They open a new CIA station in Miami (code name JM/WAVE) in an old building at the University of Miami. They put up signs that read: Zenith Technical Enterprise. JM/WAVE grew to 600 CIA officers. CIA interrogated the 2,800 Cuban refugees arriving in Florida every day. The CIA also had a base located at the former Richmond Naval Air Station south of Miami. The building complex had a sign stating: "US Government Regulations Prohibit Discussion of this Organization or Facility.”
Allegedly there were at least 55 dummy corporations to provide employment, cover, and commercial disguise for as many as 3,000 Cuban volunteer and contract agents and sub-agents. There were detective bureaus, gun stores, real estate brokerages, boat repair shops, and party boats for fishing and other entertainments. The CIA also set up the clandestine Radio Swan, later renamed Radio Americas aimed at Cuba. There were fleets of specially modified boats based at a marina in the city of Homestead, FL, just south of Miami and at other marinas throughout the Florida Keys. CIA contract agents were assigned to the University of Miami and other educational institutions. (The Secret History of the U.S., p. 343)
Theodore “Ted” Shackley in the spring of 1961 became the Chief of Station of this Miami base (code name JM/WAVE) until 1965. His was job to help Harvey to provide intelligence and manpower to military planners. When GHW Bush was CIA director in 1976, he appointed Shackley as Associate Deputy Director for Operations (clandestine operations). Its name was changed from "Plans Directorate". This set up Shackley for a possible rise to CIA Director. Shackley will later show up in Bush Sr.'s 1979-80 presidential campaign. http://www.tarpley.net/bush8b.htm
William Harvey was Chief of Task Force W and an assassination mission code named ZR/RIFLE. I am not sure, but I think Task Force W was a group that infiltrated Cuba prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion with the mission to kill key leaders of the Castro regime. Bissell told William Harvey that he could not to speak to CIA Director, Allen Dulles or President Eisenhower about this part of this job. Nothing about this mission was to be put in writing. The code name ZR/RIFLE was kept secret from even high ranking CIA officers. The CIA was never mentioned by name in ZR/RIFLE document. I believe William Harvey had been in charge of CIA assassination of suspected USSR spies in post World War Two Europe in connection with CIA torture operations under MK/ULTRA. In other words, like Operation Phoenix in South Vietnam.
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The Senate's Report on Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders reported that an internal CIA committee passed on proposals involving the operational use of drugs, chemicals, and biological agents. In February 1960, CIA's Near East Division sought the endorsement of what the Near East Division Chief called the Health Alteration Committee for its proposal for a special operation to incapacitate an Iraqi colonel believed to be promoting Soviet bloc political interests in Iraq. The Division sought the Committee's advice on a technique "which while not likely to result in total disablement, would be certain to prevent the target from pursuing his usual activities for a minimum of three months. We do not consciously seek subject's permanent removal from the scene; we also do not object should this complication develop."
In April 1960, the Committee unanimously recommended to the Deputy Director for Operations Richard “Dick” M. Bissell Jr. that a disabling operation be undertaken. Bissell's deputy, Tracy Barnes, approved on behalf of Bissell an operation to mail a monogrammed handkerchief containing an incapacitating agent to the Iraqi colonel from an Asian country. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 181)
During the late spring or early summer of 1960, CIA’s Deputy Director of Operations, Richard Bissell, requested his Science Advisor Joseph Scheider to review the general "capability of the clandestine service in the field of incapacitation and elimination." Scheider testified that assassination was one of the capabilities he was asked by Bissell to research.
Scheider indicated that Bissell turned to him because he was knowledgeable about "substances that might be available in CIA laboratories." Sometime in early January 1961, Bissell instructed Chief of a CIA Foreign Intelligence staff, William Harvey, to establish an executive action (aka assassination) capability, which would include research into a capability to assassinate foreign leaders. Bissell indicated that executive action covered a wide spectrum of actions to eliminate the effectiveness of foreign leaders, with assassination as the most extreme action in the spectrum. The project was given the code name ZR/RIFLE by the CIA.
ZR/RIFLE was relating to two areas. One was a assassination capability. The second program was genuine, but it was also meant to provide a cover for any assassination operation. William Harvey had been in charge of the CIA section with general responsibility for such programs.
William Harvey testified that Bissell had told him that the Kennedy White House had twice urged the creation of such a capability and that he was almost certain that on January 25 and 26, 1961, Bissell met with two CIA officials: Joseph Scheider, who by then had become Chief of the Technical Services Division, and a CIA recruiting officer, to discuss the feasibility of creating a capability within the CIA for Executive Action.
The CIA’s assassinations recruiting officer was apparently James O'Connell, the Office of Security's Deputy Director for Investigations and Operational Support. One contract killer was given the cryptonym QJ/WIN and placed under Harvey's supervision for the ZR/RIFLE project. .... QJ/WIN was a foreign citizen with a criminal background who had been recruited by the CIA for certain sensitive programs prior to Project ZR/RIFLE. Harvey used QJ/WIN to spot "individuals" with criminal and underworld connections in Europe for possible multi-purpose use." For example, QJ/WIN reported that a potential asset in the Middle East was "the leader of a gambling syndicate with an available pool of assassins."
In general, project ZR/RIFLE involved assessing the problems and requirements of assassination and developing a stand-by assassination capability; more specifically, spotting likely places for assassination and surveillance of possible targets.
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Manual Antonio “Tony” de Verona was born in Cuba. Varona also worked closely with organized crime leaders such as Santo Trafficante Jr. and Johnny Roselli. In 1959 Tony Varona emerged as a leading anti-Communist. He moved to the Manzanillo region where he joined up with Carlos Prio and Manuel Artime. Along with Huber Matos they planned a counter-revolution. Varona was involved in several attempts to kill Fidel Castro. Years later, according to Castro’s Chief of foreign intelligence service, DGI, Fabian Escalante stated the counter-revolution against Castro was organized by Frank Fiorini and the CIA. (Around 1963, he changed his last name to Frank Sturgis)(CIA Covert Operations: 1959-1962)
During 1959 Frank Fiorini became Chief of Security and Intelligence for the Cuban Air Force and Minister of Games of Chance in Havana. In truth, Sturgis is working for the CIA and is actually involved in plotting Castro’s death. In order to maintain his credibility with Castro, Sturgis executes 71 supporters of the Batista regime. And in the 1970s he was arrested in the Watergate burglary.
In late August a New York Times report Tad Szulc in Costa Rica learned about the training for the Bay of Pigs invasion from a Cuban friend. The State Department asked him to kill the story.
In August 1960, CIA’s Director of the Office of Security, Colonel Sheffield Edwards, personally contacted Robert “Bob” Maheu during the fall of 1960 and Mahue accepted working for the CIA for the purpose of contacting the American mafia. Edwards said that since the underworld controlled gambling activities in Cuba under the Batista government, it was assumed that this element would still continue to have sources and contacts in Cuba which perhaps could be utilized successfully in connection with CIA's clandestine efforts against the Castro government.
A lawyer who did work for the CIA, Edward Bennett Williams introduced mafia guy, Johnny Roselli to Robert Maheu. Williams knew Roselli from defended mafia guys in court. A week later at a party at Maheu home, he introduced Roselli to CIA officer James "Big Jim" O'Connell. O'Connell had served with Maheu in the FBI during World War Two. (Source: Robert F Kennedy and His Times, by Arthur Schlesinger 1986 and The Secret History of the CIA, p. 198-199)
You need to know some of the background of Robert Maheu. In 1940 Maheu was hired by the FBI as a counterintelligence officer. During the Second World War he posed as a Canadian who sympathized with the Nazis and infiltrated New York's German-American Bund (translated: federation). He ended up passing false information to two German spies, who were later arrested. Maheu was also a friend of FBI Agent Guy Banister. It is likely they were working together in FBI counter intelligence operations at the time. In 1947 Robert Maheu quit the FBI and started a private investigations business opening an office in Washington DC.
Maheu got hired as a contract agent for the CIA in about 1954, working on and off while receiving a $500 a month retainer. Those were jobs in which the CIA could not officially be associated as having done in case the news media learned about them. Than the CIA could say it didn’t know anything about this Robert Maheu guy.
As a private investigator Robert Maheu worked for Howard Hughes to spy on his mistresses and on his business rivals. The CIA tasked Maheu to pimp prostitutes for King Hussein of Jordan when he came to Washington DC. Maheu was not only in charge of keeping Hughes business and personal life a secret, but also he acted as the billionaire’s top bagman (secretly giving cash to political candidates).
On September 24, 1960 an initial meeting is held between James O 'Connell, Johnny Rosselli, and Robert Maheu at the Plaza Hotel in New York for the purpose of planning assassination of Castro. Roselli then decides to introduce two new players to the picture: Sam Giancana and Santos Trafficante Jr. Rosselli then asks Giancana to participate. Giancana agrees and approaches Trafficante, who agrees to recruit an person to carry out the assassination. (Davis; Fonzi chronology p 415)
September 26, 1960, four boats set out from Miami to invade Cuba under the leadership of Rolando Masferrer Rojas. Only one of the boats reaches Cuba, and three Americans are eventually executed as a result: Allan D. Thompson, Anthony Zarba and Robert O. Fuller.
In early October 1960 a subsequent meeting takes place in Florida at the Fountainbleu Hotel that included Rosselli, Giancana, Trafficante, Maheu, and O 'Connell. Sam Giancana refused to kill Castro by making it look like a mafia assassination that was a CIA idea presented to him. Later,
Colonel Sheffield Edwards said that none of Giancana's efforts have materialized to date and that several of the plans still are working and may eventually pay off. None of them succeeded in killing Castro. (Source: FBI memo to US Attorney General dated, May 22, 1962) and http://www.jfklancer.com/cuba/FBIMemo_Maheu-Roselli.html
Jimmy Hoffa was one of the CIA's go-between with the mob in their plan to kill Castro. Top Teamster organizer Rolland McMaster was Hoffa's liaison to Santo Trafficante during the planning of the assassination in the early 1960s. Russell Bufalino of the Pennsylvania mafia had also been among the mob bosses whom the CIA solicited for direct action against Castro.
Unknown to the CIA at the time Trafficante Jr. was a spy for Castro and telling him all about the plans to kill him. In a mafia power move against Meyer Lansky, Trafficante had struck a deal with Castro promising him control of gambling in Cuba once the revolution succeeded. In the years of guerrilla warfare against Batista, Castro received guns from Trafficante. In return Castro promised Trafficante control of gambling in Cuba once the revolution succeeded.
Trafficante placed spies for Castro among the refugees fleeing Cuba after the revolution. They were Castro’s most loyal supporters and were KGB trained members of the Cuban Intelligence agency, the DGI. This was not discovered by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics until July 1961.
The CIA had done a very bad job of vetting the exiled Cubans they recruited for the Bay of Pig operation and later operations against Cuba. Trafficante also allowed Castro’s supporters to bring in heroin into Miami and sell it on his turf to help finance the revolution.
Among early attempts devised by the CIA to discredit Castro was a plan to place chemical powders on his boots that would cause his beard to fall out when he was in New York to speak at the United Nations in 1960.
When that failed, the CIA planned to slip him a box of cigars tainted with LSD so that he would burst into fits of laughter during a television interview. But it was the CIA's plans to poison Castro with botulinum toxin in the early 1960s that came closest to succeeding. According to Castro’s Chief of Security (DGI), Fabian Escalante, he suspected or documented 167 plots against Castro.
In October 1960, a CIA delegation including Major Harry C. “Heinie” Aberholt flew Nicaraguas’ President Luis Somoza-Debayle to get Somoza’s permission to use Puerto Cabezas (a port city on the Atlantic coast of the northern part of Nicaragua) as a departure base for the Bay of Pigs strike force. Aberhold had served in World War Two, the Korean War and later secretly trained pilots in Southeast Asia. They represented themselves as businessmen from United Fruit Company in New Orleans. Somoza said that he knew who they were and that he supported them, and so Aderholt flew with a son of Somoza to inspect Puerto Cabezas.
On November 19, 1960 The Nation published the editorial entitled “Are We Training Cuban Guerrillas?” days after Kennedy’s narrow election win over Richard Nixon and five months before the failed invasion. The story reported on details, published in the Guatemalan press, about a compound that the CIA had purchased for one million dollars to train Cuban exiles. They also reported that Guatemala’s president admitted on television that this base did exist. The New York Times writes: “Dr. Castro and his friends cannot for a moment think that the United States would be wicked enough or foolish enough to attempt an armed conquest of Cuba.”
When the Times published its front-page story on January 10, 1961 and the headline stated, “U.S. Helps Train an Anti-Castro Force at Secret Guatemalan Air-Ground Base.” It prompted an emergency damage-control meeting between Dwight Eisenhower (then in the final weeks of his presidency) and top CIA, Defense and State Department officials. According to a secret memorandum of the conversation,“the President decided that we should make no statement and continue to refuse to comment.” At the State Department, a spokesman claimed to know absolutely nothing about a base in Guatemala training Cuban exiles.
(Sources: Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA, by John Prados, pp. 222 to 228)
http://www.thenation.com/article/cuba-libre/
January 3, 1961, the United States and Cuba severed diplomatic and consular relations. January 20, 1961, JFK is inaugurated as the president of the United States.
Panama
On January 1, 1955 Marion Cooper, working for the CIA, attended a meeting in Honduras, at which the planning of the assassination of the President of Panama, Jose Antonio Remon, was discussed in detail. According to Cooper, the people present at this meeting were the team of killers hired to do the job and Vice President Richard Nixon. Cooper’s truthfulness was tested with a polygraph examination and he passed with the highest rating. This story was given to Senator Church, and was mostly verified by Chicago journalist Joe Pennington. January 2, 1955 Panama President Remon was machine-gunned to death. US document 279 – entitled “Assassination of Jose Remon, Panama” - remains classified in the National Archives.
Panama had an oligarchy of about 20 extended families of Spanish descent.
Sweden, NATO and the stay-behind operation Gladio
Because the Swedish Parliament politically against joining NATO, they were not informed about the US/NATO stay-behind network being established in Sweden. Thus it was left to the CIA to secretly recruit Swedes who could to recruite and led this commando network, yet it was not always clear who was in charge.
One of these recruited contract agents for Sweden’s Gladio in Sweden was Thede Palm. He had been since 1946 the Chief of the Foreign Section of Sweden’s military secret service. (On top of this structure a new stay-behind council was created presided by private businessman
Alvar Lindencrona seems to have directed the Swedish secret army until 1978.
The stay behind commandos included members of the Swedish business, political, and military elite. Among them was Tage Erlander, Social Democrat Swedish Prime Minister from 1946
to 1969. It was Erlander who in 1957 handed over political responsibility this secret outfit to Social Democrat Minister of the Interior, Rune Johansson.
During the clandestine stay-behind meetings Rune Johansson was regularly accompanied by his secretary Carl Persson, who later became the chief of the Swedish national police. Other conspirators participating in Lindencrona’s meetings included members of the Swedish military such as Stig Synnergren and Carl Eric Almgren, as well as members of the union and business elite including LO (Swedish TUC) Chair Arne Geijer, TCO (white-collar union) Chair Valter Åman, and Director of Employers’ Organization Bertil Kugelberg.
The decisions taken during the clandestine meetings were forwarded to the headquarters of the Swedish secret army located in Stockholm. A door hidden behind a mirror was the entrance to the secret rooms from where Colonel Grafström directed much of the recruitment and training assisted by military officers Sune Gladh and Gunnar Areskoug and several secretaries responsible for a large territory.
Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO, while Sweden remained neutral.
Over time and due to the official neutrality policy, fewer and fewer Swedish military officials were aware of the military cooperation with NATO, making such cooperation in the event of war increasingly difficult. At the same time Swedish defensive planning was completely based on help from abroad in the event of war. Later research has shown that every publicly available war-game training, included the scenario that Sweden was under attack from the Soviets, and would rely on NATO forces for defense. The fact that it was not permissible to mention this aloud eventually led to the Swedish armed forces becoming highly misbalanced. I guess this means they failed to follow the US and NATO model of a combined arms army.
The UKUSA Agreement (treaty) signed in 1954 SIGINT was shared with Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and two NATO SIGINT intercept stations were based on Sweden’s east coast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_neutrality
Eastern and Southern African
Tom M’Boya was an agent of influence for the CIA not only in Kenya, but in all of Africa. He was leader of the Kenyan African National Union (KANU). In 1958 the CIA thought Mboya appeared to be the most promising of the African leaders. The person they needed to help him become a leader of Kenya against others candidates they considered pro-Sino-Soviet extremists.
The CIA heavily funded a selective liberation program to isolate Kenya’s founding President Jomo Kenyatta, who the CIA labeled as unsafe. In the CIA Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, dated November 19, 1959, it stated that M’Boya would serve as a check on the pro-communist at the second All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) in Tunis.
The CIA thought Mboya’s conservatism, along with that of Taleb Slim of Tunisia would contrast the leftist policies of other pro-communists who had been elected to the AAPC’s steering committee at the March 1961 Cairo conference.
M’Boya selected Lolo Soetoro to receive a scholarship at the University of Hawaii. He was President Barack Obama, Jr. father. Soetoro was part of the CIA’s Airlift Africa project where he and 279 students from British eastern and southern African colonies were brought to the United States to get college degrees prior to their homelands gaining independence from Britain.
Republic of the Congo
The decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s resulted in several proxy Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union over the dozens of newly independent, non-aligned nations. Belgian Congo gained its independence on Belgium on June 30, 1960.
In July 1960 Lawrence “Larry” Devlin, the CIA Chief of Station in Leopoldville, Congo, reported to CIA headquarters that the situation as a classic Communist takeover. In addition the CIA learned of the arrival of Soviet bloc technicians and materiel. What worried Eisenhower Administration was that if the Soviet Union gained a foot hold in the Congo, they would have a near monopoly on the production of cobalt, a critical mineral used in missiles. In addition it had significant deposits of uranium and oil. On August 19, 1960 Allen Dulles cables Devlin in Leopoldville, Congo, that “in high quarters” the “removal” of Patrice Lumumba is “an urgent and prime objective.” Shortly after this cable, the CIA’s clandestine service formulated a plot to assassinate Lumumba, codenamed Project Wizard.
CIA officer Richard M. Helms was involved somehow in the Congo in 1960, but for how long until when, I could not learn. Helms appears to have been a trouble shooter tasked by CIA to go to Egypt prior to or during the Suez Canal Crisis and War on October 29, 1956 when Britain, France and Israel invaded. Helms was also in Iran
Allen Dulles lied to Eisenhower telling him the CIA had a CIA officer in Elisabethville (Lubumbashi), Congo when in fact it did not. So Dulles sent senior CIA officer John Anderton, the only guy he could find at the time who spoke French. (Source: Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA, by John Prados, p. 275)
The CIA paid off top Congolese leaders, including Mobutu, Bomboko and Kasavubu, all of whom played large roles in Lumumba’s assassination. The CIA also financed and influenced the College of Commissioners led by Bomboko. The CIA sent a tube of toothpaste, when consumed, would make it seem as if Lumumba died of polio. Justin O’Donnell the Chief of Station at the Hague, Netherlands, was tasked to hire or be the case officer for a CIA assassin, who was codenamed QJ/WIN, whose identity is still unknown and who was allegedly later associated with the JFK assassination.
Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congolese National Army (CNA) orchestrated a coup d’état, On September 14, 1960, Mobutu ordered the Soviets out of the country. Lumumba was arrested and ultimately killed on January 17, 1961. Other sources say that in February 1961, Lumumba was tortured and killed in fighting other rebels in the Congo with the help of the Belgian military.
In the early 1960s, the CIA regularly bought and sold Congolese politicians and supplied them with arms and supplies. The CIA continued to back Mobutu for decades despite an egregious record of human rights violations.
CIA teletype messages regarding the Project Wizard to and from Chief of Station Devlin were classified “PROP,” meaning extraordinary sensitive and restricted circulation to only DCIA Dulles, Bissell the Deputy Director of Operations Division, Tweedy, Chief of of the Africa Division, and his deputy.
(Sources: The Secret History of the CIA p. 197 and Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone by Lawrence Devlin)
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization
https://books.google.co.za/books/about/Chief_of_Station_Congo.html?id=IbC2z9lk2pUC
During the late 1950s the CIA’s special operations (paramilitary) manpower was gradually reduced to a couple hundred soldiers. When the CIA needed more men it would hire them on short-term contacts. They hired ex-military men, adventurers, and outright mercenaries and on direct loan from the US army special forces, counter-guerrilla units. These US military men would leave the military secretly on loan, and would not lose any time in grade, etc. toward promotion and retirement from the military. This is known as “sheep-dipping.” (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 96)
Lee H. Oswald fake defector
A former CIA finance officer, James Wilcott, testified to the House Select Committee on Assassination that colleagues told him that Lee Harvey Oswald was a secret (contract agent) for a US government spy agency in Japan. The Committee decided not to believe Wilcott's hearsay information. Oswald was being used to do operational security or spy on other US persons associated with secret military operations – aka counterintelligence. (Crossfire, p. 104) Oswald was stationed in Japan at a secret U-2 base as a radar operator.
In 1959, the US was having real difficulty in acquiring information out of the Soviet Union. One activity used to acquire information was an Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) program which involved three dozen, maybe 40 young men who were made to appear disenchanted, poor, American youths who had become turned off and wanted to see what Communism was all about. They were sent into the Soviet Union or into Eastern Europe as fake defectors (dispatched U.S. spies). The intention was that the Soviets would pick them up and "double" them, or recruit them into the KGB. These fake defectors (double agents) were trained at various naval installations both in the U.S. and abroad, but the operation was being run out of Nagshead, North Carolina. (Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, p. 117)
A statement of William Robert “Tosh” Plumlee who was a CIA contract pilot: " I first meet Lee Harvey Oswald at a secret base called Illusionary Warfare Training, Nagshead, North Carolina in 1959 . This was prior to him going to language school and going to Russia.”
Plumlee said, “When I later learned that Oswald had been arrested as the lone assassin, I remembered having met him on a number of previous occasions which were connected with intelligence training matters, first at Illusionary Warfare Training in Nagshead, North Carolina, then in Honolulu at a radar installation and at Oahu's Wheeler Air Force Base, then in Dallas at an Oak Cliff CIA safe house on North Beckley Street run by Alpha 66's Hernandez group, who had worked out of Miami prior to the assassination. "
http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/toshfiles.htm
In January 1956 Eisenhower tells Dulles that the CIA will never again get blanket permission to make unlimited U-2 flights during a given period. This was out of fear of the public outcry over violating international law by flying over Soviet airspace and fear of a war with the USSR. Each future flight play must be brought to the Oval Office for approval. During this period, General Curtis LeMay had the authority to order a nuclear strike without presidential authorization if the president could not be contacted.
Oswald was in contact with David Ferrie when Oswald was a teenager. Clay Shaw had worked for OSS in 1946 and held the rand of Major. He and Ferrie are reported to have worked for the CIA and Oswald was in contact with both of these guys prior to the JFK assassination. (Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, pp. 499 to 500)
On August 17, 1959, Oswald applied for a dependency discharge from the US Marines on the grounds that his mother needed his support. Within two weeks, Oswald's request was approved and he released from service on Sept. 11, 1959. On September 4th, Oswald applied for a passport, wherein he plainly stated that he might travel to various countries, including Russia and Cuba. After a brief stopover in Texas with his mother, Oswald took a freighter to Le Havre, France on Sept. 20, 1959 and arrived in Moscow on October 16, 1959 (Crossfire, pp. 111 and 118)
On October 21, 1959, Oswald went to the US Embassy in Moscow and renounced his US citizenship. (JFK and the Unspeakable)
On October 31, 1959, Oswald went to the U.S embassy in Moscow attempting to revoke his U.S. citizenship. His act displayed a sophisticated knowledge of the legal subtleties concerning the revocation of one's citizenship. Oswald journey to Moscow was also a most unorthodox manner via Helsinki, Finland where he got a visa to go to Russia from the Soviet embassy. (Crossfire, p. 118 -119).
Former CIA officer James Angleton believed Oswald defected to the Soviet Union in 1959 armed with details of U-2 radar images, flight trajectories, capabilities, and runway distances that the U-2 required - all the information the Soviets needed to aim their not-so-accurate, SAM missiles if they were ever going to shoot down the U-2. It turned out that the Soviets sent Oswald to Minsk, where they gave him a luxurious apartment by Soviet standards, pay equaling that of a top military officer and perks available only to members of the KGB or the Soviet elite. Years later, Angleton became convinced that this very special treatment was Oswald's reward for compromising the U-2. But the evidence proves that we should not believe a word of what James Angleton said about the JFK assassination or his repeatedly telling lots of officers at CIA that he did not think Oswald as the assassin. (Ibid. p. 221)
What the Soviets lacked was the detailed altitude information on the U-2 that would have allowed them to accurately control their missiles at great altitudes. Lee Harvey Oswald, who served as a radar operator at Atsugi, Japan, one of the staging areas for the U- 2 flights, had that information. He defected in Moscow six months before the U-2 was shoot down. [1b]
On April 9, 1960 a U-2 spy plane takes off from Peshawar and files into Soviet airspace on a mission. This flight is successful. The next flight on May 1 will be shot down. In Pakistan CIA Pilot Francis Gary Powers was not been told about a sabotage attempt made against his plane on the eve of its departure, which has been foiled by American counterintelligence. He is also flying a substitute plane, U-2 No. 360. This aircraft has a long history of problems. Its most recent malfunction was in the fuel tanks. In 1977, Powers will tell a radio audience that he believes his U-2 had been brought down by a bomb placed on board. Shortly after making this statement, he will be killed in a helicopter crash in Los Angeles.
By the summer of 1960, the FBI was fully alert to Oswald and to possibly some sort of espionage game was being played out. His name had been placed on a "watch" list used in monitoring of overseas communications. [2b]
Oswald returned to the US Embassy in Moscow after working for over a year at a Soviet electronics factory in Minsk. Oswald was treated very well by the Soviets and they even gave him use of an apartment which normally is restricted to high ranking Soviet military officers.
He was welcome back by American officials with open arms. The US made no move to prosecute him, the embassy gave him a loan to return to the country and obtain a passport overnight. All this seem usual, after a U-2 was shot down six months after Oswald defected to the Soviet Union and yet Oswald as a Marine radar operator who had had access to secret information about the operation of U-2 flights. He held a Crypto/Top Secret security clearance. He had had access to the authentication codes used by US military planes entering and exiting the Air Defense Identification Zone. He knew the range of the radar and radios. (JFK and the Unspeakable, pp. 37-39)
When Oswald's Marine Corp supervising officer, Lt. John E. Donovan, testified at the Warren Commission, he wasn't asked anything about Oswald access to operational information about of U-2s.
In the book, the Warren Commission, Accessories after the Fact, by Sylvia Meagher, she concluded: "Decision after decision, the (State) Department removed every obstacle before Oswald – a defector and would –be expatriate, self-declared enemy of his native country, self-proclaimed disclosure of classified military information… –on his path from Minsk to Dallas. (Ibid. p. 38)
Former CIA officer, Victor Marchetti told author Anthony Summers of a CIA-connected Navel intelligence program in 1959, that same year Oswald defected to the USSR. This Office of Naval Intelligence program involved three dozen, maybe 40, young men who appeared to be disenchanted, poor American youths who had become turned off and wanted to see what communism was all about. They were sent into the Soviet Union or into Eastern Europe (fake defectors). This operation was run out of Nagshead, North Carolina. (JFK and the Unspeakable, p. 40)
According Summers, who studied documents from both the State Department and the House Select Committee on Assassinations, in the 18 months prior to January 1960, no fewer than nine US enlisted men defected ( to the Soviet Union), five of them US Army men from West Germany, two Navy men, and at least three civilians. All these defectors had backgrounds in the military or in sensitive defense work. It is known that, like Oswald, at least four of these returned to the U.S. after a few years. (Crossfire, p. 116)
In the summer of 1959 Khrushchev visited the United States. Pres. Eisenhower had scheduled a full-fledged summit in Paris for mid-May 1960 which it was hoped would produce a limited nuclear-test-ban treaty. Both Khrushchev and President Eisenhower seemed to have wanted to ease the tensions between their two countries. In the summer of 1959, Khrushchev visited the United States. A summit was scheduled for mid-May 1960 which might have produced a limited nuclear test ban treaty. It was foreseen as the first major accord of the cold war. But this summit didn't happen as a result of the U-2 being shot down in May 1, 1960. (Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, p. 114)
Historians David Wallechinsky and Irving Wallace in The People's Almanac noted: It is possible that certain US military leaders deployed (U-2 CIA pilot) Francis Powers purposely to sabotage the peace talks which Eisenhower himself acutely desired."
On January 17, 1961, three days before JFK took office, President Eisenhower gave his farewell address to Congress wherein he coined the phrase "military-industrial complex" and warned against potential abuses by such an entity.
Could it have been that Eisenhower realized that his plans for easing tensions with the USSR were sabotaged by elements within the US military and the CIA? That is, his hopes for talks with the Soviets to produce a limited nuclear test ban treaty had been sabotaged by a CIA/military plot to allow the Soviets to shoot down a U-2. And as I mentioned above, Air Force General Curtis LeMay falsely leaked to Kennedy that the Soviet missile or bomber threat was extremely great and Eisenhower could not refute this claim by Kennedy. That is, he accused the Republicans like Nixon of being week on defense.
However, on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers U-2 spy plane crashed in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev stated that the U-2 flight may have been the work of "American aggressive circles" trying to "torpedo the Paris summit.
The Soviets had known about the U-2 program for some time and their anti-air craft missiles were capable of shoot down the high altitude spy plane. What the Soviets lacked was detailed altitude information on U-2 and radar avoiding techniques used during its flights. Colonel Fletcher Prouty concluded that Power's plane was flying below his operational altitude when brought down. (Source: Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, pp. 114 and 115)
Fletcher Prouty wrote in his books that other evidence suggests that the CIA deliberately routed Powers into the path of nests of Soviet missiles it knew could shoot him down if he was flying too low. He also states that top secret camera had been removed from his U-2 plane and replaced with a older camera used in WWII, thereby adding evidence that someone knew this plane was not coming home and did not want the Soviets to gain the advanced camera technology that the US had. (Source: The Secret Team, The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World, Chapter 20, Krushchev's Challenge: The U-2 Dilemma, by Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, retired, 1973 and he was the USAF’s guy in charge of Military Support of the Clandestine Operations from 1955 till 1964).
What the Soviets lacked was the detailed altitude information on the U-2 that would have allowed them to accurately control their missiles at great altitudes. Lee Harvey Oswald, who served as a radar operator at Atsugi, Japan, one of the staging areas for the U- 2 flights, had that information. He defected in Moscow six months before the U-2 was shoot down. [1b]
There is a lot of evidence that Oswald had received Russian language and intelligence training and that his defection was a fake, meaning he was a US double agent.
By the summer of 1960, the FBI was fully alert to Oswald and to possibly some sort of espionage game was being played out. His name had been placed on a "watch" list used in monitoring of overseas communications. (Ibid, p.123)
Clay Shaw had worked for OSS in 1941 and he and David Ferrie are reported to have worked for the CIA. [3b] Oswald had been in contact with both these guys during the JFK assassination. In his youth, Oswald had been in contact with Ferrie. Both were in the Civil Air Patrol.
In 1959 the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had a spy program involving three dozen, maybe young US men who were sent to defect to the Soviet Union. (Ibid, pp. 499 to 500)
The Soviet Navy Fears Nuclear War:
In June 1959, Nikolai F. Artamanov, a Lieutenant Commander in the Soviet Navy and his Polish girlfriend defected to the US/CIA. The reason he gave for defecting was that he was disgusted with the direction the Soviet leadership was taking under Khrushchev. It was only years later that the CIA learned that Artamanov was a fake defector (double-agent) sent by the Brezhnev, Andropov, and Furtseva cabal because they were fearful that Premier Khrushchev’s lurching policies could start nuclear war. Artamanov’s father-in-law was Admiral Gorshkov and he sent Artamanov to send a message to the U.S (that the Soviet Navy did not want nuclear war). Artamanov dazzled the U.S. with information about the Soviet Navy. (The Secret History of the CIA, pp. 230-231)
In the December 20, 1975, Artamanov went home to the Soviet Union. The Russians put out a false story that he had died when he was kidnapped by the KGB due to an overdose of cholorform. The Israeli Mossad learned of this Soviet operation to repatriate Artamanov and made a deal not to expose this to the US is the Soviets agreed to release several key Jewish dissidents they held. (The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph J. Trento, 2001, p. 423)
This Soviet conservative element or cabal was made up of people like Yekaterina Furtseva, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and others in top Soviet military officials who were extremely frightened, by Khrushchev’s addiction to freewheeling nuclear poker. (The Secret History of the CIA, pp. 236 to 248)
GRU (Soviet military intelligence), Colonel Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky defected to the CIA on or about August 15, 1960. He was a talent spotter of foreign scientist who were appeared to b promising candidates for recruitment by the KGB and GRU as Soviet spies. Penkovsky also had access to intelligence about the Soviet ICBM program. CIA was woefully short of intelligence about Soviet rocketry. The Soviets space successes, which involved huge payloads by American standards, had demonstrated that whether or not there was a missile gap, there was certainly a payload gap. In 1957, launched of Sputnik on a Soviet R-7 ICBM could carry 100 kg into space. US rockets could carry only ten Kg. Penkovsky’s information was the most valuable the West had ever gotten out of the Soviet Union. He gave the CIA an unforgettable view of the Soviet power structure.
The classic case is the "missile gap" of the late 1950s. Air Force Intelligence was estimating that Soviets would deploy 500 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by the early 1960s. The intelligence branch of the Strategic Air Command figured the Soviets would, or might already, have 1,000 or more. The CIA, on the other hand, calculated the number at about 50.
By the time John F. Kennedy took office January in 1961, photos from spy satellites revealed that the Soviets had just four ICBMs. Yet Air Force Intelligence Chief, Maj. Gen. George Keegan, had briefed officials on the thousands of hidden Soviet missiles back in the 1950s.
http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml
http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.html
In 1951 the US Air Force saw the need to plan to pluck their aircrews out of the Soviet countryside after dropping nuclear ordnance, because the airplanes did not have enough fuel for the mission and return to their home airfield. The crews planned to parachute when that happened. Therefore, the Air Force formed Air Resupply and Communications (ARC) wings to do crew recovery. An Air Resupply Wing were 12 specially modified B-29 heavy bombers, four C-119 heavy transports, four SA-16 amphibians, and four H-19A helicopters. Five other non-flying squadrons were assigned to support the wing's operations by providing maintenance, cargo airdrop rigging, long-range communications, and PSYWAR/leaflet production. One unique squadron was devoted to preparing guerrilla-type personnel for insertion into enemy occupied territory. A “wing” is comparable to a brigade in the US Army led by a Colonel.
For global coverage, three ARC wings were formed: one in the United States as reserve, one in Libya for European assignments, and one at Clark Air Base in the Philippines for Asian missions.
The Clark-based ARC wing -- which in 1954 shifted to Kadena Air Base on the US controlled island of Okinawa -- was especially active, being used on psychological warfare flights over the Korean peninsula, the PRC, and French Indochina.
In September 1956, all ARC wings were formally disbanded. But electing to keep the Kadena unit intact, the USAF merely changed its name to the equally ambiguous 322nd Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium (Special). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Resupply_And_Communications_Service
The CIA did research to find the best torture techniques
Through its Technical Mission in Europe, the US Navy was also hot on the trail of state-of-the-art Nazi research into interrogation techniques. The Navy's intelligence officers soon came across Nazi research papers on truth serums, this research having been conducted at Dachau concentration camp by Dr. Kurt Plotner. Plotner had given Jewish and Russian prisoners high doses of mescaline and had watched them display schizophrenic behavior. The prisoners began to talk openly of their hatred of their German captors, and to make confessional statements about their psychological makeup.
American intelligence officers took a professional interest in Dr. Plotner's reports. The OSS, Naval Intelligence and security personnel on the Manhattan Project had long been conducting their own investigations into what was known as “TD,” or "truth drug." OSS Officer George Hunter White's use of THC on the Mafioso Augusto Del Gracio, they had been experimenting with TDs beginning in 1942. Some of the first subjects were people working on the Manhattan Project. The THC doses were administered to targets within the Manhattan Project in varied ways, with a liquid THC solution being injected into food and drinks, or saturated on a paper tissue. "TD appears to relax all inhibitions and to deaden the areas of the brain which govern the individual’s discretion and caution" the Manhattan security team excitedly reported in an internal memo. "It accentuates the senses and makes manifest any strong characteristic of the individual." But there was a problem. The doses of THC made the subjects throw up and the interrogators could never get the scientists to divulge any information, even with extra concentrations of the drug.
Reading Dr. Plotner's reports, the US Naval Intelligence officers discovered he had experimented with some success with mescaline as a speech- and even truth-inducing drug, enabling interrogators to extract "even the most intimate secrets from the subject when questions were cleverly put." Plotner also reported researches into mescaline's potential as an agent of behavioral modification or mind control.
This information was of particular interest to Boris Pash, one of the more sinister figures in the CIA cast of characters in this early phase. Pash was a Russian émigré to the United States who had gone through the revolutionary years at the birth of the Soviet Union. In World War Two, he was assigned to work at for OSS overseeing security for the Manhattan Project, where, among other activities, he supervised the investigation into Robert Oppenheimer and was the prime interrogator of the famous atomic scientist when the latter was under suspicion of helping leak secrets to the Soviet Union. In his capacity as head of security, Pash had supervised OSS officer George Hunter White's use of THC on Manhattan Project scientists.
In 1944 Colonel Boris Pash was picked by Donovan to head up what was called the Alsos Mission, designed to search for Nazi scientists who had been involved in atomic, chemical and biological weapons research. Pash set up shop at the house of an old prewar friend, Dr. Eugene von Haagen, a professor at the University of Strasburg, where many Nazi scientists had been faculty members. Pash had met von Haagen when the doctor was on sabbatical at Rockefeller University in New York, researching tropical viruses. When von Haagen returned to Germany in the late 1930s he and Kurt Blome became joint heads of the Nazis' biological weapons unit. Von Haagen spent much of the war infecting Jewish inmates at the Natzweiler concentration camp with diseases including spotted fever.
Undeterred by the wartime activities of his old friend, Pash immediately put von Haagen into the Paperclip program, where he worked for the US government for five years providing expertise in germ weapons research. Von Haagen put Pash in touch with his former colleague Blome, who was also speedily enlisted in the Paperclip program.
There was an inconvenient hiatus when Kurt Blome was arrested and tried at Nuremberg for war crimes, including the deliberate infecting of hundreds of prisoners from the Polish underground with TB and bubonic plague. But fortunately for the Nazi man of science, US Army Intelligence and the OSS withheld incriminating documents they had acquired through their interrogation. The evidence would not only have demonstrated Blome's guilt but also his supervising role in constructing a German CBW lab to test chemical and biological weapons for use on Allied troops. Blome got off.
In 1954, two months after Blome's acquittal, US intelligence officers journeyed to Germany to interview him. In a memo to his superiors, H. W. Batchelor described the purpose of this pilgrimage: "We have friends in Germany, scientific friends, and this is an opportunity to enjoy meeting them to discuss our various problems." At the session Blome gave Batchelor a list of the biological weapons researchers who had worked for him during the war and discussed promising new avenues of re search into weapons of mass destruction. Blome was soon signed to a new Paperclip contract for $6,000 a year and flew to the United States, where he took up his duties at Camp King, an army base outside Washington, D.C. In 1951 von Haagen was picked up by the French authorities. Despite the tireless efforts of his protectors in US intelligence, the doctor was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to twenty years in prison.
From the Paperclip assignment, Pash, now in the newly formed CIA, went on to become head of Program Branch/7, where his ongoing interest in techniques of interrogation was given ample employment. he mission of Program Branch/7, which came to light only in Senator Frank Church's 1976 hearings, was responsibility for CIA kidnappings, interrogations and killings of suspected CIA double agents.
Some of these fascist refugees were then tasked to commit assassinations for the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which organized the CIA's covert actions. In March 1949, the Army assigned Colonel Boris Pash to become a full member of the OPC and he worked directly for OSS Chief James Angleton since World War Two.
The OPC/CIA under Wisner was in the front line of the covert war against the Soviet Union, bent on an undercover program of destabilization, subversion, and outright guerrilla war intended to roll back Soviet power in Eastern Europe and the Soviet republics of Belorussia and the Ukraine. OPC’s director enjoyed virtually unlimited powers to pursue whatever means he thought fit to achieve policy ends –- including, of course, the employment of the Nazis SS war criminal. Anything justified the Office of Policy Coordination's dream of overthrowing the Soviet empire.
According to CIA records, Colonel Pash was a CIA employee from March 3, 1949, to January 3, 1952. E. Howard Hunt, testified that he was told in the mid-1950s that the CIA had a small unit set up to arrange for the assassination of suspected double agents and similar low-ranking officials. Hunt said he recalled having been told by CIA superiors in 1954 or 1955 that Pash was in charge of the assassination unit. Hunt met with Pash then to discuss a method of dealing with a situation in which the CIA suspected that a double-agent was undermining the CIA's liaison with a group in West Germany.
Many American clandestine warfare specialists believed that the most "productive"-and least compromising-method- of killing foreign officials was to foster discontent of indigenous left-wing socialist groups. In most cases, it appears to have been neither necessary nor practical for US intelligence officers to give precise instructions for murder. Instead, the OPC gave directions in sweeping terms that had been used in wartime Yugoslavia. US intelligence encouraged insurgents to "eliminate the command and other dangerous personnel of the MVD and the MGB [the Soviet secret police]," as the psychological warfare appendix to a Pentagon war plan put it in 1948.
Two of these assassination operations were Operation Hagberry and Operation Lithia and were aimed against foreign agents who had penetrated a British-American émigré espionage network codenamed Operation Rusty. Operation Hagberry was designed to kill a Soviet intelligence net in the US occupation zone in Germany known as the Chikalov Ring. Operation Lithia began under US Army auspices in November 1947, authorized "the liquidation in Germany of the Kindermann Ring, a large-scale Czechoslovakian net. Part of the assassinations apparently involved the murder of all suspected double agents.
Some of the historic accounts that exist, was a most notorious assassination program, Operation Ohio, which employed a squad of ex-Nazi Ukrainians (OUN) to liquidate double agents and Soviet Eastern Bloc spies posing as refugees. This assassination program was financed, supervised, and condoned by the US Army Counter Intelligence Corps, Naval Intelligence, and Air Force Intelligence and continued in to the 1950s with the cognizance of the CIA.
According to one report, possibly more than 100 Ukrainians were assassinated in the course of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN terror program in West Europe after the War, although the exact number has never been made known. (Source: America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter-Intelligence Corps, pp 342-351)
The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) was the organization directly responsible for Operation Paperclip, a program to bring German scientists to the United States at the end of World War Two. The JIOA was established in 1945 as a subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces. It was composed of one representative of each member agency of the JIC, and an operational staff of military intelligence officers from the different military services. Among the JIOA's duties were administering the Paperclip program's policies and procedures, compiling dossiers, and serving as liaison to British intelligence officers operating a similar project. It was also responsible for collecting, declassifying, and distributing Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS) and other technical intelligence reports on German science and industry. In addition, the JIOA took over many of the activities of CIOS when that organization was terminated. The JIOA was disbanded in 1962.
The JIOA maintained personnel dossiers on over 1,500 German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers. Among the Paperclip dossiers were those on Magnus von Braun (JIOA dossier RG 330, INSCOM dossier C3001437), Georg Rickhey, Arthur Rudolph, and Walter Schreiber. Eventually most of the dossiers were transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The dossier on von Braun was among those NOT transferred to NARA.
Even while the SS doctors were carrying on their experiments at Dachau, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) had set up a "truth drug" committee under Dr. Winfred Overholser, head of St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington. The committee quickly tried and rejected mescaline, several barbiturates, and scopolamine. Then, during the spring of 1943, the committee decided that marijuana showed the most promise, and it started a testing program in cooperation with the Manhattan Project, the top secret effort to build an atomic bomb. It is not clear why OSS turned to the bomb makers for help, except that, as one former Project official puts it, "Our secret was so great, I guess we were safer than anyone else." Apparently, top Project leaders, who went to incredible lengths to preserve security, saw no danger in trying out drugs on their personnel.
The Manhattan Project supplied the first test subjects, who were asked to swallow a concentrated, liquid form of marijuana that an American pharmaceutical company furnished in small glass vials. A Project man who was present recalls: "It didn't work the way we wanted. Apparently the human system would not take it all at once orally. The subjects would lean over and vomit." What is more, they disclosed no secrets, and one subject wound up in the hospital.
The first field test of these marijuana-laced cigarettes took place on May 27, 1943. The subject was one August Del Gracio, who was described in OSS documents as a "notorious New York gangster." George White, an Army captain who had come to OSS from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, administered the drug by inviting Del Gracio up to his apartment for a smoke and a chat. White had been talking to Del Gracio earlier about securing the Mafia's cooperation to keep Axis agents out of the New York waterfront and to prepare the way for the invasion of Sicily.
Del Gracio had already made it clear to White that he personally had taken part in killing informers who had squealed to the Feds. The gangster was as tough as they came, and if he could be induced to talk under the influence of a truth drug, certainly German prisoners could-or so the reasoning went. White plied him with cigarettes until "subject became high and extremely garrulous." Over the next two hours, Del Gracio told the Federal agent about the ins and outs of the drug trade (revealing information so sensitive that the CIA deleted it from the OSS documents it released 34 years later). At one point in the conversation, after Del Gracio had begun to talk, the gangster told White, "Whatever you do, don't ever use any of the stuff I'm telling you." In a subsequent session, White packed the cigarettes with so much marijuana that Del Gracio became unconscious for about an hour. Yet, on the whole the experiment was considered a success in "loosening the subject's tongue."
While members of the truth-drug committee never believed that the concentrated marijuana could compel a person to confess his deepest secrets, they authorized White to push ahead with the testing. On the next stage, White and a Manhattan Project counterintelligence man borrowed 15 to 18 dossiers from the FBI and went off to try the drug on suspected Communists among soldiers stationed in military camps outside Atlanta, Memphis, and New Orleans.
The Menningers reported to the OSS that the weight of the evidence showed hypnotism to be incapable of making people do anything that they would not otherwise do. Equally negative, Dr. Lawrence Kubie added that if a [person] had a logical reason to kill, he would not need hypnotism to motivate him.
At the time, hypnosis was considered a fringe activity, and there was little recognition of either its validity or its usefulness for any purpose - let alone covert operations. Yet there were a handful of serious experimenters in the field who believed in its military potential. The most vocal partisan of this view was the head of the Psychology Department at Colgate University, George "Esty" Estabrooks. Since the early 1930s, Estabrooks had periodically ventured out from his sleepy upstate campus to advise the military on applications of hypnotism.
Estabrooks acknowledged that hypnosis did not work on everyone and that only one person in five made a good enough subject to be placed in a deep trance, or state of somnambulism. He believed that only these subjects could be induced to such things against their apparent will as reveal secrets or commit crimes. He had watched respected members of the community make fools of themselves in the hands of stage hypnotists, and he had compelled his own students to reveal fraternity secrets and the details of private love affairs-all of which the subjects presumably did not want to do.
Still his experience was limited. Estabrooks realized that the only certain way to know whether a person would commit a crime like murder under hypnosis was to have the person kill someone. Unwilling to settle the issue on his own by trying the experiment, he felt that government sanction of the process would relieve the hypnotist of personal responsibility."Any 'accidents' that might occur during the experiments will simply be charged to profit and loss," he wrote, "a very trifling portion of that enormous wastage in human life which is part and parcel of war."
After Pearl Harbor, Estabrooks offered his ideas to OSS, but they were not accepted by anyone in government willing to carry them to their logical conclusion. He was reduced to writing books about the potential use of hypnotism in warfare. Cassandra-like, he tried to warn America of the perils posed by hypnotic control. (Source: A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror, by Alfred W. McCoy).
Operation Bluebird
Colonel Pash pored over the work of the Nazi doctors at Dachau for useful leads in the most efficient methods of extracting information, including speech-inducing drugs, electro-shock, hypnosis and psycho-surgery. Project Bluebird was set up in April 1950, by CIA Director Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter. This top secret program was a behavior-modification program jointly undertaken with the Pentagon. The CIA began pouring money into Project Bluebird, an effort to duplicate and extend the Dachau research. But instead of mescaline, the CIA turned to LSD, which had been developed by the Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman.
In July 1950, they began using sodium amytal, Benzedrine and other drugs to try to "brainwash" prisoners. This top secret program was a "behavior-modification" program jointly undertaken with the Pentagon. Bluebird was a direct continuation of Nazi programs which had been conducted at Dachau concentration camp. The CIA continued with the use of people as guinea pigs at the Pentagon's chemical warfare base in Edgewood, Maryland. Several Nazi scientists were used under Operation Paperclip which was set up to bring several Nazi scientists into the United States military.
In 1945, the CIC hired Baron Otto von Bolschwing who had been the right-hand man for Adolf Eichmann in Nazi Germany. The CIC used von Bolschwing to learn of his methods in recruiting, interrogating, and hiring SS officers. After spending nine years in Europe, von Bolschwing was brought to the United States where he worked for the CIA in the area of interrogation. His expertise involved using a variety of torture methods on subjects -- bullwhips, placing needles under fingernails, drugging victims, and attaching electrodes to theirs testicles and nipples.
Baron Otto Von Bolschwing was recruited by US intelligence at the end of the war and assigned to the Gehlen Organization. He was closely associated with Adolf Eichmann, became his adjutant, and had some involvement in the planning of the Final Solution. He worked with the CIA running secret agents behind the Iron Curtain and even spying on Gehlen himself on behalf of the Americans. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Fascism/Brunner_B_CS.html
The first operations under Bluebird were conducted in Japan three months after the new operation was launched. Twenty-five North Korean war prisoners were given depressants and stimulants, then injected with barbiturates, hypnotized, and finally interrogated. In addition to the experiments which were conducted on North Koreans, CIA officials also tested other subjects while in Japan. They administered intensive polygraph testing as well as experimenting with the stimulant Benzedrine on four subjects. Two of these four people were also given a second stimulant, picro-toxin. Furthermore, the CIA tried to induce amnesia.
Bluebird also included experiments in electro-shock therapy and psycho-surgery. By the end of 1950, Morse Allen replaced Edwards as the head of Bluebird. He received a $100,000 CIA grant to conduct his experiments. Electro-shock was used to induce a state of amnesia. A psychiatrist reported that the electro-shock treatments could produce amnesia for varying lengths of time and that valuable information could be obtained from the subjects when they came out of the sleep. At a Richmond, Virginia hospital, an "electro-sleep" machine was used on various patients. It put people to sleep without shock or convulsions. Shortly after these experiments, the Office of Scientific Intelligence recommended that the psychiatrist be given $100,000 in research funds.
In 1952, the Office of Scientific Intelligence proposed giving another $100,000 to another doctor. The funds were used to conduct neuro surgical techniques and more specifically to conduct lobotomies. Following the brain surgery, subjects were interrogated. Bluebird was expanded to include outside consultants to test other techniques. These included the effects of ultra sonics, vibrations, concussions, high and low pressure, various gases in air-tight chambers, caffeine, fatigue radiation, heat and cold, and changing light.
The first CIA Bluebird test of LSD was administered to 12 subjects, the majority of whom were black, "of not too high mentality." The subjects were told they were being given a new drug. In the words of a CIA Bluebird memo, CIA doctors, well aware that LSD experiments had induced schizophrenia, assured them that "nothing serious or dangerous would happen to them." The CIA doctors gave the twelve 150 micrograms of LSD and then subjected them to hostile interrogation.
At the National Institute of Mental Health Addiction Research Center in Kentucky in the mid-1950s, drug-addicted African Americans were given LSD, with seven of them kept hallucinating for 77 consecutive days. At this same center, healthy African American men were still being used as test subjects almost 10 years later, this time for an experimental drug, BZ (a hallucinogen quinuclidinyl benzilate) --100 times more powerful than LSD.
After these trial runs, the CIA and the US Army embarked on widespread testing at the Edgewood Chemical Arsenal in Maryland starting in 1949 and extending over the next decade. More than 7,000 US soldiers were the unwitting objects of this medical experimentation. The men would be ordered to ride exercise cycles with oxygen masks on their faces, into which a variety of hallucinogenic drugs had been sprayed, including LSD, mescaline, BZ and SNA (sernyl, a relative of PCP and otherwise known on the Street as angel dust). One of the aims of this research was to induce a state of total amnesia. This objective was attained in the case of several subjects.
More than 1000 of the soldiers who enlisted in the experiments emerged with serious psychological afflictions and epilepsy: dozens attempted suicide. Source goes on enumerate the Army's and AEC's non-consensual radiation experiments on school children , "radioactive oatmeal", enlisted men, prisoners, entire populations in small towns, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKULTRA
In 1952, 42-year old Harold Blauer, a professional tennis player in New York City, was on the verge of a mental collapse. He admitted himself into New York's Bellevue Hospital for clinical depression. He was subsequently transferred to the Psychiatric Institute which was administered by Columbia University physicians. The Psychiatric Institute had received a secret contract to work with mentally ill patients from the Army Chemical Corps, so none of the patients knew of the chemical tests which the institute implemented. In addition the institute was not required to obtain consent forms from their patients. The goal of the Army Chemical Corps was to gather information for the utilization of psycho-chemical agents against belligerent countries and their agents. The Psychiatric Institute was provided with mescaline for their experiments, and their doctors were given security clearances by the US Army. Blauer died in January 1953 as a result of a secret Army experiment involving a hallucinogenic drug. http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/Book13Ch.1.html
MK/ULTRA
Dr. Sidney Gottlieb was a former Nazi doctor who was recruited after World War Two and ran the CIA’s MK/ULTRA operated out of the CIA's Technical Services Division. The CIA's secret experiments with LSD was originally dubbed MK/NAOMI, and the code name was changed to MK/ULTRA in April 1953. "MK" was the code for "Technical Services" and "Naomi" referred to the CIA’s secret project to develop poisons.
From 1950 to 1962, the CIA became involved in torture through a massive mind-control effort, with psychological warfare and secret research into human consciousness that reached a cost of a billion dollars annually. After experiments with hallucinogenic drugs, electric shock, and sensory deprivation, this work then produced a new approach to torture that was psychological, not physical, perhaps best described as "no-touch torture." The agency's discovery was a counter intuitive breakthrough.
http://osdir.com/ml/culture.discuss.cia-drugs/2005-11/msg00212.html
"Another notable Bloodstone veteran is Boris Pash, retired director of the CIA unit responsible for planning assassinations." According to a 1976 Senate investigation, a key official of Operation Bloodstone is the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) officer who was specifically delegated responsibility for planning the agency's assassinations, kidnappings, and similar wet work.
OPC was created on September 1, 1948 to do covert operations. The CIA did espionage and counter espionage. OPC was run by the State Department because its mission was getting involved in the internal affairs of foreign nations, which included assassinating foreigners, a violation of US law. NSC 10/2 defined the scope of these operations as: "propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.”
Guerrilla warfare was outside this statement of scope I guess because that was what the US Army was doing in Burma against communist China. US Army Special Forces created a Pentagon unit called the Psychological Warfare Division.
An Office of Policy Coordination (covert action group) was created as an independent office in September 1948 under Truman taking its guidance from the US State Department in peacetime and from the military in wartime, and planning and tasking did not go through the CIA management. There was no war (so to speak of or like with declaration of war by the US Congress or per our UN Treaty) from 1948 until the CIA took over this job. In October 1951, OPC’s mission and guerrilla warfare mission were given to the CIA.
After the war Colonel Pash served as the army's representative on operation Bloodstone in the spring of 1948, when the tasks of that project, including recruiting defectors, smuggling refugees out from behind the Iron Curtain, and assassinations, were established. Bloodstone's special operations, as defined by the Pentagon, could 'include clandestine warfare, subversion, sabotage, and assassination according to the 1948 Joint Chiefs of Staff records.
In March 1949, Pash was assigned by the army to the OPC division. His five-man CIA unit, known as PB/7, was given a written charter that read in part that, “PB/7 will be responsible for assassinations, kidnapping, and such other functions as from time to time may be given it... by higher authority.'" (Sources: Blowback, by Christopher Simpson, Collier Books, New York, 1988, pp. 26,108 and p. 152-153.
Allen Dulles was interested in the more sinister CIA experiments in mind-bending drugs, portable phials of lethal viruses and esoteric poisons that killed without trace. The Health Alteration Committee was directed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb and Boris Pash. (Source: Dulles by Leonard Mosley (A Biography of Eleanor, Allen and John Foster. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1978.), p. 459)
Isn't it interesting that so many of the participants in the most secret of secrets of World War Two are still very involved in the Kennedy assassination and other more current affairs. Many books and articles have been written about the CIA being involved in the JFK assassination, and now you know that the man in charge of CIA assassinations was Boris Pash, formerly chief of security for the Manhattan Project. He was also head of the ALSOS Mission searching for specific Hitler's advanced technology to capture, including "flying saucers" and other secrets.
In 1941, Ian Fleming, the future creator of the James Bond stories, and at that time a high ranking officer of British Intelligence, suggested to William Donovan that he set up a specially trained and selected assassination unit. I assume Boris Pash was agent 001 vs. Fleming agent 007. Or perhaps he had seven agents working for him (originally five) and I assume PB7 is Project Boris Seven. Just a wild-ass guess as we side in the Army. If you want to understand more of how these various factions such as CIA, KGB, Nazis, Communists, FBI, etc., can be fighting each other and working together at the same time, you need to understand who was above them, controlling them. To understand that, look to British Intelligence! You will find British Intelligence to be an operation of British and European Royalty and "Aristocracy"!
In the biography entitled, Cold Warrior, about James Jesus Angleton by Tom Mangold, he says on page 362: "I would like to place on the record, however, that Angleton's closest professional friends overseas, then and subsequently, came from the Mossad (the Israeli foreign intelligence service and death squad) and that he was held in immense esteem by his Israeli colleagues and by the state of Israel, which was to award him profound honors after his death." Angleton's tombstone is in Hebrew.
"The ZR/RIFLE Team, in fact, was one of Angleton's pet in-house CIA projects, which he ran in conjunction with his CIA colleague, William Harvey.” (Source: Final Judgment, by Michael Collins Piper, p. 97)
According to Claudia Furiati, Joseph Schreider was in charge of the CIA laboratories and of developing poisons for assassinations, and says that Harvey was in charge of political assassinations, working out of the Miami office run by Ted Shackley, and was working with Schreider to try to poison Castro. Above we have Boris Pash and Sidney Gottlieb working together in the same manner. We have Pash and Harvey in the same locations, doing the same jobs, in charge of the same projects -- I believe that Harvey was actually at headquarters in Langley, over Shackley in Miami.
In the 1956, the CIA launched a classified program devoted to researching special interrogation techniques. A declassified CIA memorandum explained that the program "examined and investigated numerous unusual techniques of interrogation using drugs and chemicals including psychological harassment operations. The research was done under CIA code names (cryptonym) of Project Bluebird, Project Artichoke, and MK/ULTRA. MK/ULTRA program cost $25 million, involved 80 institutions, including 44 universities and twelve hospitals.
The Psychiatric Institute had received a secret contract to work with mentally ill patients from the Army Chemical Corps, so none of the patients knew of the chemical tests which the institute implemented. In addition the institute was not required to obtain consent forms from their patients. The goal of the Army Chemical Corps was to gather information for the utilization of psycho-chemical agents against belligerent countries and their agents. The Psychiatric Institute was provided with mescaline for their experiments, and their doctors were given security clearances by the US Army.
Harold Blauer, 42, checked into the New York Psychiatric Institute in late 1952, seeking help for depression following a divorce. While at the facility, he was used as a test subject in experiments conducted by the Army Chemical Corps. An injection of a mescaline derivative, given as part of the Army's study, killed Blauer on January 8, 1953.
In 1956 Dr. Harold G. Wolff, MD and Lawrence B. Hinkle, Jr.MD, both neuro-biologists, offered their scientific research skills to do a brainwashing study for CIA Director Allen Dulles. Wolff offered the CIA the cooperation of his colleagues at Cornell University medical college, where he taught neurology and psychiatry. In proposal after proposal, Wolff pressed upon the CIA his idea about how to manipulate human behavior "how a man can be made to think, 'feel,' and, and, conversely, how a man can avoid being influenced in this manner." Wolff was no obscure academic. Also, the CIA never forgot that Wolff had become close to Allen Dulles while treating Dulles' son for brain damage. Wolff is generally considered the father of modern headache research, and a pioneer in the study of psychosomatic illness.
Interest grew after the Stalin show trials with the robotic, apparently artificially-induced confessions made by the accused. Following the Soviet model of using isolation cells (solitary confinement) Wolff hoped to get the same effect but keeping a test subject in what amounted to punishment would not be acceptable to the accepted psychological research ethics. Instead he told the CIA that sensory-deprivation may show an increased desire to talk by people being interrogated. Wolff volunteered the unwitting use of Cornell patients for his proposed brainwashing experiments. This was after concerns about how the Chinese used brainwashing on American POWs during the North Korean war.
In 1955 Wolff incorporated his CIA-funded study into an organization he named the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, with himself as president. Wolff used this organization as a foundation thru which to hide the fact that CIA was funding the research. The executive director and treasurer was CIA officer and Dr. James “Jim” F. Monroe, MD a former Lt. Colonel and head of the Psychological Warfare Division of the US Air Force.
The CIA hired a staff of four led by Dr. Monroe who had worked closely with the CIA as head of the Air Force's study of Korean War prisoners. Sid Gottlieb and the TSS hierarchy in Washington still made the major decisions, but Monroe and the Society staff, took over the Society's dealings with the outside world and the monitoring of several hundred thousand dollars a year in research projects. Monroe personally supervised dozens of grants, including Dr. Ewen Cameron's brainwashing work in Montreal. Soon the Society was flourishing as an innovative foundation, attracting research proposals from a wide variety of behavioral scientists, at a time when these people—particularly the unorthodox ones—were still the step-children of the fund-granting world. Wolff and his reputation helped them gain access to other leading lights in the academic world.
What the CIA really wanted to do was to maybe find a better way to recruit people into spying for the US against their own mother land. Wolff suggested he could hide the real purpose behind the cover of investigating "the ecological aspects of disease" among Chinese refugees. The CIA supplied the study 100 Chinese refugees to work with. Nearly all these subjects had been studying in the United States when the communists took over the mainland in 1949, so they tended to be dislocated people in their thirties. Wolff said he would suggest the most useful possible agents. He was adamant that a CIA officer not connected with his project make the actual recruitment pitch to those Chinese whom they wanted to hire. Wolff planned to provide each of these future Chinese spies with techniques to withstand the precise forms of hostile interrogation they could expect upon returning to China.
CIA officials wanted to precondition them in order to create long lasting motivation "impervious to lapse of time and direct psychological attacks by the enemy." In other words, CIA officers planned to brainwash them in order to protect them against Chinese brainwashing. Wolff hired a full complement of psychologists, psychiatrists, and anthropologists to work on the project. They tested and generally attempted to learn all they could about Chinese people—or at least about middle-class, the displaced, anti-Communist ones. The subjects were paid $25.00 a day (approximately $220.00 in 2015 dollars).
In December 1954 the CIA rented a fancy town house (in the name of the Human Ecology Society) and installed eavesdropping microphones around the building. These and other more obvious security devices—safes, guards, and the like—made the town house look different from the academic center it was supposed to be. CIA liaison personnel held meetings with Wolff and the staff in the secure confines of the town house, and they all carefully watched the 100 Chinese a few blocks away at the Cornell hospital.
It is doubtful that any of Wolff's Chinese ever returned to their homeland as CIA agents, or that all of Wolff's proposals were put into effect. In any case, the project was interrupted in midstream by a major shake-up in the CIA's entire mind-control effort.
Early in 1955, Dr. Sid Gottlieb and his team of CIA scientists took over most of the project MK/ULTRA functions, including the handing out money thru the front foundation that had been run by CIA officer Morse Allen who worked for the CIA’s Security Division. The MK/ULTRA men moved quickly to turn the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology into an entity that looked and acted like a legitimate foundation.
The biggest change, however, was the Cornell professors now had to deal with Dr. Sid Gottlieb and his team of CIA scientists who had strong ideas of their own on research questions. Up to this point, the Cornellians had been able to keep the CIA's involvement within bounds acceptable to them. While Harold Wolff never ceased wanting to explore the furthest reaches of behavior control, his colleagues were wary of going on to the outer limits—at least under Cornell cover.
The Gottlieb and his MK/ULTRA researchers understood that not every project would have an immediate operational benefit to the CIA, and they believed less and less in the existence of one discovered technique in the future that would turn men into puppets. They favored increasing their knowledge of human behavior in relatively small steps, and they concentrated on the reduced goal of influencing and manipulating their subjects.
Accordingly, in 1956, Sid Gottlieb approved a project to have the Human Ecology Society study the factors that caused men to defect from their countries and cooperate with foreign governments. MK/ULTRA officials reasoned that if they could understand what made old turncoats tick, it might help them entice new ones. Harold Wolff’s plan was to do research which would help to assess defectors' social and cultural background, their life experience, and their personality structure, in order to understand their motivations, value systems, and probable future reactions. To hide the true reason for the research Wolff designed the research project to look like a follow-up study of his earlier funded programs of a medical-sociological study.
The 1956 Hungarian revolt occurred as the defector study was getting underway, and the Human Ecology group, with CIA headquarters approval, decided to turn the defector work into an investigation of 70 Hungarian refugees from that upheaval. By then, most of Wolff's team had been together through the brainwashing and Chinese studies. While not all of them knew of the CIA's specific interests, they had streamlined their procedures for answering the questions that CIA leaders found interesting. They ran the Hungarians through the battery of tests and observations in six months, compared to a year and a half for the Chinese project.
The psychologists and psychiatrists found that, often, those who had survived with the fewest problems most of their Hungarian subjects had fought against the Russians during the Revolution and that they had lived through extraordinarily difficult circumstances, including arrest, mistreatment, and indoctrination. Wolff’s team found that those Hungarians who had survived with the fewest problems were people with markedly aberrant personalities. This observation has added to the evidence that healthy people are not necessarily normal, but are people particularly adapted to their special life situations.
By using Dr. A. H. M. Struik of the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands on Hungarian study provided the CIA an entree into a leading European university and psychological research centers taking advantage of developments there.
In order to broaden their data base, the MK/ULTRA researchers decided in March 1957 to bring in some unwitting help. They gave a contract to Rutgers University sociologists Richard Stephenson and Jay Schulman "to throw as much light as possible on the sociology of the communist system in the throes of revolution." The Rutgers professors started out by interviewing the 70 Hungarians at Cornell in New York, and Schulman went on to Europe to talk to disillusioned Communists who had also fled their country. From an operational point of view, these were the people the CIA really cared about; but, as socialists, most of them probably would have resisted sharing their experiences with the CIA—if they had known.
According to a Gottlieb aide, one of the strong arguments inside the CIA for the whole Human Ecology program was that it gave the CIA a means of approaching and using very good, left-wing social scientists who could not otherwise get security clearances.
The Human Ecology Society front foundation soon became a conduit for CIA money flowing to projects, like the Carl Rutgers one, outside Cornell. For these grants, the Society provided only cover and administrative support behind the gold-plated names of Cornell and Harold Wolff. From 1955 to 1958, CIA officials passed funds for work on criminal sexual psychopaths at Ionia State (mental) Hospital, near Detroit. This project had an interesting hypothesis that a child molester and a rapist had ugly secrets buried deep within them and that their stake in not admitting their perversions approached that of spies not wanting to confess. The reasoning was that any technique that would work on a sexual psychopath would surely have a similar effect on a fake defector (aka foreign agent of disinformation) or one of our own suspected of being a spy.
Using psychologists and psychiatrists connected to the Michigan mental health and the Detroit court systems, they set up a program to test LSD and marijuana, wittingly and unwittingly, alone and in combination with hypnosis. The Michigan doctors managed to experiment only on 26 inmates in three years—all sexual offenders committed by judges without a trial under a Michigan law, since declared unconstitutional. Overseas interrogations were done utilizing a combination of sodium pentothal and using it with hypnosis.
http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/Book13Ch.1.html
This sexual psychopaths project was the kind of activity that made Cornell administrators uneasy. By 1957, the Cornellians had had enough.
One CIA official wrote that the Society "must be given more established stature in the research community to be effective as a cover organization." Once the Society was cut loose in the foundation world, the CIA felt they would be freer to go anywhere in academia to buy research that might assist covert operations.
Big names (luminaries) within the social sciences were funded by the CIA partly just to enhance the reputation of the Human Ecology Society foundation. In 1957 John Whitehorn, chairman of the psychiatry department at Johns Hopkins University, Carl Rogers, professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin, and Adolf A. Berle, onetime Assistant Secretary of State joined the board of directors of the front foundation.
In October 1952 a group of businessman/ investors inexorably linked to Rockefeller interests in Latin America formed a "study group" sponsored by the Council on Foreign Affairs Adolf Berle also led this group.
After the Society's exit from Cornell, Wolff and Hinkle stayed on as president and vice-president, respectively, of the Society's board of directors. Dr. Joseph Hinsey, head of the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center also remained on the board. CIA Director Allen Dulles continued his personal interest in the Society's work and came to one of the first meetings of the new board.
Wolff bluntly informed the CIA that some of his work would have no direct use "except that it vastly enhances our value . . . as consultants and advisers." In other words, Wolff felt that his worth to the CIA increased in proportion to his professional accomplishments and importance—which in turn depended partly on the resources he commanded. A whole category of Society funding, called "cover grants," served no other purpose than to build the Society's false front.
MK/ULTRA CIA officers were clearly interested in using their grants to build contacts and associations with prestigious academics. The Society put $1,500 a year into the Research in Mental Health Newsletter published jointly at McGill University by the sociology and psychiatric departments. Anthropologist Margaret Mead, an international culture heroine, sat on the newsletter's advisory board (with, among others, D. Ewen Cameron), and the Society used her name in its biennial report. Similarly, the Society gave grants to the well-known University of London psychologist, H. J. Eysenck, for his work on motivation. The grants to Eysenck also allowed the Society to take funding credit for no less than nine of his publications in its 1963 report. The following year, the Society managed to purchase a piece of the work of the most famous behaviorist of all, Harvard's B. F. Skinner. A CIA source explained they could telephone Skinner—or any of the other recipients—to pick his brain about a particular problem.
To keep track of new developments in the behavioral sciences, for example, subliminal perception, Society representatives regularly visited grant recipients and found out what they and their colleagues were doing. Some of the knowing professors became conscious spies. Most simply relayed the latest professional gossip to their visitors and sent along unpublished papers. The prestige of the Human Ecology grantees also helped give the CIA access to behavioral scientists who had no connection to the Society.
MK/ULTRA psychologist John Gittinger mentions the Society's relationship with Erwin Goffman of the University of Pennsylvania, whom many consider today's leading sociological theorist. The Society gave him a small grant to help finish a book that would have been published anyway. As a result, Gittinger was able to spend hours talking with him about, among other things, an article he had written earlier on confidence men. These hucksters were experts at manipulating behavior, according to Gittinger, and Goffman unwittingly "gave us a better understanding of the techniques people use to establish phony relationships"—a subject of interest to the CIA.
Another person who benefited from Human Ecology funds was Carl R. Rogers, PhD, a psychologist. He is known as the father of client-centered therapy. He is well known for his theory of personality development. Rogers boldly claimed that psychoanalytic and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth. Rogers did research in psychotherapy. Wolff had asked Rogers to serve on the board. A grant allowed the CIA to use Rogers' name. His standing in the academic community contributed to the layer of cover around the Society that CIA officials felt was crucial to mask their involvement.
MK/ULTRA psychologist John Gittinger suspected that Rogers' work on psychotherapy might provide insight into interrogation methods.
The Society demanded "no stupid progress reports," recalls psychologist and psychiatrist Martin Orne, who received a grant to support his Harvard research on hypnotism. As a further sign of generosity and trust, the Society gave Orne a follow-on $30,000 grant with no specified purpose. Orne could use it as he wished. He believes the money was "a contingency investment" in his work, and MK/ULTRA officials agree. Orne studied new ways of using the polygraph.
Professor Charles Osgood's status in psychology also improved the Society's cover, but his research was more directly useful to the CIA, and the MK/ULTRA program paid much more to get it. In 1959 Osgood, who four years later became president of the American Psychological Association, wanted to push forward his work on how people in different societies express the same feelings, even when using different words and concepts. Osgood's work gave the CIA a tool—called the "semantic differential"—to choose the right words in a foreign language to convey a particular meaning to US propaganda operations.
In 1958 the Society gave funding to social psychologists Muzafer and Carolyn Wood Sherif of the University of Oklahoma for work on the behavior of teen-age boys in gangs. The Sherifs, both ignorant of the CIA connection, studied the group structures and attitudes in the gangs and tried to devise ways to channel antisocial behavior into more constructive paths. Their results were filtered through clandestine minds at the CIA. "With gang warfare," says an MK/ULTRA source, "you tried to get some defectors-in-place who would like to modify some of the group behavior and cool it. Now, getting a juvenile delinquent defector was motivationally not all that much different from getting a Soviet one."
The Society did not limit its intelligence gathering to the United States. As one Agency source puts it, "The Society gave us a legitimate basis to approach anyone in the academic community anywhere in the world." CIA officials regularly used it as cover when they traveled abroad to study the behavior of foreigners of interest to the Agency, including such leaders as Nikita Khrushchev. The Society funded foreign researchers and also gave money to American professors to collect information abroad. In 1960, for instance, the Society sponsored a survey of Soviet psychology through the simple device of putting up funding through the official auspices of the American Psychological Association to send ten prominent psychologists on a tour of the Soviet Union. Nine of the ten had no idea of the Agency involvement, but CIA officials were apparently able to debrief everyone when the group returned.
By the end of 1965, when the remaining research projects were completed, the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology closed down. In the same year, another MK/ULTRA conduit of CIA funding was started It was called the Geschickter Fund for Medical Research run by Dr. Charles Geschickter. Scientific Engineering Institute was another CIA front organization. (Source: A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War ... by H. P. Albarell) http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks9.htm
Morse Allen who worked for the CIA’s Security Division
With permission from above, he decided to take his hypnosis studies further, right in his own office. He asked young CIA secretaries to stay after work and ran them through the hypnotic paces—proving to his own satisfaction that he could make them do whatever he wanted. He had secretaries steal secret documents and pass them on to total strangers, thus violating the most basic CIA security rules. He got them to steal from each other and to start fires. He made one of them report to the bedroom of a strange man and then go into a deep sleep. "This activity clearly indicates that individuals under hypnosis might be compromised and blackmailed," Allen wrote.
In February 1954, Morse Allen simulated the ultimate experiment in hypnosis: the creation of a "Manchurian Candidate" (aka a hypnotized person ordered to assassinate someone or other anti-social behavior). Allen's victim was a secretary whom he put into a deep trance and told to keep sleeping until he ordered otherwise. He then hypnotized a second secretary and told her that if she could not wake up her friend, "her rage would be so great that she would not hesitate to kill." Allen left a pistol nearby, which the secretary had no way of knowing it was unloaded. Even though she had earlier expressed a fear of firearms of any kind, she picked up the gun and shot her sleeping friend (without bullets in the gun).. After Allen brought the test subject (killer) out of her trance, she had apparent amnesia for the event, denying she would ever shoot anyone.
It is possible his hypnotized subjects trusted the CIA enough as an institution and Morse Allen a ranking CIA officer, such that the believed he would not let her do anything wrong. The experimental setting, in effect, may have legitimated her behavior and prevented it from being truly antisocial.
All during the spring and summer of 1954, Morse Allen lobbied for permission to try what he called "terminal experiments" in hypnosis (aka using a hypnosis person to assassinate someone or do a crime where he/she may get killed by the police.
Here is an example of one scenario.
CIA officials would recruit a contract agent in a friendly foreign country where the CIA could count on the cooperation of the local police force. CIA case officers would train the agent to pose as a leftist and report on the local communist party. During training, a skilled hypnotist would hypnotize him under the guise of giving him medical treatment (the favorite ARTICHOKE cover for hypnosis). The hypnotist would then provide the agent with information and tell him to forget it all when he snapped out of the trance.
Once the agent had been properly conditioned and prepared, he would be sent into action as a CIA spy. Then a CIA officer would tip off the local police that the man was a dangerous communist spy, and he would be arrested. Through their liaison arrangement with the police, CIA case officers would be able to watch and even guide the course of the interrogation.
In this way, ARTICHOKE researchers could answer many of their questions about hypnosis on a subject who believed his life was in danger. Specifically, the men from ARTICHOKE wanted to know how well hypnotic amnesia held up against torture and could the amnesia be broken with drugs.
One document noted that the CIA could even send in a new hypnotist to try his hand at cracking through the commands of the first one. Perhaps the most cynical part of the whole scheme came at the end of the proposal: "In the event that the agent should break down and admit his connection with US intelligence, we a) deny this absolutely and advise the agent's disposal, or b) indicate that the agent may have been dispatched by some other organ of US intelligence and that we should thereafter run the agent jointly with (the local intelligence service)."
By the end of the year, 1954, Allen Dulles took the behavioral-research function away from Morse Allen and gave it to Sid Gottlieb and MK/ULTRA. Allen had directly pursued the goal of creating a Manchurian Candidate, which he clearly believed was possible.
Gottlieb and his colleagues had already been doing hypnosis research for two years. They did a few basic experiments in the office, as Morse Allen did, but they farmed out most of the work to a young PhD. candidate at the University of Minnesota, Alden Sears. Sears, who later moved his CIA study project to the University of Denver, worked with student subjects to define the nature of hypnosis. Among many other things, he looked into several of the areas that would be building blocks in the creation of a Manchurian Candidate. Could a hypnotist induce a totally separate personality? Could a subject be sent on missions he would not remember unless cued by the hypnotist? Sears, refused to talk about methods he experimented with to build second identities. By 1957, he wrote that the experiments that needed to be done "could not be handled in the University situation." Unlike Morse Allen, he did not want to perform the terminal experiments.
CIA officers suggested that MK/ULTRA projects find a way to hypnotize CIA officers who carried messages to put into a dead drop, so the officer could withstand interrogation and even torture into disclosing the dead-drop’s location. A “dead-drop” is an espionage trade-craft term for a secret places to hide messages to and from a US CIA case officer inside the Soviet Union,
Morse Allen had wanted to perform the "terminal experiment" to see if hypnotically induced amnesia would stand up to torture. Gittinger says that as far as he knows, this experiment was never carried out. "I still like to think we were human beings enough that this was not something we played with," said Gittinger. Such an experiment could have been performed, as Allen suggested, by friendly police in a country like Taiwan or Paraguay. CIA men did at least discuss joint work in hypnosis with a foreign intelligence service in 1962. Whether this suggested experiment was done is unknown.
Artichoke Teams
Beginning in January 1954, following a series of experimental field assignments, the CIA began to systematically dispatch special assignment Artichoke Teams from the US to locations throughout Europe, Japan, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. Team assignments were given by special "eye only" cables with each assigned a tracking number. By 1961 Artichoke Teams were ordered to do as many as 257 specific assignments - "enhanced interrogations."
“These two subjects [foreign agents] are disposal problems, one because of his lack of ability to carry out a mission and the other because he cannot get along with the chief agent of the project. Both have extensive information concerning (other) assets and thus are security risks wherever they are disposed of. Anything that can be done in the Artichoke field to lessen the security risk will be helpful since the men must be disposed of even at maximum security risk. The urgency of consideration of this case is due to the fact that one of the men is already somewhat stir-crazy and has tried to escape twice."
BG Paul Gaynor was notorious within the CIA for having his staff maintain a systematic file on every homosexual, and suspected homosexual, among the ranks of Federal employees, as well as those who worked and served on Washington's Capitol Hill. Gaynor's secret listing eventually grew to include the names of employees and elected officials at State government levels, and the siblings and relatives of those on Capitol Hill.
http://ahrp.org/1954-cia-security-research-chief-paul-gaynor-provided-an-overview-of-artichoke-methods/
The murder of Major/Dr. Frank Olsen
US Army, Major/Dr. Frank Olson was a CIA germ warfare biologist whose specialty was anthrax. The chief of the Ft. Detrick's biological warfare (SO) Division was Colonel Vincent Ruwet. He helped set up an apartment and introduce LSD to the hippies in San Francisco, and worked on Project Mindbender (a Manchurian-Candidate type operation) with William Buckley. (Blowback, p. 191)
Olson had also been dosed with LSD without knowing it. Soon after this, Olson was allegedly murdered by CIA on November 1953 in New York City after falling out of a hotel window. CIA officer John McNulty was sharing the hotel room and present at the time Olson allegedly jumped thru a glass window to his death. When Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, forensic evidence revealed cranial injuries that he had been knocked unconscious before he died from hitting the ground. Prior to this, Olson had also been ordered to see a psychiatrist Dr. Harold A. Abramson in New York after the CIA suspected Olsen might disclose their unethical experiments.
At the time of Frank Olson's death, George H. White was operated a CIA-funded safe house that was giving LSD and other drugs on the customers of prostitutes to see how people reacted when given LSD without knowing they had been drugged. White was a former OSS counter-intelligence officer during World War Two with at least two controversial wartime assassinations under his own belt. His boss at the time was Garland Williams. Williams was the former head of the Federal Narcotics Bureau's New York branch and a former officer with the Army's Counter Intelligence Corps, Special Strategic Intelligence Division who, according to confidential correspondence, was "deeply involved in the interrogation of North Korean POWs.”
In February 1954, prior to the death of Olson, a secret agreement between the CIA and the US Department of Justice put in place an agreement whereby the violation of criminal statutes by CIA personnel would not result in Department of Justice prosecutions, if "highly classified and complex covert operations" were threatened with exposure.
http://www.crimemagazine.com/part-one-mysterious-death-cia-scientist-frank-olson
In the early years of Camp Detrick, Norman Cournoyer had worked closely with Frank Olson and after time they both worked with “hot stuff” or dangerous biological warfare experiments.
They remained his best friend until Olson’s alleged murder by the CIA.
Cournoyer believes the CIA murdered him because Olson he was the kind of person who didn’t fear speaking his mind about things. Cournoyer believed Olson was having trouble accepting the ethics of the work he was doing. On June 13, 1952, Olson went to Camp King, Oberursel, West Germany where a suspected Soviet double agent was tortured by CIA’s “rough boys” that resulted in a death or deaths.
In 1953 Camp King was assigned to the US Army, 513th Military Intelligence Brigade. This interrogation center was part of the CIA’s project Artichoke and MK/ULTRA which were involved experimentation into enhanced interrogations using torture and drugs which the CIA hoped could be used as a truth drug, such as LSD.
Cournoyer said, “He (Olson) was troubled after he came back from Germany one time. He came back and told me and he said. ’Norm, I tell you right now you and I never talked about this, but we were both grown-ups and this was rough.’ He said ‘Norm, you would be stunned by the techniques that they used. They made people talk! They brainwashed people! They used all kinds of drugs. They used all kinds of torture.’”
Army CIC interrogators working with the CIA at prisoner of war camps and safe house locations in post-war Germany on occasion used Metrazol, morphine, heroin and LSD on incarcerated subjects. According to former CIC officer Miles Hunt, several "safe houses and holding areas outside of Frankfurt near Oberursel" - a former Nazi interrogation center taken over by the US - were operated by a "special unit run by Captain Malcolm S. Hilty, Major Mose Hart, and Captain Herbert Sensenig. The unit was especially notorious in its applications of interrogation methods including the use of electroshock and Metrazol, mescaline, amphetamines and other drugs." Hunt Said Hunt, "The unit took great pride in their nicknames, the Rough Boys …and didn't hold back with any drug or technique ... you name it, they used it."
By early 1952, the CIC's Rough Boys would routinely use Metrazol during interrogations, as well as LSD, mescaline and conventional electroshock units. In 1951, CIA officials under the direction of Paul Gaynor and Morse Allen of the CIA's Security Research Service (SRS) that oversaw Artichoke. http://www.truth-out.org/the-hidden-tragedy-cias-experiments-children62208
On his return from Germany, Olson had mentioned to his wife and Cournoyer that he intended to leave the CIA.
When Norman Cournoyer was asked if the US had used germ warfare in Korea he stated, “People had them and they used them.” He refused to say on camera anything more because he has signed a non-disclosure agreement. When questioned about the statements made by Korean War POWs that the US used germ bombs, he stated, “It wasn’t all brainwashing.” According to Frank Olson’s son, Eric, his mother told him after his father’s death, “Your father was always worried about Korea.”
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In February 1953, China and North Korea produced two captured U.S. Marine Corps pilots to support the allegations. Colonel Frank H. Schwable was reported to have stated that "The basic objective was at that time to get under field conditions various elements of bacteriological warfare and possibly expand field tests at a later date into an element of regular combat operations." Schwable disclosed in his press statement that B-29s flew biological warfare missions to Korea from airfields in American-occupied Okinawa starting in November 1951. Other captured Americans such as Colonel Walker Mahurin made similar statements.
When the International Red Cross and the World Health Organization ruled out biological warfare, the Chinese government denounced this as Western bias and arranged an investigation by the Soviet-affiliated World Peace Council. The World Peace Council set up the International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in China and Korea. This commission included several distinguished scientists, including renowned British biochemist and sinologist Joseph Needham. The commission's findings also included eyewitnesses, and testimony from doctors as well as four American Korean War prisoners who confirmed the US use of biological warfare. Its final report, which made on September 15, 1952, was that the allegation was true, that the US was indeed experimenting with biological weapons.
The US military and the CIA must have been extremely worried when American POWs disclosed this highly top secret information and therefore, wanted to know how the Chinese were making them talk. Major Olson remained closely connected with the MK/ULTRA subproject-68 which dealt with brainwashing.
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Major Olsen told a friend that he had learned about George S. Wheeler and US Army's De-Nazification Branch in the American zone of West Germany Wheeler directed. Wheeler defected April 1950 to the Czechoslovak Communist government. Wheeler held a press conference to explain that the central motive for his crossing over was his indignation over what he termed a "typical gangster plot" by American authorities in their "brutal and unlawful" treatment of Czeclosavak citizens and others. Wheeler said he was ashamed of the activities of the Army's Counter-Intelligence Corps, the CIA, and of those American journalists who looked the other way and acted to cover up illegal acts committed by Americans.
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/code-name-artichoke/
http://wn.com/Codename_ARTICHOKE__CIA_Operation
A psychiatrist, Dr. William Sargant was sent by the British government in the early 1950s to evaluate MK/ULTRA. On his return he told a colleague and friend and BBC television producer, Gordon Thomas, that what Dr Donald E.Cameron and Dr Sidney Gottlieb were up to “was as bad as anything going on in the Soviet gulags.” Thomas wrote in his book that Sargant urged the British government to distance Britain from MK/ULTRA. “It was blacker than black.” The CIA was using German SS prisoners and Norwegian collaborators taken from jails and detention centers as guinea pigs to test Dr. Cameron’s theories about mind control. The CIA preferred to conduct such clinical trials outside the United States because sometimes they were terminal—people ended up dead.
Thomas disclosed that Sargant had told him Frank Olson had gone to Britain between 1950 to 1953 to work at Porton Down and an intelligence facility in Sussex. (Source: Journey into Madness: Medical Torture and the Mind Controllers, by Gordon Thomas // a 1988 study of the CIA's forays into mind-control//.
Operation Antler was a British covert operation conducted at Porton Down in southern England It involved experimenting on British servicemen with the sarin and tabun nerve gas, mustard gas, CS riot gas, and LSD as well as biological warfare agents/pathogens.
This was confirmed by entries in Olson’s passport. The stamps on the Olson’s passport indicates a pattern of travel that took him between various British military airfields, France, occupied Germany, Scandanavia and the United States between May 1950 and August 1953.
As the Germany military was collapsing in April 1945, the British discovered stocks of the nerve gas in Germany. Within two weeks, British scientists at their biochemical warfare test facility at Porton Down in southern England started testing the new gas on batches of human subjects.
From 1945 to 1989, Porton exposed more than 3,400 people to nerve gas. Two other nations have admitted testing nerve gas on humans: the American military exposed about 1,100 soldiers between 1945 and 1975, and Canada tested a small number before 1968. Other countries, including France, the Soviet Union, and Iraq, are also likely to have exposed humans to nerve gas, but very little is known about their tests.
The first organized testing of different types of nerve gas on humans began in October 1951 at Porton Down. A group of pesticide like chemicals (organophosphorous compounds) called nerve gases were first developed and developed as weapons by the Nazi scientists before and during the Second World War. They discovered that tiny quantities would disrupt a key enzyme that makes the human nervous system work. Victims die because the nerves to muscles the heart and the rib cage stop working causing the muscles to become paralyzed. Victims suffocate swiftly in a horrifying death.
One of the early tests established just how little one of the nerve gases, sarin, was needed to trigger the negative reactions in people. Fifty-six soldiers were sent into gas chambers and exposed to "low concentrations" of gas. The scientists watching recorded that after 20 minutes, the men started to suffer miosis (constriction of the pupils of the eyes), one of the first symptoms of nerve gas poisoning. Their vision was blurred and darkened, in some cases for up to five days.
Fourteen men were exposed to repeated doses of sarin, some when they were still experiencing the effects of the previous poisoning. Porton scientists observed: "Repeated exposures produced, after the third or fourth occasion, an aggravation of effects ..." By 1950, Porton had begun to test "considerable higher doses" of sarin on 133 men, and catalogued the severity of symptoms, such as runny noses, headaches, vomiting and eye pain. Within two years, Porton had moved on to look at other aspects. In one study, in 1952, it wanted to see how sarin would impair the mental performance and intellectual ability of humans.
Twenty airmen were exposed to sarin and then measured to see how they performed in intelligence and aptitude tests. From this experiment, Porton inferred that after exposure, the men's visual co-ordination was worse, but their reasoning and intellectual capability had not deteriorated. Another twelve men were exposed to stronger doses of sarin - Porton found that the men appeared "behaviourally much less disturbed than the increased concentration (of sarin) would lead one to expect".
In May 1953, Private Ronald Maddison, 20, one out of a group of 396 men died as a result of an experiment whose aim was to "determine the dosage of [three nerve gases] which when applied to the clothed or bare skin of men would cause incapacitation or death". Porton’s nerve agent experiments were by far one of the largest nerve agent trials ever performed, involving more than 1,500 subjects.
The nerve gas program was substantial at Porton because human testing has been an integral part of the establishment since it was founded. During the past 80 years, some 25,000 humans have been subjected to Porton's experiments, many in trials with other chemical weapons such as mustard gas and tear gas.
Camp Detrick's biological warfare (SO) Division's experimental activities also branched out into more esoteric directions. Over a span of four years, Dr. Frank Olson traveled to all of these places and also central Africa and Morocco. In 1950, the CIA with the assistance of the SO Division launched a global quest to locate, collect, and catalog samples of every natural and organically grown plant with lethal or hallucinogenic properties.
Quickly the search was expanded to include animal poisons of all kinds. In 1951, after the CIA entered into a formal agreement with Detrick's SO Division, Dr. Friedrich Hoffman was placed in charge of the quest. Hoffmann, a highly trained chemist, was a former Nazi scientist who in 1949 was secreted from Germany into the United States to initially work with the SO Division on the development of nerve gases, tabun, and sarin. At the time, Olson was chief of SO's Planning, Training and Intelligence Section, a position that brought him into direct contact with Dr. Hoffman.
Eventually in the mid-1960s, Dr. Hoffmann's efforts evolved into the CIA-created and controlled Amazon Natural Drug Company (ANDCO) and operated by Joseph Caldwell King, the CIA's former Deputy Director of Western Hemisphere Division. Former CIA employees who were close to King and Williams say that ANDCO "shipped hundreds of crates filled with hallucinogenic plants back to the CIA and Fort Detrick."
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In October 1960 the MK/ULTRA program invested in an outside consultant to develop a way of quickly hypnotizing an unwitting subject. John Gittinger says the process consisted of surprising "somebody sitting in a chair, putting your hands on his forehead, and telling the guy to go to sleep." The method worked "fantastically" on certain people, including some on whom no other technique was effective, and not on others. "It wasn't that predictable," notes Gittinger, who states he knows nothing about the field testing.
It would seem, however, that the same kind of reasoning that impelled Sid Gottlieb to recommend testing powerful drugs on unwitting subjects would have led to experimentation along such lines, if not to create the Manchurian Candidate itself, on some of the building blocks, or lesser antisocial acts.
Since the proposed operation involved the use of hypnosis and drugs, final approval could only be given by the high-level Clandestine Services committee set up for this purpose and chaired by Richard Helms. Permission was not forthcoming.
http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks11.htm
MKULTRA subprojects 5, 25, 29, and 49, (June 1, 1956 to May 31, 1957) Alden Sears' hypnosis research.
MKULTRA subprojects 5-11, (May 28, 1953)
MKULTRA subproject 5 and 5-13, (April 20, 1954)
MKULTRA subproject 39, especially 39-4, (April 9,1958) The Ionia State sexual psychopath research.
MKULTRA subprojects 48 and 60, provided the basic documents on the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology.
MKULTRA subproject 61, Wolff's own research.
MKULTRA subprojects 65 and 82, especially 65-12, (June 28, 1956) The Hungarian project (July 1957-June 1958)
MKULTRA subproject 68, Major/Dr. Frank Olson probably testing and using poisons for assassinations and harassment, etc.
MKULRA Subproject 84, Martin Orne
MKULTRA subprojects 97-21 and 74-256, (October 7, 1958 and August 6, 1959) Carl Rogers
MKULTRA subproject 111, especially 111-3, (April 3, 1961) H. J. Eysenck
MKULTRA subproject 107, The American Psychological Association-sponsored trip to the Soviet Union
MKULTRA Subproject 102, Carolyn Sherif’s research on teenage gangs
MKULTRA Subproject 128-1, dealt with the rapid induction technique to do hypnosis.
http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks9.htm
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Dr Donald Hebb, director of psychology at McGill University experimented on intensive isolation and blocking input to the senses. He found that intensive isolation interfered with the ability of people to think clearly and made them hunger for stimulation or surprisingly receptive to ideas. He used these experimental results to explain why US POWs bought into the North Korean suggestions, making them less patriotic and willing to accept of the communist ideology.
This hunger for stimulation could be used to make a US interrogators job much easier in breaking an enemy POW. The word “breaking” means causing the POW to trust the interrogator, to change his loyalty to the US or fellow soldiers, and to talk freely.
Four of Hebb's student subjects of his experiments, commented that the isolation conditions of his experiments were a form of torture. So Hebb stop his research because forcing students to withstand isolation for longer periods of time, would clearly violate medical ethics. (The Shock Doctrine by Naomi Kline, pgs. 34-35)
MK/ULTRA subproject 68 was one of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron's ongoing "attempts to establish lasting effects on patients behavior using a combination of particularly intensive electroshock (30 times more voltage), intensive repetition of prearranged verbal signals, partial sensory isolation, and repression of the driving period carried out by inducing continuous sleep for seven to ten days at the end of the treatment period. During research on sensory deprivation, Cameron used curare to immobilize his patients. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated de-patterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favorable results were obtained." Patients were regularly treated with hallucinogenic drugs, long periods in the "sleep room", and testing in the Radio Telemetry Laboratory, which was built under Cameron's direction. Here, patients were exposed to a range frequencies using radio transmission and monitored for changes in behavior.
These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression; many suffered permanent debilitation after these treatments. Such consequences included incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents.
This ethical conflict was no problem for Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron, a psychiatrist and colleague of Hebb's. Cameron used his mentally ill patients who were admitted to the Allan Memorial Institute as experimental subjects. Cameron developed a isolation, sound-proof chamber, piped in white noise, turned off the lights, etc. He kept his patients in this chamber of weeks, with one of them for 38 days. In a 1960 paper, Cameron said that a major factor that allows people to "maintain a time and space image" (to know where we are and who we are) we need continued sensory input. Cameron focused on inducing regression in his patients from an adult into a more infantile state, where personality traits fall away converting them into dependent children and some even started talking baby-talk. (Ibid p. 36)
A follow-up study conducted of Cameron's patients after they left the mental hospital/institute, found that 75 percent were worse off after treatment than before they were admitted. Of his patients who held down a full-time job before hospitalization, more than half were no long able to so and many suffered from a host of physical and psychological ailments.
(Ibid, p. 47)
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Paul F. Gaynor was a former Army Brigadier General who had extensive experience in wartime interrogations. He said, "All individuals can be broken under mental and physical assaults and by such techniques as denying sleep, exhaustion, persuasion, starvation, pain, humiliation, and sickness." Experiments were done regarding interrogation techniques using hypnosis, drugs, total isolation and detecting when someone is lying, were methods based Nazi experiments. "The problem exists of ascertaining whether effective and practical techniques exist, or could be developed, which could be utilized to render an individual subservient to an imposed will or control, thereby posing a potential threat to National Security."
“Black Psychiatry” refers to psychiatric methods used by trained and licensed physicians on subjects. These methods may not be in the best interest of the subject's mental well-being and health." The same official remarked, "There was no shortage of or problems recruiting psychologists in the 1950s and 1960s, who would willfully, and sometimes enthusiastically, practice Black Psychiatry.
To learn more about the torture experiments of Colonel Pash and Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, read the book Journey Into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse by Gordon Thomas (Bantam Books, New York, 1989.
Satellites
In October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first earth orbiting satellite named Sputnik and it weighed 183.9 pounds. The first US satellite called Explorer One was launched in January 1958 This satellite carried a small scientific payload weighing 30.8 pounds, that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen.
On December 18, 1958 the Signal Corps, with the help of the Air Force, launched the world's first communications satellite. Designated Project SCORE (Signal Communications via Orbiting Relay Equipment. Its system could carry one voice channel or seven teletype channels at sixty words per minute. This pioneering signal station, unfortunately, had a life expectancy of only a few weeks.
Rockets
Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s a liquid-fuel rocket engine were launched by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets during the war, first London and later Antwerp and Liège. According to a 2011 BBC documentary, the attacks resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel. The V-2 carried 2,200 pountds with a range of 200 miles.
Wernher von Braun and a significant portion of the original V-2 team ended up working for the US Army at the Redstone Arsenal. The US also captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities after the war and proceeded to re-establish V-2 production and move it to the Soviet Union. The Redstone team, led by von Braun, was transferred to NASA on its formation in October 1958. For NASA, this new Marshall Spaceflight Center (MSFC) helped design a series of rockets
Over 60,000 prisoners lived, worked, and died in the damp underground tunnels at Mittelwerk. Some succumbed to disease and malnutrition. Some were worked to death. Others were hanged publicly in group executions. The death rate rose so high that crematoriums became a necessity. Estimated that some 20,000 workers died in V-2 productionThere are no records of von Braun planning or overseeing operations at Mittelwerk, even from a distance. Von Braun visited Mittelwerk at least once; he was given a tour of the facility by SS guards in late 1943 when prisoners were still excavating tunnels. Von Braun acknowledged, in writing, that he personally selected workers for Mittelwerk from camp inmates at Buchenwald, who he described as in “pitiful shape,” and he acknowledged that by 1944 he was aware that many of the slave laborers at Mittelwerk had been executed, that many others had succumbed to malnourishment and dysentery, and that the environment at Mittelwerk was "repulsive." Under the proper definition of the term, von Braun was not a war criminal, per se, but it is hard to argue that he was not a party to crimes against humanity as defined today by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum. After immigrating to the US under the auspices of Operation Paperclip, von Braun became a US citizen and led a life that might best be described. http://www.answers.com/Q/Is_Werner_Von_Braun_a_war_criminal
The Henschel Hs 293 was a World War II German anti-ship guided missile: a radio-controlled glide bomb with a rocket engine slung underneath it. Although designed for use against ships, it was also used in Normandy in early August 1944 to attack bridges over the River See and River Selume. The Allies develop methods of using a radio to take over control of this bomb and fly it away from their ship or jamming the enemy’s RF signals directing it.
US V-2 (aka Hermes A-1) rockets were successfully launched at White Sands between May 1950 and April 1951. The Hermes A-1 had a maximum range of 38 miles and altitude of 15 miles. The slightly larger Hermes A-3B was the last produced and tested vehicle of the Hermes missile program. It was designed as a tactical surface-to-surface missile carrying a 1,000 pound warhead.
When President Harry S. Truman ordered a massive cut in military spending for fiscal year (FY) 1947, as part of the Truman Doctrine, the US Army Air Force forced to make major cuts to their missile development program. In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered that top priority be assigned to ICBMs and their associated guided missile programs.
An alternative technology to ballistic missiles is that of cruise missiles, which use rocket propulsion but have wings. For several years after World War Two, cruise missiles were favored. The development of two cruise missiles, "Snark" and "Navaho," were funded at much higher levels than the first ballistic missiles. The Northrop SM-62 Snark was an early-model intercontinental range ground-launched cruise missile that could carry a W39 thermonuclear warhead. The Snark was deployed by the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command from 1958 through 1961 when it was removed from deployment. The ability of the Snark missile was its ability to fly away from its launch point for up to 11 hours, and then return for a landing. If its warhead did not detach from its body, then the Snark could be flown repeatedly.
SM-64 Navaho was a supersonic intercontinental cruise missile.In 1957, tests of the Snark showed an estimated circular error probable (CEP) of just 17 nautical miles. By 1958, the celestial navigation system used by the Snark allowed its most accurate test, which appeared to fall four nautical miles short of the target. Even with the decreased CEP, the design was notoriously unreliable, with the majority of tests suffering mechanical failure thousands of miles before reaching the target. Other factors, such as the reduction in operating altitude from 150,000 to 55,000 feet, and the inability of the Snark to detect countermeasures and perform evasive maneuvers also made it a questionable strategic deterrent.
In late 1953, the Atomic Energy Commission achieved a breakthrough in nuclear weapons, making smaller and lighterThe jet propelled 20.5 meter-long Snark missile had a top speed of about 650 mph and a maximum range of about 5,500 nautical miles.
Atlas received the highest development authority. Navaho continued as a backup, before being cancelled in 1958 when Atlas successfully matured. Although Navaho did not enter service, its development provided useful research in a number of fields. In particular, the booster engine design It was essentially the mechanism of the N-1 paired to a star tracker which would provide midcourse updates to correct for any accumulated drift.
As a result, the Air Force launched a study in 1951, towards the development of a two-stage ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 nautical miles. The study marked the beginning of the Atlas Missile Program (1951 to 1954).
The first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) to be developed by the United States was the Atlas. Research began in 1946 but was cancelled in 1947.
In 1951, it was revived on a modest scale, which was gradually increased to become the nation's highest military priority by the end of the decade. Its liquid fuel propulsion made it a difficult technology to maintain, and it was replaced in the 1960s by the solid state Minuteman ICBM.
The first successful launch of an Atlas missile took place in December 1957.The Atlas missiles were deployed in silo complexes associated with air force bases. Most of these were in the Midwest, although Atlas missiles were also deployed in Washington and New York. Due primarily to the use of liquid oxygen and kerosene fuel, the silos were dangerous and difficult to maintain. With the advent of the Minuteman, the liquid fuel rockets, the Atlas, as well as the Titan ICBM were removed from active military duty. The Atlas had another career, however, as a launch vehicle for space exploration. It was an Atlas missile that lifted the first modules of the Mercury Program into space. Atlas missiles continued to deliver civilian payloads into space for many years after the end of their military deployment.
In 1957 a series of intelligence reports suggested the Soviets were far ahead in the missile race and would be able to overwhelm the US by the early 1960s. It was later demonstrated that this "missile gap" was just as fictional as the "bomber gap" of a few years earlier, but through the late 1950s it was a serious concern. The Air Force, concerned about the survivability of its striking force in the short term, began the WS-199 program to develop a survivable strategic missile, and pushed Minuteman for crash development starting in September 1958.
The first planning for the Minuteman began in the mid-1950s. The project was underway by mid 1957 and officially announced in 1958. Boeing Airplane Company was named the primary contractor. The first test launch took place at Cape Kennedy in 1961, with the first deployment of the Minuteman I at Malstrom Air Force Base in Montana in 1962. Known as America’s ace in the hole, the Minuteman was at the ready during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Production of the Minuteman I ended in 1965 and the missiles were soon replaced with the improved Minuteman II, which had a greater accuracy. The Minuteman II remained in service until 1994. The third model, the Minuteman III, introduced the MIRV into the United States missile arsenal
Solid fuels were already commonly used in rockets, but strictly for short-range uses. Hall's superiors were interested in short and medium range missiles with solids, especially for use in Europe, use of ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Adapting a concept developed in the UK, they cast the fuel into large cylinders with a star-shaped hole running along the inner axis. This allowed the fuel to burn along the entire length of the cylinder, rather than just the end as in earlier designs. The increased burn rate meant increased thrust. This also meant the heat was spread across the entire motor and did not reach the wall of the missile fuselage until the fuel was finished burning. The Navy felt that liquid fuels were too dangerous to use onboard ships, and especially submarines.
Guidance of an ICBM is based not only on the direction the missile is travelling, but the precise instant that thrust is cut off. Too much thrust and the warhead will overshoot its target, too little and it will fall short. Solids are normally very hard to predict in terms of burning time and their instantaneous thrust during the burn, which made them questionable for the sort of accuracy required to hit a target at intercontinental range. A solid fuel design would be much simpler to build, and easier to maintain in service.
Advanced surveying of the potential silo sites had already begun in late 1957. Fears of a Soviet anti-ballistic missile system led to calls for the adoption of a maneuvering reentry vehicle (MARV), which greatly complicates the problem of shooting down a warhead. Development of MARV systems began under the Alpha Draco and Boost Glide Reentry Vehicle programs in 1957. These used long and skinny arrow-like shapes that required more room on the front of the missile.
The maneuverable reentry vehicle is a type of ballistic missile whose warhead is capable of shifting targets in flight.
To address this, the Minuteman silos were revised to be built 13 feet deeper. Although Minuteman would not deploy a boost-glide warhead, the extra space proved invaluable in the future as it allowed the missile to be extended and carry more fuel and payload.
Atom Bombs
Bikini Atoll had previously hosted nuclear testing in 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads where the world’s fourth and fifth atomic weapons were detonated in Bikini Lagoon. Since then, US nuclear weapons testing had moved to Enewetok Atoll to take advantage of generally larger islands and deeper water. Ivy Mike, a 10.4 megatons of TNT (Mt) device tested at Eniwetok in 1952 leaving a crater approximately one mile Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first test of a full-scale thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion. It was detonated on November 1, 1952 by the United States on Enewetak, Ivy Mike was not suitable for use as a weapon; it was intended as an extremely conservative proof of concept experiment to validate the concepts used for multi-megaton detonations.
Radioactive coral debris fell upon ships positioned 35 miles from the blast.
The W39 nuclear warheads were versions of an American thermonuclear weapon, which were in service from 1957 to 1966. It had a yield of 3.8 megatons. a weight of 6,230-pound to 6,400-pound ( The design is an improved Mark 15 nuclear bomb design It was used on the SM-62 Snark missile, Redstone IRBM missile, and in the B-58 Hustler weapons pod.
The Convair B-58 was the first operational supersonic jet bomber capable of Mach 2 flight. The aircraft was designed by Convair engineer Robert H. Widmer and developed for the United States Air Force for service in the Strategic Air Command (SAC) during the 1960s. It used a delta wing, which was also employed by Convair fighters such as the F-102, with four General Electric J79 engines in pods under the wing. It carried five nuclear weapons; four on pylons under the wings, and one nuclear weapon and fuel in a combination bomb/fuel pod under the fuselage, rather than in an internal bomb bay.
The B-36 with six piston engine airplane was the first bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal from inside its four bomb bays without aircraft modifications. With a range of 10,000 miles, the B-36 was the world's first manned bomber with an unrefueled intercontinental range. The B-36 was the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The eight turbojet engines and swept wings B-52 took its maiden flight in April 1952. Built to carry nuclear weapons for Cold War-era deterrence missions, the B-52 Stratofortress replaced the Convair B-36.
The B-47 entered service with the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) in 1951. It never saw combat as a bomber, but was a mainstay of SAC's bomber strength during the late 1950s and early 1960s. A total 2,042 B-47swere produced from 1954 to 1963.
By 1956, the U.S. Air Force had 28 wings of B-47 bombers and five wings of RB-47 reconnaissance aircraft. The bombers were the first line of America's strategic nuclear deterrent, often operating from forward bases in the UK, Morocco, Spain, Alaska, Greenland and Guam. B-47s were often set up on "one-third" alert, with a third of the operational aircraft available sitting on hardstands or an alert ramp adjacent to the runway, loaded with fuel and nuclear weapons, crews on standby, ready to attack the USSR at short notice.
On May 21, 1956, a B-52B dropped a Mk-15 nuclear bomb over the Bikini Atoll in a test code-named Cherokee. It was the first air-dropped thermonuclear weapon.
Due to the late 1950s-era threat of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) that could threaten high-altitude aircraft, seen in practice in the 1960 U-2 incident, the intended use of B-52 was changed to serve as a low-level penetration bomber during a foreseen attack upon the Soviet Union, as terrain masking provided an effective method of avoiding radar and thus the threat of the SAMs.
The Mark 15 thermonuclear bomb (Mk-15) was the first relatively lightweight bomb (7,600 pounds) created by the United States. The Mark 15 was first produced in 1955, and a total of 1,200 units were made before production ended in 1957. The Mark 15 design was in service from 1955 to 1965.
The Mod 1 This test had a yield of 1.69 megatons.
The Mod 2 nuclear test had a yield of 3.8 megatons. Redwing Cherokee was the first US first US airdrop of a deliverable thermonuclear (hydrogen) bomb. Operation Redwing was a United States series of 17 nuclear test detonations from May to July 1956. They were conducted at Bikini and Enewetak atolls. The Mod 3 also appears to have had a 3.8 megaton yield.
Operation Ivy was the eighth series of American nuclear tests, coming after Tumbler-Snapper and before Upshot-Knothole. Its purpose was to help upgrade the US arsenal of nuclear weapons in response to the Soviet nuclear weapons program. The two explosions were staged in late 1952 at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Proving Ground in the Marshall Islands.
Operation Teapot was a series of fourteen nuclear test explosions conducted at the Nevada Test Site in the first half of 1955.
Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954 the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable thermonuclear weapon. One test in particular, Castle Bravo, resulted in extensive radiological contamination of nearby islands (including inhabitants and US soldiers stationed there), as well as a nearby Japanese fishing boat (Daigo Fukuryū Maru), resulting in one direct fatality and continued health problems for many of those exposed. Public reaction to the tests and an awareness of the long-range effects of nuclear fallout has been attributed as being part of the motivation for the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
Operation Wigwam involved a single test of the Mark 90 Betty nuclear bomb. The device yielded 30 kilotons. a nuclear depth charge, developed by the United States in 1952. It carried a Mark 7 nuclear warhead with a yield of 5-10 kilotons. On May 14, 1955, 6,800 personnel aboard 30 ships were involved in Wigwam , at about 500 miles southwest of San Diego, California..The purpose of Wigwam was to determine the vulnerability of submarines to deeply detonated nuclear weapons, and to evaluate the feasibility of using such weapons in a combat situation.
The PGM-11 Redstone was the first large American ballistic missile. A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of about 620 miles or less it was in active service with the United States Army in West Germany from June 1958 to June 1964 as part of NATO's Cold War defense of Western Europe. It was the first missile to carry a live nuclear warhead, in the 1958 Pacific Ocean weapons test, Hardtack Teak.
The W88 is a United States thermonuclear warhead, with an estimated yield of 475 kilotons (kt), and is small enough to fit on MIRVed missiles. The W88 was designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1970s. and weighing probably less than 800 poounds.
The W76 is a United States thermonuclear warhead. It was manufactured from 1978-1987, and is still in service as of 2015. The W-76 is carried inside a Mk-4 re-entry vehicle. US Trident I and Trident II Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles may carry W76 warheads as one warhead option, along with W88 warheads in the Trident II. The dimensions of the W76 and Mk-4 reentry vehicle which carries it are not known; only the warhead's weight of 362 pounds has been disclosed. The W76 has a yield of 100 kilotons.
The MGR-1 Honest John rocket (aka M-31) was the first nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile in the US arsenal. Designated Artillery Rocket XM31, the first such rocket was tested 29 June 1951 and the first production rounds were delivered in January 1953. The first Army units received their rockets by year's end and Honest John battalions were deployed in Europe in early 1954. Alternatively, the rocket was designed to be capable of carrying an ordinary high-explosive warhead weighing 1,500 pounds, a range of 15.4 miles with a 20 kiloton nuclear warhead. The improved M-50, with the smaller fins and more “rifling”, had a maximum range of 30 plus miles with a scatter on target of only 250 yards, demonstrating an accuracy approaching that of tube artillery.
The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb design produced starting in 1949 and in use until 1953. the Mark 4 introduced the concept of in flight insertion (IFI), a weapons safety concept which was used for a number of years. An IFI bomb has either manual or mechanical assembly, which keeps the nuclear core stored outside the bomb until close to the point that it may be dropped. To arm the bomb, the fissile nuclear materials are inserted into the bomb core through a removable segment of the explosive lens assembly, which is then replaced and the weapon closed and armed. Implosion-type weaponVarious versions of the Mark 4 had explosive yields of 1, 3.5, 8, 14, 21, 22, and 31 kilotons A variant called the W4 (Warhead 4), intended for use on the SM-62 Snark cruise missile, was designed, but never built. The W4 design was cancelled in 1951. A total of 550 Mark 4 nuclear weapons were produced and was succeeded by the Mk6, which was generally similar, but much improved.
Despite its inefficiency, this design, because of its shape, was adapted for use in small-diameter, cylindrical artillery shells (a gun-type warhead fired from the barrel of a much larger gun). Such warheads were deployed by the United States until 1992, accounting for a significant fraction of the U-235 in the arsenal, and were some of the first weapons dismantled to comply with treaties limiting warhead numbers. The rationale for this decision was undoubtedly a combination of the lower yield and grave safety issues associated with the gun-type design.
The W9 units which were retired in 1957 were recycled into lower yield T-4 Atomic Demolition Munitions. These were the first (semi) man-portable nuclear weapons. The whole system weighed 840 pounds. The T4 was produced in 1957 from recycled W9 fissile components and was in service until 1963, when it was replaced with W30 Tactical Atomic Demolition Munitions Production of the TADM started in 1961 and all were removed from stockpile by 1966.and W45 Medium Atomic Demolition Munitions.
Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADM) was a tactical nuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. They were designed to be used as nuclear land mines and for other tactical purposes, with a relatively low explosive yield from a W45 warhead, between 1 and 15 kilotons. Each MADM weighed around 400 pound total. They were produced between 1965 and 1986.
The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) (Mk-54) was a family of man-portable nuclear weapons fielded by the US military in the 1960s, but never used in combat. The US Army planned to use the weapons in Europe in the event of a Soviet invasion. US Army Engineers would use the weapon to destroy, irradiate and deny key routes of communication through limited terrain such as the Fulda Gap (the most like path the USSR would have used to invade West Germany). Troops were trained to parachute into Soviet-occupied Western Europe with the SADM and destroy power plants, bridges, and dams. It could also be used against targets in coastal and near-coastal locations The two-person team would place the weapon package in the target location, set the timer, and swim out into the ocean, where they would be retrieved by a submarine or a high-speed surface water craft.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States developed several different types of lightweight nuclear device. The smallest of these was the W54 warhead, which had a 10.75 inches diameter was about 15.7 inches long, and weighed approximately 50 pounds. It was fired by a mechanical timer and had a TNT equivalent between 10 tons and one kiloton.
The M-28 or M-29 Davy Crockett Weapon System(s) was the tactical nuclear recoilless gun (smoothbore) for firing the M-388 nuclear projectile that was deployed by the United States.
The M-388 round used a version of the W54 warhead, a very small sub-kiloton fission device. The Mk-54 weighed about 51 pound with a yield equivalent to somewhere between 10 or 20 tons of TNT—very close to the minimum practical size and yield for a fission warhead.
The United States Air Force also developed a project using the W54, the Hughes Electronics AIM-26 Falcon. This was a larger, more powerful version of the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile. It is notable for being the only U.S. guided air-to-air weapon with a nuclear warhead. It was intended to destroy formations of Soviet bombers at a time when guided missiles were not accurate enough to produce high-probability kills with small conventional warheads.
The first artillery test was on May 25, 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. It used an 11 inch shell with a gun-type fission warhead was fired 6.2 miles and detonated 525 feet above the ground with an estimated yield of 15 kilotons. About 3,200 soldiers and civilians were present. The warhead was designated the W9 nuclear warhead and 80 were produced in 1952 to 1953 for the T-124 shell. It was retired in 1957.
The W19 used a 280 mm shell and it was a longer version of the W9. Only 80 warheads were produced and the system was retired in 1963 coinciding with the introduction of the W48 warhead.
The W33's four explosive yields were all greater than that of the W48. M422 projectiles were hand-assembled in the field to provide the required yield, three yielding 5 to 10 kilotons and one with 40 kilotons.
The 71st Ordnance Battalion was activated in Germany in 1955.
Belgium, Canada, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom provided artillery units trained in the correct handling and operation of nuclear weapons and in some cases specialist logistic and security units. Their allocated nuclear weapons were in the custody of US Army Artillery Groups (USAAG) with subordinate US Army Field Artillery Detachments (USAFAD) assigned to the national artillery units. The Groups were part of the 59th Ordnance Brigade.
MGR-1 Honest John free flight rocket delivering W7 nuclear weapon, 1953
M65 Atomic Cannon delivering 280mm W9 and W19 nuclear shells, 1953
MGM-5 Corporal missile delivering W7 nuclear weapon, 1955
M110 howitzer delivering 203mm W33 nuclear shell, deployed in 1957
M115 howitzer delivering 203mm W33 nuclear shell, deployed in 1957
M-28/M-29 Davy Crockett (nuclear device) M-388 warhead derived from W54, 1961–71
MGM-18 Lacrosse missile with nuclear warhead. It was deployed in West Germany from 1959 to 1963.
The End
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The Eisenhower Administration
Vice President: Richard M. Nixon
Robert Maheu and his associate John Gerrity were summoned to Nixon’s office in 1954 at the behest of the National Security Council. Nixon gave Maheu a green light to employ a series of dirty tricks to wreck a pending agreement between Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and the king of Saudi Arabia.
worked for Nixon on the NSC BG Robert E. Cushman, Jr., USMC, ( Feb. 1957 to July 1958)
National Security Advisor: Gordon Gray (1958 to 1961)
NSC 5412/2 Special Group per Presidential Directive NSC 5412/2, Dec. 28, 1954, assigned responsibility for co-ordination of covert actions to representatives of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President respectively.
Allen Dulles, Chairman of the CIA; Gordon Gray, National Security Advisor; James Douglas, Acting Secretary of Defense; and Livingston T. Merchant, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
National Security Council:
Wilbur C. Eveland 1956
Special Assistants for National Security Affairs:
William Harding Jackson, II (1956-1957)
Brigadier General Robert E. Cushman, Jr, USMC, (Feb. 1957 to Mar. 1961)
He became Deputy Director of the CIA: April 1969
Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs: Nelson Rockefeller (1954-1955)
Member, Mexican-American Commission for Economic Cooperation, (1943-1945)
A series of committees, containing representatives from State, Defense, CIA, and sometimes the White House or NSC, reviewed operations. Over time and reorganizations, these committees were called the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), NSC 5412/2 Special Group or simply Special Group, Special Group (Augmented), 303 Committee, and Special Group (Counterinsurgency).
Karl G. Harr Jr. In November 1956, he became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and alternate Defense member of the NSC Planning Board. This position enabled him to become familiar with the functions, organization, and procedures of the National Security Council and the Operations Coordinating Board. Harr served in Army Intelligence during the Second World War.
In 1958, he was appointed Special Assistant to the President for Security Operations Coordination and vice chairman of the Operations Coordinating Board. In this position, his functions were to seek to ensure coordinated implementation of national security policies in the programs and operations of various government departments and agencies, and to report to the President and the NSC on the effectiveness of operations coordination and implementation of national security policies.
President’s Committee on Information Activities Abroad (aka the Sprague Committee’s) staff included representatives of the White House, Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, Department of State, and the United States Information Agency.
40 Committee:
Chairman /the Assistant to the President’s National Security Affairs: Vice Pres. Richard Nixon
Director of Central Intelligence: Allen Dulles
Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs: ?????
Deputy Secretary of Defense: ?????
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ?????
Maj. Gen. Walter B. Smith
The President's Citizen Advisors on the Mutual Security Program from 1956 to 1957
The President's Committee on Disarmament in 1958
Consultant at the Special Projects Office (Disarmament) in the Executive Office of the President from 1955 to 1956.
National Security Training Commission from 1955 to 1957
National War College board of consultants from 1956 to 1959
Office of Defense Mobilization Special Stockpile Advisory Committee from 1957 to 1958
Presidential Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, (PFAIB): as of Jan. 1956
James Killian - Chairman (1956 to 1963)
Doolittle
Omar Bradley
David Bruce
Robert Lovett
Joseph P. Kennedy
Gen. Richard Stilwell He was the general in charge China, Vietnam, Burma, etc. for most of WWII.
Council on Foreign Relations:
Henry Kissinger
Gordon Gray
Committee on Foreign Information Activities: William H. Jackson, II (Feb. 1956 to 1957)
aka psychological warfare Nelson Rockefeller (1954 to Feb. 1956)
Charles Douglas ("CD") Jackson (Early 1953 to Jan. 1954)
During WW II he served in propaganda operations and served in Radio Free Europe from 1951 to 1952. From 1954 through 1959 he returned to Time, Life, and Fortune magazines syndicate where he had a lifelong association with the CIA.
Committee’s Chief of Staff, Wayne Jackson
Director of the US Information Agency: George V. Allen (1957-1960)
Arthur Larson (1956-1957)
Theodore C. Streibert (1953-1956)
In 1953 the US Information Agency was formed as an independent agency of the executive branch. By 1961 the USIA was operating 182 posts with radio and publications in 89 countries with over 1,000 Americans and more than 7,000 host nation employees speaking 37 languages.
The USIA's third division included press services. Within its first two decades the "USIA published 66 magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, totaling almost 30 million copies annually, in 28 languages.”
The fourth division dealt with the motion picture service. After the USIA's failed attempts to collaborate with Hollywood filmmakers to portray America in a positive light, the agency began producing their own documentaries
Secretary of Defense: Thomas S. Gates, Jr. (1960-1961)
Neil H. McElroy (1957-1959)
Charles E. Wilson (1953-1957)
Robert A. Lovett (1951-1953)
Chief, Military Intelligence Division
MG George V. Strong May 1942 - Feb 1944
BG Sherman Miles Apr 1940 - Jan 1942
MG Clayton Bissel Feb 1944 - Jan 1946
BG Raymond E. Lee Feb 1942 - May 1942
DIRECTORS OF INTELLIGENCE
LTG Hoyt S. Vandenburg Jan 1946 - Jun 1946
LTG Stephen J. Chamberlin Jun 1946 - Oct 1948
ASSISTANT CHIEFS OF STAFF, G-2, INTELLIGENCE (AFTER 1 MARCH 1950)
MG S. Leroy Irwin Nov 1948 - Aug 1950
MG A. R. Bolling Aug 1950 - Aug 1952
MG R. C. Partridge Aug 1952 - Nov 1953
MG Arthur G. Trudeau Nov 1953 - Aug 1955
ASSISTANT CHIEFS OF STAFF FOR INTELLIGENCE (AFTER 3 JANUARY 1956)
MG Ridgely Gaither, Jr. Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, (1955 to July 1956
From 1955 to 1956 Gaither served as the U.S. Army's assistant chief of staff for Intelligence, G-2, and was promoted to Lieutenant General
MG Robert A. Schow Aug 1956 - Oct 1958
MG John M. Willems Nov 1958 - Oct 1961
Secretary of the Army: Wilber M. Brucker (July 21, 1955 – Jan. 19, 1961)
Robert T. B. Stevens (Feb. 4, 1953 – July 21, 1955)
(acting) Earl D. Johnson (Jan. 20, 1953 – Feb. 4, 1953)
Gordon Gray (1949 to 1950)
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs:
John N. Irwin, II (Oct. 4, 1958 - Jan. 19, 1961)
Mansfield D. Sprague (Feb. 28, 1957 - Oct. 3, 1958)
Gordon Gray (July 14, 1955 to Feb. 27, 1957)
H. Struve Hensel (Mar. 5, 1954 to Jun. 30, 1955)
Frank C. Nash (Aug. 28, 1951 to Feb. 28, 1954)
Secretary of the Navy: William B. Franke (June 8, 1959 to January 19, 1961)
Thomas S. Gates (April 1, 1957 to June 8, 1959)
Charles S. Thomas (May 3, 1954 to April 1, 1957)
Robert B. Anderson (Feb. 4, 1953 to Mar. 3, 1954)
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Gen. Omar Bradley (Aug. 19, 1949 to Aug. 15, 1953)
Director of the Joint Staff for the Joint Chiefs of Staff:
Lt. Gen. Charles P. Cabell, USAF (1951 to 1956)
Chief of Naval Operations: Admiral Arleigh A. Burke (Aug 1955 retired Aug. 1, 1961)
Admiral Robert B. Carney (1953 retired Aug. 1954)
Admiral William M. Fechteler (Aug. 16, 1951 to Aug. 17, 1953
Chief of Staff of the Air Force: Gen Thomas White (retired in 1961)
Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force: Gen. Curtis E. LeMay (July 1957 to 1961)
Undersecretary Depart. of Health, Education, and Welfare: Nelson A. Rockefeller ( 1953
Consultant to Secretary of Defense on Organization of the Department of Defense:
Nelson A. Rockefeller (1958)
In the summer of 1955, Nelson Rockefeller called a conference on “the psychological aspects of U.S. strategy” with key psyops stars from the Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University.
Director of the Joint Staff for the Joint Chiefs of Staff:
Lt. Gen. Charles P. Cabell, USAF (1951 to 1956)
Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs:
Gordon Gray (1955 to 1958)
Director Air Force Intelligence: Maj. Gen. George Keegan
Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence (ONI):
Rear Adm. Vernon L. Lowrance (Sept. 1960 – June 1963)
Rear Adm. Laurence H. Frost (Jun 1956 – Sept.1960)
Rear Adm. Carl F. Espe (Dec. 1952 – May 1956)
Rear Adm. Richard F. Stout (July 1952 – Nov. 1952)
Rear Adm. Felix L. Johnson (Sept. 1949 – June 1952)
contract agent/fake defector: Lee Harvey Oswald ( 1957 - 1958?? to killed Sept. 1963)
Chief of the Joint Intelligence Operations Agency (JIOA): Bousqet Wey (Dec 1947 to ??)
Deputy chief: Colonel William Whalen (1949 a KGB spy arrested in 1964)
aka Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, as of December 27, 1955.
aka Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, as of May 1, 1987
Commander-in-chief of the NATO forces in Southern Europe:
Admiral Robert B. Carney (1951–1953)
Secretary of State: Christian A. Herter (1959-61)
John Foster Dulles (1953-59)
Assistant Secretary of State: Foy Kohler.
Under Secretary of State: Maj. Gen. Walter B. Smith (Feb. 7, 1953 retired in 1954)
Former CIA Director.
Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs:
Walter S. Robertson ( Apr. 8, 1953 to Jun. 30, 1959)
John M. Allison ( Feb. 1, 1952 to Apr. 7, 1953)
Director of the Office of Security (DDS)
Became the Diplomatic Security Service: This office was most likely involved the placement of CIA officer under Diplomatic Cover. Starting sometime after World War II they began regularly protecting visiting heads of state, but had done so sporadically since the 1930s.
John Francis Reilly (1962–?)
William O. Boswell (1958–1962)
Robert L. Bannerman (1945–1947) father
Robert C. Bannerman (1920–1940), father
Office of Intelligence/Resources and Coordination: Robert B. Elwood
Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research:
Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. (Oct. 10, 1957 to Feb. 19, 1961)
Deputy Director Soviet Affairs (SY): Otto F. Otepka (1959– Aug. 1962)
gle against “global Communism” George V. Allen (Nov. 1957 to Jan. 1961)
Authur Larson (Nov. 1956 to Nov. 1957?)
Theodore C. Streibert (Aug. 1953 to Nov. 1956)
USIA operated 182 posts in 89 countries, over 1,000 Americans and host nation people, broadcast in English and 36 other languages. At the end of 1960 USIA libraries were circulating books costing $8 million per years, to their 164 information libraries in 70 Free World nations. USIA also used every other means of mass media, motives, television, and published 64 magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, totaling almost 30 million copies annually.
US Ambassador to the UN: James J. Wadsworth (1960–1961)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr (1953–1960)
Allied High Commission for Occupied West Germany, (HICOG):
High commissioners of USA:
James Bryant Conant (Feb. 10, 1953 – May 5, 1955)
Attorney General: William P. Rogers (1957-61)
Herbert Brownell, Jr. (1953-57)
FBI: J. Edgar Hoover
Secretary of the Treasury: Robert B. Anderson (1957-61)
George M. Humphrey (1953-57)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics: Harry J. Anslinger - (Sept,1930 to 1962)
Deputy: George Cunningham ( ?? February 1951 to ??)
Secretary of Commerce: unknown
W. Averill Harriman (1946 and 1948)
Director of the Marshall Plan in Paris
Chairman, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: John A. McCone (1958 - 1961)
Lewis Strauss
Gordon Gray (1954 to 1955)
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Table of organization of the US Intelligence Community
Director of the National Security Agency:
Rear Admiral Laurence H. Frost (1960 to 1962)
promote surveillance satellites such as the Navy's ELINT program.
MG John A. Samford, USAF (June 1956 to 1960)
LTG Ralph T. Canine, USA (1952 to June 1956)
Special Assistant: Colonel Frank Rowlett, USA, 1958 to 1965)
and the Commandant of the National Cryptologic School: (1965 to Dec. 1965)
Vice Director: BG John Ackerman, USAF (Nov.1953 to June 1956)
RADM Joseph Wenger, USN (Dec. 1952 to Nov. 1953)
Colonel Travis Hetherington, USAF (Apr. 1951 to Dec. 1952)
Chief of the US Army Security Agency:
COL John C. Arrowsmith (Dec 23, 1952 to Jan 14, 1953)
Deputy Chief: RADM Joseph Wenger, USN (1950 to 1951)
Director of research/ American Army cryptology: Colonel William F. Friedman
in 1952 became chief cryptologist for the National Security Agency
Chief cryptologist: Colonel William Friedman (1952 to ?)
Elizabeth Friedman
Meredith Gardner
John B. Hurt, dean of the linguistics staff of the National Security Agency, Signal Intelligence Service of the War Department from 1930 to 1963. He was the agency's expert on Oriental languages.
Communication Liaison Division: LTC W. T. Guest
Commander, 2d Signal Service Battalion: unknown
Military Intelligence Training Center (MITC), Camp Ritchie, Maryland
After August 1944 the center also offered counterintelligence training. Intelligence personnel proceeded from Camp Ritchie to a staging area at Camp Sharpe, Pennsylvania, where they received additional combat training, were formed into teams, and assigned directly to theater control.
Army counterintelligence censorship training: Chicago until 1944.
Deputy Assistant Commandant, G2 Intelligence School, Fort Riley, KS: Col. Oscar Koch (1946)
Counterintelligence Training, Fort Holabird: establish in 1945
Army Air Forces Intelligence School: from February 1942 at the University of Maryland until April and moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in June 1942. advanced training was administered under SSA supervision
Army censorship training: Fort Washington, Maryland, until February 1944, when the Army Service Forces assumed the function.
Signal Security Agency (SSA): cryptoanalysis and language training Arlington Hall Station, Virginia and maintained a school for officers and enlisted personnel at Vint Hill Farms Station, Virginia.
Signal Corps training: under SSA supervision at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and Camp Crowder, Missouri.
http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/asi_in_northwest_africa.pdf
NOTE: The above mentioned agencies of the Department of Defense and State
Department were also involved with foreign intelligence operations.
The following CIA table of organization likely has many errors, however I have done my best to honestly analyze the data.
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Central Intelligence Agency -- Table of Organization
Headquarters nicked named Quarters Eye and located in an old Army barracks near the Lincoln Memorial.
Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)
and Director of Central Intelligence Agency
Head of the Intelligence Resources Advisory Committee
Head of the United States Intelligence Board
Allen W. Dulles (Feb. 7, 1953 to fired Nov 1961)
Maj. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith (Oct. 7, 1950 to Feb. 7, 1953) Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter ( May 1, 1947 to Oct. 7, 1950)
Prior to this, Hillenkoetter served as the intelligence officer for Chester W. Nimitz's Pacific Fleet staff and Captain of the USS Missouri in 1946. After CIA he went back into the Navy.
Rear Admiral Sidney Souers
Special Consultant to the President on military and foreign affairs, 1950–1953
Dulles had 12 or 13 regular members of the news media who would be invited to join him frequently for lunch in the beautiful old dining room. Dulles believed that if he kept these men well informed, they would then be able to draw that fine line between the CIA party line and its security limits. If he gave them a bit of insight into the workings of the CIA, he also fed them the CIA point of view all the time.
Dulles ordered the burglary into Joseph McCarthy 's Senate office and also intentionally fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him.
Special Assistant to DCI: General Lucian King Truscott, Jr. (1953 retired June 1958)
signed a contract on June 25, 1959 as a CIA contractor but never used: Allen Dulles kept Truscott out of the planning for the Bay of Pigs. Truscott said if he had been consulted he would have Dulles, You can’t do it this way, in terms of air cover, equipment, training, and support, logistics, etc.
Senior Staff Officer and Advisor: Colonel Frank Rowlett, USA 1952 to 1957)
Personal staff: E Howard Hunt (alias Don Eduardo and Mr. Edwards) (late 1959 to mid- 1961 post Bay of Pigs)
Special Assistants: John M.”Jack” Maury, Jr. (early 1950s to ?)
Thomas W. Braden (1944 to Nov. 1954) created the International
Private secretary during Dulles’s 1956 world tour: Ray S. Cline (1956 to late 1957)
Special Assistant and Senior Consultant to DCI: William Harding Jackson (II) ( 1951–1957)
Executive assistant: Commander Bernard McMahon, USN
And served as the staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
And he was Executive assistant to DCI Adm. Stansfield Turner (Mar. 1977 – January 20, 1981).
Deputy Director of the CIA: Gen. Charles P. Cabell, USAF (Apr. 1953 to Jan. 1962)
Allen W. Dulles (1947 to Feb. 1953)
William “Bill” H. Jackson, 2nd (Oct. 16, 1950 to Aug.1951)
Special Assistant and Senior Consultant: William “Bill” H. Jackson (Aug. 1951 to Feb. 1956)
appointed special assistant to President Eisenhower on psychological warfare (Feb. 1956 to 1957) succeeding Nelson Rockefeller
FBI Assistant Director of the Intelligence Division: W. Raymond “Ray” Wannall
(1960? to retired in 1976)
In 1954 President Eisenhower commissioned General James Doolittle to do a study of CIA covert operations. General Doolittle concluded the CIA was often ineffective against the KGB and that the CIA "must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy its enemies by more clever, more sophisticated, and more effective methods than those used against it." JFK disagreed: "We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises." (JFK address at University of Washington)
General Counsel: Lawrence R. Houston (Jan. 27, 1949 to June 29, 1973 - 25 years)
Assistant General Counsel: John K. Greaney (?? To ??)
Inspector General: Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr. (1953 to ?)
Executive Director-Comptroller: Lawrence K. White (? to 1967)
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Deputy Director for Administration (DAor DDA):
Each Deputy Director has the rank of a two or three star general (0-8 or 0-9).
- aka Deputy Director for Support as of 3 February 1955
Lawrence K. White, Col. USA) (July 1, 1953 - July 5,1965)
Walter Reid Wolf (Apr 1.1951 resigned 30 Jun 1953)
Murray McConnel (Dec 1, 1950 retired 30 Mar 1951)
William Jackson (Dec 1, 1950 - (spring1951)
Chief of Training: Harry Rositzke (1954 to 1956)
Harry C. “Heinie” Aberholt (1951 to 1953) CIA pilot training school at the Farm near Williamsburg, Virginia. Also working there was Colonel Robert L. Gleason
Ivy League University Professors CIA recruit spotters
Yale Crew Coarch Skip Walz (early 1950s to ?)
CIA psychologist: Dr. Jerrold Post
Press officer staff
Historical staff
Cable secretary who head the message center to and from CIA
To send teletype messages to the CIA Headquarters the code word “Kubark” was used and it meant to the CIA’s cable secretary and “maximum security/CIA Station only.”
CIA officer: Archibald B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1953 to 1958)
had several jobs at CIA headquarters
First liaison officer with Congress: Walter Pforzheimer (1947? to 1956)
Curator Historical Intelligence Collection: Walter Pforzheimer (1956 to 1974)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Deputy Director Office of Security (DDS or OS):
in the alleys and gutters Sheffield Edwards ( March 1952 to ??)
Served as a Colonel US Army Air Corps during World War Two
OS shared information only with CI special operations group (CI/SIG).
Assistant Deputy Director, Office of Security (DD/S): Robert L. Bannerman Jr. (early 1960's
Staff: CIA officer: William A. Osborne
James “Jim” O'Connell (1951 to ?
William A. Osborne
Ermal P. Geiss
James McCord
Louis W. Vasaly
Sheffield Edwards suggested that contract agent Robert A. Maheu should be approached to organize the Castro assassination. March, 12, 1961
Maheu was a very close confidant of President John F. Kennedy and Sen. Robert F. Kennedy. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=13693
Deputy Chief of OS: Bruce Solie
missions: close liaison with US police departments recruiting contract agents in them
collection of more millions of files on American who are of interest to the CIA.
housing and guarding defectors, and assisting in debriefing them responsible for the safety of all CIA classified information
CIA psychiatrists: mental hospital reports go directly to DCIA
Polygraph Branch/ polygraph operator: John Sullivan
Admin Staff: unknown
Chief of the Security Control Staff: unknown
CIA officer: Bernard Doran 1953
QK/ENCHANT the code name for the CIA office that provided security approvals to hire contract agents and to use non-CIA facilities. Also gave approvals to CIA officers to meet individuals to discuss proposed projects, activities, and possible relationships. The Agency issued Personal Covert Security Approvals (PCSA) and Covert Security Approvals (CSA) from early 1950s to beyond 1969.
OS assigned contract agents, employees, and volunteers with Agency ID numbers (AINS) or Employee (EIN)
Inspection Staff: unknown
Alien Affairs Staff: unknown
Chief External Branch?: James McCord (Apr. 1957 to Jan. 1962)
Investigator: James McCord (Jan. 1955 to Apr. 1957)
Investigator, Domestic Field Office. James McCord (June 1953 to Feb. 1954)
CIA unknown office: James McCord (1951 to 1953)
FBI Special Agent Wash. D.C. James McCord (Oct. 1948 to Feb. 1951)
And USAF Reserve, Commander, Special Analysis Division McCord worked undercover as a civilian within the US Army in Europe
CIA officers: Bruce Solie (? to ?)
Marguerite Stevens
William Miller
Chief Security Division: unknown
Personnel Security Branch: unknown
Independent contractors to do background investigation for OS for Confidential Correspondent Program surveillance, penetration, and black bag jobs with front company credentials
Project Bluebird: This was the creation of teams to check out new CIA officer recruits, agents and defectors for the whole CIA. Each team consisted of a psychiatrist, a polygraph officers, an expert trained in hypnosis, and a technician.
CIA officer: Louis W. Vasaly
Lee R. Pennington, Jr. ( to died Oct. 1974)
His secretary: Donald Sweany
CIA officer James Kronthal in 1953 he was discovered as a mole in the CIA. He served the Soviets for more than five years. He killed himself after being discovered.
Operation REDSKIN:
CIA "spotter" at Harvard University: Richard Snyder (1956 to 1957)
He served in Heidelberg, West Germany, beginning in March 1950. On Sept. 26, 1950 worked for the US role in the High Commission for Occupied West Germany, (HICOG).
Physical Security Branch: unknown
Interrogation Research Branch: unknown
Chief of Special Security Division: unknown
Operations Branch: unknown
Correspondent Desk, Investigation: James McCord (Mar. 1954 to Dec. 1954)
And USAF Reserve, Commander, Special Analysis Division
McCord worked undercover as a civilian within the US Army in Europe
State Depart: Deputy Director Office of Security: Otto F. Otepka (1953 to 1959)
Otepka was in charge of vetting clearances for the State Department
CIA officer: Richard Synder (1957 to 1959)
Assistant Secretaries of State for Far Eastern Affairs: unknown
Envoy to the Vatican: Myron Taylor (1939 to 1950)
Under Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy:
Head of US Information Agency (USIA) Edward R. Murrow (Jan. 1961 to ??)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deputry Director of Counter-intelligence (CI): James J. Angleton (1954 retired 1974)
vetting fake defectors and dong strategic analyses and had their own communication system, SCI vault room, and record files, mole hunt was code name HONETOL and Israel Desk officer/ MOSSAD/ the Israeli account
William K. Harvey (1949 to 1951)
Angleton handled all Israeli operations thru his contacts from his OSS days in Italy. He ran a completely independent group of journalist-contact agents who performed sensitive and frequently dangerous assignments; little is known about this group for the simple reason that Angleton kept only the vaguest of files. CIA officer Robert “Bob”Crowley was his close friend
(The CIA and the Media byCarl Bernstein) http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php
Deputy: S. M. Horton
Administration officer: Byron B. Burnes (? to 1960 to ?)
Chief of FBI Counterintelligence Division: Sam Papich (April 1960 to retired 1970)
FBI's liaison officer to CIA: Sam Papich (1945 to 1960)
Senior Staff : (CI/SS) William R. Johnson (? to ?)
staff members: Jane Roman
Dr. Jennifer Sims
Mr. First name unknown (FNU) Kesler
Chief of the Security Research Staff (SRS): Paul F. Gaynor, BG, USA, Retired (GS-16) retired from CIA in 1973 The SRS staff members were immune from scrutiny.
Deputy Chief of SRS: James McCord (GS-15) Feb. 1962 to May 1962)
SRS analysts: N. Scott Miler (? to ?)
E. Mendoza (? to ?)
FBI's liaison officer to CIA: Sam Papich (1945 to April 1960)
CIA officers: Bruce Solie (? to ?)
Marguerite Stevens
William Miller
John Hunt
Chief of Research and Analysis Group (CI/RA): Raymond “Ray”G Rocca
(July 1955? to July 1969)
He produced and edited finished Counter-Intelligence studies, case studies, did defector debriefings and research, participation in Counter-Intelligence training and briefings.
CIA offices: Herman E. Kimsey (? to 1962)
Donovan E. Pratt (? to ?)
Paul Hartman
(CI/FI/D) Ann Goodpasture dual role at CIA’s Mexican station
AE/STORAGE: where files were kept that could not be released outside of SR/CI
Chief of Operations Group (CI/OA) (aka ?? CI/OG) Thomas Carroll
Newton S. “Scotty” Miler (? to 1955 to ?)
Deputy M. D. Stevens
Chief, CI Staff John M. Mertz (1962 to ?) (HT/LINGUAL)
Projects Branch, HT/LINGUAL: CIA and FBI mail opening operation for New York to USSR and other overseas addresses.
CIA officers: Anne "Betty" Egerter
William Casey
Robert Bishop
Clare Edward Petty
Bernard Doran
Victor R. White
Robert “Bob” H. Cunningham
Prior to this for five years Cunningham worked as a CIA officer at the CIA’s New York-based.
And was the Deputy to the Director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics , in February 1951 to ??)
Operations Support Branch: Robert Crowley (? to ?)
Chief Soviet Research/CI: William J. Hood (1973 to ?)
Angleton’s contract agent: Mario Brod - New York City Lawyer and liaison to the mafia (1952 to 1971)
Using the American mafia: CIA officer Sheffield Edwards (Sept 1960 to ?)
OSS/ FBI agent Robert Maheu (until 1947) /part-time CIA contract agent (1955 to ?)
Other mafia agents: Sam Giancana, Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante, Meyer Lansky and Johnny Roselli
FBN special agent and CIA officer/assassin: Charles Siragusa (1943 to 1960s to ?)
aliases Cal Salerno and Philip Monet when operating in Central Europe through the Corsican Heroin trade.
Siragusa was raised amid mob violence in New York City's Little Italy. He worked under Angleton in the OSS (Mar. 1944 to Dec.1945), and then was an official of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Siragusa was sent to Italy in 1951 to assassinate mafia boss Lucky Luciano, who was sending heroin shipments to New York. Siragusa was attached to the US Embassy, Rome, where he worked with the CIA Station. [Sterling, C. Octopus p79 and Winks Cloak and Gown p. 363 and CIA’s Office of Security # 41 82]
Contract assassin: Jo Attia (aka Joseph le Moko)( QJ/WIN)
He was a notorious French murderer and drug trafficker. CIA Dr. Gottlieb, TSD, had previously encountered QJ/WIN in New York in 1952 and 1953 when QJ/WIN worked as a "special employee" for both the Narcotics Bureau and CIA. CIA director Richard Helms would remark about QJ/WIN, "If you needed somebody to carry out murder, I guess you had a man who might be prepared to carry it out."
Contract assassin: Unknown WI/ROUGE with connections to Jo Attia.
Chief of the Special Investigations Group (CI/SIG): Birch D. O’Neal
(this group was established in early 1955 and it had eight CIA officers, it jobs was to investigate and analyze potential leaks or compromises of clandestine Operations as in doing a damage assessments as in when an undercover officer/agent’s cover was blown. Only 40 CIA officers were allowed to be read-on to know what this Group did.
Assistant: Paul Hartmann
Staff director: Robert Bernard McMahon
CIA officer: Newton S. “Scotty” Miler (1966 to ?)
CIA Analyst: Ann Egerter (1959 to 1963)
Contract agent: Mario Brod - New York City Lawyer and liaison to the mafia (1952 to 1971)
Brod was the case officer for, CIA double agent: Herbert Itkin a mafioso recruited used to infiltrate the mafia for CIA and FBI
CIA officer: James McCord (CI/LS ??) (1959 to 1963)
SPIES WHO WERE DISCOVERED:
In September 1945, a Soviet Embassy cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko working for Soviet military intelligence defected. William Stephenson arranged for Gouzenko and his wife to be taken into protective custody.
In Bill Macdonald’s book The True Intrepid wrote: "He (Gouzenko) is regarded as the most important defector of the era, and his revelations are often regarded as the beginning of the Cold War." Gousenko's evidence led to the arrest of Klaus Fuchs and Alan Nunn May and 17 others in 1946. I don’t think his claim is true about Klaus Fucks whowas involved in the theft of secrets on how to make a atom bomb. I think within my research and noted in one of my books, the code breaking was the reason this Axis spies were uncovered and/or arrested.
Heinz Felfe spied from within West German Counter intelligence (Sept 1951 to 1961) From 1947 to 1950 Felfe worked for British intelligence, reporting on communist party
activities in the Cologne area. The British dropped Felfe on the well-founded suspicion
that he was also working for the Soviets.
Hans Clemens began working for the Soviets in 1949. Felfe had given Clemens reports from the West while still working for the British.
William Wolf Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy recruited in the 1930s, told the Soviets that the US had broken their codes. (1945-1949)
CIA officer James Kronthal in 1953 he was discovered as a mole in the CIA. He served the Soviets for more than five years. He killed himself after being discovered.
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Deputy Director of the Domestic Contact Division (CD or DC)
E Howard Hunt (mid-1961 to 1965 ?)
(aka Howard J. Hamilton and Edward Warren. Frank Sturgis also used the alias Edward Hamilton)
Assistant Deputy Director: Edwin M. Ashcraft (1959 to 1962)
Support and logistics (CD/SL): R.S. ”Bob” Travis (1964 to ?)
Robert “Bob” T. Crowley (1959 to 1964)
(CD/DO) R.S. ”Bob” Travis (1960 to 1963)
(CD//CI) John Mertz (1962 to ?)
Missions: inducing people to join the CIA using spotters
background investigation for security clearance and employment
maintaining the fag file: 300,000 Americans mostly LGBT, prostitutes, pimps, pederasts, sado-masochists , and tricks/Johns, to include public figures and the intelligence community - a lot of this information was collected by local vice cops hired as contract agents.
Chief Chicago Field Office: James “Jim” O'Connell, (1951-1973) In March 12, 1961, William Harvey (ZR/RIFLE) arranged for him to meet Giancana, Trafficante, Roselli,
CIA officer: William Lohmann
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Deputy Director of Operational Support Division (OO):
R.S. ”Bob” Travis (1964 1967)
joined CIA in 1947 Robert “Bob” T. Crowley (1959 to 1962?)
Edwin M. Ashcraft (? to ?)
Assistant Deputy Director: Czajkowski (? to ?)
Jim “Big Jim" O'Connell
Victor R. Write (? 1960-1962 to ?).
Desk Chief/investigator: James O'Connell (1951-1973)
( former FBI agent 1947-1951)
Case officer for enemy defectors: Anthony F. Czajkowski (Jun. 1950 to ?)
(OO/CI): Robert “Bob” T. Crowley (1947 to 1959)
Crowley served in the US Army in the Pacific theater during World War Two in military intelligence and Naval Intelligence. After the war, he remained in the United States Army Reserve. He was a long-time liaison with corporations. Corporations like ITT were often used by the CIA as fronts for moving large amounts of cash off their books. Crowley’s real expertise within the CIA was learning and knowing the make-up of the Soviet KGB.
(OO/CD) (1963 to 1964) R.S. ”Bob” Travis
CIA officers: Andy Anderson
Donald E. Deneslya (? to 1962 to?)
He was as a Russian language translator in the Soviet Russia section at the time of Oswald's
returned to the United States from the Soviet Union.
Opinion polling company, contractor: Research Council, run by Professor Hadley Cantril.
Washington DC. Field officer: William J. Hood (Nov 1962 to Apr. 1964)
New York City Field office (OO/CD): John M. Mertz (? to 1960 to ?)
Chief of Station Chicago field office (OO/CD): William Lohmann
New Orleans CIA field office (OO/CD): Lloyd Ray during Jim Garrsion investigation
Miami CIA field office: Alfred J. Moran (OO/CD)
member of the board of the International Trade Mart
Chief of station New Orleans field office: Lloyd A. Ray
CIA officer: Hunter Leake
Shadow CIA: Paul L.E. Helliwell ran CIA front banks. He may have been part of a shadow CIA that used money from the Black Eagle and Golden Lilly Funds stolen from the Germans and Japanese at the end of World War Two. Former OSS officer Helliwell was head of the Special Intelligence branch of OSS in Kunming. He was simultaneously the owner of the Bank of Perrine in Key West, Florida, “a two-time laundromat for the Lansky mob and the CIA,” and its sister Bank of Cutler Ridge. Mercantile Bank and Trust in the Bahamas was another bank the Helliweel used to launder money.
Helliwell’s, his connections to the mob, and particularly Meyer Lansky, were no less so. The Bank of Perrine was the preferred depository of Lansky funds reaching America from the Bank of World Commerce in the Bahamas, established by Lansky’s point man John Pullman in 1961. One of the bank’s directors was Alvin Malnik, Lansky’s heir in Miami Beach, and a stockholder was Ed Levinson, a business partner of Lyndon Johnson’s Senate aide Bobby Baker, whose title, before he was arrested and convicted for tax evasion, was the Secretary of the Democratic Majority in the U.S. Senate. Helliwell had a second Lansky connection as legal counsel for the small Miami National Bank, used by Meyer Lansky to launder his foreign profits and skim from the Las Vegas casinos.
Frank Wisner of the CIA and Lt. General Claire Chennault of the CIA’s airline CAT, Helliwell “also worked CIA operations in Central America as early as 1953-1954. In those days, the target was Guatemala and its government.” Chennault and associates in China were Whiting Willauer and William Pawley.
Covert air force, Taiwan: Civil Air Transport (CAT): Lt. Gen. Claire Chennault (1950 to ?)
Chief of front company, Sea Supply Corporation Paul L.E. Helliwell
Civil Air Transport (later Air America), Air Asia, Pacific Corporation,
Airdale Corporation later called the Pacific Corporation was the holding company for
CIA Front companies/ Col. George A Doole, Jr., USAF, (1959 to retired 1971) headquarters in Wash. DC
Sea Supply Corporation, Bangkok: Paul L.E. Helliwell
Civil Air Transport (CAT) Corporation landed on July 1, 1957
Air Asia, Bird and Sons, Thai Pacific Service.
CAT changed its name in Aug. 1959 to: Air America:. 20,000 employees and 200 airplanes.
Helliwell then assisted the CIA in operations against Guatemala in 1954, and after 1960 against Castro. According to Journalist Jim Drinkhall in 1960 the CIA purchased an already certified airline, the Miami, FL-based Southern Air Transport that had two airplanes and leased another one. Then split it into an Atlantic division and a new Pacific division, using planes leased from Air America. Southern Air Transport’s subsidiary, Southern Capital and Management (insurance) Company (SCM). All other insurance companies wanted way too much information pertaining to people and things for the CIA’s comfort. The Company also managed the investment portfolio.
Helliwell and Corcoran’s law firm, Thomas “Tommy” Corcoran and James Rowe, also cooperated with William Donovan in using Thai money to influence Congress. Helliwell himself was a key organizer for the Republican Party in Florida, helping to win the state for Eisenhower in 1952 and thus launching the Republican ascendancy in the South. (Helliwell later became close to Nixon’s companion, Bebe Rebozo.) Helliwell by acting in his role as Thai Consul in Miami: his annual reports as a foreign lobbyist reveal that he passed tens of thousands of dollars a year to James Rowe.
Herman Brown (of Brown and Brown and Root Corporation) was given CIA’s Covert Security Approval on Dec. 13. 1953 and it was canceled on Feb. 15, 1966. He had died in 1962. Ross White, a Brown and Root executive was granted Covert Security Approval in 1950. As a pass thru to CIA front companies, the Brown Foundation was ranked 35th among the largest of 22,000 foundations. CIA’s Central Cover Division sheltered these foundations from scrutiny. George Brown had been a DDP and DCS contact agent.
Brown Foundation was ranked 35th among the largest of 22,000 foundations. It was used as a pass-thru, to fund CIA front companies, CIA’s Central Cover Division sheltered these foundations from scrutiny.
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Deputry Director of the International Organizations Division (IO):
IO establish in 1953 Cord Meyer Jr. (Nov. 1954 to 1967)
The Meyer family had some of their wealth tied up with sugar interests in Cuba.
Thomas “Tom” W. Braden (1950 until retired in Nov. 1954)
Assistant Deputy Director: unknown
Contract agents: Serafino Romualdi a member of the AFL Executive Council
British Guiana (1953 to 1957)
Morris Paladino Controlled the CIA funded Interamerican Regional Organization of Workers
James Suffridge with US Retail Clerks International Union
Valentine Suazo Latin American labor activities
Braden worked with the World Federalist Movement is a global citizens movement calling for a federation of the Atlantic democracies and helped launch the European Movement. In 1950 he formed the Committee to Frame a World Constitution. As a result of this work Meyer made contact with the International Cooperative Alliance,
the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions,
the Indian Socialist Party
the Congress of Peoples Against Imperialism.
Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), a labor foreign policy group of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union secretly supported with CIA funding via former CIA officer, Carmel Offie (Jun. 1950 to ?)
Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) hidden under US Agency for International Development (USAID) with CIA funding for the purpose of training labor leaders in Latin America in labor organizing techniques and tactics.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) CIA officer Morris Paladino was the Director of Education, Director of Organization and Assistant Secretary General
and the Interamerican Regional
CIA officers: Serafino Romualdi a member of the AFL Executive Council
British Guiana (1953 to 1957) Brazil (1961 to ?)
William C. Doherty (1961 to ?)
contract agents: Walter Reuther, the UAW president.
James Suffridge with US Retail Clerks International Union
Valentine Suazo Latin American labor activities
AFL-CIO (1927 to 2004 ) Irving Brown,
Jay Lovestone
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Deputy Director of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (O/SI)
Dr. H. Marshall Chadwell
Deputy Director of the Technical Services Division: (1952? to ?)
Sheffield Edwards (?? to ??)
Dr. Willis Gibbons (?? to ??)
Colonel Boris Pash (?? to ??)
Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, CIA (AD/O/SI): Joseph Scheider
CIA consultant for the (UFO) Robertson Panel: Dr. Howard P. Robertson
(Jan 1953 to ?)
physicist, during WW II, he was Chief American Liaison with British Scientific Intelligence
he became the director of the DoD’s Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
Ralph L Clark
CIA officers: Frederick “Fred” C. Durant
Philip Strong
F. Wistar Janney (1950s? to 1963)
UFO intelligence analysis: MG Charles P. Cabell, head of Air Force intelligence and Lt. Col. N.R. Rosegarten
Project Sign: (1947 to 1949) Head of: Robert Sneider, favored the extraterrestrial hypothesis
Project Grudge: (early 1949 to late 1951) was operating under a debunking directive
Project Blue Book: (1951 to Jan 1970) UFO analysis) Head of: Major Edward Ruppelt
Technological Capabilities Panel of the Science Advisory Committee: July 26, 1954
President’s Science Advisor: James R. Killian, Jr
Chief of the Missile Intelligence Office (MIO): Carl E. Duckett (GS-15)
under something called the AOMC Commanding General’s Staff
In the mid-1950s, the National Security Agency (NSA) set up a listening station near the coastal town of Sinop, Turkey, directly across the Black Sea from the Kapustin Yar range in Ukraine, where the Soviets were testing medium-range missiles. In early 1957, it became known that the Soviet Union was testing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) at their Tyuratam range and soon a listening station was opened by the CIA at Behshahr in northeast Iran, some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) across the Caspian Sea.
Chief, Technical Applications Group (TSS): David L. Christ Jan. 1958 to Aug. 1963
Supervised 30 engineers and technicians
and Branch Chief Audio Operations: David L. Christ (Dec. 1957 to
10 R & D scientists
TSD technicians: Walter E. Szuminski
Thorton J. Anderson
David Christ went TDY on bugging operations: (TSS/FI/D) on order of the foreign intelligence/directorate
April 16 1956 to May 6, 1956, bugging facilities in Japan, Formosa, Korea.
June 22, 1957 to July 8, 1957, bugging in Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich,
Sept, 17, 1957 to Oct. 17, 1957 bugging in Brazil, Uruguay
March 7, 1958 to April 22, 1958 bugging in Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece, Germany, Belgium.
Jan. 25, 1959 to Feb. 18, 1959 bugging in England, Germany.
Jan, 21 1960 to Jan. 28, 1960 bugging in Mexico
March 12, 1960 to April 30, 1960 bugging in Morocco, Greece and Germany
Cuban prisons Sept 1960 to 1963
Deputy Chief, Applied Physics Branch : unknown
David L. Christ (Oct. 1950 to Nov. 1970)
Electrical Engineer, 1st Lt. in the USAAF from 1942 to 1946 in 1950 joined the CIA
supervised 20 professionals – electronic engineers and physicists – in research, development and engineering. Technical areas covered – electronics, acoustics, optics, electro-optics, magnetic, electromagnetic, solid state physics. Typical Programs: RF systems, microphones, recorders, transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, control systems, signal processing and enhancement, radar systems, audio and video circuitry and devices.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)- was established on February 7, 1958 for the responsibility, "direction or performance of such advanced projects in the field of research and development as the Secretary of Defense shall, from time to time, designate by individual project or by category."
Project Three: Nov. 1954 James R. Killian, Jr.
Director Project one: M. G. Holloway - mostly likely German V2 rocket research to rocket to put satellites into space orbit and ICBMs
400 former Nazi rocket scientists
Director Project two: L. J. Haworth - Project Aquatone U-2 spy plane
CIA U-2 instructor pilot: Hank Meierdierck
Director Project three: Edwin H. Land – developed tremendous resolution camera
Nuclear Energy Division: CIA officer: Herbert T. Miller
Department of Energy- facilities /Nevada Test Range – DoD
105 above ground nuclear weapons exploded with three of them exploded in space from Aug. to Sept, 1958, 800 underground nuclear weapons tested from 1963 to 1969, the last one was exploded in 1992 after a total of 828 exploded.
Animal and human biological research from A-bombs: Dr. Walther Riedel
Classification officer: Donald Woodbridge
Top Secret - Restricted Data (RD) or Formally Restricted Data (FRD)
Director of project ARTICHOKE: Paul Gaynor and Morse Allen a former Naval intelligence officer and State Department employee (1951 to ?)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) /San Francisco supervisor: George H. White (1953 to retired 1965) / Project Artichoke/He ran a secret operation of three brothels used for testing LSD on unsuspecting johns
FBN field supervisor: Charlie Siragusa
FBN officer: Ike Feldman
CIA officer: Cal Saler
August 1951 through to at least 1970, funding of psychology scientists for the purpose improving interrogation techniques/torture and behavior control and initiated by CIA’s Scientific Intelligence Director, Dr. H. Marshall Chadwell
Hypnosis expert: Milton Klein He claimed he can create a patsy in three months and a full-scale Manchurian Candidate takes six months.
Project Monarch: Hypnotizes was used in a continuation of research done by Nazi Germany that they called Marionette Programming. Also used were drugs and extreme trauma (torture) to try and induce Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Disorder). The goals of Monarch were to induce hypnosis very rapidly in unwitting subjects, to create durable amnesia, and to implant durable and operationally useful post-hypnotic suggestion, “Manchurian Candidate.”
A CIA hypnosis study is done by Alden Sears at the University of Minnesota and later he it to the University of Denver, Colorado. (Source: Nemesis by Peter Evans)
MK/ULTRA: approved on 13 April 1953 drugs /torture used in interrogations
Chief of the Chemical Division/ LSD-testing program: Dr. Sidney Gottlieb (1953- to May 61)
(AC/DD/P/TSD)
Health Alteration Committee: Dr. Sidney Gottlieb
Colonel Boris Pash
CIA scientists Joseph Scheider
CIA officer: Dr. Robert V. Lashbrook
CIA contractor: Dr. Harold Abramson LSD research
From 1945 to 1989, the British at Porton Down exposed more than 3,400 people to nerve gas. The first organized testing of different types of nerve gas on humans began in October 1951 at Porton Down. Two other nations have admitted testing nerve gas on humans: the American military exposed about 1,100 soldiers between 1945 and 1975, and Canada tested a small number before 1968. Other countries, including France, the Soviet Union, and Iraq, are also likely to have exposed humans to nerve gas, but very little is known about their tests.
Chief of the Fort Detrick's biological warfare (SO) Division: Colonel Vincent Ruwet
In 1951, CIA entered into a formal agreement with SO Division
Chief of Planning, Training and Intelligence Section, SO: Major/ Dr. Frank Olson, USA
(??– was allegedly murdered by CIA on Nov. 1953)
FBN special agent/CIA officer: Charles Siragusa
He worked with LSD testing on unsuspecting US citizens, Project Artichoke
Only two CIA field stations, Manila and Atsugi allegedly had LSD material( source: CIA Memo for Inspector General Subject: Use of LSD 12.1.53)
People involved in the CIA's cover-up of Major Frank Olson's death in New York City on November 28, 1953 after falling out of a hotel window. CIA officer John McNulty was sharing the hotel room and present at the time Olson allegedly jumped thru a glass window to his death. When Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, forensic evidence revealed cranial injuries that he had been knocked unconscious before he died from hitting the ground. Olson had also been ordered to see a psychiatrist Dr. Harold A. Abramson in New York after the CIA suspected Olsen might disclose their unethical experiments.
Olson was a CIA germ warfare biologist whose specialty was anthrax. The chief of the Ft. Detrick's biological warfare (SO) Division was Colonel Vincent Ruwet. Olson remained closely connected with the MK/ULTRA subproject-68 brainwashing He helped set up an apartment and introduce LSD to the hippies in San Francisco, and worked on Project Mindbender (a Manchurian-Candidate type operation) with William Buckley. (Blowback, p. 191).
CIA officers Bernard Doran, Robert Cunningham, and Victor Rush White, plus two special security agents from the CIA and the Department of Defense
Assistant chief of the Chemical Branch, TSD: Dr. Robert V. Lashbrook
He was with Olsen at the time of his death.
Contract agent and FBN officer: George Hunter White (1949 to 1955) was operated a CIA-funded safe house that was giving LSD and other drugs on the customers of prostitutes to see how people reacted when given LSD without knowing they had been drugged. White was a former OSS counter-intelligence officer during World War Two with at least two controversial wartime assassinations under his own belt. His boss at the time was Garland Williams. Williams was the former head of the Federal Narcotics Bureau's (FBN) New York branch and a former officer with the Army's Counter Intelligence Corps, Special Strategic Intelligence Division who, according to confidential correspondence, was "deeply involved in the interrogation of North Korean POWs. http://www.crimemagazine.com/part-one-mysterious-death-cia-scientist-frank-olson
In February 1954, prior to the death of Olson, a secret agreement between the CIA and the US Department of Justice put in place an agreement whereby the violation of criminal statutes by CIA personnel would not result in Department of Justice prosecutions, if "highly classified and complex covert operations" were threatened with exposure.
Declassified CIA documents later revealed that in 1956 and 1958 the US Army had loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitoes in Georgia and Florida to study their use as weapons in a biological war as part of MK/ULTRA.
==============================================================
MK/NAOMI: Richard M. Helms
Research on severely incapacitating and lethal materials
MK/DELTA: materials were also used for harassment, discrediting, or disabling purposes
Project MK/CHICKWIT was a covert Department of Defense program developed in conjunction with the CIA. A partner program to MK/SEARCH, the goal of MK/CHICKWIT was to "identify new drug developments in Europe and Asia and to obtain information and samples".
Chief of Base Area 51 and Assistant Deputy Director of Plans (DD/P)
Groom Lake test site, Nevada Richard Bissell ( 1955 to Jan. 1, 1959)
special assistants: Bob King
Charles S. Whitehurst
Satellite program: The Corona vehicle was launched by a THOR booster and used the AGENA spacecraft as the upper stage. While in orbit, Corona took photographs with a constant rotating stereo panoramic camera system and loaded the exposed photographic film into recovery vehicles from some 76 miles high above the ground. The vehicles were de-orbited and recovered by Air Force C-119 aircraft while floating to earth on a parachute. (1960 and 1972)
http://fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/corona.htm
Deputy of U-2 program: Osmond J. Ritland, USAF
top secret – “Q” clearance operations at.
Area 51 Detachment: had sixty CIA officers located in North Las Vegas, Nevada
Edwin P. Wilson (1956 to ?)
Herbert Miller
DoD, Office of Special Activities: BG Jack Ledford
DoD Liaison to Area 51: Colonel Robert Molbury
US Air Force with NASA provided support and later the National photographic interpretation Center (NPIC)
Project RAINBOW to develop radar camouflage for the aircraft (aka stealth airplanes) started in 1956
Project GUSTO to develop a follow-on aircraft to U-2, turned into Project OXCART (aka SR-71 spy plane) 1956
Ballistic Missile Division, Vice Commander: BG Osmond J. Ritland, USAF
Supervised the Nazi rocket scientists. November 28, 1958 An American Atlas missile completes a 6,325-mile flight from Cape Canaveral to Ascension Island, the first full-range flight for a US ICBM.
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Guided Missiles: unknown
Staff: Boris Pash 1956 to retired from the Army in 1957)
Chief of the Eastern European and USSR Division, Quartermaster Technological Intelligence Agency: Boris Pash (1957 to1957)
Army’s Foreign Science and Technology Center,: Boris Pash (1957 to June 1963)
http://huachuca.army.mil/files/History_MPASH.PDF
Air Research and Development Command, USAF - CIA National Reconnaissance Program:
As of May 1953
With its own special cryptographic teletypewriter network called Sensitive Compartmented Intelligence (SCI) network that was above top secret and limited to only those few people with need-to-know. This compartmentalization was done to reduce the risk of espionage.
Intelligence from satellite reconnaissance was SCI and the compartment was coded - TALENT- KEYHOLE (TK).
This division would later develop into the National Reconnaissance Office:
Spy satellite given the code –name Corona on March 10, 1958: Col. Paul Worthman, USAF
The first successful Corona satellite occurred in about Aug 1960 Corona with photographic film being recovered by an airplane snagging (catching it) after it parachuted to back to earth before it hit the sea or earth.
Balloon aloft over the USSR with Genetrix camera: (1952 to Feb. 1956)
Parachuted film canisters for aircraft capture
Chief of the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS): unknown
It was an open source intelligence component of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology from rom 1941-2004. It monitored, translated, and disseminated within the US government openly available news and information from media sources outside the United States. Its headquarters was in Rosslyn, Virginia and later in Reston, Virginia. FBIS maintained approximately 20 monitoring stations worldwide.
From 1940 the Foreign Broadcast Information Service had monitored, translated, and republished selected foreign radio and television broadcasts, newspaper articles, government news agency releases, and political speeches. FBIS primary users - US government officials - determined which stories are included, so political, military, economic, and environmental topics are the major emphases. The translations were published as quickly as possible--usually within a few days of original publication--in a series of daily reports.
In 2004 FBIS became the Open Source Center tasked to collect and analyze public information for national security intelligence value. The Open Source Center has expanded beyond its historical duty of translating foreign broadcasts and periodicals to study Web sites and more obscure sources like T-shirt slogans in countries of interest. The center is situated at CIA headquarters in Langley, VA.
Deputy Assistant for Engineering; Chief, Plans and Programs Office: Carl E. Duckett, Captain, USAR, (GS-15)
worked closely with former Nazi, Paperclip scientists at Redstone Arsenal/White Sands, and became intimately familiar with the telemetry systems that were originally developed in Germany, recognized that the Russians were using the same telemetry frequencies and formats originally developed by the Germans during World War II in their V-2 rockets.
In July 1956, Duckett accepted a civil service position with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency joining the Guidance and Control Laboratory as a telemetry specialist and serving as a Scientific Advisor to the Commanding Officer, Major General John B. Medaris.
Soviet radar analysis/Electronic Counter Counter-measure (ECCM): Thonton D. Barnes
Finding the vulnerabilities of these radars
Project Palladium: Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) learning the electronic fingerprint of each soviet radar and matching it up with the type of air defense missiles and military unit.
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Executive Director of the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC):
Frank G. Wisner (1947 to 1957)
In the beginning Wisner worked under Charles Saltzman, at the State Department's Office of Occupied Territories, than directly under theNational Security Council. Its mission was psychological operations and paramilitary action organization. Created as an independent office in 1948, it was merged with the CIA’s Directorate of Plans (Operations) in 1951. This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the CIA. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world."
During the war William Donovan as head of the OSS, had built up a team of 16,000 OSS officers and agents working behind enemy lines. The growth of the OSS brought conflict with John Edgar Hoover who saw it as a rival to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Wisner’s assistant and old friend and law partner: Carter Ledyard
The OPC's directors included representatives of the State and Defense departments and the CIA. Though a unit of the CIA, the OPC Director reported to the State Department.
State Department’s International Development Advisory Board:
had the mission of psychological warfare operations directed at Europe / infiltrating academic, trade and political associations, and secretly funding candidates in European elections and disguise the extent of American spending to protect the integrity of the organization by not requiring it to support every aspect of official American policy. The objective was to control potential radicals. This includes dirty tricks campaigns against left-wing political parties in France, Italy and Greece. Braden was also supplying funds to the British Labour Party and its main supporting newspaper, the Daily Mirror. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3600
Operation Gladio: from 1948 to 1985, the secret stay -behind operation in Western Europe should the USSR invade and host nations planned to wage guerrilla Richard C. Helms 1946 to ??)
and Chief of Operation Mockingbird: Frank G. Wisner (1947 to 1957)
Information warfare/propaganda directed at Americans
Allen W. Dulles (Jan. 4, 1951 - Aug 23. 1951)
CIA officers: Richard M. Helms
Robert “Bob” T. Crowley
Crowley stated that the CIA used PR firms like the Hill and Knowlton's (H&K).
Cord Meyer (1949 to 1951)
OPC chief of station Frankfurt, West Germany: Unknown
helped established anti-Communist front groups in Western Europe. Braden supervised Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty that from Europe broadcast to Eastern Europe. Braden was also supplying funds to the Labour Party
OSS and CIA officer: John Hunt
Thomas W. Braden (1944 to Nov. 1950)
James S. Kronthal (1945 died April 1, 1953)
CIA files revealed that Kronthal was a Soviet spy who had been blackmailed into service by the KGB, his death was mysterious. CIA files revealed that Kronthal was a Soviet spy who had been blackmailed into service by the KGB, his death was mysterious. In 1953 Kronthal was discovered that he was a former Nazi Party member and during the war he been caught by the German authorities in a homosexual act with an underage German boy. He had worked with the Nazi regime during the war in fencing art stolen from Jews. He was a friend of Herman Goering, who prevented his arrest for having sex with a boy. The NKVD prepared a honey trap based on the information they had obtained. Chinese boys were imported and made available to him, and he was successfully filmed in the act. "His recruitment was the most well-kept secret in the history of the Agency," James Angleton said. The entire time Kronthal worked for Dulles and Wisner, he was reporting every detail back to Moscow Center. Kronthal was the first mole in the CIA. He served the Soviets for more than five years. He killed himself after being discovered.
American reporter and contract agents: Priscilla Johnson
Arline Mosby
Johnson and Mosby interviewed Lee Harvey Oswald when he defected to the Soviet Union in October, 1959. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8045
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) (June 1950 to 1966?)
aka International Association for Cultural Freedom Freedom Lawrence de Neufville
first based in Berlin: CIA officers: Michael Josselson (1950 to ?)
CIA officer, Congress for Cultural Freedom: John C. Hunt (June 1955 to ?)
Hunt help Michael Josselson who had just suffered his heart attack. (not related to St. John Hunt, the son of E. Howard Hunt)
In August 1949, Arthur Koestler, Melvin Lasky, Ruth Fischer and Franz Borkenau, met in Frankfurt to develop a plan where the CIA could be persuaded to fund a left-wing but anti-communist organisation. CIA agreed and from 1950 subsidizing foreign publications by the non-Communist Left and over 1,000 books and twenty magazines established in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
E. Howard Hunt After serving on outgoing DCIA Allen Dulles’s personal staff, one of his jobs was giving money to news services and authors of books friendly to the CIA (e.g. Fodor’s Travel guides) and/or spying on presidential candidate Barry Goldwater and continue to work on assassinating Castro and covert attacks on Cuba’s economy.
In 1966 its cover was blown(first by The New York Times and later by Ramparts as well as other mainstream news outlets) that the CIA was instrumental in the establishment and funding.
CIA Front foundations for laundering CIA money:
Ford Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation
Executive director Farfield Foundation: John “Jack” Thompson (1956 to 1966?)
San Jacinto Fund incorporated by John W. Mecom Sr. oil businessman, Houston
family foundation of Peter J. O’Donnell Jr.
J. Frederick Brown Foundation
The Independence Foundation
Sidney and Esther Rabb Charitable Foundation of Boston
Rabb Foundation
J.M. Kaplan Fund
http://www.namebase.org/campus/nsa.html
CIA officer: Wistar M. Janney
oversaw the CIA funding of groups such as the National Student Association, the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Communications Workers of America, the American Newspaper Guild and the National Educational Association. … provided the money for publishing the journal, Encounter… worked closely with anti-Communist leaders of the trade union movement such as George Meany of the Congress for Industrial Organization and the American Federation of Labor.
Student Groups funded by the CIA via foundations:
National Student Association
International Student Conference (ISC) of Leyden, Netherlands
The Student, an ISC publication printed in five languages and distributed all over the world
funded by the San Jacinto Foundation
Independent Research Service of New York
United States Youth Council of New York
World Assembly of Youth of Brussels
American Friends of the Middle East subsidized by the J. Frederick Brown Foundation
Canadian Union of Student
London-base Comptroller General, CIA accountant: Ken Donaldson
Berlin Base, Chief of Covert Action: Lawrence de Neufville
CIA officers: Michael Josselson (1950 to ?)
John Hunt
moved operations to:
Executive Director of the Paris Secretariat (office of CCF): Michael Josselson
five CIA contract agents/writers for
CIA officer/auditor: Scott Charles
CIA officer: Gilbert Greenway
Frederick Praeger was an US military propagandist in post war Germany
CIA contract agents: Edward S. Hunter used the cover of a freelance writer and roamed Central Asia for years.
James Burnham, the former Trotskyite, was hired as a contract agent/consultant and was the primary liaison between the CIA and the intellectual community.
Contract agent/writers/publishers:
Robbie Macauley, editor of the US literary journal Keynon Review
Robbie Macauley and William Phillips: literary journal Partisan Review initially part of the Communist political orbit.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Review
subsidized by MI-6 and CIA since 1953, literary magazine publish in the UK, Encounter, editor James McAuley founded by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol
Paris Review founded by John Train a super rich guy whose family made millions sailing clipper-ship firm that served as a junior partner of the British East India Company in the Far East opium trade.
FORVM (1954–1966?) - a political and cultural magazine in Austria, founded by Friederich Torberg and others
Der Monat - a German-language journal airlifted into Berlin during the 1948 Soviet blockade and edited by Melvin J. Lasky until 1978, when it was purchased by Die Zeit. It continued as a quarterly until 1987.
Solidarity - a cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine in the Philippines
Preuves - a cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine in France
Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura (1953–1963?), published in Paris, edited by Julián Gorkin, assisted by Ignacio Iglesias and Luis Mercier Verga - a cultural quarterly magazine intended for distribution in Latin America
Cadernos brasileiros (1959–1966?) - a quarterly (until 1963?), later bi-monthly, literary magazine published in Brazil.
Examen (1958–1962?) - a cultural magazine published in Mexico.
The China Quarterly (1960-1966?) - a leading scholarly journal on contemporary China including Taiwan.
Australian quarterly literary magazine Quadrant (subsidized by 1956 to 1966)
President Australian Association for Cultural Freedom: Sir John Latham (1956 to ?)
He was retired Australian Chief Justice of the High Court
http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1943&context=honors_theses
http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm
http://www.namebase.org/campus/nsa.html
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Deputy Director for Operations (DO) --( aka Deputy Director for Plans)
formerly called in CIG: Office of Special Operations (SO or OSO)
also called Secret Intelligence (SI) or Foreign Intelligence (FI)
Richard Helms (Feb. 1962 to ?)
Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (Jan 1, 1959 demoted on Feb 17, 1962)
Bissell was recruited by US Secretary of Commerce Averell Harriman and appointed as an administrator of the Marshall Plan in Germany and eventually became head of the Economic Cooperation Administration (1948 to Dec. 1951)
Frank G. Wisner (1956 to Jan. 1959)
Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British who was unmasked as a Soviet spy.
He was also deeply involved in establishing the Lockheed U-2 spy plane program run by Richard M. Bissell, Jr. Wisner was devastated when the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Soon after the Soviet crackdown on the Hungarian revolution was hospitalized for manic depression and released 1958 and demoted to Chief of Station London
Chief of staff: George Weisz (late 1949 to ??
From 1948 to 1956, Frank G. Wisner was head of the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the CIA. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world." He established Operation Mockingbird and he oversaw the creation of stay-behind networks all over Europe.
Wisner’s Assistant: Franklin A. Lindsay (1953 to resigned ? next worked for as a civilian for the Atomic Energy Committee and private business. Lindsay helped set up the European side of the Marshall Plan (Apr. 1948 to Dec. 1951) and was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan gave away about $7 billion annually until 1961.
Assistant Deputy Director (DD/P or DDO)
former OSS/ Office of Policy Coordination Thomas H. Karamessines (Spring1962 to ??) Lt. Gen. Charles P. Cabell, USAF (1956 to Feb. 1, 1962
Director of the Joint Staff for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 1951 to 1956
Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (1955 to Jan. 1, 1959)
(and head of Area 51 research)and managed the U-2 spy plane operations.
Chief of operations: Thomas H. Karamessines (Spring1962 to ??)
Lt. Gen. Charles P. Cabell, USAF (1956 to Feb. 1, 1962)
Director of the Joint Staff for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 1951 to 1956
Chief of the Foreign Intelligence (FI) Staff /State Department: Richard M. Helms (March 1951 to 1953) with responsibility for intelligence collection operations worldwide. In 1947 Helms was stationed in Germany, serving under Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner and his job included the vetting of the German Gehlen spy organization.
Chief of the Office of Emergency Preparedness: unknown
whose mission was the Continuity of Government (COG) program.
as of 1970 renamed: Office of Censorship - aka Wartime Information Security Program)
In a nuclear war this group of eight officials would be given authority over censorship of all United States press, mail, media, cables, telephone calls, and all other communications that entered or left the country. Now under the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) per Executive Order 11490.
Chief of the Political Action Staff: unknown
CIA officer: Miles Copeland Jr. (1956 to ?)
Special Assistant for Paramilitary and Psychological Operations:
Chief of Special Activities Division (SAD): Desmond Fitzgerald 1954 to mid-1958)
Charles Tracy Barnes (1953 to 1954)
Barnes joined CIA in 1951 and was the Deputy Director of the Psychological Strategy Board during the Korean War HEe had served in US Air Force intelligence, then with the OSS and worked under Allen Dulles until the end of World War Two. After the war, he returned to legal practice.
Head of the US Air Force, Military Support to Clandestine Operations:
Colonel Leroy Fletcher Prouty (1955–1964)
CIA officers working here reported direct to DDO. It was made up of two separate groups, SAD/SOG for tactical paramilitary operations and SAD/PAG for covert political action. Dealt with helping right wing candidates win elections, for example, Italy
CIA officers: Beverly Baldwin
Joe Bryon - friend of Wisner
John A. Bross (1955 to 1962?)
senior advisor to William “Bill” Casey
By 1953, clandestine services had grown to 7,200 personnel and commanded 74 percent of the CIA's total budget. By 1955 the CIA had 15,000 employees. (The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 20)
Chief of Staff D (FI/D): Martin O. Hibbert (1959 to ?)
William “Bill” K. Harvey (1951 to 1959)
Black bag jobs to steal code books from embassies and listening devices/wiretap teams:
and linked to NSA (FI) Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
chief aide at Staff D: Anita Potocki her husband Will Potocki had experience as a mole hunter.
CI/OG/SS: William K. Harvey wore a second hat as Angleton’s senior staff for the operations group. Black bag jobs breaking into CIA officer’s homes?
(FI/D Ops) Paul Levister (? to ?)
Chief of RZ/RIFLE: William ”Bill” K. Harvey (fall 1962 after the Cuban mission crisis to ?)
In July 1960, Bissell ordered Harvey to put out a $10,000 contract to kill Che Guevara.
Col. Boris Pash (? to fall 1962)
CIA officers: Anita Potocki 1961
Ann Goodpasture
Paul Levister (FI/D Ops)
FBN special agent and CIA officer/assassin: Charles Siragusa
He worked with LSD testing on unsuspecting US citizens, Project Artichoke
CIA contract assassin: Robert Aime Maheu (Aug. 30, 1954 to ??)
He was the CIA liaison with the American mafia and Howard Hughes’s private investigator
Head of the CIA’s bugging operations (RZ/CHEST): John Mertz (C/CI/PROJECT 59-63)
ZR/CLIFF: Southern Air Transport operation Leslie Norman Bradley and Loran Eugene Hall connected to airline
Chief of Propaganda operations: Edgar Applewhite (Nov. 1954 To ??)
Desmond FitzGerald (1952 to mid- 1953 )
CIA officer: Wistar M. Janney
oversaw the CIA funding of groups such as the National Student Association, the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Communications Workers of America, the American Newspaper Guild and the National Educational Association. … provided the money for publishing the journal, Encounter… worked closely with anti-Communist leaders of the trade union movement such as George Meany of the Congress for Industrial Organization and the American Federation of Labor.
Contract agents: Irving Brown (AFL union boss
Jay Lovestone (Ladies Garment Workers Union boss)
He hired for his union's New York regional director, John Dioguardi, member of the Lucchese mafia family. He was blamed by US Attorney Paul Williams for blinding a labor journalist Victor Riesel and subsequent murder of the man who threw acid in Riesel's face.
CIA-front organizations: USIA’s Radio Liberty
Congress for Cultural Freedom
Chief of Operation Mockingbird: Robert “Bob” T. Crowley
He stated that the CIA used PR firms like the Hill and Knowlton's (H&K). Information warfare/propaganda directed at Americans
Thomas H. Karamessines (1948 to 1950?)
American reporter and contract agents: Priscilla Johnson
Arline Mosby
Johnson and Mosby interviewed Lee Harvey Oswald when he defected to the Soviet Union in October, 1959. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8045
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) ( June 1950 to 1966?)
aka International Association for Cultural Freedom
In August 1949, Arthur Koestler, Melvin Lasky, Ruth Fischer and Franz Borkenau, met in Frankfurt to develop a plan where the CIA could be persuaded to fund a left-wing but anti-communist organisation. CIA agreed and from 1950 subsidizing foreign publications by the non-Communist Left and over 1,000 books and twenty magazines established in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
E. Howard Hunt After serving on outgoing DCIA Allen Dulles’s personal staff, one of his jobs was giving money to news services and authors of books friendly to the CIA (e.g. Fodor’s Travel guides) and/or spying on presidential candidate Barry Goldwater and continue to work on assassinating Castro and covert attacks on Cuba’s economy.
Executive Director of the Paris Secretariat (office of CCF): Michael Josselson
five CIA contract agents/writers for
CIA officer/auditor: Scott Charles
CIA officer: Gilbert Greenway
Frederick Praeger was an US military propagandist in post war Germany
Time Magazine Bureau Chief Enno Hobbing (? to 1950’s to ?) undercover CIA officer)
Philip Horton (? to 1950’s to ?) undercover at Time Magazine
Gerard “Gerry” Droller (early 1950 to ?) (alias Frank Bender) CIA supporting newspaper, The Daily Mirror a British national daily tabloid newspaper The paper has consistently supported the Labour Party since the 1945
Contract agent/writers/publishers:
Edward S. Hunter used the cover of a freelance writer and roamed Central Asia for years.
James Burnham, the former Trotskyite, was hired as a contract agent/consultant and was the primary liaison between the CIA and the intellectual community.
Robbie Macauley, editor of the US literary journal Keynon Review
Robbie Macauley and William Phillips: literary journal Partisan Review initially part of the Communist political orbit.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Review
subsidized by MI-6 and CIA since 1953, literary magazine publish in the UK, Encounter, editor James McAuley founded by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol
Paris Review founded by John Train a super rich guy whose family made millions sailing clipper-ship firm that served as a junior partner of the British East India Company in the Far East opium trade.
FORVM (1954–1966?) - a political and cultural magazine in Austria, founded by Friederich Torberg and others
Der Monat - a German-language journal airlifted into Berlin during the 1948 Soviet blockade and edited by Melvin J. Lasky until 1978, when it was purchased by Die Zeit. It continued as a quarterly until 1987.
Solidarity - a cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine in the Philippines
Preuves - a cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine in France
Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura (1953–1963?), published in Paris, edited by Julián Gorkin, assisted by Ignacio Iglesias and Luis Mercier Verga - a cultural quarterly magazine intended for distribution in Latin America
Cadernos brasileiros (1959–1966?) - a quarterly (until 1963?), later bi-monthly, literary magazine published in Brazil.
Examen (1958–1962?) - a cultural magazine published in Mexico.
The China Quarterly (1960-1966?) - a leading scholarly journal on contemporary China including Taiwan.
Australian quarterly literary magazine Quadrant (subsidized by 1956 to 1966)
President Australian Association for Cultural Freedom: Sir John Latham (1956 to ?)
He was retired Australian Chief Justice of the High Court
http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1943&context=honors_theses
http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm
http://www.namebase.org/campus/nsa.html
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FBI Operation SOLO
FBI Assistant Director Intelligence Division: W. Raymond “Ray” Wannall retired in 1976)
This operation: was a 27 year long FBI covert operation that infiltrated the US Communist Party by Morris and Jack Childs from 1958 until 1977. The FBI through extraordinary measures, managed to keep this operation secret from everyone, including the CIA. The FBI's intelligence chief, Al Belmont
Senior FBI agent Lee R. Pennington (? to retired 1953) worked closely with J. Edgar Hoover. He claimed to have 70,000 confidential informants throughout the United States. Pennington, who specialized in identifying left-wing activists. He shared his information with CIA officers Lou Russell and James W. McCord.
G. Gordon Liddy was in the FBI from 1957 until September 1962.
CIA contract agent: Lee R. Pennington (1953 to 1972)
CIA officer Louis W. Vasaly (1953 to 1968) Pennington’s case officer
During World War Two the American Legion built up a network of confidential information contacts. The key man in this operation was a FBI agent Lee Pennington, Jr., who left the Bureau for a job at the Legion in 1953. He developed a massive library of information on alleged domestic subversives. Later he became director of the Washington office of the right-wing group, the American Security Council. Watergate burglar James McCord, in search for subversives in the CIA, made his first contacts in the 1950s with Pennington, his library, and Lou Russell of House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC).
"Pennington thus became a CIA consultant, a status which continued when he transferred his by-now massive files in September1954 on Americans from the American Legion to the American Security Council. However, the principal users of his library were large corporations, including defense contractors such as the large oil companies, who consulted the American Legion file-card index when screening employees as part of their industrial-security program." (Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, Peter Dale Scott, pgs. 244-245)
The American Security Council Foundation (ASCF) is a non-profit organization founded by John M. Fisher The ASCF was formed in 1958, and was originally known as the Institute for American Strategy. By 1958, the New York Times reported that the American Security Council had gathered files of more than one million supposedly 'subversive' U.S. citizens and that the group was collecting names of rate of 20,000 per month. John M. Fisher was a former FBI special agent under J. Edgar Hoover, another center supporter, who became head of security for Sears, Roebuck & Company in Chicago to bust up communist infiltration of Sears' affiliated labor unions. (Source: Old Nazis, The New Right and the Republican Party, by Russ Bellant)
The American Security Council's original mission was to provide dues-paying corporations with politically sensitive information about prospective employees. ASC was started in Chicago in 1955 by ex-FBI agent William F. Carroll as the Mid-Western Research Library; in 1956 the name was changed to the American Security Council
Pennington also continued to keep in contact with James W. McCord. Two days after the Watergate burglary (June 19, 1971), Pennington went to McCord's house where he watched McCord’s secretary, Lucille Sweany and Ruth McCord (McCord’s wife destroyed a large number of documents linked to the Watergate break-in.
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Deputy Director of the Western European Division (DO/COEO):
Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (?1960 to ?)
Those CIA officers who work in a CIA Division, do so at CIA, Headquarters.
General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr. (1953 retired June 1958)
Winston “Win” M. Scott (1950 to 1956)
C. Frank Stone III (?? To ??)
John J. McCloy (1949 to 1953)
Lt. Gen. Lucius Clay (1945 to 1949)
Chief of Counterintelligence: unknown
CIA officer: Richard Snyder (Sept. 26, 1950 to 1957)
German Desk: Peter Max F. Sichel (? late 1950 to early 1960 ?)
William Graver (?? to 1954)
Gen. Clay was deputy to General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1945 and deputy military governor, Germany (U.S.). In 1946, he was assigned as the commander in chief, U.S. Forces in Europe and military governor of the US Zone, Germany, 1947–1949. He retired in 1949. Clay is considered the "father" of the Berlin Airlift (1948–1949)
Chief of Station London, England: Frank G. Wisner (Sept. 1959 to ? retired 1962)
Charles Tracy Barnes (1957 to 1959)
Cleveland C. Cram (? to ?)
Winston “Win” M. Scott (1947 to 1950)
Deputy Chief of station: Chester L. Cooper (1956 to 1958)
(Liaison with British intelligence services MI-5 and MI-6)
British desk at HQ: Cleveland C. Cram (1958 to ?)
CIA officer: Cleveland C. Cram joined CIA 1949 - (1953 to 1958)
Bronson Tweedy (1956 to 1959)
Joseph C. Evans (joined CIA 1950 to 1959)
William E. Colby (Joined CIA Nov. 1950 to 1951)
X-2 Chief of the German Section: Lt JG Winston M. Scott (USNR (1944? to 1947)
Chief of military intelligence London and Paris, and later worked in Germany:
Harry Rositzke
FBI had some, but nothing about the Soviet military order of battle, political and economic intelligence.
Chief of Station Paris, France: Nicolas A. Natsios ? (1959 to ?)
He served a total 29 years in CIA later in Korea, Argentina, The Netherlands and Iran.
UNKNOWN chief of station ?
Operation Mockingbird:
Philip Horton (? to 1950’s to ?) undercover at Time Magazine
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (? to ?)
John Denley Walker (1952 to ?)
Time Magazine Bureau Chief Enno Hobbing (? to 1950’s to ?) undercover CIA officer)
Chief of Station, The Hague, Netherlands: Justin O'Donnell (? to 1960 to ?)
Chief of Station, Brussels, Belgium/NATO: unknown
CIA officer Lawrence Devlin (? to May 1960)
Belgian branch of the Gladio (SDRA8): Sir Stewart Menzies of the British SIS/MI-6
(1949 to ?) CIA had de facto control until 1968.
Netherlands, Belgian, Luxembourg, France and Great-Britain: Since 1967 it has been located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons, but it had previously been located, from 1953, at Rocquencourt, next to Versailles, France.
NATO’s formerly top secret Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) and the Clandestine Planning
Committee (CPC) ran stay behind Gladio’s secret commando forces directed a Special Operations Planning Staff (SOPS) (aka Special Operations or or Special projects).
Chief of Scandinavian Branch, Stockholm: Paul Garbler? (1959 to 1961?)
aka Chief of station in the Baltic: Lou Scherer (late 1940s? to 1953 to ?)
Gerry Miller (late 1940s to 1953?)
Gerhardt Meyer (? to ?)
at the US Embassy in Stockholm mission stay behind operation Gladio
Paul Birdsall 1956
Deputy Chief of Station: Paul Garbler (1956 to 1959)
William E. Colby (1951 to summer 1953)
OPC in late April 1951 parachuted a team of four into Lithuania and Latvia all captured or killed by Soviet security. Compromised by Kim Philby
Swedish Gladio network totaled between 1,000 and 2,000 commandos. This total was divided into 150 men area groups with subgroups made up of three local units of four to ten men.
CIA officer: Paul Garbler his career slid into limbo after he was suspected of being a mole (second assignment in Sweden ended in 1976.
Chief of Station, Denmark: unknown
Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (1957-1960)
CIA officer: Lawrence Devlin (? to May 1960)
Chief of Station Helsinki, Finland: unknown
Whitney H. Shepardson (later half of 1959)
In the summer of 1959 William Costille had recruited a KGB officer Gregory Golub, who at the Soviet Consulate in Helsinki, Finland.
Chief of Station Madrid, Spain: Archibald B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1958 to 1962)
unknown
E. Howard Hunt (? to 1953?)
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr.
Chief of Station, Lisbon, Portugal: Ruth Fischer (1945 to 1952) code-named Alice Miller, was a German, anti-communist considered a key Pond officer. She pooled intelligence from Stalinists, Marxists and socialists in Europe, Africa and China under the cover of a reporter for the State Department. Lisbon was a key hub of POND activity with 40 human intelligence officers in 32 countries running more than 600 confidential informants until its dissolution around 1955 into the CIA. Fisher did the same for the International Research Department (IRD) of the British secret service, although she may not have been formally affiliated with it. http://logosjournal.com/2012/spring-summer_kessler/
High Commissioner for Occupied West Germany (HICOG): John J. McCloy (1949 to 1953)
Heidelberg, West Germany : Lt. Gen. Lucius Clay (?? to 1949)
In March 1950, McCloy was given the task of appointing a new head of the West German Secret Service. After discussing the matter with Frank Wisner of the CIA, McCloy decided on Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi war criminal. He was also involved …
Chief of Counterintelligence: Colonel James H. Critchfield (spring 1946 to 1947)
Not in the OSS and was a former US Army Colonel during WWII.
American Occupation Army in Heidelberg and Vienna
CIA officers: Richard Snyder (Sept. 26, 1950 to 1957)
CIA analyst: Marjory “Marj” W. Kennedy, G-3, Section, V Corps, West Germany resigned from CIA on Oct. 27, 1954.
Provost Marshal of US sector: Brig. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. (Late 1940s to 1953)
Chief of Station Bonn, (American Embassy): Henry Pleasants (1956 retired 1964)
CIA officer: John A. Bross (1949 to 1951)
From 1951 until 1957, he was a consultant on foreign affairs and later He later served as an adviser and coordinator at the American Embassy in Bonn till 1959.
Included Austria and Switzerland George Weisz (1949 to ??)
And head of Operation Gladio. Richard C. Helms 1946 to ??)
Weisz was recruited as spy by the NKVK around 1945, (later Weisz spied for the Israelis until his mysterious death in 1982). This was a covert stay behind operation in Europe.
CIA officer: John A. Bross (1949 to 1959)
consultant on foreign affairs and adviser and coordinator at the American Embassy
Chief, Security Officer, International Organizations Division: John C. Richards (? to ?)
Contract agent: Jay Lovestone
He was the AFL-CIA’s executive secretary of the AFL Free Trade Union Committee after World War II and he helped create the American Institute of Free Labor Deve
Chief of Berlin Base: Edward J. Ryan 1963-1965
William J. Graver 1961-1963
David E. Murphy (Feb. 1960 to Aug 1961)
William K. Harvey (1952 to Dec 1959)
Lester Houck 1952 to 1952
Peter Sichel 1949 to 1952
Dana Durand 1948 to 1949
Richard Helms (Oct. 1945 to 1946)
Allen Dulles (? to Oct. 1945)
William Harvey was J. Edgar Hoover’s mole inside the CIA. Hoover and Harvey realized that the old OSS crowd had personal histories could make them vulnerable to recruitment by the Soviets. So Hoover put out the public story that Harvey left the FBI because Harvey failed to follow FBI policies. And Harvey told his FBI colleagues the he was not very good at fighting bureaucratic battles. Now unemployed and the newly establish CIA in urgent need of officers, Harvey was hired by the CIA. Harvey was put in charge of the CIA Office of Special Operations “Staff C” and James J. Angleton worked for him. (Source: The Secret History of the CIA, The FBI man in the CIA by Joseph J. Trento page 76.)
Deputy Chief of Berlin Base: David E. Murphy (1953 to Feb. 1960)
Peter Max F. Sichel (? to 1954)
He had worked as a US Foreign Service Officer for the OSS, running agents in Germany
later stationed in Washington DC and Hong Kong until 1960
Chief of Covert Action: Michael Josselson
Liaison with Soviet Army: CIA officer David E. Murphy (1950 to 1951)
Murphy was in Army intell in Korea and Japan during WWII, joined the CIA in 1947 and
served there until 1950.
Congress for Cultural Freedom: Lawrence de Neufville
Michael Josselson (? to Oct. 1955 heart attack at age 47)
2LT John Clinton Hunt (Oct. 1955 to ?)
In 1948 the British successful tunneled and wiretapped the Nazi telephone cable in Vienna which at the time of these operations, was still an occupied city, divided into four sectors just like Berlin (aka Operations Conflict, Lord, and Sugar. This electronic monitoring lasted until the occupation of Austria ended in 1955, restoring state sovereignty to the country. The Soviets had also a wiretap near Potsdam a telephone cable that served the American Garrison in Berlin.
http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/berlin_tunnel.asp
Harvey commanded of Operation Gold which succeeded in tapping Soviet phone lines via a 500-yard tunnel into East Berlin. PB/JOINTLY: (Dec. 1953 to Sept.1958) SIGINT product code name: REGAL.
This intelligence method was compromised to the Soviets by the British mole George Blake Soviet code named Diomid. However, the KGB’s First Chief Directorate had deliberately concealed the US phone tap from the Red Army and GRU, the main users of the cables being tapped. The reason for this extraordinary decision was to protect their spy, George Blake.
In 1955, MI-6 officer George Blake he was sent to work as a case officer in Berlin, where ironically his task was to recruit Soviet officers as double agents. It was here that he made contact with the KGB and informed them of the details of British and US operations. In the course of nine years he betrayed details of some 400 MI6 agents to the Soviets, destroying most of MI6's operations in Eastern Europe. Blake later said of this, "I don't know what I handed over because it was so much". In 1959, Blake became aware of a mole inside GRU inside the CIA.
The Soviets also had a tap near Potsdam on a cable that served the American Garrison in Berlin.
William Harvey was J. Edgar Hoover’s mole inside the CIA. Hoover and Harvey realized that the old OSS crowd had personal histories that could make them vulnerable to recruitment by the Soviets. So Hoover put out the public story that Harvey left the FBI because Harvey failed to follow FBI policies. And Harvey told his FBI colleagues the he was not very good at fighting bureaucratic battles. Now unemployed and the newly establish CIA in urgent need of officers, Harvey was hired by the CIA. Harvey was put in charge of the CIA Office of Special Operations “Staff C” and James J. Angleton worked for him. (Source: The Secret History of the CIA, The FBI man in the CIA by Joseph J. Trento page 76.)
OSS?CIA officers: Henry D. Hecksher (1946 to 1953)
Hecksher was a Captain in Army intelligence and interrogated some top Nazi leaders.
Paul Garbler (aka Phillip Gardner) (1952 to 1955)
still in the Navy case officer handling Franz Koischwitz (aka Igor Orlov)
Ted Shackley (1953 to Dec. 1959) He was in charge of Soviet satellite countries.
Head of the counterintelligence /Operations: Burton Gerber (? summer of 1958 to ?)
John A. Paisley (Dec. 1953 to 1957)
He was given the job of monitoring the development of electronics in the Soviet Union via the Berlin Tunnel for NSA.
Harvey’s wife, Clara Grace Follich, oversaw the CIA's chain of German safe houses that were used occasionally by the CIA's and military's highly secret Artichoke and Pelican Teams.
William J. Hood (Dec. 1959 to Feb. 1960 – just two months)
The German's nicked name him "two asshole Hood."
Donald Morris
John Sherwood
William Graver (1954 to 1958)
Tom Parrott
Carleton Swift
David Sanchez Morales
C.D. Jackson
Hugh Montgomery, PhD (1953-1960)
It was thru Montgomery’s source in the West Berlin police that so many Berlin Base contract agents were lost in the late 1950s. In 1942 he enlisted in the US Army and served in the European theater of operations with the OSS until 1946. He retired from the military as a colonel in the Intelligence Branch.
Chief of the German Mission Karlsruhe/Frankfurt, West Germany:
Moved to Frankfurt in 1952 under Truscott
Chief of espionage: Gordon W. Stewart (1950 to ?)
Deputy: LTC Lou Kubler (1950 to ?)
Chief of Technical Aids Detachment: S. Peter Karlow (Jan. 1950 to June 1953)
experts in faking documents, customs and travel controls in Eastern Europe with 30 to 72 CIA officers officers
Chief of Intelligence and German work: FNU Parcells
Poland work/linguist: John Kopera
Czechoslovakia work: John Zinski
John Zarek
CIA officer: Elizabeth “Libby/Lib” Rausch (March 1951 to June 1953) later Karlow’s wife
Chief of Station Frankfurt, West Germany: Henry D. Hecksher (1956 to 1958)
C. Tracy Barnes Nov. 1954 to 1956)
Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., USA, (1951 to retired 1958)
Administrative Assistant: Major Clara Grace Follich (William Harvey married her)
CIA officer: Richard Snyder (Mar. 1950 to Sept. 26, 1950)
On Sept. 26, 1950 he worked for the US role in the High Commission for Occupied West Germany, (HICOG).
Chief of espionage: Gordon W. Stewart (1950 to ?)
Deputy: LTC Lou Kubler (1950 to ?)
Chief of Technical Aids Detachment: S. Peter Karlow (Jan. 1950 to June 1953)
experts in faking documents, customs and travel controls in Eastern Europe with 30 to 72 CIA officers officers
Chief of Intelligence and German work: First name? Parcells
Poland work/linguist: John Kopera
Czechoslovakia work: John Zinski
John Zarek
CIA officers: Elizabeth “Libby/Lib” Rausch (March 1951 to June 1953) later Karlow’s wife
Richard Snyder (Mar. 1950 to Sept. 26, 1950)
US Army, Counter Intelligence Corps, Europe: Lt. Col. H. Gordon Sheen
Major James Milano
370th Counter Intelligence Corps, Obergamergau: Unknown
430th Counter Intelligence Corps: CIC officer Paul Lyon
Chief of Psychological Warfare, Frankfurt: Edgar Applewhite (Nov. 1954 To ??)
Desmond FitzGerald (1952 to mid- 1953 )
Chief of Radio Free Europe: Whitney H. Shepardson (1953 to 1956)
President of the National Committee for Free Europe
CIA-front organizations: USIA’s Radio Liberty
Congress for Cultural Freedom
“Black Propaganda”: Made to appear as information that was obtained from enemy documents.
Chief, Security Officer, International Organizations Division: John C. Richards (? to ?)
Contract agents: Jay Lovestone
He was a Ladies Garment Workers Union boss and the AFL-CIA’s executive secretary of the AFL Free Trade Union Committee after World War Two and he helped create the American Institute of Free Labor Deve. He hired for his union's New York regional director, John Dioguardi, member of the Lucchese mafia family. He was blamed by US Attorney Paul Williams for blinding a labor journalist Victor Riesel and subsequent murder of the man who threw acid in Riesel's face.
Irving Brown (AFL union boss)
CIA officer: Wistar M. Janney
oversaw the CIA funding of groups such as the National Student Association, the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Communications Workers of America, the American Newspaper Guild and the National Educational Association. … provided the money for publishing the journal, Encounter… worked closely with anti-Communist leaders of the trade union movement such as George Meany of the Congress for Industrial Organization and the American Federation of Labor.
Case officer for former Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen: James H. Critchfield (1947 to 1955)
(aka Marshall Kent) In March 1950, John McCloy was given the task of appointing a new head of the West German Secret Service. After discussing the matter with Frank Wisner of the CIA, McCloy decided on Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi war criminal.
CIA lawyer Frankfurt, West Germany: Marvin Evans (fall 1960 to ?)
Nicholas Shadrin, born Nikolai Fedorovich Artamonov, a Soviet naval officer serving in Gdynia, Poland defected to the United States of America in 1959. In 1966 the KGB approached Shadrin and he reported the pitch to the FBI. The FBI than ran him as a double agent. This operation was sustained because Shadrin’s Soviet handler, Igor Kochnov, was also working as an FBI spy while still a KGB officer. Soviet defector Vitali Yurchenko to the US revealed that Shadrin had died accidentally In December 1975, of an overdose of a sedative, while being driven over the Austrian border to Czechoslovakia.
Chief of Station Heidelberg: Henry D. Hecksher (1953 to 1958)
He was also in Guatomala from 1953 to 1954
West German counterintelligence chief, Otto John, defected to the Soviet Union in 1954, Wisner fed Alsop a story that the West German spymaster had been kidnapped by the KGB. Alsop dutifully printed the story, which may or may not have been true."
Administrative Assistant: Major Clara Grace Follich (William Harvey married her)
CIA officer: Richard Snyder (Mar. 1950 to Sept. 26, 1950)
On Sept. 26, 1950 he worked for the US role in the High Commission for Occupied West Germany, (HICOG).
CIA analyst: Marjory “Marj” W. Kennedy, G-3, Section, V Corps, West Germany resigned from CIA on Oct. 27, 1954.
Case officer for former Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen: James H. Critchfield (1947 to 1955)
(aka Marshall Kent) In March 1950, John McCloy was given the task of appointing a new head of the West German Secret Service. After discussing the matter with Frank Wisner of the CIA, McCloy decided on Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi war criminal.
CIA lawyer Frankfurt, West Germany: Marvin Evans (fall 1960 to ?)
Nicholas Shadrin, born Nikolai Fedorovich Artamonov, a Soviet naval officer serving in Gdynia, Poland defected to the United States of America in 1959. In 1966 the KGB approached Shadrin and he reported the pitch to the FBI. The FBI than ran him as a double agent. This operation was sustained because Shadrin’s Soviet handler, Igor Kochnov, was also working as an FBI spy while still a KGB officer. Soviet defector Vitali Yurchenko to the US revealed that Shadrin had died accidentally In December 1975, of an overdose of a sedative, while being driven over the Austrian border to Czechoslovakia.
Chief of the Refugee Reception Center/Interrogation,Camp King, Oberursel:
CIC Colonel William R. Philp (fall of 1945 to 1947)
Chief Operation Rusty European Intell: Brigadier General Edwin L. Sibert
Interrogator: Donald F.B. "Jamie" Jameson in 1955 interrogated an East German defector
caught polio from a defector and it effectively made him a paraplegic.
A safe house outside Camp King codenamed Haus Blue where Gehlen’s intell guys were moved.
Counter Intelligence Corps, Europe: Lt. Col. H. Gordon Sheen
Major James Milano
370th Counter Intelligence Corps, Obergamergau: Unknown
430th Counter Intelligence Corps: CIC officer Paul Lyon
CIC safe houses and holding areas: Oberursel, West German
Chief of Operation Paperclip/Dustbin: Dr. Erhard Dabringhaus (? to ?)
(1945 to 1973) George Weisz (1955 to ??)
Colonel Boris Pash (? to 1947)
Carmel Offie (1945 to Oct. 1949) resigned from CIA May 1950)
Operation Lusty: Lt. Gen. Donald L. Putt - capturing German V-2 rocket scientists
and moving them to the US and to Area 51 and Los Alamos, NM
Chief of Program Branch 7: Colonel Boris Pash (1948 to June 1963)
Operation Bloodstone: Carmel Offie (? to Oct. 1949 and resigned from CIA in May 1950)
The unit consisted of five CIA officers and was responsible for assassinations, kidnapping, and they were especially notorious in its applications of interrogation methods [including the use of electroshock and Metrazol, LSD, mescaline, amphetamines and other drugs.) Pash had an ongoing interest in using techniques of interrogation (torture) was given ample employment.
Operation Hagberry was designed to kill a Soviet intelligence net in the US zone known as the Chikalov Ring. Operation Lithia, which began under US Army auspices in November 1947, authorized "the liquidation in the United States zone of the Kindermann Ring, a large-scale Czechoslovakian net." Part of the assassinations apparently involved the murder of all suspected double agents. Operation Ohio, which employed a squad of ex-Nazi Ukrainians (OUN) to liquidate double agents and Soviet Eastern Bloc agents posing as refugees.
The mission of MK/ULTRA was using truth inducing drug testing and testing the best ways to torture. The unit was especially notorious in its applications of interrogation methods [including the use of electroshock and Metrazol, LSD, mescaline, amphetamines and other drugs.
CIC interrogators: aka “Rough Boys”
Maj. Mose Hart
Capt. Malcolm S. Hilty
Capt. Herbert Sensenig
Miles Hunt
From 1948 to 1951, he served as a military representative to the CIA. PB7 handled kidnappings and assassinations. He served as Special Forces planning officer with the U.S. forces in Austria from 1952 to 1953. His cover was that he was Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence of the Sixth Army from 1953 to 1956), and in the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Guided Missiles in Washington, D.C., from 1956 until his retirement from the Army in 1957. And he became chief of the Eastern European and USSR Division of the Quartermaster Technological Intelligence Agency. In 1961 he transferred to the United States Army Foreign Science and Technology Center. He retired from the civil service in June 1963.
Pash sought out former Nazis diplomats, officers and collaborators living in Soviet controlled areas, to work undercover for US intelligence inside of the Soviet Union, Latin America, and Canada and support American propaganda efforts against the Soviets, even though only the FBI was legally authorized to run agents inside the US. Many Bloodstone's recruits had once been Nazi collaborators who were now being brought to the United States for use as intelligence and covert operations experts. Some of them eventually became US agent spotters for sabotage and assassination missions. The men and women enlisted under Bloodstone were not low-level thugs, concentration camp guards, or brutal hoodlums, at least not in the usual sense of those words. Quite the contrary, they were the cream of the Nazis and collaborators, the leaders, the intelligence specialists, and the scholars who had put their skills to work for the Nazi cause.
The CIA planned to use Russian political groupings among the Russian exiles by promoting all the exile organizations more or less equally rather than by sponsoring only one favored group, in case disintegration of the Soviet regime happened.
Chief of Station Wiesbaden: Gorden W. Stewart (Dec. 1945 to ?)
June to Dec. 1945 supported the Nuremberg prosecutors.
Allen Dulles (May 1945 to Dec. 1945?)
Deputy: Gero van Gaevernita naturalized US citizen with a Jewish family background
OSS Officers: William Casey
Fritz Kolbe
Han Gisevius
Chief of Station Munich: unknown
X-2 chiefs: Capt. Eric W. Timm
Capt. Charles Michaelis
CIA officer: Peer de Silva in 1951 briefly worked in the Foreign Intelligence Staff imder Timm
Economic Office: William Hood (? to August 1957 to Dec. 1959?)
Chief of Karlsfeld Base (Munich suburbs) / Company 400: Carmel Offie
(? resigned from CIA May 1950)
plus a base in Greece recruited 50 Albanians for parachute missions into Albania, all of them were killed, due to Kim Philby compromising this operation.
leaflet drops operations:
CIA officers: E. Howard Hunt made the leaflets
Chief of Base, Nuremberg: Lucien Conein (? to 1954)
Assistant: Ted Shackley (? to ? arrived a year after Conein
The main purpose of this base was to send agents into Warsaw Pact countries to gather information.
Chief of Base Pullach near Munich: William J. Hood (1954? to Dec. 1959)
Chief of Operation Rusty
James H. Critchfield (March 1949 to 1955)
He joined the CIA in 1948 former US Army Colonel during WWII, He was the case officer for former SS Major General Reinhard Gehlen. In 1948 Gehlen’s group was fully functional against the Soviet threat. In March 1949 the CIA took over this operation from the Army’s CIC.
Colonel William R. Philp, Commander, 7821st Composite Group, US Army made up of nearly 50 civilian and military personnel responsible for administrative and logistical support for the Gehlen Organization.
Deputy: Lieutenant Colonel Peer de Silva (Late 1949 to mid-1951)
for Russian language training at Columbia University, in a and continued studying Russian in Germany at a school taught by Russian émigrés
CIA officer: David E. Murphy (Jan. 1951 to 1954)
S. Peter Karlow (June 1953 to Aug. 1955)
Henry Pleasants (1949 to 1950)
was an army liaison officer with the Austrian government.
Lt.Col. John R. Deane, Jr. (? to ?)
Gerard “Gerry” Droller (aka Frank Bender, William Bender, and Frank Drecher, and maybe aka Lawrence R. Charron, Fritz Swend, and Felix Drecher )
responsible for the reorganization of West Germany intelligence service.
Russian and German translator: George Kisevalter (1945 to ?) was one of the officers who interviewed Nazi Major General Reinhard Gehlen. Another high ranking German Army and SS officer was Herman Baun.
Gehlen’s deputy director: Capt. Eric Waldman (? to ?)
CIA liaison officer with US Army CIC: Samuel Bossard
CIA officers: C. Edward Petty (joined CIA 1947 to 1955)
John Sherwood
After discussing the matter with Frank Wisner, in March 1950, John McCloy was given the task of appointing a new head of the West German Secret Service. After discussing the matter with Frank Wisner of the CIA, McCloy decided on Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi war criminal.
Operation Rusty was the intell collection done by the Gehlen organization. This ex-Nazi unit
end up recruiting 600 former Nazi SS intelligence guys. Displaced persons of interest were transferred to Pullach from Camp King. In 1952, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer chose Gehlen as the initial chief of West Germany's post-war, foreign Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). Critchfield in charge of Gehlen, and he held that role until West Germany became an independent nation in 1955. In December 1955, DCIA Allen Dulles replied to the holiday greetings of Reinhard Gehlen, the head of the German service. In 1956, the CIA moved its liaison section with the BDC from Pullach to Munich. In addition to its regular infusion of funds to support the Gehen Organization's activities, the CIA transferred large quantities of vehicles, office equipment, and buildings to the BND. (Source: Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America by Annie Jacobsen) https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA%20AND%20THE%20ORIGINS%20OF%20THE%20BND,%201949-56%20%20%20VOL.%201_0001.pdf
Chief of Karlsfeld Base/ Company 400: Carmel Offie
plus a base in Greece recruited 50 Albanians for parachute missions into Albania, all of them were killed, due to Kim Philby compromising this operation.
leaflet drops operations: C. Tracy Barnes
E. Howard Hunt made the leaflets
Chief of Station Bern, Switzerland: Henry Pleasants (1950 to 1956)
C. Tracy Barnes (late 1950s to ?)
CIA officers: Janet Barnes Lawrence
Jim Critchfield
Bronson Tweedy (? to 1953)
An OSS headquarters in WWII: Allen W. Dulles (1942 to 1945)
Headquaters of OSS Europe during WWII James S. Kronthal (1945 died April 1, 1953)
CIA files revealed that Kronthal was a Soviet spy who had been blackmailed into service by the KGB, his death was mysterious.
CIA files revealed that Kronthal was a Soviet spy who had been blackmailed into service by the KGB, his death was mysterious. In 1953 Kronthal was discovered that he was a former Nazi Party member and during the war he been caught by the German authorities in a homosexual act with an underage German boy. He had worked with the Nazi regime during the war in fencing art stolen from Jews. He was a friend of Herman Goering, who prevented his arrest for having sex with a boy. The NKVD prepared a honey trap based on the information they had obtained. Chinese boys were imported and made available to him, and he was successfully filmed in the act. "His recruitment was the most well-kept secret in the history of the Agency," James Angleton said. The entire time Kronthal worked for Dulles and Wisner, he was reporting every detail back to Moscow Center. Kronthal was the first mole in the CIA. He served the Soviets for more than five years. . He killed himself after being discovered.
Desk officer in Switzerland: Gerard “Gerry” Droller (? to late 1940s or early 1950s)
(aka Frank Bender, William Bender, and Frank Drecher, and maybe aka Lawrence R. Charron, Fritz Swend, and Felix Drecher )
CIA officer: John A. Bross (1949 to 1951)
From 1951 until 1957, he was a consultant on foreign affairs and later He later served as an adviser and coordinator at the American Embassy in Bonn till 1959.
Switzerland the stay-behind army was code-named P26.
Included Vienna, Austria before a new station was made there.
CIA officer: George Weisz was recruited to spy against the US by the NKVD around 1957 to 1964, (later Weisz spied for the Israelis until his mysterious death in 1982). Weisz’s family was Hungarian Jews and felt the US failed to support the 1956 Hungarian revolution.
Chief of Station Vienna, Austria: Peer de Silva (1955 to 1959)
William Graver (? to ?)
Deputy COS: Peer de Silva (early 1955 to 1956)
Deputy: Charles Malton
OSS/CIA officer: Charles Thayer (1946? to ?)
Bronson Tweedy (1953 to 1956)
The British successful tunneled underground to wiretap a Soviet telephone cable-tap operations in Vienna, Austria which collected SIGINT from 1948, and ran until the occupation of ended, restoring state sovereignty to the country in 1955.
Case officer George Kisevalter for Soviet defector GRU Major Pyotr S. Popov (1953 to 1958) Popov's capture and subsequent execution in 1959
OSS officer John Buenz Germany, Austria, and Switzerland after the war.
Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Joint Intelligence Objective Agency unit: (1957 to 1964)
CIA officers: Janet Barnes Lawrence
Jim Critchfield
Henry Pleasants (1950 to 1956)
Bronson Tweedy (? to 1953)
William Hood (Feb. 1951 to Jan. 1955)
Chief, Security Officer, International Organizations Division: John C. Richards (? to ?)
Contract agent: Jay Lovestone
He was the AFL-CIA’s executive secretary of the AFL Free Trade Union Committee after World War II and he helped create the American Institute of Free Labor Deve
Treasury Department’s Hidden (Nazi) Assets Division:
Dorothy Wetzel (E Howard Hunts future wife)
BG Frank McSherry
Chief of Station Rome, Italy: Earl Brennan
William K. Harvey (1962 to retired 1967)
Thomas H. Karamessines (early 1960s? to 1962)
George Raymond “Ray” Rocca (? to ?)
Gerry Miller (1953 to ?)
Frank Wisner ? (1945 to 1947?)
Deputy Chief: Felton Mark Wyatt (1964 to 1968)
Deputy of Operations: Political Action Officer: William E. Colby (summer 1953 to 1959)
Operation Gladio in Italy
Deputy of Operations: Political Action Officer: William E. Colby (summer 1953 to 1959)
Operation Gladio in Italy
Head of Psychological Warfare Branch: Colonel John Whitaker
former head: Edmond Taylor
Chief CE operations, Rome, Italy: James J. Angleton (1947 to 1953)
Assistant: George Raymond “Ray” Rocca (April 1944 to 1956)
CIA officers in Italy or Rome: Clay Shaw
William Casey
Robert Bishop
Felton Mark Wyatt (1948 to 1964) He married Ann in 1951 Ann Appleton Wyatt (? to ?)
Special Activities Division (SAD): worked to keep the communist party from winning elections
E. Howard Hunt joined CIA in 1949 to 1950 worked for SAD most likely in Italy and maybe also in Spain
Treasury Department’s Hidden (Nazi) Assets Division:
Dorothy Wetzel (E Howard Hunts future wife)
BG Frank McSherry
Chief of Station Island of Malta: OSS Officer: John Denley Walker ( ? to ?)
CA/DROWN (formerly TP/EMBER Apparat, CA/DRASTIC) (1952-1955) was approved in 1952 as Amendment 3 to Project TP/EMBER to establish a paramilitary resistance apparatus in East Germany for escape and evasion and other stay behind resistance activities in case of war with the USSR.
TP/EMBER (later CA/DROIT) (1949-1955) supported a campaign to expose and to prevent where possible, illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. This was effected through the League of Free Jurists in East Germany.
CA/DROIT (formerly TP/EMBER) (1949-1955) subsidized and guided the Investigative Committee of Free Jurists (Ufj), which developed from one person as the head of a notional committee in West Berlin to an active organization with a West Berlin Headquarters staff of 75 and about 2,000 East German covert contacts, many from the legal profession and/or East German government. The UfJ, with CIA assistance, conducted extensive propaganda campaigns in East Germany, based mainly on information from East German informants, to expose illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. An outgrowth of the UfJ-sponsored International Congress of Jurists in Berlin (1952) was the establishment of the International Commission of Jurists in The Hague, which was supported by CIA under Project QK/FEARFUL. CA/DROIT also included CA/DROWN (1952-1955), a paramilitary organization established in East Germany for wartime use.
CA/DROWN (formerly TPEMBER Apparat, CA/DRASTIC) (1952-1955) was approved in 1952 as Amendment 3 to Project TP/EMBER to establish a paramilitary resistance apparat in East Germany for escape and evasion and other stay behind resistance activities in case of war with the USSR. TPEMBER (later CADROIT) (1949-1955) supported a campaign to expose and to prevent where possible, illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. This was effected through the League of Free Jurists in East Germany.
DT/LINEN (formerly EARTHENWARE, GRAVEYARD) (1951-1960) was a CIA covert propaganda, harassment, and sabotage activity subsidizing both the overt and covert the activities of the (Fighting Group against Inhumanity (KgU)) against East Germany. The KgU (CA/JERSEY), an overt organization, sought to expose conditions in the USSR and Soviet Zone of Germany which were considered crimes against humanity. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/ops/ddr.htm
Deputy Director of the Central European Division: Richard M. Helms (early 1946 to March 1951) Helms, at the age of 33, was put in charge of information gathering and counter-intelligence operations in Central Europe, i.e., Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.
Chief of Mission Hungary: US Ambassador unknown
Foreign Service Officers ran POND’s CIA type operations Richard M. Helms somehow involved 1956
Chief of Station Athens, Greece: Hugh Montgomery, PhD (1960 to 1961)
Alfred C. Ulmer Jr (1953? to 1955)
Thomas H. Karamessines (1950 To 1953)
Carmel Offie (? to 1950s)
CIA officers: James McCargar
Frank Lindsay
Dick Drain (? to Early 1960)
Ernest "Chick" Tsikerdanos (? o ? two tours
OSS/CIA officer: Ed Hamilton (? to 1950?) trained Albanians with OSS veterans He infiltrated teams from Greece into Albania. All were killed due to being compromised by the British spy, Kim Philby
Company 400 recruited 50 Albanians for parachute missions into Albania, all of them were killed, due to Kim Philby compromising this operation.
leaflet drops operations: C. Tracy Barnes
E. Howard Hunt made the leaflets
Chief of operations, the Balkans: E. Howard Hunt (1952 to 1954)
Project Valuable/ Operation Fiend: In 1949, this was the first CIA paramilitary operation in coordination with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and directed to undermine Albania’s communist government. Albania was the weakest of the Soviet satellites in Europe. The operation resulted in dismal failure and was shut down in 1954. Albanian exiles were recruited for missions into Albania.
A dozen Albanian emigrés were recruited and taken to Libya to train. US Army Col. 'Ace' Miller as a liaison, trained these men in the use of weapons, codes and radio, the techniques of subversion and sabotage. , but failed to impress the inhabitants of the region into a larger revolt. The operation dragged on until 1949. There were sabotage attempts on the Kucova oilfields and the copper mines in Rubik. British and US naval officials were concerned that the USSR was building a submarine base just south of the port of Vlora, Albania.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Subversion
The Athens CIA station was also in charge of most Middle East operations and anti-Soviet-bloc efforts in Yugoslavia. A civil war erupted in 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army—backed by the United Kingdom and the United States—and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE), backed by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania.
CIA officers: James McCargar
Frank Lindsay
OSS/CIA officer: Ed Hamilton (? to 1950?) trained Albanians with OSS veterans He infiltrated teams from Greece into Albania.
Chief of Station Istanbul, Turkey: Archibald “Archie” B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1951 to 1953)
Head of covert operations: Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (joined CIA on 1947 to ??)
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (1945 to 1946)
Peter Max F. Sichel (? late 1950 to early 1960 ?)
Deputy of operations: Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (1953 to 1957)
In the mid-1950s, the National Security Agency (NSA) set up a listening station near the coastal town of Sinop, Turkey, directly across the Black Sea from the Kapustin Yar range in Ukraine, where the Soviets were testing medium-range missiles.
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (1945 to 1946)
Peter Max F. Sichel (? late 1950 to early 1960 ?)
CIA officer, unknown where he worked: Donald P. Gregg (1951 to more than 30 years)
Deputy Director of the Soviet Russia Division (SR): David E. Murphy (1963 to 1966)
Nelson H. Brickham Jr, (1955 to 1958)
Harry Rositzke, PhD (1949? or 1952 to 1954)
He ran agents against the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe out of Munich
Chief of operations: Peer de Silva (? 1955 to ?)
CIA officers: Elizabeth “Libby/Lib” Rausch (June 1953 to ?)
Rocky Stone key player in bring the Shah of Iran to power in 1953
Russell A. Langelle (1942 to 1955?)
Paul Garbler (1955 to Nov. 1961)
Peter Kapusta (? to 1963 to ?)
Joseph C. Evans (1959 to ? )
James McCord (? to 1959)
(SR/CI) Pete Bagley (1962 to ?) (Angleton's man)
(SR/OS/WH) Russ Langelle (1959 to 1963) communications officer in Moscow & Popov's case officer
One CIA operation in Russia that did meet with success involved a joint reconnaissance mission with the Navy, sending a small team to a newly built Soviet airfield in eastern Siberia.
Chief of Station US Embassy, Moscow: Paul Garbler (1961 to 1966)
Garbler was the first chief of station and case officer for Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, who defected from the GRU.
Russell A. Langelle (Dec. 1957 to Oct, 18, 1959)
From 1942 to 1956 Langelle worked for the Office of Naval Intelligence. From 1956 he was in the State Department, where he worked for the CIA. On October 18, 1959, he was kicked out of the USSR for being caught passing a note to a Soviet spy he was running. The CIA had recruited Soviet citizens as spies as early as 1953.
US embassy’s CIA/ Second Secretary and Consul: Richard E. Snyder (June 28, 1959 to 1961)
Served at State Department office of Intelligence and Research, Soviet Affairs (1957 to 1959)
Moscow Embassy deep-cover officers: George Winters and four others CIA officers.
CIA agent or officer working outside the embassy: Jean Leberman and one CIA officer in possibly non-official cover (NOC):
CIA officer: Nelson H. Brickman, Jr. (1955 to 1958)
Priscilla Johnson McMillian: under cover as a journalist in Moscow (interviewed Lee Oswald in late 1950’s or early 1960
Chief of Counter intelligence (SR/CI): Tennent “Pete” Bagley (? to ?)
Donald Deneselya CIA alias) Donald Denison (? to retired June 8 1964)
Deneselya was recruiting people to parachute back into USSR (AE/JUMP) who came from Russia, Poland, Hungarian or Ukrainian he used INS records. And he assistant to a Soviet defector: Anatoliy Golitsyn codename AE/LADLE-1, his wife AE/LADLE-2. daughter AE/LADLE-3 Also his CIA case officer Leonard Weigner, Golitsyn disclosed that NATO and Charles de Gaulle’s cabinet had been infiltrated by spies..
Deputy Chief Soviet Russia Internal Operations (SR/OP) or Soviet Russia /Special Operations Branch (SR9) Jerry G. Prehn (1963 to ?)
Joseph J. Bulik (? to ?)
Prehn was attached to the US Embassy in Moscow
possible CIA officer: Michael Jelisavcic employee of American Express in Moscow
Edgar Snow (1954 to 1959) He was the son of White Russians and was fired as a suspected spy his wife was a translator and interpreter Nata Snow (Yankovsky) (1954 to 1959 was also fired)
SR/Covert Actions (CA): Donald F.B. "Jamie" Jameson (? to 1960 to 1969 to ?)
encouraged dissidents behind the Iron Curtain and helped smuggle banned books to and from the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.
SR had CIA officers all over the world trying to recruit KGB officers and agents.
Washington DC and New York: Harry Rositzke (1962 to ?)
recruited Soviet and Eastern European diplomats
Chief of SR6: Thomas Casasin (? to 1960 to ?)
unknown mission of SR6
CIA officers: Nelson Brickham
Joseph J. Bulik
Richard L. Winch
Donald E. Poole
Commander Alden “Andy” B. Anderson, USN (ONI/CIA alias for Eleanor Reed or Miss Eleanor Anderson) she debriefed Lee Oswald and Robert E. Webster, USN. She recommended not to employ Webster in future CIA operations. She alsolikely accessed Oswald for potential future assignment.
Ruby Balaban (CIA alias Ruby Valentino and Valentinov) he worked with CIA counter intelligence (? to 1959 to ?) debriefed Robert E. Webster a fake defector like Lee Oswald to the USSR.
Defector Coordinator George Aurell
Interagency Defector Committee
Major Mike Sylwester, USAF, (served for 10 years - ? to 1950s to ?)
CIA officers: Anthony F. “Tony” Czajkowski (LTC, USAR, intel)
Commander Alden “Andy” B. Anderson, USN
Dorothe Matlack, USA, DIA (1953 to early 1960s), was assigned to be a liaison on defector matters and aliens of interest.
REDBIRD - Operations involving the illegal return of defectors and emigres to USSR as agents.
REDCAP - was the planned collection of information on Soviet personnel stationed abroad for the purpose of operational exploitation, including defection inducement.
REDSKIN - Operations involving legal methods of placing, recruiting, and communicating with agents within the USSR.
Contract agent: Richard Snyder (1956 to 1957) professor of Slavic languages and literature CIA "spotter" at Harvard University: He served in Heidelberg, West Germany, beginning in March 1950. On Sept. 26, 1950 worked for the US role in the High Commission for Occupied West Germany, (HICOG). He helped recruit Edward L Keenan, a student at Harvard University, into spying for the CIA. Keenan was the first students under the new US Student Exchange Program to study in the Soviet Union at Leningrad State University from 1959 until mid 1961. Also he recruited Zbigniew Brzezinski.
William “Bill” Lippincott Dean of Students did the same at Princeton in 1950.
REDSOX - Operations involving the illegal return of defectors and emigres to USSR as agents.
REDWOOD - Action indicator for information for CIA Soviet Division.
Chief operation REDWOOD unknown real name CIA alias Thomas Casasin
AE/OCEAN-1 was the code for REDWOOD’s human sources. This program was blown by George Blake of UK MI-6
Chief of SR10: unknown mission/ possibly to seek out people who travel to the USSR and Eastern Europe.
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Deputy Director of the Soviet-Eastern Europe Division (SE) : Bronson Tweedy
(aka Soviet Bloc Division (SB) (Oct 1961 to 1966)
Ted Shackley (Dec. 1959 to Oct 1961)
John A. Bross (?? to Aug 1953 to ??)
Assistant Deputy Director: David E. Murphy (1961 to 1963)
Hundreds of the CIA's contract agents were sent to their deaths in Russia, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, and the Baltic States during the 1950s."
Chief of Psych Operations: S. Peter Karlow (? Aug 1955 to ?)
Shortly before Christmas in 1961, after Anatoly M. Golitsin, a KGB officer defected on the snowy doorstep of the CIA's station chief in Helsinki, Finland, Karlow was falsely suspected as a mole. He then resigned from the CIA in 1963 and in 1989 the CIA apologized and paid him $500,000.
CIA officer: John A. Paisley (1959 to ??)
Chief of the Southeast Europe, Athens, Greece: John H. Richardson Sr. (1950s? to 1950?)
State Dept: Foreign Service Officer (FSO), Vladivostok James McGargar (1942 to 1943)
FSO Budapest, Hungary: James McCargar (1946 to 1947) Operation POND was in State Department until 1951 McGrager took over from Leslie Squires who was transferred to South Africa. McGrargar ran eight sources. Brigadier General Hayes Kroner was the headed POND and head of the War Department's Military Intelligence Service,
Operation Rollback: was a strategy of espionage, subversion, and sabotage to foment insurrection in the Soviet satellite countries. (Source: Operation Rollback: America's Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain (2001) by Peter Grose)
AE/DEPOT (formerly AE/READY) (1957-1965) was designed to provide a trained "Hot War" cadre of agents who could be used during a period of heightened tensions/increased alert or during actual hostilities against the Soviet Union.
AE/RODYNAMIC was redesignated QR/PLUMB. AE/BEEHIVE [later
QR/DYNAMIC/QR/PLUMB] (1970-91) superseded Project AERODYNAMIC and supported the Ukrainian émigré organization ZP/UHVR (Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council) with a New York publishing arm called Prolog Research Corporation (QR/TENURE, AE/TENURE) and a Munich Office, Ukrainian Society for Foreign Studies (QR/TERRACE, AE/TERRACE), publisher of the monthly journal Suchasnist. CIA terminated QR/PLUMB after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991 and provided funds to enable Prolog to transition to a privately-funded company. In 1992, Prolog's monthly Ukrainian journal Suchasnist (Contemporary Times) was successfully transitioned to a publishing company in Kiev, Ukraine and thereafter was published as a collaborative effort between Prolog and a Ukrainian group in Kiev.
AE/RODYNAMIC (formerly CARTEL, ANDROGEN, AE/CARTHAGE) (1949-70) refers to CIA support for ZP/UHVR (Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council), which began in 1949. CIA helped to establish in New York City the Prolog Research and Publishing Company in 1953 as ZP/UHVR's publishing and research arm. Prolog, through an affiliate in Munich, published periodicals and selected books and pamphlets which sought to exploit and increase nationalist and other dissident tendencies in the Soviet Ukraine. ZP/UHVR operational activity concentrated on propaganda and contact operations. In 1970,
The CIA brings Ukrainian Mikola Lebed into the US despite the fact that the CIA's files describe Lebed's organization as "a terrorist organization. The Justice Department considered Lebed a war criminal responsible for the slaughter of Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews, but he was defended by Allen Dulles for his assistance in operations against the Soviets. May 27, 1949: Congress passes the Central Intelligence Act of 1949, One clause of the act permits the CIA to admit 100 foreigners per year into the US, giving them "permanent residence without regard to their inadmissibility under the immigration or any other laws."
Chief of the Baltic Branch: George N. Belic (1950s)
AE/MANNER (1955-58) was an operation to collect intelligence on the Lithuanian SSR by spotting, recruiting, and training Lithuanians who planned to return to Lithuania; spotting, recruiting, and training Lithuanian merchant seamen who would be on vessels calling at Lithuanian SSR ports; exploiting existing postal channels between Lithuanian SSR and the West; and interrogating persons coming out of the Lithuanian SSR.
December 1948: CIA officer Steve Tanner assesses a band of Ukrainians in Munich, the Supreme Council for the Liberation of the Ukraine, as a group deserving CIA backing. July 26, 1949: CIA special operations chief General Willard G. Wyman approves an operation to drop two Ukrainians from the group into their homeland.
AE/MARSH (1953-59) involved collecting foreign intelligence on the Soviet regime in Latvia through sources residing in the Latvian SSR, legal travelers, and all possible legal means. The Institute for Latvian Culture (AE/MINX) was established as a cover facility engaged in the preservation and development of Latvian national culture, collection of information on Latvian national life, and the safeguarding and preserving of physical, spiritual, and moral conditions of Latvians who were separated from their homeland.
CIA officer: Paul Hartman Lativa 1952
Lativan contract agent Fred Launags 1952
AE/CAMBISTA-1, CAMBISTA-1 (cryptonyms for BNR). Byelorussian emigration was split into two organizations -- the BZR/BCR (Beloruska Zentralna Rada or Byelorussian Central Council) and the BNR (Beloruska Nationalna Rada or Byelorussian National Council or Council of the Byelorussian Peoples Republic). The BZR/BCR, which was created during the German occupation of Byelorussia and supported by the Germans, was headed by Radislaw Ostrowsky. The BNR, which included a Cadre School and a Study Group, was headed by Mikola Abramtchik in Paris and Major Boris Ragula was its Operations Chief. Francis Kushel was BNR's military representative in New York.
CA/DROWN (formerly TP/EMBER Apparat, CA/DRASTIC) (1952-1955) was approved in 1952 as Amendment 3 to Project TP/EMBER to establish a paramilitary resistance apparatus in East Germany for escape and evasion and other stay behind resistance activities in case of war with the USSR.
TP/EMBER (later CA/DROIT) (1949-1955) supported a campaign to expose and to prevent where possible, illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. This was affected through the League of Free Jurists in East Germany.
CA/DROIT (formerly TP/EMBER) (1949-1955) subsidized and guided the Investigative Committee of Free Jurists (Ufj), which developed from one person as the head of a notional committee in West Berlin to an active organization with a West Berlin Headquarters staff of 75 and about 2,000 East German covert contacts, many from the legal profession and/or East German government. The UfJ, with CIA assistance, conducted extensive propaganda campaigns in East Germany, based mainly on information from East German informants, to expose illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. An outgrowth of the UfJ-sponsored International Congress of Jurists in Berlin (1952) was the establishment of the International Commission of Jurists in The Hague, which was supported by CIA under Project QK/FEARFUL. CA/DROIT also included CA/DROWN (1952-1955), a paramilitary organization established in East Germany for wartime use.
CA/DROWN (formerly TPEMBER Apparat, CA/DRASTIC) (1952-1955) was approved in 1952 as Amendment 3 to Project TP/EMBER to establish a paramilitary resistance group in East Germany for escape and evasion and other stay behind resistance activities in case of war with the USSR. TPEMBER (later CADROIT) (1949-1955) supported a campaign to expose and to prevent where possible, illegal actions, breaches of justice, and acts of inhumanity committed and tolerated by authorities in East Germany. This was effected through the League of Free Jurists in East Germany.
DT/LINEN (formerly EARTHENWARE, GRAVEYARD) (1951-1960) was a CIA covert propaganda, harassment, and sabotage activity subsidizing both the overt and covert the activities of the (Fighting Group against Inhumanity (KgU)) against East Germany. The KgU (CA/JERSEY), an overt organization, sought to expose conditions in the USSR and Soviet Zone of Germany which were considered crimes against humanity. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/ops/ddr.htm
HARVARD (1951-1965) was designed initially to provide safe house and operational aid facilities for CIA activities in Germany. In 1952, the HARVARD mission was expanded to include the rehabilitation and resettlement of defectors, agents, and agent-trainees.
LC/CASSOCK (1954-1961) was a publishing and distribution company in West Berlin that produced and covertly distributed propaganda material for East Germans, providing them with Western-oriented information and harassing, embarrassing and exposing officials and policies of the East German regime.
Deputy Director of Western Hemisphere Division: Colonel J. C. King (aka Oliver G. Galbond (1953 to ??) King was CIAA veteran who served in Argentina and Brazil: (1941 to 1945)
JC King worked for CIA and himself via his company Amazon Natural Drug Company,
Deputy chief: Herb “Ray” Herbert
Jacob D.”Jake”Esterline (1972 retired 1978)
New York City Base/UN mission: John Reagan (1955 to 1959) Chinese language training and trips to New York City to practice trade craft against United Nations delegates.
Chief of Station, Canada: Cleveland C. Cram (1958 to unknown)
CIA officer: Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (1960 to1965)
5412 Group /NSC
VP Richard Nixon
CIA Director Allen Dulles.
Admiral Arleigh Burke (Chief of Naval Operations 1955 to retired Aug. 1961)
Livingston Merchant (Under Secretary for Political Affairs 1959 to 1961 ),
National Security Adviser Gordon Gray (National Security Advisor from 1958 until 1961)
Gray served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford.
Gordon Gray, Henry Kissinger, and many members of the Rockefeller family belonged to the Council on Foreign Relations (a private pro-capitalism group).
February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba.
State Department, Cuban Affairs officer: Robert Hurwitch
Vice President Nixon had assembled an important group of businessmen headed by George HW Bush and Jack A. Crichton, both Texas oilmen, to gather the necessary funds for the operation. Nixon was a protégé of Bush's father Preston, who in 1946 had supported Nixon's bid for congress. In fact, Preston Bush was the campaign strategist who brought Eisenhower and Nixon to the presidency of the United States. In 1964 Crichton was defeated for Governor of Texas by John B. Connally, Jr. In 1964, George HW Bush was defeated US Senate against incumbent Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough.
Chief of Station Havana, Cuba: ate November 1959, James Noel (alias Tim Noble)
David “Didi” “Dave” Sánchez Morale A Mexican-American, (1958 to 1960) US Embassy closed down Jan. 1961
Morales had worked very closely with John Rosselli.
April 1959, Morales recruited Bernard “Macho” L. Barker Jr. (AM/CLATTER)
Recruited by FBI as an undercover agent (1947? to Jan. 1960) His mission was to help support the government of Fulgencio Batista. He was a dual US and Cuban citizen. Barker joined the Cuban secret police under Fulgencio Batista. He was also working for the American mafia under Santo Trafficante Jr. The FBI knew that Barker was mafia since the late 1940’s.
Barker was closely associated with CIA boss Gerry Droller (his case officer??)
US Army attaché: Colonel Sam G. Kail (June 3, 1958 to Jan 4, 1961)
CIA officers: Justin F. Gleichauf (? to 1960)
He and Kail later debriefed Cuban refugees
Grant Melvin Beck (? to 1960 to ?)
Frank Belsito (1958 to 1961)
US Information Agency officer: Paul Bethel
Contract agent Tony Sforza (alias Sloman and Frank Stevens) (? to 1959 ) He lived in Havana under the cover of being a professional gambler In 1963 Sforza was in Cuba under deep cover. Recruited Castro’s sister Juanita Castro in 1959.
Chief of Base, Santiago, Cuba: Robert Weicha (? 1957 to ?) smuggled into Cuba radio transmitters that became Castro and Che’s Radio Rebelde
Sterling Chemical Company- front company): Edward “Ted” Landreth Sr (?? to Dec. 1959)
Front company operations/undercover: David A. Phillips (1954 to 1960) (alias Maurice Bishop and Michael Choaden) In January 1958, Phillips establishes a public relations business in Havana. establishing a clandestine radio station there transmitted from suburban Florida and Swan Island off Honduras
Cuban Task Force (April 1959 to April 1960)
Chief of Cuban Task Force: Tracy Barnes
Jacob D. “Jake” Esterline (C/WH4)
John Limond Hart (? to ?)
Jake Esterline went to Guatemala to get permission to set up a Cuban training camp at Retalhuleu, Guatemala because the US’s jungle warfare center could not handle 100s of raw recruits.
Also chief of operation: David Sanchez Molales (Nov. 1961 to 1966)
Assistant: Justin O'Donnell
J.C. King's deputy (chief of Western Hemisphere division): Luis C. “Herb” Herber to supervise the operation. (Feb. 1960 to ?)
Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (1954 to 1960) with Vice President Richard Nixon
included 37 CIA officers and 46 contract agents // at it peak some 400 to 150 by 1966)
CIA officers reported directly to Deputy Director for Operations not to Chief of Western Hemisphere Division. Deputy: Tracy Barnes,
Chief Political Action, Miami (C/WH/4/PA): Gerard "Gerry" Droller (June 1960 to ?)
Alias Frank Bender
Alias Gerry Drecher
Alias Mister B
Alias Don Federico
Alias Fritz Swend
Assistant: E. Howard Hunt (alias Eduardo)
Their main task was to recruit and organize the political leaders of anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area
Bernard “Macho” L. Barker Jr. (Jan. 1960 to ?) worked under the direction of Droller. Later that year Barker was assigned to work under E. Howard Hunt. He was son of Americans living in Cuba, a former WWII US Air Force member, he then worked for the Cuban National Police and he became an FBI contract agent . Barker's new job was to recruit men into the 2506 Brigade associated with Mafia boss, Santos Trafficante.
On April 21, 1959, Droller had a three-hour meeting with Fidel Castro in a hotel room in New York City after the latter's visit to Washington.
Operation officer: Charles “C.”Tracy Barnes (Jan. 18, 1960 to ?)
Barnes ran a meeting attended by David Atlee Phillips, E. Howard Hunt, Jack Esterline, and Gerry Droller
Support operations: Jim O'Connell
In early October 1960 a meeting takes place in Florida at the Fountainbleu Hotel that included Johnny Rosselli, Sam Giancana, Santo Trafficante jr. and CIA officers Robert Maheu, and Jim O 'Connell. A lawyer who did work for the CIA, Edward Bennett Williams had introduced mafia guy, Johnny Roselli to Robert Maheu. Robert A. Maheu was also a friend of FBI Agent Guy Banister when they both were spying on the American Communist Party and the African American civil rights movement.
Sam Giancana employed Richard “Dick” Cain to assassinate Castro. Cain worked for Giancana’s Chicago mafia. Under orders from the Chicago mob boss, Cain opened an office where he recruited Cuban insurgents and soldiers of fortune to go down to South Florida to train as guerrilla warriors.
In March, 1961, CIA officer William Harvey arranged for CIA officer Jim O'Connell, to meet Sam Giancana, Santo Trafficante, Johnny Roselli and Robert Maheu.
Chief of Task Force W: (C/WH/4): William ”Bill” K. Harvey (Jan. 1960 to fall 1962)
Deputy: Bruce Cheever
State Department official active in efforts to liberate Cuba: Paul Bethel (? to ?)
Operation 40 (aka Operation Mongoose) (AM/OT) was authorized by President Eisenhower in March 1960 to conduct sabotage of Castro’s economy and assassinate Castro’s and his leadership group.
Operation Pluto (Bay of Pigs planning)
Chief of Propaganda operations/Political and Psychological Warfare:
Cord Meyer Jr. (Nov. 1954 to 1962)
The Meyer family had some of their wealth tied up with sugar interests in Cuba
Paymaster/ CIA front company founder: Paul L.E. Helliwell (1960 to ? )
Helliwell provided business cover (front companies) for the CIA’s Cuban operations via the Sea Supply Corporation office in Miami and Intercontinental Diversified Corp. (I.D.C.). He appears to have used mafia boss Meyer Lansky’s Miami National Bank to launder CIA operational funds and he was the legal counsel for this bank, The Bank of Perrine and its sister Bank of Cutler Ridge were the preferred depository of Lansky funds reaching America from the Bank of World Commerce in the Bahamas.
A senior official in Justice Department asked the former chief of CIA’s Mexico/Panama desk, John Whitten, to investigate numbered bank accounts in Panama because Las Vegas gamblers were using them to smuggle cash. The Chief of the WH Division Colonel J.C. King, said, “You know, James Angleton has these ties to the Mafia, and he is not going to do anything to jeopardize them (and) “yeah, it had to do with Cuba.”
Vice President Nixon demanded that William D. Pawley be given briefings and access to CIA officers. Pawley had been the US Ambassador to Peru (~1945 to 1946) and Brazil (~1946 to 1948). Pawley pushed the CIA to support untrustworthy exiles as part of the effort to overthrow Castro risking disclosing the war plan. Pawley's most important qualification for the job was that he had a long history of association with right-wing Latin American dictators.
Pawley had become an extremely wealthy man. His father was a wealthy businessman based in Cuba, and as a child, Pawley attended private schools in Cuba. In 1941, with his two brothers, he was involved with supporting of the secret US air force in China, the 1st American Volunteer Group, (aka the Flying Tigers) and his company built fighter airplanes in a factory nearby Rangoon, Burma.
Thomas G. “Tommy” Corcoran was hired as a lobbyist for the major shareholder of United Fruit Sam Zemurray. With President Roosevelt authorization, Corcoran worked with Civil Air Transport during and after World War Two by establishing the US Lend-lease program to Asia and Chiang Kai-shek by forming his company called China Defense Supply. Corcoran also later supplied arms to the CIA backed insurgency and coup in in Guatemala June 1954. In 1950, Frank Wisner purchased Civil Air Transport (CAT) from Corcoran. Corcoran's chose friend was William Pawley in their operations of CAT and lend-lease to China.
In 1960 and 1961Cuban CIA contract pilot William “Tosh” R. Plumlee was training Cuban pilots at Retalhuleu, Guatemala and at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, (JM/TIDE). He was assigned to the Natonal Guard’s 4th military intelligence unit and his first mission was flying a supply operation to supply guns and ammunition to the students at the University of Havana inside Cuba. By March 1961 no less but 68 such missions were to and over Cuba to air drop supplies.
Both the US and Cuban pilots and technical personnel were recruited via the Double-Check Corporation, with the help of Brigadier General Reid Doster, who was the commander of the Alabama National Guard. Doster gathered some 80 Americans and at least 60 Cubans. From Inter Mountain Aviation Company a total of 26 B-26Cs were purchased. Of these, 20 were considered as useful and made fully operational. Alex E. Carlson recruited pilots. Other companies supporting Operation Pluto were the Civil Air Transport (CAT). CAT turned into Pacific Corporation Holding, which included the new main company, Southern Air Transport (SAT).
In 1961, the 117th Reconnaissance Wing of the Alabama Air Guard and under the 9th Tactical Air Force was tasked to temporary civilian clothes assignments Their mission was to train and advise Cuban exiles to fly, arm, and maintain 16 Douglas B-26. Among these CIA contract pilots were Barry Seal and James Harrison.
The B-26s and their crews were officially controlled by the Caribbean Marine Aero Corporation, which was also paying the Cuban crews. The training of the crews was officially undertaken by the Zenith Technical Enterprises Inc., while all the transport aircraft were operated by the CAT and its subsidiaries. The small arms were purchased through International Armament Corporation owned by arms dealer Sam Cummings. In 1950 he was hired as a CIA contract agent. In 1958, Cummings sold AR-10 rifles to Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. It was the model that later was improved into the M-16 rifle. Allegedly there were at least 55 dummy (front) corporations to provide employment, cover, and commercial disguise for as many as 3,000 Cuban volunteer and contract agents and sub-agents. There were detective bureaus, gun stores, real estate brokerages, boat repair shops, and party boats for fishing and other entertainments.
Zapata Petroleum or Zapata Offshore was a Midland, TX oil company headed by George HW. Bush until 1966. One of the part owners of this company was CIA officer Thomas J. Devine (CIA codename WU/BRINY/1). Zapata Offshore was secondarily a CIA front company Bush personally served as a conduit through which the CIA disbursed money for contracted services. Zapata therefore was a good way to hid large purchases disguised as oil drilling equipment. For example, the CIA purchased US Navy Landing Craft infantry (LCI) that were used in World War Two and renamed them the Barbara J and an LCI named Blagar. Zapata Offshore appears to have served as a paymaster. “We had to pay off politicians in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and elsewhere,” said John Sherwood, one of the CIA supervisors of Operation Mongoose in the early 1960s. “Bush’s company was used as a conduit for these funds under the guise of oil business contracts .WU/BRINY and WU/SALINE were “water units” (aka WU) were off-shore oil drilling rigs/platforms.
According to retired Naval Intelligence officer, LTC William R. Corson, USMC, "Bush was perfect at talent spotting and assessing potential recruits for the CIA. Starting in at least 1960, he recruited Cubans for the Bay of Pigs invasion.
In Howard Hunt was involved in the creation of an umbrella, anti-Castro organization (Cuban government in exile). Also involved with Hunt were anti-Castro contract agents Bernard L. Baker Jr. and Frank Sturgis.
On June 22, 1960 five groups combined after a conference in Mexico City to become the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front (FRD)
the Movimiento de Recuperación Revolucionario (MRR), lead by Manuel Artime
Ray Reynolds was the case officer for MRR. The CIA did air drops of supplies to these guerrilla fighters. Out of 30 air supply missions only four were successful. Reynolds had 44 communication specialists under his command.
the Movimiento de Rescate Revolucinario, headed by Manuel Antonio Varona
the Movimiento Democrático Cristiano, headed by Jóse Ignacio Rasco
the Associación Montecristi, led by Justo Carillo
the Frente Nacional Democrático (Tripel A), led by Aureliano Sanchez Arango
Cuban Revolutionary Council (JM/ARC or AM/BUD): (Nov.18, 1960 to ?)
provisional government for Cuba post- invasion:
Case offier: E. Howard Hunt (alias Edwardo) (May 1960 to ??)
CIA Commando contract agents:
Joaquin Sanjenis Perdomo (AM/OT-1) he gave CIA a list of skilled and trusted people for Operation 40, a former Chief of Police in Cuba and in Miami he spied on Cuban exiles.
Manuel Artime Buesa,MD (AM/BIDDY-1) He was to become the right wing dictator to replace Castro after the Bay of Pigs. He had a 168 men, commando group that was led by Nino Diaz Training at Useppa Island, Florida, and at Retalhuleu, Guatemala.
Dr. Jose Miro Cordona (AM/BUD-1) (first Premier of Cuba under Castro), he was trying to unit exiles under his banner of PGCC.
Aureliano Sanchez Arango (former Foreign Minister of Cuba)
Manuel Ray In May 1960 Ray formed the Revolutionary Movement of the People (MRP) and joined the underground resistance against Castro. William Pawley, who believed that Ray was a communist, also objected to him becoming a member of FRD. In April 1962, Ray formed a new anti-Castro organization called the Junta Revolucionario Cubana (JURE). This organization became part of the CRC.
Chief of RZ/RIFLE: William ”Bill” K. Harvey (C/FI/D) (early January 1961 to ?)
likely post WWII assassin: Col. Boris Pash (? to fall 1962)
CIA officer/assassins: David “Dave” Sánchez Morale (aka Stanley Zamka)
Contract agent: Tony Sforza (alias Sloman and Frank Stevens)
May, 1962, Morales tasked the plot to assassinate Fidel Castro. He worked closely with CIA officers David Atlee Phillips, Tracy Barnes, William Pawley, and mafioso Johnny Roselli.
FBN special agent and CIA officer/assassin: Charles Siragusa
liaison to the mafia Mario Brod - (?? To ??)
James Angleton, Mario Brod and Charlie Siragusa had served together in Italy in the Second World War. As head of the FBN office in Rome, and as the FBN's liaisons to the CIA until his retirement in December 1963, Siragusa worked closely with Angleton, who relied heavily on Siragusa's underworld contacts. CIA officer Vincent Thill, as part of an operation put together by Angleton and William Harvey, asked Siragusa to recruit Mafia and Corsican hit men for the CIA.
Contract assassin: Jo Attia (aka Joseph le Moko)( QJ/WIN)
Contract assassin: Unknown WI/ROUGE with connections to Jo Attia. “WI” stands for the country of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Spy/ assassin: Rolando Cubela (code name AM/LASH) number two man in the Castro’s Interior Ministry at the time of his recruitment into the CIA and for assassination of Castro)
Contract agents/hit men:
Harold Meltzer possible CIA assassin on December 19, 1960. Meltzer was an associate of mafia boss, Meyer Lansky. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3128
ZR/SOLO unknown -- SOLO was an FBI codename for infiltrating the US communist party
ZR/JOINT unknown operation
Contact agents/mafia: Tony Varona ( ZR/RIFLE-2) (1967 to ??) leader of Alpha 66.
Edward K. Moss he worked for Verona raising funds to finance operations against Castro. Eddie and Dino Cellini, who were executives in Meyer Lansky’s gambling operations in on Paradise Island in the Bahama gave Moss some two million dollars. Eddie Cellini had formerly managed Meyer Lansky’s casino in the Hotel Riviera Habana in Havana. Cellini brothers were associated with the narcotics and white slavery rackets in Cuba.
ZR/CLIFF codename for part of Southern Air Transport (SAT) operation
Anti-Castro Cuban pilot Leslie Norman Bradley and Loran Eugene Hall connected to SAT airline . AUS citizen and mercenary Hall along with Gerry P. Hemming was a member of the anti-Castro group, Interpen (Intercontinental Penetration Force). Hall also joined Hemming, Frank Sturgis and David Ferrie in the International Anti-Communist Brigade. This was a group in 1962 allegedly funded by oil millionare HL Hunt Jr. to do sabotage in Cuba. HL Hunt Hunt also helped to fund the Cuban Revolutionary Council. The CIA also funded the CRC with $972,000 a year (about $8,300,000 in 2019 dollars)
In July 1960, Bissell ordered William Harvey to put out a $10,000 contract to kill Che Guevara.
Bissell's deputy, Tracy Barnes, approved on behalf of Bissell an operation to mail a monogrammed handkerchief containing an incapacitating agent to the Iraqi colonel from an Asian country.
Esterline admitted that Juan Orta who functioned as Castro's private secretary, had been recruited to slip a poisoned pill into a drink. However, a few days before the BOP invasion Orta changed his mind and fled to the Venezuelan Embassy.
Richard Bissell requested his Science Advisor Joseph Scheider to come up with posions and biological weaspons.
Chief of Foreign Intelligence, Staff D: (FI/D) Martin O. Hibbert (1959 to ?)
William K. Harvey (1951 to 1959)
Black bag jobs to steal code books from embassies and listening devices (bugs)and wiretap teams CIA officers may have monitor these,not NSA. And steal foreign codes for NSA.
CI/OG/SS: William K. Harvey wore a second hat as Angleton’s CI senior staff for the operations group. Black bag jobs breaking into CIA officer’s homes?
Chief aide: Anita Potocki to Harvey’s and her husband Will Potocki had experience as a mole hunter.
FI/D Operations: Paul Levister (? to ?)
Technical Services Division (TSD)
TSS Chief: David L. Christ, (CIA alias Daniel L. Carswell) (C/TSS//FI/D) (? to Sept 14, 1960)
Temporary duty to Cuba (AM/ESCALADE) Audio Operation Branch (TSS) bugging teams (Nov. 29, 1959 to Sept. 15, 1960)
TSD/TSS technician: Thornton J. Anderson, Jr. (CIA alias Eustace H. Vanbrunt)
TSDTSS technician: Walter E. Szuminske (CIA alias Edmund Taransky)
All three were arrested in an apartment above the New China News Agency in Cuba on Sept. 15, 1960, after they are found in possession of electronic listening devices. All spent 2.5 years in a Cuban prison)
FE Division case officer Robert “Bob” Neet, US Embassy, Havana, arrested/deported to US. Marjorie Lennox, allegedly an Embassy secretary, arrested/ deported to US.
Former OSS officers and private investigator John Buenz worked for his close friend Fulgencio Batista in Fort Lauderdale, FL. Bastista was living in exile there.
Chief of Station (JM/WAVE) (aka LORK ) Univ. of Miami's South Campus, FL
Task Force W (TFW) named change to Special Affairs Staff (SAS):
Jacob Esterline (aka Don Eduardo) (1968 to 1972)
John Dimmer (June 1965 to Mar 1967
Desmond “Des” FitzGerald (Oct 1962 to June 17, 1965)
Ted Shackley (aka Robert Haynes) (Apr 1962? to June 1965?)
Albert L. Cox (Feb 1962 to Apr 1962)
Robert Davis (Oct 1961 to Feb. 1962)
Robert F. Reynolds (Sept. 1960 to Oct. 1961)
He began his CIA Latin America career in 1949 and served in Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Retired from CIA and the Foreign Service in 1968.
Executive Officer: Ed Stanulis (? to ?)
Deputy Chief of Station: Thomas G. Clines (1962 to 1964)
Theodore “Ted” Shackley (? To April 1962)
Gordon Campbell marine operations
Robert Weicha
Chief of security: Tom Tripoli
Chief of Psychological Warfare: George Joannides (? 1963 to ?)
Joannides was the case officer for the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE), a militant right-wing, anti-Communist, anti-Castro, anti-Kennedy, student group. This was a group that Lee Harvey Oswald was in contact with in New Orleans in August .Joannides joined the CIA in 1951 and left the CIA in 1979.
On December 19, 1961, Alexander Irwin Rorke Jr. and Sturgis (aka Frank Fiorini) were involved in a CIA operation that included dropping over 250,000 anti-Castro leaflets on Cuba.
Chief of Cuban Commando Operations: David Sanchez Morales (Nov 1961 to ?)
aka Operation 40 (1959 to early 1970s) Rocky Farnsworth fired by Shackley
an assassination operation
Staff: Dick Drain (Jan 1960 to ?)
Carl Elmer Jenkins (1960 to 1965) He was responsible for selection and training of cadre, assignment of officers for the 2506 brigade, maritime infiltration and operational management of small teams and individual agents.
AMDOT An Army team that conducts training at Eglin Air Force Base. CIA officer Norman Kiggins (possibly Bob Wall) was one of the trainers.
JM/WAVE trainers Carl W. Jaenicken (John Dimmer), Norman Kiggins (possibly Bob Wall) and Louis T. Porete
Captain Bradley “Brad” E. Ayers. USA (early 1963 to ? ), specializing in paramilitary training
Senior CIA officer: Henry D. Hecksher (aka Nelson L. Raynock) (1960 to 1963 or 1967?) As the case officer of Manuel Artime, Hecksher became involved in AM/WORLD in 1963. David Sanchez Morales was also Artime’s case officer
Recovery of the Revolution (MRR)/Operation 40
Leader: Manuel Artime Buesa,MD (AM/BIDDY-1)
Deputy: Rafael “Chi Chi” Quintero (1962 to ?) (AM/JAVA-4)
86 Cuban commandosin 1961, of which 37 were trained as case officers and set up a training camp outside New Orleans in 1962.
Tony Varona, Aureliano Arango, Jose Cardona, Frank Sturgis, Antonio Veciana, Luis Posada, Orlando Bosch, Roland Masferrer, Eladio del Valle, Guillermo Novo, Rafael Villaverde, Carlos Bringuier, Eugenio Martinez, Antonio Cuesta, Hermino Diaz Garcia, Barry Seal, Felix Rodriguez, Ricardo Morales Navarrete, Juan Manuel Salvat, Isidro Borjas, Virgilio Paz, Jose Dionisio Suarez, Felipe Rivero, Gaspar Jimenez Escobedo, Nazario Sargent, Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, Jose Basulto, Paulino Sierra.
US Army Intelligence liaison to the CIA: Dorothe Matlack Assistant Director DIA
CIA Field office Domestic Contact Div, Miami Fl: Justin F. Gleichauf (1960 to 1960s)
Cuban Commando Operations CIA officers:
Ross Crozier (alias Ron Cross) (Sept. 1960 to Nov. 1962) (Fall 1963)
posing as an American businessman with financial connections infiltrated Castro's mountain stronghold met Frank Sturgis and Andrew St. George. Hemming
Joseph P. Langan (1960? To ??)
William P. Curtin (1960? to ?)
Henry Hermsdorf (1960? to ?)
In June 1960 he recruited Viola June Cobb (AM/UPAS-1) who worked at the Cuban Ministry Office after she visited New York via Washington
Colonel Sam G. Kail (June 3, 1958 to Jan 4, 1961)
Justin F. Gleichauf (? to 1960)
He and Kail later debriefed / veted Cuban refugees
Robert N. Wall
Porter J. Goss (1960 to 1963?)
Balmes N. "Barney" Hidalgo, (aka Philip G. Luzier, Bernard Hillary, and Hidalgo worked under US Army intelligence ( ? to 1963 to ?)
David Atlee Phillip (alias Maurice Bishop) (1960 to 1962?) coordinated the propaganda operations of all the Cuban exile groups and worked with Doug Gupton. Desmond FitzGerald told Phillips that he had the freedom to roam the entire Western Hemisphere mounting secret operations to get rid of Fidel Castro while stationed in Mexico City. Phillips also provided support to Alpha 66.
Major Edward Roderick, USA explosives expert/Corp of Engineers, and later CIA employee upon retirement from Army
Alexander I. Rorke Jr. and Geoffrey F. Sullivan, 29, made several flights over Cuba, including a bombing raid on a refinery area near Havana on April 25, 1963. On September 24, 1963, while flying into and over Cuba airspace, Rorke disappeared and it is unknown if Castro’s military shot down his airplane or not.
On June 4, 1960, US Army intelligence, Major William Morgan was charged with smuggling arms to Cuban counterrevolutionaries in October 1960. Morgan procured arms for Manuel Ray, Morgan was executed in March 1961.
September 26, 1960, four boats set out from Miami to invade Cuba under the leadership of Rolando Masferrer Rojas. Only one of the boats reaches Cuba looking to fight Castro’s gerrillas. Three Americans are eventually executed as a result: Allan D. Thompson, Anthony Zarba and Robert O. Fuller. These were three US mercinaries just looking for the thrill of gun fighting.
Masferrer had been a Communist supporter, after Fidel Castro took over Cuba’s presidency on January 9, 1959, Castro accused him of stealing US $10 million. He left in a boat, landing in Miami. He befriended Mafia bosses such as Santo Trafficante, as well union leader Jimmy Hoffa. He established the 30th of November organization, with the purpose of killing Castro. Masferrer was also known for mistreating Cubans residing in Florida, extorting money from them for what he said was "to help Cuba".
On January 11, 1961, the following CIA officers were arrested by Castro forces and sentenced to 30 years in a Cuban prison. They were released in April, 1963 in a prisoner exchange for prisoners held by Castro.
David L. Christ (aka Daniel L. Carswell) 1960s
Thornton J. Anderson, Jr. (aka Eustace H. Vanbrunt) 1960s
Walter E. Szuminske (aka Edmund Taransky) 1960s
Chief of Base/Bay of Pigs invasion/ Operation Zapata: (April 17–19, 1961)
Chief of Paramilitary Operations Western Hemisphere Division Branch 4 (WH/4/PM)
Col. Jack Hawkins, USMC, (early 1960 to ?) Sept 1, 1960,
guerrilla infiltration and amphibious assault
Grayston Lynch and William "Rip" Robertson
Chief of air operations (JM/WAVE): Col. Stanley W. Beerli
Alabama Air National Guard pilots: Stan Beerli, George Gaines, and Gar Thorsrud
46 Cuban pilots flew 16 B-26 bombers and 12 C-46 and C-54 transports flying re-supply missions to guerrillas in Cuba’s Escambray Mountains and Sierra Maestra while US pilots trained Cuban bomber jockeys to knock out Castro’s air force in support of a pending invasion.
Commander for Brigade 2506/Anti-Castro Cubans: Manuel Antonio de “Tony” Varona (former Premier of Cuba before Bastista regime - nearly 2,000 anti-Castro Cubans
Varona's aide: Nestor Carbonell
Tony Varona later after the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis, he became the head of Alpha 66. He is a scoundrel, a cheat, and a thief - only to be surpassed by Artime, who was all of those, who probably made, in addition to stealing money from CIA, probably made a lot of money in the drug traffic in the last few years, among other things. He is a good friend of Howard Hunt. Roselli kept going back to Varona and he was his key connection to the Miami exiles, especially those with prior connections to the mafia gamblers like Victor Hemandez and Trafficante's former bodyguard in Cuba, Herminio Diaz Garcia.
In his CRC leadership role, Verona would have to have been associated with David Phillips for media and propaganda purposes. Interestingly enough, Varona officially admitted to only knowing E. Howard Hunt, Frank Bender (Garry Droller) and Bernard Barker. After his "rebellion" against the Agency in 1963, Varona fell back on the gambling network for his funding. (Source: Someone Would Have Talked by Larry Hancock, (2003)
Unit Commander Vicente Leon: lead 80 men, killed himself during the invasion.
Chief of Intelligence for Brigade 2506: Bernardo De Torres (1955 to Apr. 1961 ??)
Front company/ Private Investigation: Robert Maheu (former FBI agent)
James O'Connell (former FBI agent) ??
CIA contract agent/ Commercial Cover: George H.W. Bush Sr.
Zapata Petroleum Corporation
In 1981, all Securities and Exchange Commission filings for Zapata Off-Shore between 1960 and 1966 were destroyed. In other words, the year Bush became vice president, important records detailing his years at his drilling company disappeared. In 1969, Zapata bought the United Fruit Company of Boston, another company with strong CIA connections.
Thomas J. Devine allegedly left the CIA in 1953 to help his associate, George H. W. Bush to establish the oil company, Zapata Petroleum Corporation. Devine became a member of the investment firm of Train, Cabot and Associates in New York, “investment banking firm which houses and manages the CIA front company, WU/SALINE.
http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=14052
Special Group (Augmented) Operation Mongoose
Director of: Robert F. Kennedy
Brigadier General Edward G. Lansdale, USAF
SG (A)’s executive secretary: Colonel Thomas A. Parrott, USA
Deputy Aaaistant; Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs: Richard H. “Dick” Goodwin
Assistant and White House aide as of late 1961
Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America. EdWin Martin.
William K. Harvey (Jan 1961 to 1962) demoted Feb. 1963 to COS Rome)
COBRA and AM/TORRID Teams were the teams that Harvey infiltrated into Cuba during the missile crisis as a result he was fired by Kennedy. The COBRA team appears to have been linked with US Army/military intelligence.
Another contact Alexander Rorke was killed on what his family believed was a CIA operation against Cuba on September 24, 1963.
After the invasion failed, Alfredo Duran spent 30 days in the swamp, attempting to escape but was eventually captured.
Luis Tornes (Dec.1960 to ?) (Battalion 3) taken prisoner and returned to the US in Dec.1962. Underwent US military training at Fort Jackson in 1963 as part of a special unit for what he believed would be a future invasion. Alpha 66 in the mid-1960s.
Roberto Carballo (Jan. 1960 to , Company 3, 4th BN In the early 1970s he was an executive officer on Team B of the Plan Torriente conducting operations against the government in Cuba.
founded Alpha 66 in mid-1962 Antonio Veciana Blanch (Aug 1960 to ??)
CIA officers: Thomas G. Clines, Carl E. Jenkins,
Felix Rodriguez Edwin Wilson.
Clay Shaw Ray S. Cline (1962 to ??)
David Ferrie Frank Bender
Porter Goss George H.W. Bush
Charles Ford Donald P. Gregg (1963)
John H. Sherwood (1963 to ?) pay off politicians in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and elsewhere." CIA pilot: Barry Seal
On assignment to this mission Ayers was briefed by Major General Victor H. Krulak, served as Special Assistant for Counter Insurgency Activities from 1962 to 1964, for the Joint Chief of Staff.
Chief of the Psychological Warfare: George E. Joannides (? to ?)
Case officer of Cuban Student Directorate (DRE) (AMSPELL):
George E. Joannides (alias Walter D. Newby) (1962 to April 1964)
a staff of 24 and a budget of $1.5 million.
Assistant: Joseph Langosch
CIA case officers: Ross Crozier
William Kent
C/TFW/PA-PROP Seymour Bolten
TFW/PA-PROP Gabe Lowe
Members of the Cuban Student Directorate (AM/HINT) were infiltrated into Cuba doing guerrilla operation in 1962. On August 24th Manuel Salvat and Jose Basulto and four or five other members of the Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE), machine gunned the Havana hotel raid. Afterwards the CIA’s case officer to the DRE, Ross Crozier was replaced and moved to another assignment.
DRE was the group that Lee Oswald was in contact with in New Orleans in August 1963. Oswald offered to help train them, but they followed him and discovered he was passing out Fair Play to Cuba fliers. Guy Banister had encouraged Oswald to spy on student groups in universities.
Joannides was monitoring the movements of Oswald before the assassination and he was a trusted associate of Karasemmines, the Assistant Deputy Director for Plans.
Luis Fernandez Rocha (AMHINT-53) and Juan Salvat, the DRE's leaders in Miami. That funding supported the Directorate's chapters in New Orleans and other cities.
AM/BARB: A propaganda operatuib placing DRE members in universities throughout Latin America. In April 1962, the AM/BARB radio network had been increased to 11 countries and totalled about 184 programs per month. AMBARB agents were in 15 countries and had sent about 60,000 leaflets. 11/16/62: “negotiation' under way with 'three industrialists' in Texas who were sympathetic and would provide AMBARB delegates in these countries.” Jack A. Crichton was president of Nafco Oil and Gas and owned Dorchester Gas Producing. He was associated with David Harold Byrd, Clint Murchison, Haroldson L. Hunt and Sid Richardson, , aka a Big Oil group in Dallas, TX.
In 1956 Jack Crichton founded an alleged Texas Army Reserve group, the 488th Military Intelligence Detachment. He was a former OSS guy. I suspect this group was spying on US persons like the FBI’s CoINTPro. Many of the people working for within this group were Dallas polic officer.
CIA contract agent: AM/LASH: Rolando Cubela Secades He was the number two man in the Castro’s Interior Ministry at the time of his recruitment by the CIA)
AM/TRUNK: an operation looking for disaffected military officers within Castro’s military.
Ramon Guin AM/TRUNK-10 He was Cubela’s friend.
Jose Ricardo Rabel (AM/LEO-3)
Operation AM/WORLD group operated its own facility in Miami (cryptonym LORK):
Henry Hecksher 1963
Front company/ Private Investigation: Robert Maheu (former FBI agent)
James O'Connell (former FBI agent) ??
Deputy: Stanley Watson (? 1960s to ?) He reviewed the station's Oswald file and found one surveillance photo of the fake Oswald in their files after Phillips said none existed.
Chief of Station Mexico City: John R. Horton (1971-1974)
James B. Noland (1969-1971)
Winston “Win” M. Scott (1956 to 1969)
Scott’s CIA alias (Willard C. Curtis)
E. Howard Hunt (1950 to 1951 and 1954)
Hunt joined CIA in 1949 worked for Special Activities Division (SAD) most likely in Italy
trying to keep the Communist party from winning elections there.
Ann L. Goodpasture (1957 to 1960s ?) (CIA alias Robert B. Riggs) GS-12
Assistant to the Head of the Station, supervised five anti-Soviet CE, support-type and technical projects, mail opening/intercept, and photo surveillance
she could take orders directly from James Angelton Chief of CI Directorate. She was very close" to William K. Harvey
CIA officers: E. Howard Hunt (1951? to 1956?)
Operation LI/TEMPO a secret intelligence collection and the exchange of selected sensitive political information with Mexico’s Federal Security Directorate (FDS) which each government wanted the other to receive but not through public protocol exchanges." Both the FDS and and CIA both formed in 1947. The Colonel Carlos I. Serrano was one of the first directors
CIA recruited Mexican Presidents Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952 to 1958) then Adolfo Lopez Mateos (1958 to 1964) and Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (1964 to 1970).
LI/TEMPO-1 was Emilio Bolanos, a nephew of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
LI/TEMPO-2: Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Minister of the Interior and the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.
LI/TEMPO-4: Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios (nicknamed El Pollo (chicken)
Luis Echeverría Álvarez, (LI/TEMPO-8) became the private secretary of the president of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1940 when he was a sub-secretary at Gobernación in the early 1960s, started out handling special requests from the American government for visas to assist Cuban travelers seeking to escape Fidel Castro's socialist revolution. President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976.
“LI” is for Mexico.
Alfonso R.”Al” Wichtrich (LI/HUFF-1) Executive VP for the American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico. Augustin Navarro (LI/HUFF-2) passed intelligence through LI/HUFF-1, and supplied the identifying data of 2,000 Communists in Mexico. They have six paid students reporting on Communism and Communist activities at a Mexican university. Wichtrich was also the general manager, Royal Crown Cola, Mexico and trusted human source of Win Scott, Chief of Station, Mexico City. LI/HUFF was the student group at the University of Puebla was deemed necessary due to the influence of "Communist-oriented" faculty members and leftist students gaining influence within the group. From 1942-1945 he served in the China Burma India Theater with Tommy Corcoran. Augustin Navarro was an anti-communist, pro-USA, Mexican, head of a group of Mexican bankers, industrialists and merchants to combat Communism in Mexico by spreading the principles of free enterprise
This CIA station in Mexico became the second largest in the world. Vienna Station was the largest primary responsible for the Soviet bloc operations. By 1969 CIA station in Mexico was staffed by some 50 people of whom 15 were under diplomatic cover and another some twelve outside the embassy in non-diplomatic cover. Daily liaison with the DFS was the job of two CIA officers under USAID cover. The CIA set up a secret communication network between the president’s office and principal cities in Mexico. DFS officers were an integrated component of CIA’s intelligence collections. The FBI also had a permanent counterintelligence staff.
Deputy: Stanley Watson (? 1960s to ?) He reviewed the station's Oswald file and found one surveillance photo of the fake Oswald in their files after Phillips said none existed.
In 1963 Mexico City Station had more than 25 full-time CIA officers, who blended into the thousand-plus State Department employees. The FBI also had a permanent counter intelligence staff
Chief of Operation LI/COBRA: Robert Feldman
LI/COBRA misión to penetrate the Mexican PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, Revolutionary Institutional Party) and the Secretaría de Relacoines Exteriores (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). He was also in charge of the penetration of the Department of Political and Social Research
SAD/Political action specialist: William F. Buckley, Jr. (1951 to 1952)
He was drafted into the Army in 1944, and upon his discharge in 1946 worked for the CIA at helping right wing Mexican leaders get elected. He and Hunt remained lifelong friends. Buckley’s grandfather made millions in the oil business, and his father made many millions more with ownership of the Catawba Corporation.
His sister Priscilla Langford Buckley worked was CIA officer and so was his brother Fergus Reid Buckley, but where in the CIA I don’t know.
Chief of Station Guatemala City: Birch O'Neal (1954 to ??)
Colonel Albert Haney (1953 to 1954)
John F. Doherty (1952 to ??)
Doherty started a private cement business while working for the CIA
Colonel J. C. King (1952 to 1953?)
Deputy Enno Hobbing (? to 1952 to ??)
Col. Haney was David Sanchez Morales' ultimate superior on the ground in Guatemala, Morales also reported to Hobbing, Euno Hobbing was the executive director Latin American Information Committee (LAIC) and he switched back and forth between the CIA and Time/Life Magazine assignments putting out propaganda into the main stream media for the CIA.
In post-war Germany, Hobbing worked for the CIA undercover as a journalist and he was deeply involved in Project Paperclip, In 1970 Hobbing was in Chile assisting the CIA propaganda efforts via a publication in Chile, El Mercurio.
Business Group for Latin America Enno Hobbing was the executive director. This is a shadow CIA, off the books, or a private enterprise.
Operation PB/FORTUNE 1952 aborted operation to over throw Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala to keep him from nationalizing Unite Fruit Company assets.
Chief of Operation: Gerard “Gerry” Droller (1954 - 1959) (aka Frank Bender, William Bender, and Frank Drecher, and maybe aka Lawrence R. Charron, Fritz Swend, and Felix Drecher ) Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (1954 to ?)
Operation PB/SUCCESS: CIA’s over throw Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala to keep him from nationalizing Unite Fruit Company assets.
CIA officers: E. Howard Hunt (1953 to late 1959) worked in Special Activities Division and helped in planning the over throw Castro.
Henry D. Hecksher in 1953 to 1954 worked undercover as a coffee buyer. Hecksher's role was to supply front-line reports and to bribe Arbenz's military commanders. It was later discovered that one commander accepted $60,000 to surrender his troops.
CIA recruited, trained, and armed 480 mercenary soldiers under the command of Col. Carlos Castillo Armas, an exiled, right-wing Guatemalan army officer. Started a 36 year Guatemalan Civil War, from 1960 to and 1996, in which were killed 140,000 to 250,000 Guatemalans.
The American United Fruit Company (UFC) that owned 42 per cent of the arable land of Guatemala; which landholdings either had been bought. Sec. of State, John Foster Dulles was a major shareholder.
100 CIA officers and contract agents
Tracy Barnes, David A. Phillips, Jacob Esterline, William "Rip" Robertson, Colonel Jack Hawkins, Desmond FitzGerald, William Harvey, Ted Shackley, Nestor D. Sanchez
Jacob D. Esterline (1954 to 1957
E. Howard Hunt (1954 unit coup d’état June 18, 1954)
Officer in charge of air war: Whiting Willauer
CIA contract pilots: Jerry DeLarm (1952 to continued flying in Latin America)
Carlos Cheesman (killed by Guatemalan guerrilla in the 1960s)
When some planes lost, US Air Force planes were quickly re-flagged and put in use.
Chief of Station Haiti: unknown
Chief of Station, Dominican Republic: Lear B. Reed (? early 1958 to ?)
Chief of Station of Honduras: unknown
CIA officer Nestor D. Sanchez (1954 to ?) trained Guatemalan exiles in Honduras
to invade their own country and unseat the elected president, Jacobo Arbenz.
Sanchez later worked in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Spain and became Chief of station in Venezuela, Colombia and Guatemala before retiring from the CIA as Chief of the Latin American division
Chief of Station, Nicaragua: unknown
CIA Officer: Henry D. Hecksher (1953 to 1954)
Chief of Station, Panama: Jacob D. Esterline ( ?? to 1954??)
CIA employee: Marion Cooper (1955)
CIA officer: Frank Belsito, (1961 to ?) Honduras?, El Salvador? and the Dominican Republic?
Chief of Station Bogotá, Columbia: unknown
CIA officer: Gabriel L. Kaplan (1953 to ?)
Chief of Station Ecuador: unknown
CIA officer: Philip B. F. Agee (1958 to ?)
Chief of Station Caracas, Venezuela: Joseph Burkholder Smith (Jan. 1960 to ?)
Jacob D. Esterline ( Jan. 1958 to Jan. 1960)
Esterline went to work for the OSS in India in early 1943. Later that year he was infiltrated into Burma. By the end of the war he had became a commander of a guerrilla battalion fighting the Japanese Army in China. He joined the CIA at the beginning of the Korean War.
CIA officer /official cover: David Sanchez Morales (Nov. 1955 to May 1958)
He joined the CIA in 1951.
Chief of Station, Guyana: unknown
Frank G. Wisner’s (? to April 1962, retired Aug. 1962) He may have been in London when doing this. He worked on planning a coup with the British MI-6 against the left-wing government of Guyana of Cheddi Jagan. The British military intervened only days after his election Jagan resigned as British Guiana prime minister after 133 days. Britain suspended the constitution and chose an interim government.
Chief of Station, Costa Rica: Unknown
Allen Dulles
Cord Meyer
CIA contract agent: Sacha Volman
Chief of Station, Santiago, Chile: unknown
Chile, Front company newspaper: David A. Phillips (1950 to 1954??)
The South Pacific Mail He served in Cuba, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic.
Chief of Station, Montevideo, Uruguay: E. Howard Hunt (late 1959 to 1960)
John R. Horton (1950s? to ?) after Hong Kong
CIA officer: Philip B. F. Agee (mid-1960s to 1968)
Chief of Station Sao Paulo, Brazil: Stewart D. Burton (1952 to 1955)
under official cover as Vice-Consul with the rank of S-11 at the Consulate General office
Chief of Station Bolivia: unknown
Former OSS and CIA pilot Russell Bowen was a friend of Theodore “Ted” Shackley (CIA alias Robert Haynes) and he worked with Shackley from the early 1950s to 1984. Bowen said Shackley was a CIA a boss of drug activities, working closely with drug cartels.
In 1959, Shackley was on board a C-46 aircraft flown by Bowen when an engine failure forced them to crash-land on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia. The plane crashed, but everyone survived. Bowen said that Shackley had arranged for cocaine to be loaded on board the aircraft, where it was hidden in the tail section. Bowen, Shackley, and the others then abandoned the crashed aircraft. Eventually the Bolivian authorities discovered the drugs, but the pilots and passengers were long gone.
Bowen described the conflict between different CIA factions. “At that time,” Bowen said, “Shackley was the leader of the CIA faction bringing the drugs in. The CIA team I worked for did not want the drugs in.” “He (Shackley) was the mastermind of the drug operation. He had full authority to set it up.” One of the CIA proprietaries operated by Shackley, was Interkredit, with offices in Medellin, Amsterdam, and Ft. Lauderdale. (Source: Drugging America: A Trojan Horse, 2nd Ed., By Rodney Stich, pp. 32 to 35.
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Deputy Director of the Africa Division: Bronson Tweedy (1959 to Oct 1961)
this division started in 1959
Chief of Station, Leopoldville, Congo(Zaire): Lawrence “Larry” Devlin (May 1960s to ?)
(aka Victor S. Hedgeman)
CIA officer: David W. Doyle (? to May 1960)
TDY: CIA scientists Joseph Scheider (CIA alias Joseph Braun) carried posion for assassination of Lumumba
Chief of base Elisabethville (Lubumbashi), Congo: David W. Doyle (May 1960 to ?)
John Anderton (Early 1960 to Sept. 1960)
In Sept. 1960 three case officers assigned here, it had no agents/network. the base relied on Belgian intell and relieve on a few Congolese who spoke French No CIA officers spoke Limbashi the tribal language.
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Deputy Director of the Near East/Middle East and Africa Division:
James H. Critchfield (1958 to Jan 1969)
Alfred C. Ulmer Jr (1955 to demoted to station chief in 1958)
Kermet “Kim” Roosevelt Jr. (Feb. 1953 to 1955) (aka James Lockridge)
He was the grandson of President Teddy Roosevelt friends with Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt visited/TDY Allen W. Dulles (Aug. 23, 1951 to Feb. 7, 1953)
Assistant Deputy Director: Michael G. Mitchell
FBI’s Middle East intelligence desk: W. Raymond “Ray” Wannall (1940s and 1950s)
Middle East?? Chief of Estimates for Air Force intelligence:
Col. George A Doole Jr. USAF, (mid-1953 to ?)
Was transferred from US Air Force intelligence into the CIA
US Ambassador in Iran: Loy W. Henderson 1953
Chief of Station Iran: Joseph C. Goodwin (July 1952 to ?)
Roger Goiran (? to July 1952)
Frank Wisner
Maj. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. helped train SAVAK
British Operation Boot UK MI-6: Christopher Woodhouse
CIA Operation Ajax, the covert operation that led to the removal of Mohammad Mossadeq.
Kermet “Kim” Roosevelt Jr. (? to Feb. 1953)
Deputy: Miles A. Copeland, Jr.
CIA officers: Nelson H. Brickham, Jr, (1960 to 1964)
Roger Goiran resigned in 1953, rather than participate in the coup
Howard “Rocky” Stone (Joined CIA 1953 to 1957)
Norman Darbyshire
George Carroll
Gerry Miller
former OSS officer: Donald N. Wilber (1953 to ?) one of the planners of Opn Ajax
John H. Waller (WWII to ?)
Mather G. Eliot case officer of: the American Friends of the Middle East His successor was Lorraine N. Norton and Eliot’s wife. This was a propaganda group to counter American Zionists.
Civilians
Dorothy Thompson Journalist head of American Friends of the Middle East (AFME)
retired FSO Cornelius Van H. Engert CIA liaison officer with AFME
Edward L. R. Elson, director of AFME
Mather G. Eliot CIA case officer for the (AFME)
Donald N. Wilber Iran expert WWII
SAD OSS/CIA officer Stephen J. Meade
In early 1957 a Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) listening station was opened by the CIA at Behshahr in northeast Iran to spy on the Soviet’s testing of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) at their Tyuratam range.
Chief of Station, Iraq: unknown
Archibald “Archie” B. Roosevelt Jr. (? 1946 to 1947)
CIA officer: Roger Goiran (? to resigned from the CIA in 1953
OSS/CIA officers: Donald N. Wilber (WWII to ?) He helped plan the coup in 1953
Howard “Rocky” Stone (? 1953 to 1957)
Chief of Station, Damascus, Syria: Howard “Rocky” Stone (? to expelled Aug 1957)
CIA officers/ Lt. Col. Robert Molloy (? to expelled Aug 1957) American army attaché
Francis Jeton (? to expelled Aug 1957 undercover officially Vice Consul
Howard “Rocky” Stone April 1956 to ?)
unknown (1953 to 1957)
Miles A. Copeland, Jr. (1950 To 1953)
CIA officer/Lt. Colonel Stephen J. Meade (? to March 30, 1949 to ?) ran a coup in Syria
undercover as assistant military attaché
Chief of the Station, Cairo Egypt: Richard M. Helms (1956 to 1957?)
Suez Canel crisis/ war July 1956 to 1957
OSS officers: William A. Eddy
Harold B. Hoskins
Mather G. Eliot case officer of: the American Friends of the Middle East His successor was Lorraine N. Norton and Eliot’s wife. This was a propaganda group to counter American Zionists.
Head of the Voice of Americain New York City: Archibald B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1949 to 1951)
Economic development and technical military assistance: Miles A. Copeland, Jr. (? to 1950)
Chief of Station Beirut, Lebanon: Miles A. Copeland, Jr. (?? to ??)
Archibald “Archie” B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1947 to 1949)
Former OSS and civilain Stephen B.L. Penrose, Jr., depicting his president of the American University in Beirut, Lebanon, from 1948-1954. Formerly Penrose was Special Assistant to U.S. Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal,when Penrose resigned to return to Beirut.
Chief of Base: Casablanca, Morocco: Unknown
CIA officers: Nestor D. Sanchez (1955 to 1959) diplomatic cover
Joan W. Russell (? to ?) (she married Sanchez)
Chief of Station, Istanbul, Turkey: Archibald “Archie” B. Roosevelt, Jr. (1951 to 1953 or 1958?)
Head of covert operations, Turkey: Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (joined CIA on 1947 to ??)
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (1945 to 1946)
Peter Max F. Sichel (? late 1950 to early 1960 ?)
Deputy of operations: Rolfe Kingsley, Jr. (1953 to 1957)
In the mid-1950s, the National Security Agency (NSA) set up a listening station near the coastal town of Sinop, Turkey, directly across the Black Sea from the Kapustin Yar range in Ukraine, where the Soviets were testing medium-range missiles.
CIA officers: Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (1945 to 1946)
Peter Max F. Sichel (? late 1950 to early 1960 ?)
Chief of Station Karachi, Pakistan: L. Eugene Milligan (1955 to 1957)
CIA officer: Edward McAllister (Feb. 1957 to ?) joined CIA 1954 targeted the Chinese community who some who fled the PRC.
Chief of Station Dacca (aka Dhaka), East Pakistan/Bangladesh: L. Eugene Milligan (? to ?)
CIA officer: John Reagan
CIA officer in Sudan and India: John H. Waller
joined OSS in 1943 working in counter espionage
Chief of Station New Delhi, India: Harry Rositzke (1957 to ?)
unknown
operating against Soviet, Chinese and Tibetan targets.
CIA officers: Jack Curran (1955?)
State Dept. code clerk: John Discoe Smith (1954 to 1959) defected to USSR something in the early 1960s.
Chief of Base at Consulate, Calcutta India: John Turner May 1952
also mission Sikkimn and Tibet (joined CIA 1948 in USA)
CIA agent: Crown Prince of Simkin
George N. Patterson Scottish missionary (early 1947 to 1961)
State Dept. Consulate: Gary Soulen took observation trip into Tibet Sept. 1952
Robert Linn (1951 to
Frederick Latrash (? to 1951)
CIA officers: Kenneth Millian (Oct. 1952
Larry Dalley (Spring 1951 to Oct. 1952)
Vivian L. Parker (mid-1950s to ?)
He married Marianne Yankovsky
Douglas S. Mackiernan, Jr., (? 1949 to killed by mistake in April 1950 in Tibet while
spying onfSoviet A-bomb tests in Kazakhstan
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Deputy Director of the Far East Division: Colonel Richard G. Stilwell (1962 to ?)
no relation to General Joe Stilwell
Desmond “Des”FitzGerald (mid 1958-1962
Alfred C. Ulmer Jr. (1955 to mid-1958)
Executive officer: Desmond “Des” Fitzgerald (1951 to 1952)
Executive assistant: Samuel Halpern (late 1950s to 1961)
Deputy Chief, Far East Division: William E. Colby ( ?? to 1962)
Chief, Air Support Division,(EA/CO) Theodore G. Shackley (? to July 1962 to ?)
Two U-2 overflights of Tibet and China were done on May 12 and 14, 1957.
Indonesian desk, CIA, HQ: Joseph Burkholder Smith (mid-1956 to early 1958)
Laos desk: CIA HQ: Rufus Phillips (1959 to ?)
Special Activities Division: Capt. William Francis Buckley, USA, SF (1953 to 1955)
Korean War Vet. It is unknown where he was assigned Southeast Asia
SE Asia Project. Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines
Training & Operations Officer for maritime infiltration: Carl E. Jenkins (1958 to 1959)
US ambassador to the Philippines: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance
Many times the ambassadors were controlled more CIA than under the State Department.
Chief of Station Manila, Philippines: John H. Richardson Sr. (1957 to Jun.1962) George E. Aurell (1955 to 1957)
Desmond “Des” FitzGerald (1955 to 1956)
The regional headquarters for Southeast Asia
China mission moved from Japan to Manila in 1955
Retired BG/OPC COS, Ralph B. Lovett (May 1954 to )
Colonel Edward G .Lansdale (1949?? to 1953) and (1954 to May 1954)
Assistant: Maj. Charles T.R. Bohannan
He served in New Guinea and Philippines in WWII
CIA officers Lucien Conien
Ralph McGehee
Gabriel L. Kaplan (1951 to ?) His covers: Asia Foundation and Committee for Philippine Action in Development, Reconstruction and Education (COMPADRE)
The CIA also actively used Philippine territory, particularly Clark Air Base, for the training and launching of operatives and logistics in the late 1950s, where the US covertly supported dissident Indonesian colonels in the failed armed overthrow of Indonesian President Sukarno. The CIA then established supply, training and logistical bases on several islands in the Philippines, including an airstrip in the Tawi-Tawi Island of Sanga-Sanga. A CIA-owned proprietary company, the Civil Air Transport, was actively used by the CIA from Philippine territory to give direct assistance to Indonesian military rebel groups attempting to overthrow Indonesian President Sukarno in the late 1950s. And deployment of Filipino personnel in other Asian countries, for unconventional operations covertly supported by the Philippines.
Contract agent: David Sternberg (1951 to?)
During the 1957 Filipine presidential campaign, Senator Claro M. Recto was the victim of a CIA propaganda operation to ensure he was defeated. He had been a staunch crusader against the US military bases in the Philippines. It is well-documented that General Ralph B. Lovett, then the CIA station chief in Manila and the US ambassador, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, (1952 to 1955) discussed a plan to assassinate Recto using a vial of poison. On October 2, 1960 in Rome Recto died mysteriously of a heart attack (though he had no known heart ailment) after an appointment with two Caucasians in business suits.
Chief of China Base: William V. Broe (Nov. 1956 to ?)
Chief of Station Hong Kong: Peer De Silva (1962 to March 1965) badly injured in a terrorist bomb unknown (1961 to 1962)
John R. Horton (CIA since 1948) unknown dates
Peter Max F. Sichel (1954 to retired 1960)
He stated, "I left because the CIA did things I didn’t like, such as send people into the Ukraine to work in fabricated resistance groups. They were potentially being sent to their deaths. I made a huge fuss."
Chief of Station Singapore: Robert "Red" Jantzen (late 1950s) retired? )
Chief of Station, North Asia Command Taipei, Taiwan: Ray S. Cline (1958 to 1962)
He joined the CIA was an intelligence analyst. Cline was given abbreviated agent training in late 1957.
E. Howard Hunt (1954 to 1955)
Chief of Front company: Civil Air Transport (CAT): Lt. Gen. Claire Chennault (1950 to ?)
By 1954 on Formosa Western Enterprises, Inc., was a CIA front company, but this cover was so thread bare that CIA changed the name to Department of the Navy. The CIA now launched a secret war against China. Training and operational bases were established in Taiwan and other offshore islands. The CIA had parachuted/dropped 212 agents into China, resulting in 101 agents killed and 111 captured. The Nationalists lied to the CIA saying there was a huge force of resistance inside of China.
Chief of front companies: Paul Helliwell under Pacific. Corporation
Civil Air Transport (later called Air America), Air Asia.
Deputy: Desmond “Des” FitzGerald (? 1950 to 1953?)
Based in Taiwan he organized covert operations during the Korean War.
Political affairs: Gerard “Gerry” Droller (alias Frank Bender) (? to 1954)
Radio technician: FBI Agent James McCord (Joined CIA 1951) (1954? to 1955?)
CIA instructor Carl E. Jenkins: (1955 to 1958) for paramilitary tactics and resistance for both the Thai Border Police and the Chinese Nationalist Special Forces. After the Korean War from 1953 to 1955 he served the Reserve Marines rifle company, in Rome, Georgia.
CIA/SAD officers: Ernest "Chick" Tsikerdanos (1950s to ?)
James Jim Glerum
John T. Jack Downey (alias Jack Donovan) (prisoner 1952 to 1973)
Richard G. Dick Fecteau (prisoner 1952 to 1971)
Their airplane was shot down in an infiltration of China and they were taken prisioner.
Campbell "Zup" James (1953 to ??)
CAT pilot Norman Shwartz killed in an airplane crash
Co-pilot Robert Snoddy killed in an airplane crash
A USIA official Charles Edmundson was fired after publicly stating they were CIA officers.
Chief of the Tibetan Task Force: Irving "Frank" Holober (July 1957 to
Western Enterprises
Chief of Base at Consulate, Calcutta India: John Hoskins (Sept. 1956 to
John Turner May 1952 to
also mission Sikkim and Tibet (joined CIA 1948 in USA)
Colonel James H. Critchfield (? to ?) case officer to contract Agent: 14th Dalai Lama akaTenzin Gyatso ) received $180,000 a year from CIA.
Contract agents: Thubten Norbu eldest brother of the Dalai Lama (? to 1952)
Gyalo Thondup younger brother of Thubten Norbu
Jentzen Thondup
CIA agent: Crown Prince of Simkin
George N. Patterson Scottish missionary
State Dept. Consulate: Gary Soulen took observation trip into Tibet Sept. 1952
Robert Linn (1951 to
Frederick Latrash (? to 1951)
Special Activities Division (SAD): made up of two separate groups, SAD/SOG for tactical paramilitary operations and SAD/PAG for covert political action. The Special Activities Division reports directly to the Deputy Director for the Directorate of Operations
CIA training base, Saipan, Northern Marianas islands:
Chief of the seven paramilitary instructors: Eli Popovich
CIA officers: Harry Mustakos
Operations officer SAD: John K. Knaus (1951? to Feb 1958) In 1956 he trained Tibetan guerrillas
SAD officer Tom Fosmire (early1950s to 1955) He was given responsibility in training Tibetan tribesmen to fight against the Chinese Communists in the early part of his career. The training occurred first at a base on Saipan in the Marianas islands but was later moved to a colder mountainous climate at Camp Hale, Colorado. One battalion was trained at the Farm, near Williamsburg, Virginia.
Bruce Walker (early 1950s?, Sept. 1958 to 1965) CIA inserted SAD teams to train and lead Tibetan resistance fighters against the People's Liberation Army of China. These teams selected and then trained Tibetan soldiers in the Rocky Mountains of the United States; as well as at Camp Hale in Colorado. Training Tibetan guerrillas codenamed ST/CIRCUS.
Geshe Wangyal Mongolian translator Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, and a smattering of English February 1955 began teaching languages -- first Mongolian, then Tibetan -- at Columbia University in 1956. Having dissected Tibetan grammar
CIA officers: Mary Hawthorne
Kenneth Millian (Oct. 1952
Larry Dalley (Spring 1951 to Oct. 1952)
Vivian L. Parker (mid-1950s to ?)
He married Marianne Yankovsky
Tony Poe (early 1950 to 1958)
Harold Young 1950s
CIA pilot: Garfield “Gar” Thorsrud (early 1950s)
He also served in a staff position in Major Aderholt
Tom Fosmire (early 1950s) )
Hiu horsemen in 1958 joined the CIA training with Han Chinese in Taiwan to parachute into PRC to conduct a guerrillas operation. Unlike the Turkic minority in Xinjiang, the Chinese Hiu ethnic group saw themselves as a separate people who happened to live within the PRC/China's borders. The Hiu thought of themselves as Chinese who happened to be Muslims. These behind the lines mission failed. http://www.american-buddha.com/cia.secret.war.dumra.htm
http://www.american-buddha.com/cia.secret.war.TIGHT.htm
Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA by John Prados
code name ST/BARNUM: airlifting of CIA SOD officers, military supplies, and support equipment into Tibet. ST/BAILEY: Tibetan propaganda campaign.
CIA front: Committee for a Free Asia
Chief of Station Japan: Henry D Hecksher (1959 to 1960)
Desmond “Des” FitzGerald (1953 to 1957?)
Hans V.Tofte (July 1950 to 1953)
Deputies: Colwell Beers (July 1950 to ?)
George E. Aurell (July 1950 to 1955)
Chief of covert operations/SAD: E. Howard Hunt (1954 to late 1956)
Finance officer: James Wilcott
OSS/CIA officer Alvin Snell (? to 1951)
Soviet Operations section: Edgar Snow (1948 to 1954)
CIA officers: James Lilley
Robert J. Myers (1954 to 1956)
translator and interpreter: Nata Snow (Yankovsky) (1949 to 1954)
Chief logistics base, Okinawa: Jim McElroy
Colonel George Lansdale was in and out of Tokyo on secret missions with a team of Filipino assassins, assassinating leftists, liberals and progressives. (Source: author Sterling Seagrave)
US Naval compound, Yokosuka, Japan: Desmond Fitzgerald (1952 to ?)
penetration effort against the PRC, operation closed summer of 1956. CIA officer: John Reagan (1953 to 1955)
Chief of station, Korean Liaison Office (KLO): Charles A. Willoughby 1948
Capt. John Singlaub had established an Army intelligence outpost in Manchuria, just across the border from Korea.
Over the course of several years, he trained and dispatched dozens of former Korean POWs, who had been in Japanese Army units, into the North. Their instructions were to join the Communist Korean military and government, and to obtain information on the Communists’ plans and intentions.
US Far East Air Force, Fifth Air Force, Flight B provided air support for both military and CIA special operations.
South Korea third largest producer of Tungsten just below the 38th Parallel.
The Korean War: (June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953)
Chief of Station Seoul, South Korea: Peer de Silva (1959 to 1962)
John L. Hart (Sept. 1952 to 1959?)
Hart found that "nearly every Korean agent he had inherited had either invented his reports or worked in secret for the communists.
Colonel Albert R. Haney (?? To Sept. 1952)
Deputy Chief of Station: William “Rip” Robertson (? to 1952 to ?)
John K. Singlaub (1951 to ??)
USIA official: Charles Edmundson
CIA officer: Larry Wu-tai Chin (1952 to 1981) and a spy for the PRC/China
After the Chinese intervention in the Korean War, the CIA dropped 212 foreign agents into Manchuria. Within a matter of days, 101 had been killed and the other 111 captured. He never suspected that the hundreds of agents he claimed to have working for him all reported to North Korean control officers. At the end of his tour in November 1952, he helped to arrange for the transportation of a grievously wounded Marine lieutenant who was Allen Dulles’s on get back to the US. Dulles made Haney the chief of the covert operations, (Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner)
CIA officer: Nestor D. Sanchez (1952 to 1954) he recruited defectors to infiltrate North Korea.
Chief of political warfare: Tracy Barnes (? to 1952)
USIA official: Charles Edmundson
CIA officer (spy): Larry Wu-tai Chin (1952 to 1981)
He spied for 30 years on the People's Republic of China intelligence service beginning in 1952. He allegedly began his spying by selling information on the location and interrogation of Chinese prisoners of war in Korea. He retired from the CIA in 1981 as an intelligence officer in the CIA's Foreign Broadcast Information Service. He was paid more than $140,000 by the PRC. (Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1985.
ONI officer as assistant naval attaché: Paul Garbler, USN (late 1940s to 1952)
He served briefly as personal pilot to the Korean Republic's first president, Syngman Rhee.
Joint Advisory Commission, Korea (JACK) SAD, maritime raids and ambushes behind North Korean lines, prisoner of war rescue operations, HQ at Tongnae, a village near Pusan
Dutch Kramer, Tom Curtis, George Atcheson, Joe Pagnella
Chief of Station, Indonesian: Joseph Burkholder Smith
Sumatra: SAD officers Tom Fosmire (1955 to ??)
Tony Poe (1955 to Feb. 1958 to ?)
They commanded rebel Indonesian troops destabilize the socialist regime of Sukarno.
SAD officers Thomas Davis (1950s)
Robert J. Myers (1956 to 1958)
James “Jim” Glerum
CIA contract bomber pilot: Allen Pope (1954 to 1958 shot down in jail until 1962)
Gar Thorsrud (1956 to ?) established an air operations base carved out of the jungle in a western pacific location and from there he oversaw air delivery of men and supplies
Chief of Station, Burma, Detachment 101:
Chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) for Indo-China
Quang Trung
Lt. Gen. Lionel C. McGarr (Sept. 1960 to July 1962)
LTG Samuel T. Williams (Nov. 1955 to September 1960)
Lt. General John W. O'Daniel (April 1954 to retired Dec. 1955)
He took a drop in rank to Major General so he would not out rank the French Major General and was chosen for this assignment largely on the basis of his successful role in creating and supervising the training programs which had transformed the South Korean Army into an effective fighting force during the Korean War. Now, in the aftermath of the Geneva settlement, he and his 342-man group began preparing for the immense task of rebuilding South Vietnam's armed forces. He probably was secretly still a Lieutenant General. Prior to this he was commanding general of US Army Forces Pacific.
In 1955 MAAG was split into MAAG Vietnam, MAAG Laos, and MAAG Cambodia
///formerly known as // Chief of the US Advisory Mission in French Indochina,
Major General Thomas J. H. Trapnell (July 31, 1952 to Apr. 1954)
He left sVN just before Ho Chi Minh's victory at Dien Bien Phu. In 1961, Lt. Gen. Trapnell was in South Vietnam where he advised President Kennedy against US involvement
BG Francis G. Brink (Oct. 10, 1950 to July 31, 1952)
First Observation Group: 275 SF officers and contact agents
US Ambassador to Thailand: John Puerifoy (1958 to ?)
William J. Donovan ( Aug. 12, 1953 to 1956, died 1959)
Assistants: William J. Vanden Heuvel (1953–1954)
in 1962 he became special assistant to Attorney General Robert Kennedy
Assistant: Kenneth Landon and a former American missionary in Thailand
Minister to Thailand: Charles Yost to Aug. 12, 1953)
Foreign Service Officer (FSO) William H. Sullivan (Jan. 1960 to ?) Okinawa and out of Takhli, Thailand to support the Tibetan partisans. During that tour, he was in brief communication with the Viet Cong, who were in exile in northern Thailand. His subsequent assignments were to Calcutta, India, Tokyo, Japan, Naples and Rome, Italy, and The Hague, Netherlands.
Chief of Station Bangkok, Thailand: Daniel C. Arnold (unknown dates)
Henry D. Hecksher (1958 to 1959)
Robert "Red" Jantzen (1953 to retired? )
Became a lobbyist for the Government of Thailand in Washington, DC
CIA/SAD officer Jerry Daniel (early 1960s to 1970s)
Jim Thompson (Aug. 1945 to 1959)
Thompson mysteriously went missing and disappeared from friends house at the mountains central Malaysia in 1967
Front company Bangkok and Miami, FL: Sea Supply Corporation: Paul Helliwell
He procured Tungsten from Burma and smuggled out along with opium.
Chief of the Base Udorn, Thailand: Lloyd C. "Pat" Landry (1966 to ?)
Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base: Major Richard Secord (1966 to ?)
CIA officers: Richard M. Helms ??
Maj. John K. Singlaub (1951 to ??)
Alvin Snell (1951 to ?)
Henry D. Hecksher (1958 to 1959)
US Agency for International Development (USAID)
First Observation Group: 275 SF officers and contact agents
E. Howard Hunt, Mitchell WerBell,
Paul Helliwell, Robert Emmett Johnson,
Lucien Conein, Tommy Corcoran,
Whiting Willauer William Pawley.
Campbell "Zup" James
CIA officer: Dorothy Wetzel
SAD Sergeant Ernest "Chick" Tsikerdanos
4400th Combat Training Squadron, US Air Force: Captain Richard Secord (1961 to 1965)
aka 1st Air Commando Wing
US Ambassador Laos: Horace H. Smith (Mar. 1958 to ?)
Charles Yost (1954 to 1957)
Deputy Chief of mission: John Holt
Director of United States Operations Mission, Vientiane, Laos (USOM): John Tobler
Chief of Station, Vientiane, Laos: Daniel C. Arnold 1975
Ted Shackley (1966 to ?)
Thomas Clines (1966 to ?)
Jerry Steiner (April 1960 to ?)
Henry D. Hecksher (1958 to 1958?)
Hecksher disagreed with the official U.S. neutrality policies in the country and his covert activities resulted in a request from Ambassador Smith for his early removal.
Military Assistance Command Studies and Observation Group
Maj. John K. Singlaub (1951 to ??)
Chief of Program Evaluation Office (PEO): BG John Heintges ( Nov. 1958 to ?)
// Secret/// aka Military Assistance Advisory Group in Laos
civilian clothes SF soldiers
BG Rothwell H. Brown, USA (Dec. 13, 1955 to Nov 1958)
December 1954, a United States Operations Mission (USOM) Mission was to oversee military equipment given to the Loa army, PEO increased to 22 Americans by June 30, 1956. I assume It is likely the Thailand MAAG guys also worked in Vientiane, Laos given that this city is just across the Mekong River and there is a highway directly from Bangkok to it.
CIA officers: Henry D. Hecksher (1958 to 1959)
John F. Hasey (fall of 1960 to ?)
He who recruited Gen. Phoumi Nosavan as a contract agent
Don Ropa mid-1950s
Robert “Bob” Bodroghy, US Army intell. unknown rank
Stuart E. Methven
Rufus Phillips (Feb. 1957 to 1959)
/////Special Activities Division (SAD) - translated: paramilitary special forces) teams ////
SAD supervisors: James "Bill" Lair (? to 1966 to ?)
On August 1961 500 US Special forces advisers sent to Laos)
SAD Major John Singlaub
SAD Capt. William Francis Buckley (1960 to 1963)
SAD Capt. Mitchell L. WerBell III,
SAD officer Ernest "Chick" Tsikerdanos
SAD Lt. Roger Hillsman,
Ray S. Cline, Richard Helms, Jake Esterline, Mitchell WerBell, Paul Helliwell, Jack Anderson, Robert Emmett Johnson, E. Howard Hunt and Lucien Conein, Whiting Willauer, S/Sgt. Robert Emmett Johnson USMC, Gerry Hemming??, Bill Young, Vint Lawrence, Tony Poe, James “Jim” Glerum
Tom Becker FBN officer Paul Brown
CIA contract agent Michel Theodas
Front companies: Civil Air Transport (CAT) landed on July 1, 1957
Bangkok and Miami, FL: Sea Supply Corporation: Paul L.E. Helliwell was head of the Special Intelligence branch of OSS in Kunming He procured Tungsten from Burma and smuggled out along with opium.
State Dept. Foreign Service officer: John S. Service
Jack Anderson worked as a foreign correspondent in China. He disliked this work and managed to get involved with the OSS.
OSS members in China were paid for their work with five-pound sacks of opium. When most of these became members of the CIA they continued this relationship with criminals
Chief of Station Cambodia: Robert J. Myers (1960 to 1962)
CIA officer: Victor M. Matsui (? to 1958 to ?) He was arrested by Prince Norodom Sihanouk’s Cambodian troops and released soon after.
Two Chiefs of Station, South Vietnam: John H. Richardson (June 1962 and Oct 1963)
(1) John Anderton
He was a Japanese linguist code breaker. and his also OSS in Asia. Member of CIA base in Shenyang (in China north of North Korea)
Nicolas “Nick” A. Natsios (1958 to summer 1959)
Emmett McCarthy (early 1955 to 1958)
and Saigon Military Mission (cover Embassy, assistant Air Force Attaché)
Deputy Chief of Station: Philip Potter
William Colby (1959 to 1960/ 1962)
(2) Deputy of the covert Saigon Military Mission: Colonel Edward Lansdale (Jan. 1954 to 1962?) Lansdale plus a team of twelve intelligence officers were sent to Saigon to advise the South Vietnamese. The plan was to mount a propaganda campaign to persuade the Vietnamese people in the south not to vote for the communists in the forthcoming elections. He focused on psychological warfare.
Kermet “Kim” Roosevelt Jr. (1955 to retired 1958)
Maj. Charles T.R. Bohannan
CIA officers: Gordon L. Jorgensen (685 military advisers from summer 1961)
Charles Bohannan
Bill Rosson
Arthur Arunde
James “Jim” Glerum
Lucien “Luigi” Conein (1954 -1962 -??)
Rufus Phillips (1952 to ?) (1956 to 1957)
Phillips was one of the few officials in a position to know how badly the war was going and was asked to brief President Kennedy.
Commo Specialist and psyops section: A.C. Ellis (? to ?)
Contract agent: Roman Catholic missionary Reverend Tom Dooley (doctor) (1950s to 1960s)
21 missionaries were used as agents by the CIA.
Chief of the US MAAG Pakistan: BG Rothwell H. Brown (Nov 1958 to ?)
Colonel Derosey Carroll "Bud" Cabell, III He served tours of duty in Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and Iran. He was in Vietnam before it became an official war (1963-1964), and again during the Vietnam War. He retired from the Army in 1974.
Chief of Station, New Delhi, India: Harry Rositzke, PhD (1957 to 1962)
espionage targets were Soviets, Chinese and Tibetans and he developed a working relationship with John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy's ambassador to India.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deputy Director for Intelligence (DDI): Robert Amory, Jr. (May 1953 to Mar 1962)
from Jan 1952 Loftus Becker (Jan. 1, 1952 to Apr 30, 1953)
William L. Langer (Oct. 1950 to resigned Jan 1952)
From 1961 to 1977 Langer he served on the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.
Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE) became Board of National Estimates Office of National Estimates
By 1960 there were some 200 CIA analysts and by early 1980 there were some 1,600.
plus Chief of the State Dept's Intelligence Branch: W. Park Armstrong (1950s to ?)
Executive Officer: Paul Borel (Oct. 1950 to 1952)
Assistant DDI: Robert Amory (Feb. 1953 to May 1953)
Political analysis: Max Millikan
Assistant Deputy Director, Coordination: James Q. Reber (1950 to July 1972)
aka -- Assistant Director for Collection and Dissemination (AD/C&D):
From 1955 to 1957, Reber was the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Requirements Committee (ARC). The ARC developed prioritized lists of intelligence requirements and U-2 targets during overflights of the Soviet Union.
James M. Andrews
George Jackson (GS-14) and Martin Claussen
Chairman of the Publications Board: Paul Eckel (? to ?)
plus three regional division chiefs.
Chief of the Publication Division: Jack Smith (1950 to 1962)
Cable Secretary: unknown
headed the message center to and from CIA offices throughout the US and the world.
Assistant Director, Central Reference: Paul Borel (1957 to 1963)
Assistant Director, Office of Records and Estimates (AD/ORE): Sherman Kent(Mar 1952 to ?)
Abbot Smith (GS-14) June 1952
acting William Bundy June 1952
Kingman Douglass (?Jan. 1951 to ?)
Harold Ingersoll
mission: estimating future developments and estimating and evaluating the current situation.
R. Jack Smith (Nov. 13, 1950 to ?) produced Presidents daily brief:
Deputy Assistant Director/ ONE, Vice Chairman: Abbot Smith (1958 to Jan. 1968)
and member of the Intelligence Board (1957 to retired April 1971)
Staff: William Bundy (age 34) June 1951 to June 1952)
Chief of Office of National Estimates (ONE) Staff: Abbot Smith (GS-14) (June 1952 to ?) Write the Presidents daily briefing
acting William Bundy (? to June 1952)
Staff: number of people unknown
White House Briefer: Scott D. Breckinridge (1954 to ?) joined CIA in 1953
A National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) prepare a forecast called “If Castro Were to Die”. It concluded: His loss now, by assassination or by natural causes, would have an unsettling effect, but would almost certainly not prove fatal to the regime” (Deadly Secrets, page 118).
David Atlee Phillips who pointed out in his autobiography , The Night Watch: “It would be dumb. It couldn’t change anything in Cuba, except put power in the hands of people even more pro-Soviet and less predictable than Fidel” (page 178).
CIA desk officer: Ray S. Cline (1953 to 1957)
charged with monitoring the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China
Chief of the Global Survey Division: Ray S. Cline (1949 to Oct. 1951)
Ludwell Montague Nov. 1950 Estimate on Communist China stability in relation to the USSR
DeForest Van Slyck
Ray Cline (age 32)
Willard Matthias (GS-14)
George Jackson (GS-14)
Kenneth Knowles (1946 to Aug. 1955)
Global Survey Group: DeForrest Van Slyck, an analyst
ORE General Division/COMINT: Knight W. McMahan (?1950 to ?)
produced weekly “Situation Summary” starting in July 1950 focusing on military threats
Deputy Assistant ONE for Administration: Chester L. Cooper (1958 to 1962)
William Bundy the son-in-law of Dean Acheson, (1957? to 1960?)
Paul Borel (1952 to 1957)
Assistant Director of Current Intelligence (AD/OCI) : E. Drexel Godfrey, Jr. (? to ?)
Abbot Smith (? May 1960 to ?)
Sheldon White? (? to ?)
Knight W. McMahan (1951 to ?)
Mission: All-source intel and Daily Intelligence Report as of Jan. 19, 1951
Theodore Babbitt CIA chief of current intelligence.
mission: except for looking for indications for possible hostilities, develop general or less profound intelligence. Political, sociological and cultural fields became the State Department's job. President Truman faithfully read the CIBs, Eisenhower preferred to be briefed by a member of his staff.
CIA analyst: F. Wistar Janney (1949 to 1950s?)
Ray Cline (Oct. 1951 to 1962)
CIA situation room: duty roster
Chief of the Sino-Soviet Studies Group: F. Wistar Janney (1963 to ?)
Philip Bridgham (1956 to ?)
Ray Cline (Oct. 1951 to 1962)
CIA situation room: as needed or duty roster
Assistant Deputy economic research (AD/RR): Dr. Max Millikan (June 1951 to 1952)
Office of Records Research: Primarily the Soviet Bloc, Communist China and North Korea.
Robert Amory (age 37) (March 1952 to May 1953)
Chief of Industrial Division: unknown
Chief of the Electronics Branch: John A. Paisley (1957 to 1958?)
Chief of Geographic Research: (became AD/RR): Otto Guthe
Assistant Deputy Basic Intelligence: Kenneth Knowles (Aug. 1955 to ?)
separate office under DDI
Chief of Missile Division/ Photo analyst: Sidney Graybeal (1956)
Chiefs of Five regional sections: (GS-14 to 15)
Chief of the Far East region: Chester L. Cooper (1950 to 1958)
Chief of the Western Europe intelligence analysis section: unknown
Covering Germany Intell analyst: Hugh Montgomery (1953 to 1960)
Covering Greece intell analyst: Hugh Montgomery (1960 to 1961)
Derwood Lockard (GS-15)
John Maury (GS-15)
Hiram Stout (GS-15)
Robert Komer (GS-14)
John Pendleton (GS-14)
Victor Marchetti (1950? to ?? 1969)
General section: Made up of more broadly experience CIA analysts with more than one region of the world.
CIA consultants: Joseph Strayer Professor Princetion
Abram Bergson Professor Columbia, Harvard and RAND Corporation.
Project Troy: In 1950 hired a group of top-drawer Harvard faculty. The project ultimately morphed into the Center for International Studies (CENIS), responsible for key analyses of the Soviet Union, China, and nuclear weapons. Because Harvard banned on-campus classified research, Troy/CENIS had to meet at MIT.
DDI reported the annual industrial output of the USSR decelerated from 8.6 present in 1956 to 1959 to 6.7 percent in 1960 to 1963, and agricultural production increased from 1950 to 1965 by 70 percent.
(Sources : General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence:
October 1950-February 1953 by Ludwell Lee Montague and The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, pgs. 57-61)
The End