the oxford guide to AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES ox f or d g u ide s to t he w or l d ’s l a ng ua g e s general editors Adam Ledgeway, University of Cambridge, and Martin Maiden, University of Oxford advisory editors Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, James Cook University, Edith Aldridge, University of Washington, Stephen R. Anderson, Yale University, Bernard Comrie, University of California, Santa Barbara, Jan Terje Faarlund, University of Oslo, Alice Harris, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Bernd Heine, University of Cologne, Paul Hopper, Carnegie-Mellon University, Geoffrey Khan, University of Cambridge, Lutz Marten, SOAS, London, Marianne Mithun, University of California, Santa Barbara, Irina Nikolaeva, SOAS, London, Chris Reintges, CNRS, Paris, Masayoshi Shibatani, Rice University, David Willis, University of Cambridge published The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages Edited by Claire Bowern The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages Edited by Adam Ledgeway and Martin Maiden The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Edited by Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages Edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik in preparation The Oxford Guide to the Afroasiatic Languages Edited by Sabrina Bendjaballah and Chris Reintges The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa Edited by Friederike Lüpke The Oxford Guide to the Bantu Languages Edited by Ellen Hurst, Nancy Kula, Lutz Marten, and Jochen Zeller The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes Edited by Matthias Urban The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia Edited by Alexander Adelaar and Antoinette Schapper The Oxford Guide to the Papuan Languages Edited by Nicholas Evans and Sebastian Fedden The Oxford Guide to the Slavonic Languages Edited by Jan Fellerer and Neil Bermel The Oxford Guide to the Tibeto-Burman Languages Edited by Kristine Hildebrandt, Yankee Modi, David Peterson, and Hiroyuki Suzuki the oxford guide to Australian Languages edited by Claire Bowern Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © editorial matter and organization Claire Bowern 2023 © the chapters their several authors 2023 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2022936420 ISBN 978–0–19–882497–8 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198824978.001.0001 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Cover image: _Jamirlangu [husband and wife]. Jukuna (Mona J. Chuguna) [1933–2011], Walmajarri people, and Pijaju Peter Skipper [1929–2007]. © Mona Jukuna Chuguna and Estate of Pijaju Peter Skipper, courtesy Mangkaja Arts, image courtesy of the National Gallery of Australia, Accession Number: 2004.22 IRN: 127993 Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. 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