Analyses of ceramic material from the emporium reric near Gross Strömkendorf, Mecklenburg.

1 AnAlyses of the cerAmic mAteriAl from the emporium reric neAr Gross strömkendorf, mecklenburG Torbjörn Brorsson (Lund) & Hauke Jöns (Wilhelmshaven) Zusammenfassung im mittelpunkt dieses Artikels steht die keramik des frühmittelalterlichen handelsplatzes von Groß strömkendorf, Wismarbucht/mecklenburg. es kann als gesichert gelten, dass er mit dem in den frän-kischen reichsannalen genannten emporium reric identisch ist. die dort geborgenen, aus ver-schiedenen regionen des nördlichen europa stammenden keramikfunde wurden detailliert analysiert. dazu wurden dünnschliffe angefertigt, sowie bestimmungen der brenntemperatur und Analysen der Gefäßformen durchgeführt. Zu den wichtigsten ergebnissen zählt der nachweis einer engen technologischen Verzahnung zwischen frühslawischen und mittelslawischen Waren einerseits und slawischen und skandinavischen Waren andererseits. Summary this article concerns the pottery from the early medieval trading site at Groß strömkendorf, Wismar bay / mecklenburg. the site was most likely the same as the emporium reric, mentioned in the frankish Annals. the ceramics deriving from several regions in northern europe have been thoroughly studied and analysed. the analyses include thin section analyses, thermal analyses and shape analyses. Among the major results are the evidence, that the used technology indicates a continuous development from the early to the middle slavonic vessel types and the close technological similarities between the slavonic and the scandinavian ceramics. Torbjörn Brorsson, dr. rer. nat., ceramic studies (kks), sweden. torbjörn brorsson is working as a pottery specialist to different institutions especially in northern europe. he presented his doctoral thesis on the pottery from Groß strömkendorf in 2005 at kiel university. Hauke Jöns, pd dr. rer. nat., lower saxony institute for historical coastal research (nihk), Germany. hauke Jöns was responsible for the organisation of the Groß strömkendorf-project and led the excavations of the site from 1995 until 1999. he is currently the head of the department for culture science of the nihk and lecturer in prehistory at rostock university. 2 The historical and archaeological background At the beginning of the 8th century Ad, the area around the south western baltic sea became a contact zone between scandinavian kingdoms, the slavonic region/kingdoms of east holstein and mecklenburg/Vorpommern as well as the frankish kingdom, which was dominant in central europe at that time. this emerging heterogeneous area in terms of ethnicity, religion and economy offered seafaring merchants and specialised craftsmen excellent conditions to develop new markets for their products. settlements, which were founded in the entire coastal area of the baltic sea since the early 8th century most often at sheltered bays or rivers close to the coast, played a predominant role for the distribution of goods. they were economic centres, which produced a considerable profit not only for the resident merchants and craftsmen, but also for the prevailing reign (summary in callmer 1994). up till now, archaeological investigations have been carried out in four of these central trading places along the coast of mecklenburg-Vorpommern: rostock-dirkow, ralswiek, menzlin and Groß strömkendorf. based on written sources, archaeological finds and theoretical considerations, some further places can be assumed to exist in the area of the barther bodden and on the island of usedom. the site of Groß strömkendorf near Wismar has been at the centre of research attention in later years (fig. 1). In the beginning, numerous loose finds appeared prompting small investigations to be carried out in the 1980’s on some fields close to the Wismar Bay. They confirmed that a trading centre of supraregional importance from the early slavonic period once lay at this place. it was discussed, whether these were the remains of the emporium reric mentioned in the royal frankish Annals (Wietrzichowski 1993). the annals of the year 808 mention that the danish king Godofrid had destroyed the trading centre located at the sea coast. this happened before his withdrawal at the end of the campaign against the obodrites. the trading centre was called reric in danish and Godofrid´s Fig. 1. The location of the trading site at Groß Strömkendorf in Mecklenburg (after Pöche 2005, fig. 1) kingdom benefited a lot from the tax income. It is said, that Godofrid abducted the merchants and sailed with them and his whole army for a harbour called sliesthorp (Abel 1940, 115). the same source names reric in the following year 809 and informs us that Dražko, the duke of the obodrites, was killed here by Godofrid’s men (Abel 1940, 118). After that, reric was never mentioned again in any source; presumably, the once flourishing trade centre did not exist anymore. extensive excavations were carried out at Groß strömkendorf in the years 1995 to 1999. the site became the centre of an interdisciplinary research project founded by the German research council. on one hand, it was necessary to begin by establishing the extension and structure of the site, but on the other hand an answer was also needed to the question whether reric could really be localised to Groß strömkendorf with reasonable certainty. the use of aerial photography in combination with archaeological and geophysical methods as well as systematic surveys and trial trenches made the delimitation of the area 3 inhabited in the early middle Ages possible. extensive excavations were carried out in the area of the early medieval trading centre and at a cemetery, which was extending in the area north of the settlement. the excavations were supplemented by large-scale geological, palaeobotanical, archaeozoological and anthropological investigations (Jöns 1998a; 1998b; 1999a, 1999b; 2000). the results obtained will be described here briefly: the remains of numerous wells of the former settlement were detected and delivered many samples for dendrochronological analysis. the results show, that the settlement was established during the first third of the 8th century and given up at the beginning of the 9th century already. during these approximately 100 years, the occupied area was more than 20 ha large, which is, as far as we know up till now, much bigger than the size of the early haithabu (Jankuhn 1986) or ribe, which is located at the western coast of Jutland (feveile 1994). the built-up area of Groß strömkendorf consisted of single pit houses (grubenhäuser) with adjacent store pits and wells until the middle of the 8th century. they were built without any apparent order in direct proximity to the coast as well as on the northern adjoining flat crest (Tummuscheit 2002). Craft and trade constituted the economic base of the settlement; this is shown by diverse production waste like remains of iron working, non-ferrous metal, bone, antler, amber and glass as well as typical commodities like grindstone-basalt, whetstone-slate, frankish glass and pottery, tesserae etc. from the fillings of the features. probably in the sixties of the 8th century a reorganisation of the settlement area occurred. on the area in direct proximity to the coast grubenhäuser and annexes were built in a row, so that a structured “development plan” can be claimed for this building phase. production related to crafts and international exchange of goods continued to play the predominant role in the economic life of the settlement. At the same time, the northern part of the settlement was given up and a cemetery was laid out on the flat crest (fig. 2). The burials Fig. 2. The position of the trading site and the cemetery (Jöns 2000). which took place there and then show a large variability in the rite. Women, children and men were buried there in an equal manner, so the presence of families can be deduced. Although a detailed analysis of grave forms is still in it’s making, it can be said that burial traditions of the entire northern central europe are discernible. it seems to be certain that the population taking residency at Groß strömkendorf was of different origins. the use of boats in the funeral custom, built in a scandinavian tradition, is found mainly in denmark and sweden (müller-Wille 1995). therefore, an important scandinavian share of the population can be deduced for Groß strömkendorf (Jöns 1998b). besides, burials of dogs and horses were found, which suggest that also people from saxon and frisian areas were resident at Groß strömkendorf (hornig 1993, 84 pp.). the quality of the grave assemblages (e.g. scandinavian disc brooches, Frisian textiles, millefiori beads) shows that quite prosperous persons with far reaching connections especially to scandinavia and the north sea area were here. the position of the former harbour could be reconstructed by evaluation of satellite and aerial images as well as geophysical and 4 pottery type sukow feldberg fresendorf menkendorf scandinavian saxon frisian - coarse ware frisian - muschelgrus ware stoneware pots badorf badorf - reliefband amphora Walberberg mayen merovingian black ware tating nos. 1905 664 28 98 182 9 14 138 308 47 2 12 48 169 30 Weight (g) % of the classified 104218 56,9 32306 19,8 661 0,8 4028 2,9 6152 5,4 2901 0,3 5742 0,4 980 4,1 4560 9,2 665 0,6 5 0 138 0,1 427 0,6 3136 2 189 0,4 % of the classified 64,5 20,0 0,4 2,5 3,8 1,8 3,6 0,6 2,8 0,3 0 0,1 0,2 1,5 0,1 Tab. 1 Classified pottery types found at Groß Strömkendorf. Undecorated earthenware sherds are not included in the table. The stoneware pots are from the Vorgebirge-Eifel region. geological-palynological investigations. the harbour was situated at a small bay orientated north-south approx. 80 meters in front of the present-day coastline. this bay was formed through draining melt water during the late glacial phase. it is separated from the deeper waters of the Wismar bay by a ridge formerly some hundred metres wide. the bay offered excellent conditions for the construction of a harbour protected from the influences of the weather. maybe the convenient location was the decisive factor for the founding of the trading centre at Groß strömkendorf. Geological and paleobotanical investigations in the harbour basin led to calculations of the waterlevel in the early middle Age (pers. comment W. Dörfler, Univ. Kiel). The peat exposed from –1.86 m nn almost certainly lies in situ whereas the layers lying above consist of transferred material. the depth of the basin would have been approx. 1.09 m based on a postulated water-level of approx. –0.75 m nn in the 8th century Ad (cf. hoffmann 1998). theoretically, early medieval ships with a maximum draught of 1 m, as e.g. skuldelev 3 or ralswiek 2, could have landed in the harbour of Groß strömkendorf. further geophysical investigations will have to show if remains of wooden piers, or maybe also of boats, are preserved in the sediment. Although the evaluation of the excavation results is not yet finished, it can be stated that the trading centre of Groß strömkendorf has an amazing number of characteristics in common with the destroyed reric as described in the written sources. this concerns both the topographic situation and extension as well as the dating and economic structure. therefore, it must be assumed that reric and Groß strömkendorf are identical, particularly since no other comparable site within the realms of Wismar bay is known up till now. Different methods give a wider picture the amount of pottery found at Groß strömkendorf is considerable and approximately more than 60 000 pottery sherds dated between the beginning of the 8th century and 808 were found. the pottery was found as settlement finds in different types of structures and as 5 burial finds in different types of graves. The size of the sherds varies from small fragments to complete vessels and 100 vessels have been completely reconstructed from the bottom to the rim. An important contribution to the study is the large amount of dendrodated structures and this will hopefully help to get a deeper knowledge about the pottery and the society. several different methods have been used to analyse the pottery from Groß strömkendorf. traditional archaeological methods, as well as different natural science analyses have been used. to be able to extract as much information as possible from the ceramic material, several parameters have been recorded. Among these are temper material, amount of temper, sherd thickness, vessel-building technique, part of vessel, vessel shape and, when appropriate, the decoration. the natural science analyses consist of thin section analyses, thermal colour test and shape analyses. these different analyses will, in combination with the documentation, give answers to how the pots were made: which clay and temper material was used, the vessel building techniques and the firing temperature. the shape analyses may reveal similarities between vessels indicating that the same potter could have made several of the discovered pots. of decoration occur, as e.g. different imprints and horizontal lines (fig. 3B). Among the most striking features is the variation in decoration and that some vessels were decorated at the lip of the rim. feldberg pots are normally dated to the 8th and 9th centuries. The pottery at Groß Strömkendorf the pottery found at Groß strömkendorf mainly consists of different slavonic vessel types (tab. 1). the most common vessel type is the sukow, which is an undecorated pot with out-turned rim (fig. 3A). The examined Sukow pots had a slightly larger sherd thickness than the rest of the slavonic pots. About 60% of the total pottery material from Groß strömkendorf can be classified as Sukow type and this type of pots is normally dated between the late 7th century to the early 9th century. the second largest category is the feldberg pottery, which makes up about 20% of the classified ceramics. This type of pots is characterised by out-turned rims and abundant decoration. the typical slavonic wavy-line ornament is very common but also others kinds Fig. 3. The Slavonic material at Groß Strömkendorf consists of early and middle Slavonic types. A) Sukow. B) Feldberg. C) Fresendorf. D) Menkendorf. Scale 1:3. 6 the other types of slavonic pottery identified at the site are Fresendorf and Menkendorf (fig. 3 C & D). The typical Fresendorf pot has an in-turned rim and the menkendorf pot a long neck with an out-turned rim. the platepattern is very typical for the menkendorf pots. the decoration of the fresendorf and menkendorf is otherwise the same as on the older feldberg-pots. fresendorf as well as menkendorf types are normally dated to the 9th- and 10th centuries. the scandinavian pot is one of the most common imported vessel types at Groß strömkendorf. the most characteristic is the lack of decoration and the in-turned rims (fig. 4A). however, a fourth of the scandinavian material consists of vessels with out-turned rims, quite similar to the sukow vessels. but there are some important differences between these types. the shoulder is located higher up on the scandinavian vessels and it is normally more rounded than on the sukow vessels. At Groß strömkendorf, typical scandinavian hanging vessels have also been found. it should, furthermore, be noted that West-scandinavian (Jutland) vessels often have rounded bases while the eastern material from scania only has flat bases. In the Scandinavian countries, the type of pottery found at Groß strömkendorf is normally dated from around 700 to the middle of the 11th century. The Frisian influence is noted by the presence of frisian coarse ware and muschelgrus ware. typical for the coarse ware is for instance the stamp decoration. muschelgrus ware is a pottery type tempered with sea-shells and recognized by the presence of visible white sea-shell fragments. A small amount of saxon pots has also been found at the site. the vessels from the Vorgebirge-eifel region more precisely the area around cologne, bonn and mayen are made by other methods than the rest of the pottery found at Groß strömkendorf. the other types, including the slavonic wares, are hand-made earthenware. the Vorgebirge-eifel vessels were made on the potters-wheel which is a more or less roman pottery tradition. The pots were fired to high temperatures which makes a classification as stoneware possible. Some of the identified types are merovingian black ware, tating, mayen, badorf and relief-band amphora. the imported vessel types at Groß strömkendorf were produced from the merovingian period until the end of the Viking Age, in the 10th century. The classification of the different vessel types has shown that the site had a major importance during the 8th century as an international trading site with a burial place aimed for local people as well as for traders from foreign countries. The analyses of the pottery Shape analyses A shape analysis is mainly performed on vessels for which the whole profile may be reconstructed. the proportions of the vessel profile are measured and calculated to 100% Fig. 4. Some of the imported vessel types from Groß Strömkendorf. A) Scandinavian B) Merovingian Black ware from Vorgebirge-Eifel region. 7 (fig. 5). The changes in the profile are standardized using so called characteristic points. the distance between these points and the symmetry axis of the vessel is measured and the measurements are, subsequently, converted into percentages of the vessel height, which is fixed to 100%. The data, in percentages, are then plotted into a coordinate system in such a way that the vertical symmetry axis coincides with the y-axis and the base plan with the X-axis. by this method it is possible to compare vessels of different height. it is possible to study if and how different potters vary in their idea of how to shape a pot for a certain function. studies of traditional vessel manufacturing have manifested that a potter has a very clear idea about the proportion of a vessel, no matter if she/he makes a big or a small vessel (Lindahl & Matenga 1995, 39 ff). it was possible to study altogether 100 vessels. According to the different graphs of the vessel profiles, the vessels were divided into 12 different groups. however, a large amount of the pots were placed into a few groups and the pots in these groups were of the sukow and feldberg types. there was actually hardly any difference in shape between the sukow and the feldberg pottery, which a fairly good evidence that the feldberg vessels has its origin in the sukow types. only two complete menkendorf vessels have been found and they comprise a group of their own. it is thus clear that the menkendorf pottery constitutes a new type of slavonic pottery with new shapes. the change from sukow to feldberg does not seem to have been as big as at the introduction of the menkendorf pottery. this could be the result of a western influence by the end of the 8th century. some of the imported vessels as e.g. the pots from scandinavia and frisia comprise separate groups, and the dissimilarities to the slavonic material are clear. however, the analyses have also pointed out several similarities between the slavonic-, saxon- and some of the scandinavian vessels. the latter is most likely a coincidence. the shape analysis has also shown that small as well as big pots were made in the same 100 90 80 70 % 60 Menkendorf Sukow 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Fig. 5. Results of shape analyses of a Sukow and a Menkendorf pot. These pots are quite different, but with some minor similarities. shapes indicating that the size of the pot was not important for this aspect. it is possible but not established that the same potter made several of the pots in one specific shape group. Thin section analyses – Ware analyses thin sections of a total of 177 potsherds have been studied under a polarising microscope at magnifications between 25X and 630X, in parallel as well as in polarised light. in order to be used for comparative studies a thin section is made to a standardised thickness of exactly 0.03 mm. in a polarising microscope it is possible to identify minerals in the silt- and sand fractions. the microscopy is not only a petrographic study, but it also involves other aspects of the pottery craft. it is possible to study different structures in the ware such as vessel forming techniques, clay type, to distinguish between added and natural temper as well as determine the amount and grain size of this material, organic matter e.g. diatoms and plant material etc. Particular observations of specific minerals and other features of the temper and clay have been noted. sherds of the same type of raw clay and temper are most likely from the same production area. the analyses have shown that at least 15 different ware groups are present among the pottery. the coarseness of the clay and the type of temper has been used as the main parameters for dividing the ceramics into different groups. the coarse hand-made ceramics from northern europe, including the slavonic, 8 scandinavian, frisian and saxon pottery, and the wheel-thrown pottery from the Vorgebirgeeifel area have been grouped separately. the vessel building technique and the type of clay and temper points towards two different craft traditions. the Vorgebirge-eifel pots were generally made out of clays without any added temper and without any larger natural grains in the ware. however, some of the pots from this region were actually sand tempered. the pots from the Vorgebirge-eifel region were wheelmade. the opposite tradition is represented by the pottery from northern europe, which was made out of much coarser wares using either coarser clay or adding a temper consisting of crushed rock. in the muschelgrusware, large amounts of sand and seashells were identified. it should be mentioned that among the handmade ceramics different groups were identified, but all of these differ a lot from the pottery from the Vorgebirge-eifel region. the pots from northern europe were made by hand, and in some cases shaped and decorated on a turntable. by using the microscope, it was possible to determine that some of the slavonic pots were coil-built and not wheel-made (fig. 6). it has also been possible to separate scandinavian pottery from the slavonic. the latter type was mostly made out of fine clays which were tempered with crushed granite. most of the scandinavian pots were made out of coarse clays which not were tempered. the clay was coarse enough without any temper. however, some of the scandinavian pots were made from the same type of raw material as the slavonic and the question is why. they could be the result of slavonic people making scandinavian pots of a familiar raw material. it could also be the result of scandinavians using the same raw material as the slavs at Groß strömkendorf. The final possible explanation is that the pots were made in scandinavia and transported to Groß strömkendorf. Analyses of scandinavian pottery from scania and ribe on Jutland have shed light on this question. the ribe pots were made out of coarse clays without any added temper while the most common ware in scania was exactly the same as the slavonic ware. the analyses show that the scandinavian pots came Fig. 6. Thin sections of different vessels found at Groß Strömkendorf. A) Feldberg pot made of a fine clay tempered with crushed granite. B) Scandinavian pot from Jutland, made out of a coarse clay without any added temper. C) Tating ware made out of a medium coarse clay without any added temper. from different regions in former denmark, including Jutland and scania. this result has, furthermore, been combined with dendro dates 9 and it seems plausible that the contacts with Jutland existed from the onset of the trading site, while the contacts with scania began around the third quarter of the 8th century. this result corresponds with the occurrence of slavonic pots in scania (brorsson 2003, 232). In undefined Slavonic sherds (body sherds with slavonic decoration) belonging to the youngest phase (780-811) of the trading site, sand tempered ware was found. sand tempering is more or less the same as using a coarse clay without any large grains. this type of ware was common in pots from Western europe and was one of the basic conditions for making pottery on the potter’s wheel. the presence of this type of ware among the slavonic pots is most likely the result of influences from Western Europe. the sukow pots were made by hand and without any use of the turntable. the analyses in combination with the archaeological documentation of the sherds have shown that the turntable came in use after 760. the oldest dendro dated feature from the trading site with finds of Feldberg sherds from pots shaped on a turntable, is dated to 762. finds older than this particular settlement phase have been identified in graves and it is likely that Feldberg pots were shaped on turntables already around 740. no slavonic vessels from Groß strömkendorf bear any visible traces of being formed on the potters-wheel. the analyses have also shed a light on the origin of the tating ware from the Vorgebirgeeifel region. this type of ceramics has been found over a wide area in northern europe and it has been connected to religious rituals and to the early Christian mission (fig. 7). different analyses of tating pottery from sites such as kaupang in norway, ribe in denmark, hedeby and kosel in Germany, dorestad in the netherlands and a few sites in england have resulted in different results. A thin section analysis performed by b. hulthén provided data indicating that the production was most likely connected to the monastery at lorsch in the middle of the rhineland (selling 1955, 59). Another study of thin sections was made by r. hodges in the 1980’s. it showed that at least five different groups of Tating ware Fig. 7. Tating jug found at Birka in Sweden (Selling 1955). existed (hodges 1981, 65). hodges assumed that this special type of ceramics was not produced at one production site but came from several different locations. the next chapter in the discussion of the origin of the tating ware appeared in the 1990’s when a neutron activation analyses was performed (stilke et al 2001; 2003) the neutron activation analyses showed hat 41 of the 44 tating sherds comprised a separate group and the result was interpreted that the pottery could have been produced in one specific location. Altogether five sherds of Tating ware from Groß strömkendorf were analysed. the sherds were divided into three different ware groups and it is clear that at least two completely different productions are represented, which may support the result by hodges. thus, several separate analyses have shown that more than one production site existed in the beginning of the Viking Age, but the main question is the location of these sites. the mineral composition points out that the workshops most likely were situated somewhere in northern france or in Western Germany. Thermal colour test (TCT) A thermal colour test (tct) was performed on a sample of pottery sherds. the method was developed by b. hulthén in the 1970’s (hulthén 1976). tct is a method based on colour changes 10 of the clay or ceramics during refiring in order to estimate the original firing temperature. the munsell colour chart system (munsell 2000) is used as a standard colour reference. The firing is carried out at intervals of 100ºC until a temperature of 1000ºC is reached. The sample is fired 15 minutes at every interval. it is important to let the sherd cool at least 15 minutes prior to the colour recording. the colour is coded according to: hue, value and chroma. each of these values is recorded separately on a graph. the colour of the ceramics does not start changing until the original firing temperature has been exceeded, thus an estimate of the original firing temperature, within a 100ºC interval, may be recorded. Altogether 25 pottery sherds from Groß strömkendorf were analysed. the slavonic and the Scandinavian pots seem to have been fired to between 750º and 850ºC. This type of pots is classified as hand-made earthenware and they have been fired in either pits or on bon-fires. however, several slavonic pots seem to have been fired to around 900ºC, which is a very high temperature for a fire in a pit or a bon-fire (fig. 8). It cannot be excluded that this type of pottery was fired in some kind of kiln, but it should be mentioned that no place for making or firing pottery was found within the site. the vessels from the Vorgebirge-eifel region show completely different results. this type of pottery was wheel-made out of very fine clays and the thermal analyses show that the pots also can be classified as nearly stone-ware pottery. They were originally fired to between 1050º and 1200ºC, and some of the clays did not melt even at 1500ºC. The analyses clearly show why the Vorgebirge-eifel regions became an important ceramics centre, producing pottery for hundreds of years and trading it to several countries in europe. Summary the study of the pottery from Groß strömkendorf has shown that it is possible to use ceramics not only for chronological interpretations but also for other important conclusions. the study of the Groß strömkendorf ceramics has shown the importance of working with this special find category with different methods. g) Tating Thin section 167 12 10 Units 8 Hue Value Chroma 6 4 2 0 20 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 Temperature ºC Fig. 8. Results of thermal analyses of Slavonic pottery. The pottery have been fired to around 900ºC (Brorsson 2005). 11 1250 A fairly large amount of the pottery is of non West-slavonic origin. the imported pottery originates from scandinavia, saxony, frisia and the Vorgebirge-eifel area, which includes important sites, such as mayen and cologne. the amount of imported pots is fairly high and strongly indicates that the site was part of a trading network in northern europe. the slavonic pottery at Groß strömkendorf consists of sukow, feldberg, fresendorf and menkendorf types. the ware is almost the same in the different vessel types. the different vessels types were more or less made by the same type of clay and temper material. however, the sukow vessels have slightly thicker walls than the rest of the slavonic vessels. this difference may be the result of the use of a turntable when shaping and decorating the middle-slavonic pots. sand temper among the slavonic material has also been found in sherds dated to the youngest phase of the settlement. 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