ISSN: 2410-9649
Remya
et al / Chemistry
International
3(2) (2017)
165-171
Chemistry
International
3(2) (2017)
165-171
iscientic.org.
Silver nanoparticles green synthesis: A mini review
V. R. Remya1, V. K. Abitha2*, Priya Singh Rajput3 Ajay Vasudeo Rane4 and Aastha Dutta5
1Department
of Chemistry, Devaswom Board Pampa College, Parumala, Pathanamthitta, Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India
2Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
3Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, Rajasthan
4Centre for Green Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Centre of Excellence and Elite Status-Government of
Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
5Department of Plastics and Polymer Engineering, G. S. Mandal’s Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Dr Babasaheb
Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding author’s E. mail: abithavk@gmail.com
A R T I C L E
I N F O
Article type:
Mini review
Article history:
Received January 2016
Accepted June 2016
April 2017 Issue
Keywords:
Silver nanoparticles
Co precipitation
Green chemistry
Biosynthesis
A
B
S T
R
A
C
T
Nanotechnology is a significant field of contemporary research dealing with
design, synthesis, and manipulation of particle structures ranging from in the
region of 1-100 nm. Nanoparticles (NPs) have broad choice of applications in
areas such as fitness care, cosmetics, foodstuff and feed, environmental health,
mechanics, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, electronics, space
industries, drug-gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, single
electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photoelectrochemical applications. Nano Biotechnology is a speedily mounting
scientific field of producing and constructing devices, an important area of
research in nano biotechnology is the synthesis of NPs with different chemical
compositions, sizes and morphologies, and controlled dispersities. Silver
nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subjects of researchers because of their
unique properties (e.g., size and shape depending optical, antimicrobial, and
electrical properties). A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for
the synthesis of silver NPs; notable examples include, laser ablation, gamma
irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical methods,
microwave processing, and biological synthetic methods. This assessment
presents a general idea of silver nanoparticle preparation. The aim of this
analysis article is, therefore, to replicate on the existing state and potential
prediction, especially the potentials and limitations of the above mentioned
techniques for industries.
© 2017 International Scientific Organization: All rights reserved.
Capsule Summary: Green methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles green synthesis have been reviewed briefly in this
article.
Cite This Article As: V. R. Remya, V. K. Abitha. K, Priya Singh Rajput, Ajay Vasudeo Rane and Aastha Dutta. Silver nanoparticles
green synthesis: A mini review. Chemistry International 3(2) (2017) 165-171
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INTRODUCTION
Metal nanoparticles are intensely studied due to their unique
optical, electrical and catalytic properties. To utilize and
optimize chemical or physical properties of nano-sized metal
particles, a large spectrum of research has been focused to
control the size and shape, which is crucial in tuning their
physical, chemical and optical properties (Bar et al., 2009;
Coe et al., 2002; Bruchez et al., 1998). Various techniques,
including chemical and physical means have been developed
to prepare metal nanoparticles, such as chemical reduction
(Tan et al., 2002; Petit et al., 1993; Vorobyova, A.I.
Lesnikovich, 1999), electrochemical reduction (Liu and Lin,
2004; Sandmann et al., 2002), photochemical reduction (Keki
et al., 2000; Mallick et al., 2005), heat evaporation (Bae et al.,
2002; Smetana et al., 2005) and so on. In most cases, the
surface passivator reagents are needed to prevent
nanoparticles from aggregation. Unfortunately many organic
passivators such as thiophenol, thiourea (Pattabi and Uchil,
2000; Ravindran et al., 1999), marcapto acetate (Lin et al.,
2000) etc. are toxic enough to pollute the environment if
large scale nanoparticles are produced. An array of physical,
chemical and biological methods has been used to synthesize
nanomaterials. Specific methodologies have been used to
synthesize noble metal nanoparticles of particular size and
shape. Although ultraviolet irradiation, aerosol technologies,
lithography, laser ablation, ultrasonic fields, and
photochemical reduction techniques have been used
successfully to produce nanoparticles, they remain expensive
and involve the use of hazardous chemicals. Therefore, there
is a growing concern to develop simple, cost-effective, and
sustainable methods. As nanoparticles of different
compositions, sizes, shapes and controlled dispersity is an
important aspect of nanotechnology, new cost-effective and
eco-friendly procedures are being developed. Biological
synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that
interconnects nanotechnology and biotechnology (Absar et
al., 2003). However, despite the stability, biological
nanoparticles are not monodispersed and the rate of
synthesis is slow. The concentration of synthesized
macromolecules or components involved in the nucleation of
particles varies with time and prolongs the nucleation period
which causes the polydispersity of nanoparticles and
subsequent decreased rate of synthesis. In order to overcome
these problems, several methods such as microbial
cultivation methods and the extraction techniques have to be
optimized and the combinatorial approach such as photo
biological methods may be used. Cellular, biochemical and
molecular mechanisms that mediate the synthesis of
biological nanoparticles should be studied in detail to
increase the rate of synthesis and improve properties of
nanoparticles. Owing to the rich biodiversity of plants and
microbes, the potential as biological materials for
nanoparticle synthesis is yet to be fully explored
(Bönnemann and Richards, 2001).
Recently, biosynthetic methods employing naturally
occurring reducing agents such as polysaccharides, biological
microorganism such as bacteria and fungus or plants extract,
i.e. green chemistry, have emerged as a simple and viable
alternative to more complex chemical synthetic procedures
to obtain nanoparticles. With the increasing emphasis on
green chemistry, it is becoming more important to develop
an environmentally friendly, facile method for the synthesis
of nanoparticles. It has been reported that template synthesis
is one of the most promising methods for the preparation of
monodispersed inorganic nanoparticles (Liuet et al., 2012) in
which uniform void spaces of porous materials are used as
hosts to confine the synthesized nanoparticles as guests (Guo
et al., 2008 and 2010). In this present investigation we are
going to report different green methods for the synthesis of
nanoparticles from naturally occurring biological sources and
their applications in various fields.
HIGHLIGHTS
Hui et al. (2006) have shown that green synthesis method for
preparing pure (free of fly ash) and ordered MCM-41
materials from coal fly ash at room temperature (25°C)
during 24 h of reaction. It was shown that the impurities in
the coal fly ash were not detrimental to the formation of
MCM-41 at the tested conditions. The experimental results
showed that the amount of trace elements such as Al, Na, Ti
and Fe incorporated into the sample increased with synthesis
pH value. More aluminum species were incorporated with
tetrahedral coordination in the framework under a high pH
value. The particle size of the sample decreased with the
synthesis pH value. Samples synthesized at high pH values
had a larger pore size and were more hydrothermally stable
than those at low pH values. From thermal analysis, it was
observed that the synthesized MCM-41 samples showed a
high thermal stability. These properties made the
synthesized MCM-41 suitable for further processing into
more useful materials in a wide range of applications like
waste water treatment, catalysis, adsorption etc. This study
demonstrates that converting coal fly ash into mesoporous
materials not only eliminates the disposal problem of coal fly
ash but also turns a waste material into a useful one. The
proposed method provides another way of recycling coal fly
ash (Hui and Chao, 2006).
Sarma et al. (2008) reported several synthetic
methods for Ag NPs using inexpensive and nontoxic
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compounds under water environments were summarized
and experimental approaches under different conditions
were given to control the morphology of the Ag particles.
Rapid and green synthetic methods using extracts of bioorganisms have shown a great potential in Ag NP synthesis.
silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) preparation by green synthesis
approaches that have advantages over conventional methods
involving chemical agents associated with environmental
toxicity. Green synthetic methods include mixed-valence
polyoxometallates, polysaccharide, Tollens, irradiation, and
biological. The mixed-valence polyoxometallates method was
carried out in water, an environmentally-friendly solvent.
Solutions of AgNO3 containing glucose and starch in water
gave starch protected Ag NPs, which could be integrated into
medical applications. Tollens process involves the reduction
of Ag(NH3)2+ by saccharides forming Ag NP films with
particle sizes from 50–200 nm, Ag hydrosols with particles in
the order of 20–50 nm, and Ag colloid particles of different
shapes. The reduction of Ag(NH3)2+ by HTAB (nhexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) gave Ag NPs of
different morphologies: cubes, triangles, wires, and aligned
wires. Ag NPs synthesis by irradiation of Ag+ ions does not
involve a reducing agent and is an appealing procedure. Ecofriendly bio-organisms in plant extracts contain proteins,
which act as both reducing and capping agents forming stable
and shape-controlled Ag NPs. The synthetic procedures of
polymer-Ag and TiO2–Ag NPs are also given. Both Ag NPs
and Ag NPs modified by surfactants or polymers showed high
antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. The mechanism of the Ag NP bactericidal
activity is discussed in terms of Ag NP interaction with the
cell membranes of bacteria. Silver-containing filters are
shown to have antibacterial properties in water and air
purification. Finally, human and environmental implications
of Ag NPs to the ecology of aquatic environment are briefly
discussed (Sharma et al., 2009).
Kumar et al. (2009) discussed the exploitation of
various plant materials for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles
is considered a green technology as it does not involve any
harmful chemicals. The present study reports the synthesis of
silver (Ag) nanoparticles from silver precursor using the bark
extract and powder of novel Cinnamon zeylanicum. Watersoluble organics present in the plant materials were mainly
responsible for the reduction of silver ions to nano-sized Ag
particles. The pH played a major role in size control of the
particles. Bark extract produced more Ag nanoparticles than
the powder did, which was attributed to the large availability
of the reducing agents in the extract. Zeta potential studies
showed that the surface charge of the formed nanoparticles
was highly negative. The EC50 value of the synthesized
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nanoparticles against Escherichia coli BL-21 strain was
11±1.72 mg/L. Thus C. zeylanicum bark extract and powder
are a good bio-resource/biomaterial for the synthesis of Ag
nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity. For large-scale
productivity of Ag nanoparticles to be even more economical
and eco-friendly, using silver ions from wastewaters may be
an alluring technique (Sathishkumar et al., 2009). Bar et al
(2009) presented an idea about Silver nanoparticles were
successfully synthesized from AgNO3 through a simple green
route using the latex of Jatropha curcas as reducing as well as
capping agent. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using
green resources like Jatropha latex is a challenging
alternative to chemical synthesis, since this novel green
synthesis is pollutant free and eco-friendly synthetic rote for
silver nanoparticles. We anticipate that the smaller particles
are mostly stabilized by the cyclic octapeptide, i.e.
curcacycline A and cyclic nonapeptide, i.e. curcacycline B. On
the other hand the larger and uneven shape particles are
mainly stabilized by the curcain, an enzyme present in the
latex. Further experiments for the size selective synthesis of
silver and gold nanoparticles using the cyclic peptide present
in the latex are in progress (Bar et al., 2009a). Bar et al.
(2009b) also studied an eco-friendly process for rapid
synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been reported using
aqueous seed extract of Jatropha curcas. Here Jatropha seed
extract which is environmentally benign and renewable, act
as both reducing and stabilizing agent. Particles are mostly
spherical in shape. Size of the particles can be controlled by
varying the concentration of AgNO3. Ag nanoparticles
prepared in this process are quiet stable and remain intact
for nearly two months if it protected under light proof
conditions [25].Top down and bottom up methods are
available for nanoparticle synthesis. Various types of
synthesis are also available like vapours phase, liquid phase
etc are dicussed by René Overney (2010). Abou El-Nour et al.
(2010) reported that nano-size particles of less than 100 nm
in diameter are currently attracting increasing attention for
the wide range of new applications in various fields of
industry. Most of the unique properties of nanoparticles
require not only the particles to be of nano-sized, but also the
particles be dispersed without agglomeration. Discoveries in
the past decade have clearly demonstrated that the
electromagnetic, optical and catalytic properties of silver
nanoparticles are strongly influenced by shape, size and size
distribution, which are often varied by varying the synthetic
methods, reducing agents and stabilizers. Accordingly, this
review presents different methods of preparation silver
nanoparticles and application of these nanoparticles in
different fields (Kholoud et al., 2010).
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Dubey et al. (2010a) have shown spanking new and
simple method for biosynthesis of silver and gold
nanoparticles offers a valuable contribution in the area of
green synthesis and nanotechnology without adding different
physical and chemical steps. Tansy fruit extract was prepared
and successfully employed for the development of silver and
gold nanoparticles with spherical and triangular shapes.
Powder diffraction study showed the face-centered cubic
lattice of both AgNPs and AuNPs. The average crystal of
AgNPs and AuNPs are 16 and 11nm estimated from Scherrer
method. This simple, low cost and greener method for
development of silver and gold nanoparticles may be
valuable in environmental, biotechnological and biomedical
applications (Dubey et al. 2010b). Biological systems,
especially those using microorganisms, have the potential to
offer cheap, scalable and highly tunable green synthetic
routes for the production of the latest generation of
nanomaterials. Recent advances in the biotechnological
synthesis of functional nano-scale materials are described.
These nanomaterials range from catalysts to novel inorganic
antimicrobials, nanomagnets, remediation agents and
quantum dots for electronic and optical devices. Where
possible, the roles of key biological macromolecules in
controlling production of the nanomaterials are highlighted,
and also technological limitations that must be addressed for
widespread implementation are discussed by Lloyd et al.
(2011). Narayanan and Sakthivel (2011) reported the
modulation of size and shape can be achieved by varying the
ratio of gold salt and the cell-free filtrate of fungus S. rolfsii.
The production of anisotropic and isotropic gold
nanoparticles is quite stable in aqueous solution for 2months.
This simple, efficient, eco-friendly process is very rapid and
completes in 10–15 min. unraveling the exact biochemical
mechanism underpinning the modulation of size and shape of
nanoparticles is underway. The applications of gold
nanoparticles vary with its shape and size. The NIR
absorbance of nano triangles has interesting applications in
cancer hyperthermia. To the best of our knowledge, this is
the rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a microbial
component (Narayanan and Sakthivel, 2011). Machida et al.
(2011) presented industrial processes and emerging
technologies that use supercritical fluids are highlighted.
Supercritical fluids are being used in transcritical cycles for
heat transfer due to their favorable thermo physical
properties and their environmental compatibility.
Supercritical water is being proposed as a reaction solvent
for zinc silicate industrial phosphors, since it allows
production of luminescent materials at low temperatures
(400 °C) and with less energy than industrial solid-state
methods that require high temperatures (1200 °C).
iscientic.org.
Supercritical CO2–ionic liquid systems have much potential as
biphasic systems for reactions and separations; however,
when used for chiral separations, the selectivity of these
systems is not well understood yet. The use of supercritical
CO2 for viscosity reduction in ionic liquid reaction systems
seems to be a favorable research area with conversion of dfructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in high yields (>90%)
being an example. Systems to convert biomass to energy by
direct oxidation in supercritical water are under
development. Many opportunities exist for developing green
chemical
processes
with
supercritical
fluids[31].
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles with small size and
biostability is very important and used in various biomedical
applications. There are lot of reports for the synthesis of gold
nanoparticles by the addition of reducing agent and
stabilizing agent. In the present study we have synthesized
gold nanoparticles, with a particle size ranging from 5 to 15
nm, using Zingiber officinale extract which acts both as
reducing and stabilizing agent. Z. officinale extract is reported
to be a more potent anti-platelet agent than aspirin.
Therefore, green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with Z.
officinale extract, as an alternative to chemical synthesis, is
beneficial from its biological and medical applications point
of view, because of its good blood biocompatibility and
physiological stability. Gold nanoparticles synthesized using
citrate and Z. officinale extract demonstrated very low
protein adsorption. Both nanoparticles were non platelet
activating and non-complement activating on contact with
whole human blood. They also did not aggregate other blood
cells, however, nanoparticles synthesized with Z. officinale
extract was highly stable at physiological condition compared
to citrate capped nanoparticles, which aggregated. Thus the
usage of nanoparticles, synthesized with Z. officinale extract,
as vectors for the applications in drug delivery, gene delivery
or as biosensors, where a direct contact with blood occurs is
justified by Kumar et al. (2011). Smuleac et al. (2011) has
shown that membranes containing reactive nanoparticles (Fe
and Fe/Pd) immobilized in a polymer film (polyacrylic acid,
PAA-coated polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF membrane) are
prepared by a new method. The current study reports for the
first time the synthesis of Fe and bimetallic Fe/Pd
nanoparticles on a membrane support, using a green
reducing agent – tea extract, which acts as both reducing and
capping agent. The latter ensures a high nanoparticle
longevity and resistance to oxidation. We have successfully
demonstrated a membrane-based approach for the reductive
destruction of a model toxic chlorinated organic, a common
pollutant, TCE. The dechlorination can be performed in
convective mode, using pump and treat approach or in batch
mode, when membrane-immobilized NPs can be injected
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underground. For all cases, the surface area normalized
reaction rates were quantified (Smuleaca et al., 2011). Ngo et
al. (2011) briefly discussed an overview of the properties of
gold, silver and titania nanoparticles which contribute to the
major applications of nanoparticles functionalized paper.
Different preparation methods of the nanoparticlesfunctionalized paper are reviewed, focusing on their ability to
control the morphology and structure of paper as well as the
spatial location and adsorption state of nanoparticles which
are critical in achieving their optimum applications. In
addition, main applications of the nanoparticlesfunctionalized papers are highlighted and their critical
challenges are discussed, followed by perspectives on the
future direction in this research field. Whilst a few studies to
date have characterized the distribution of nanoparticles on
paper substrates, none have yet optimized paper as a
nanoparticles' substrate. There remains a strong need to
improve understanding on the optimum adsorption state of
nanoparticles on paper and the heterogeneity effects of paper
on the properties of these nanoparticles (Ngo et al., 2011).
Hsu et al. (2011) reported about Chitosan nanocomposites
were prepared from chitosan and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of 5nm size. Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) showed the NPs in chitosan did
not aggregate until higher concentrations (120–240 ppm).
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that the
nanocrystalline domains on chitosan surface were more
evident upon addition of AuNPs (60 ppm) or AgNPs (120
ppm). Both nanocomposites showed greater elastic modulus,
higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and better cell
proliferation than the pristine chitosan. Additionally,
chitosan-Ag nanocomposites had antibacterial ability against
Staphylococcus aureus. The potential of chitosan-Au
nanocomposites as haemostatic wound dressings was
evaluated in animal (rat) studies. Chitosan-Au was found to
promote the repair of skin wound and hemostasis of severed
hepatic portal vein. This study indicated that a small amount
of NPs could induce significant changes in the
physicochemical properties of chitosan, which may increase
its biocompatibility and potential in wound management
(Hsu et al., 2011).
A novel green method of silver nanoparticles
synthesis using Dillenia indica fruit extract. D. indica is an
edible fruit widely distributed in the foothills of Himalayas
and known for its antioxidant and further predicted for
cancer preventive potency. The maximum absorbance of the
colloidal silver nanoparticle solution was observed at 421 nm
when examined with UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Sing et al.,
2012). The biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
of various shapes (triangle, hexagonal, and spherical) using
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hot water olive leaf extracts as reducing agent is reported.
The size and the shape of Au nanoparticles are modulated by
varying the ratio of metal salt and extract in the reaction
medium. The high phenolic content of the hot water extract
of olive leaves having strong anti-oxidant properties helped
in the reduction of gold cations to AuNPs. The
characterization of AuNPs revealed that the morphology of
the AuNPs depends on the extract concentration and pH of
the used medium. At higher concentration of the extract and
basic pH, the pseudo-spherical particles are capped by
phytochemicals. This method for AuNP synthesis does not
use any toxic reagent and thus has a great potential for the
use in biomedical applications and will play an important
role in future opto-electronic and biomedical device
applications (Khalil et al., 2012). Indulkar et al. (2012)
discussed about nano zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) was explored as
a reusable catalyst for the enamination of 1,3-dicarbonyls
using diverse amines. To make the process environmentally
viable, the reaction was carried out under solvent-free
conditions and found to give good yield of desired products.
The catalyst was found to be reusable up to four catalytic
cycles without any appreciable loss in activity. They have
reported a procedure for the enamination of carbonyl
compounds with nano ZnO as a green, cost effective, and
reusable catalyst [38]. A green synthesis method for the
preparation of mesoporous a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles has been
developed using the extract of green tea (camellia sinensis)
leaves. The method is one-step and scalable for highly
crystallized mesoporous a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The asprepared nanoparticles have about 4 times higher surface
area compared to commercial a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and
two time higher photocatalytic activity in terms of hydroxyl
radical formation under visible light irradiation. Also, the as
prepared nanoparticles were successfully applied in wet-type
solar cell (Ahmmad et al., 2012).
Edison and Sethuraman (2012) have shown a novel
green approach for the synthesis and stabilization of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) using water extract of Terminalia
chebula (T. chebula) fruit under ambient conditions is
reported. The study has demonstrated that AgNPs could be
prepared instantly by making use of aqueous extract of
myrobalan. The phytoconstituents such as hydrolysable
tannins, gallic acid, chebulic acid, chebulic ellagitannins and
gallate esters act as reducing agents for the preparation of
AgNPs and the capping of AgNPs by the phytoconstituents
provide stability to AgNPs as evident from FT-IR and EDS
studies. The synthesized AgNPs were found to have a
crystalline structure with face centered cubic geometry as
studied by XRD method. The HR-TEM images and DLS studies
had shown that the synthesized AgNPs are having the size
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around 25 nm. The synthesized AgNPs act through the
electron relay effect and influence the degradation of
methylene blue by myrobalan extract (Edison and
Sethuraman, 2012).
Vijayaraghavan et al. (2012) reported a novel
biosynthesis route for silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was
attempted in this present investigation using aqueous
extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum.
The main constituents in T. ammi are thymol, p-cymene and
_-terpinene, while P. somniferum consists of morphine and
codeine. The essential oil in T. ammi was found to be a good
reducing agent than the alkaloids present in P. somniferum
for the formation of biocompatible Ag-NPs. The effectiveness
of both the extracts was investigated by using same dosage of
extract in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. The results
showed that for the same dosage of extracts the T. ammi
synthesized various size triangular shaped nanoparticles
measuring from 87 nm, to a fewer nanoparticles having a size
of 998 nm diagonally. P. somniferum resulted in almost
spherical shaped particle ranging in size between 3.2 and 7.6
_m diagonally (Vijayaraghavan et al., 2012).
This study shows that cationic CTAB surfactant can
be used efficiently to the synthesis of Ag-nanoparticles
having different morphology (spherical, quantum dots,
hexagonal and polyhedral) during the bio-reduction of Ag+
ions by Neem leaf extract. The synthesized aqueous solution
of Ag-nanoparticles were found to be stable in room
temperature for more than a month due to the presence of
natural products, such as flavanones, terpenoids, proteins
and reducing sugars. The nanoparticles were crystalline in
nature. Pre- and post-micellization are responsible to the
anisotropic growth of the particles. The desired morphology
of Ag-nanoparticles would be achieved by using suitable
[CTAB] which acts as an excellent template to regulate the
nanoparticle growths. The role of CTAB to alter the shape
ofnanoparticles as observed in this study opens up the
exciting possibility of synthesizing advanced by using natural
biological sources by Khan et al. (2012).
Khan et al. (2012) have shown a simple, bioreductive, green and room temperature method was
reported to the preparation of Ag-nanoparticles using
ascorbic acid and soluble starch. The effects of various
parameters such as [reductant], [oxidant], [stabilizer], pH
and reaction- time were studied and discussed. TEM analysis
showed the presence of amylose on the surface of
nanoparticles which acted as a probable stabilizer and/or
capping agent. The hydrophilic poly –OH groups were mainly
responsible for the adsorption of amylose onto the surface of
nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions. The size
dispersity of quasi-spherical, triangular nano-plates and
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nano-rods of pure crystalline metallic silver could be
synthesized in presence of starch (Khan et al., 2012).
(Bu4N)7H3[P2W18Cd4(Br)2O68]–TiO2 nanocomposite have
been synthesized at low temperature via sol–gel method
under
oil-bath
condition.
Fixing
of
(Bu4N)7H3[P2W18Cd4(Br)2O68] into TiO2 decreases the particle
size of crushed nano leaf of anatase phase. The
(Bu4N)7H3[P2W18Cd4]–TiO2 nanocomposite was very active
catalyst systems for the model compound oxidation, while
unmodified(Bu4N)7H3[P2W18Cd4(Br)2O68] much less active.
The oxidation reaction is selective as only sulfone was
detected. For this polyoxometallates/ H2O2 system, oxidation
reactivity decreased according to the following order:
DBT>4,6-DMDBT>BT (Rezvani et al., 2012). Gan et al. (2012)
discussed biosynthesis of AuNps using POME was
demonstrated to be a simple, low-cost and non-toxic method.
The AuNps synthesized were predominantly spherical with
an average size of 18.75 nm. The morphology and size of
AuNps could be controlled by varying the reaction conditions
such as initial pH of the HAuCl4 solution and reaction
temperature. Bioactive compounds involved in the
biosynthesis are most likely proteins and water soluble
polyphenols in POME that contains amine and carbonyl
groups. Interaction of biosynthesized AuNps with Hg(II) was
investigated which demonstrates the chemical reactivity of
these nanoparticles.
CONCLUSIONS
Silver NPs have gained substantial attention since, their
unique properties, and proven applicability in diverse areas
such as medicine, catalysis, textile engineering,
biotechnology, nanobiotechnology, bio-engineering sciences,
electronics, optics, and water treatment. These NPs have
noteworthy inhibitory effects against microbial pathogens,
and are widely used as antimicrobial agents in a diverse
range of products.
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