Iron Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM FROM TÂRGU MUREŞ 8–10 October 2015 Edited by Sándor BERECKI Editura MEGA Cluj-Napoca 2016 he International Colloquium was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education, CNCS–UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-PD-2012-3-0316 Scientific board: Aurel Rustoiu, Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Vincent Megaw, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Tiberius Bader, Hemmingen, Germany © Mureş County Museum, 2016 Executive editor: Zoltán Soós, Director Front cover: Bronze anklet from Uroi (photo: I. V. Ferencz) MUZEUL JUDEŢEAN MUREŞ CP 85, str. Mărăşti nr. 8A, 540328 Târgu Mureş, România www.muzeumures.ro Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN. International colloquium (Târgu Mureş ; 2015) Iron Age chronology in the Carpathian Basin : proceedings of the international colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 8-10 October 2015 / ed.: Sándor Berecki. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2016 Conţine bibliograie ISBN 978-606-543-784-5 I. Berecki, Sándor (ed.) 902(498)(063) Editura MEGA Cluj-Napoca e-mail: mega@edituramega.ro www.edituramega.ro Contents Preface (Vincent MEGAW) 7 Miloš JEVTIĆ Basarabi and Ferigile Finds on the Border Between the Carpathian Basin and Central Balkans. Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronology 9 Emilian TELEAGA–Dorin SÂRBU he Chronology of the Late Hallstatt Cemeteries at the Lower Danube: Szentes–Vekerzug and Ferigile 19 Prisca BARTOLI Knives with Spoon-Shaped Handle Terminal: a Potential Chronological Indicator? 35 Tiberius BADER Ein Vergleich zwischen der Chronologie für Eisenzeit im östlichen Teil des Karpatenbeckens und im südwestdeutschen Raum, bzw. Baden-Württemberg. Ein allgemeiner Überblick 47 Maciej KARWOWSKI–Jiří MILITKÝ he Relative and Absolute Chronology of Celtic Oberleiserberg 51 Mitja GUŠTIN–Boris KAVUR Early La Tène Warrior Graves from Unterpremstätten-Zettling and Dobl-Zwaring (Styria/Austria) 65 Marko DIZDAR Middle La Tène Female Iron Belts in the South-Eastern Part of the Carpathian Basin – is it Something Local and/or Global? 75 András JÁKY Periodization of the Settlement of Balatonboglár–Berekre-Dűlő in the Iron Age 97 Borbála MARÁZ he Chronology of the Late La Tène Period on the Tribal Territory of Eravisci, on the Basis of Historical Events and Painted Pottery 119 Attila HORVÁTH M. Problems about the Change of Periods and Rites in the La Tène Cemetery on Csepel Island (Budapest) 141 Károly TANKÓ Chronological Aspects of Ceramic Types from Recently Investigated La Tène Settlements in Hungary 165 Péter F. KOVÁCS Chronological and Typological Problems of a La Tène Settlement Section from the Great Hungarian Plain 191 Katalin ALMÁSSY Typology and Chronology: the First La Tène Horizon in the Upper Tisza Region 203 Branislav KOVÁR he Settlements of the Hron, Ipeľ, Slaná and Rimava River Basins during the La Tène Period 219 Aurel RUSTOIU Some Questions Regarding the Chronology of La Tène Cemeteries from Transylvania. Social and Demographic Dynamics in the Rural Communities 235 Iosif Vasile FERENCZ–Cristian C. ROMAN One Landscape Two Settlements in the Late Iron Age Site at Tărtăria–Pietroşiţa, Alba County 265 Andreea DRĂGAN Chronology of the Eastern Late La Tène Painted Pottery at Divici–Grad in the Iron Gates of the Danube 279 Emilian TELEAGA Schwerter aus der Region des Eisernen Tores. Ein chronologischer Beitrag der Mittel- und Spät-La-TèneWafengräber 293 Marija LJUŠTINA–Miloš SPASIĆ Brothers-In-Shears in the Aterlife: La Tène Warrior Panoply and Chronology at Belgrade–Karaburma 325 Mariana EGRI he Beograd 4 Horizon in the Scordiscian Environment. Chronological Delimitation and Interpretation 339 Dragoș MĂNDESCU he Chronology of the Rhodian Stamped Amphora Handles in the South-Eastern Proximity of the Carpathian Basin. A Case Study: the Late Iron Age Settlement at Cetățeni 357 Sebastian MATEI Elements for a Chronological Framework of the Dacian Fortress from Târcov, Buzău County 389 Daniel SPÂNU Iron Age Fibulae from Zimnicea in their Archaeological Contexts 395 ABBREVIATIONS 405 Basarabi and Ferigile Finds on the Border Between the Carpathian Basin and Central Balkans. Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronology Miloš JEVTIĆ University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy Belgrade, Serbia miljevta@eunet.rs M. Jevtić Keywords: Serbian Danube valley, Early Iron Age, Bosut group, Kalakača horizon, Basarabi culture, Ferigile group, Miroč Mt., iron hoard inds In the irst section of the text we discuss stratigraphic position of iron objects from the Bosut group that come from the eponymous site. We suggest that those inds should be attributed to the horizon of the earliest appearance of the Basarabi culture in the Serbian Danube valley and not as it has so far been assumed to the Kalakača horizon of the Bosut group. In the second section we point to the area of northeastern Serbia where during the Early Iron Age period elements of the Basarabi culture are most clearly distinguished and that, as it seems, are replaced without interruption by the elements of Ferigile group of the Early Iron Age. Large quantity of iron objects including fragments of tools, weapons and jewelry has been found together with Basarabi and Ferigile group pottery in the area of northeastern Serbia, which is abounding in copper and iron ores. Early Iron Age chronology in Serbia, particularly in the south parts of the Pannonian plain and north parts of central Balkans is based to the greatest extent on the stratigraphy of the multi-layered settlement Gradina na Bosutu in Srem (Medović 1978; 1988). In the recently published monograph on the settlement of the Early Iron Age at Bosut 10 habitation horizons in total have been distinguished that are believed to encompass chronologically the entire Early Iron Age (Medović–Medović 2011). he remains of the above ground houses of rectangular ground plan were discovered in all habitation horizons starting with the earliest settlement attributed to the Kalakača phase of the Early Iron Age, through settlements with Basarabi style pottery ending with few late Hallstatt settlements with channeled pottery. Despite the fact that detailed analyses of residential architecture was carried out and typology of numerous pottery inds was established relative relations between three basic strata at the Bosut hillfort (earlier Bosut IIIa, Bosut IIIB and Bosut IIIc, now IVa, IVb, IVc, according to Medović) neither culturally nor chronologically have been established with utmost certainty. Proposed chronological span for Kalakača horizon (850–750 BC), Basarabi group horizon (750–500 BC) and horizon with channeled pottery (500–250 BC) are based on the assumption that every settlement, i.e. single habitation horizon lasted between 50 and 60 years on the average. It seems that Kalakaća horizon at Gradina na Bosutu should be limited to only three shallow dug huts, which are of similar structure and shape as few huts identiied during more recent investigations at Kalakača near Beska (Jevtić 2011, 27–37), and Zemun–Asfaltna baza (Петровић 2010, 247–257). We are disposed to believe that there is no justiication for distinguishing enigmatic early phase of the Early Iron Age in northeren parts of Serbia and that Kalakača horizon or Kalakača group of inds should be considered as inal phase of late Bronze Age as it had been suggested by professor Garašanin some thirty Iron Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin, 2016, p. 9–18 10 | M. Jevtić years ago (Garašanin 1983, 675). Scarce inds of metal objects from so-called Kalakača phase at Bosut settlement also points to two distinct habitation horizons. In one of oval shallow dug huts at settlement Gradina na Bosutu was found one bronze pin with rather small nail-shaped head that dates it to the inal phase of Urnield period (Ha B1-B2). Identical type of decorative pin was discovered in the dug in hut at the settlement Kalakača near Beška (Jevtić 2011, 65, sl. 53). Similar typ of pins from central and eastarn parts of Serbia (Paraćin, Kostolac and others) R. Vasić (1999, 43–45, Taf. 16/228–243) dated earlier, in Ha A1-A2. Iron ax with tangs, fragment of bronze torc with ‘T’ shaped ends and spiral bronze bracelet date from the earliest horizon of the above ground residential structures of the Early iron Age at settlement Gradina na Bosutu and they are dated to Ha B3/C1 or the 8th century BC (Медовић 1987). hese metal inds come from the earliest Bosut group settlement and at the same time also date from the early phase of the Basarabi culture (Pl. 1/1). We might assume that mentioned metal objects arrived from somewhere in the southeast to the Srem region simultaneously with the appearance of pottery decorated in the Basarabi style. Small number of metal mostly chronologically non-sensitive iron objects originate from the latest stratum of Gradina na Bosutu (Bosut IV c) which is unusual taking into account that cultural layer was almost 2 meters thick. Linking habitation horizons with channeled pottery from the Bosut hillfort and enigmatic so-called Srem group of inds from Late Hallstatt (mostly jewelry made of bronze, silver and gold discovered in small hoards or individual burials) is not reliable and requires more data than we have at our disposal today (Medović–Hänsel 2006, 489–512). Fig. 1. Archaeological sites mentioned in the text. Basarabi culture has been identiied within wider area of the Lower and partially Middle Danube basin, irst of all on the basis of distinct method of decoration of pottery vessels (Dumitrescu 1968; Vulpe 1965; 1970; 1979, 1986; Hänsel 1976; Tasić 1988; Jevtić 1983, 1996; 2004; Стојић–Јацановић 2008; Vasić 1977; 1983; 1997; 2004; Gumă 1993; 1995; Popović 1981; Popović–Vukmanović 1988). Lacking of necropoleis of that culture to the west of the Iron Gates resulted in considering Basarabi or Bosut–Basarabi group in north parts of Serbia as yet another ‘ceramic group’. Modest selection of metal inds from the settlements dating from Bosut–Basarabi horizon of the Early Iron Age resulted in looking for connections with hraco-Cimmerian’ group of bronze inds. In the treatise on metal inds of the Basarabi culture in Serbia that we had written about twenty years ago we point to the signiicance of mass use of iron for weapons and jewelry discovered in the Basarabi culture necropoleis in Oltenia and particularly in the Iron Gates region like Basarabi, Balta Verde, Gogoşi, Ostrovu Mare (Јевтић 1994, 77–85). We assumed at that time that also certain hoards and group inds of bronze and iron objects from the Early Iron Age from eastern Serbia could be connected with the Basarabi culture – Zlot cave, Ruište, Šetonje, Aljudovo (Pl. 1/2) and others – (see Fig. 1). It is probably not accidental that largest quantity of iron tang axes (Ärmchenbeile) was recorded in the territory of the Basarabi culture – 9 specimens Basarabi and Ferigile Finds on the Border Between the Carpathian Basin and Central Balkans | 11 from Rujište on the Rtanj Mountain and 7 specimens from Krivodol in northwestern Bulgaria (Wesse 1990). To the group of rather small tumulus necropoleis on the Romanian side of the Danube (Nica 1975) could be added Basarabi necropolis in the village Vajuga downstream of Kladovo where have been discovered 25 inhumation burials laid on a platform of river pebbles (Popović–Vukmanović 1998). Besides iron spearheads and knives in the male burials in the female burials at the Vajuga necropolis was encountered iron jewelry including rather large two-looped ibulae with elongated catch-plates of sandglass shape and anklets with open ends (Pl. 1/3). Similar type of two-looped ibulae was discovered in Oltenia (Bader 1983, 78–80, T. 26) and western Bulgaria (Gergova 1987, 44, T. 13). Recent investigations in the Iron Gates hinterland in the wooded areas of the Miroč Mountain brought to light, as we assume, special cult places of the northern hracians. Over 40 circular stone structures (sacred enclosures) between 4 and 12 meters in diameter have been recorded and 10 of them were systematically explored (Jevtić 2008; Jevtić–Peković 2009; Пековић–Јевтић 2011; Peković– Jevtić 2013). Within the circles made of broken stone were discovered traces of cremation, bones of wild animals, rather small fragments of human skeletons (fragments of scull, mandible, teeth), along with many scattered pieces of bronze and iron jewelry, glass beads with eyelets, fragments of iron weapons, parts of horse equipment and many pottery fragments. Besides many iron knives, iron rectangular belt buckles particularly worth mentioning are several iron arrowheads of Ferigile type (Pl. 1/4). Also important are discovered fragments of few wheel-made large amphoras and hydriai (Greek plane pottery), which were probably imported from Greek Black Sea colonies – Histria and others (Peković– Jevtić 2013). Pottery from the late Hallstatt settlements in eastern Serbia points to strong inluences from west hracian regions. Particularly signiicant is settlement at the site Kuznjica in the Saška river valley not far from the site on the Miroč Mountain and settlement in the village Rgošte near Knjaževac (Kapuran 2013). New hoard of the early iron objects from the Miroč Mountain suggests the advanced mettalurgy and processing of iron ore in the eastern Serbia region in the early and middle phase of the Early Iron Age. he hoard contains diverse objects close to the inds from the Basarabi and Ferigile culture. According to the inventory of the National Museum in Požarevac the hoard of metal objects from Miroč consists of 484 inventory entries and except few bronze objects almost all are made of iron. he hoard consists of the following pieces: 46 socketed and langed axes, one complete double axe; 2 spearheads with short sockets; one complete and tree fragmented double-edged daggers; 4 knives with triangular hat; 235 arrowheads (three basic types were distinguished: smaller arrowheads made of sheet iron with concave base, similar arrowheads with short tang and arrowheads with socket, large arrowheads of Ferigile type); 36 plain pins for sawing and making ishnets; tools of unknown purpose; 8 ornamental buttons and appliqués; two bronze pendants; two fragments of bronze torc; three complete and 9 fragmented bracelets; 60 (iron MJ) beads; 42 ibulas (19 complete and the rest are bows and catch-plates); 6 rather small hoops and many fragments of iron objects of indiscernible purpose. Finding circumstances of large hoard of iron objects from the Miroč Mountain are unknown. he hoard is part of private collection and was subsequently inventoried in the local museum. Few fragments of rather large vessels of ine fabric and decorated in the Basarabi manner have been found together with the hoard of metal objects from Miroc (Pl. 2). Typological heterogeneity of certain iron objects, in particular large amount of arrowheads suggests that accidentally discovered hoard could certainly not be considered as closed association with archaeologically reliable contents. Investigating provenance of the above mentioned inds we found out that in the records of the collection owner two hoards of iron objects are mentioned, one of which is typologically closer to the Basarabi culture and the other to the Ferigile group. It is obvious already at irst glance that certain individual or group inds of jewelry, tools and military equipment that by all appearances do not date from the Early Iron Age had been added to the large collection of iron objects from Miroč. In any case group ind of iron objects from Miroč when it is to be published deserves more detailed investigations. Few groups of early iron objects from Miroč including two-looped arc ibulas with triangular or sunglass-shaped catchplate, small hollow axes (celts) and lat tang axes could be without doubt be ascribed to the Basarabi horizon (Pl. 3/1–3). Later group of iron objects includes parts of warrior equipment (double axes, spearheads, daggers, knives, arrowheads) and decorative objects of which particularly numerous are rectangular buckles of diferent size (Pl. 3/4). hese inds are frequent in the burials 12 | M. Jevtić of the Ferigile group in Oltenia (Vulpe 1967) and at archaeologically investigated cult places on the Miroč that we also associate with the Ferigile horizon. Keeping in mind almost ‘mythical landscapes’ originating in the karst areas of the Miroč mountain (lost rivers, caves with small lakes and limestone ornaments, rock shelters, depressions and water springs) we suppose that larger groups (hoards) of iron objects were mostly deposited as votive oferings (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Bledinje source stream on the Miroč Mountain, near site Mihajlov Ponor (‘mythical landscape’ and ‘cultic place’). Unusually high incidence of most diverse iron objects discovered at the Early Iron Age sites in Oltenia, on the Miroč and other sites in the Iron gates region and in the Timok area (Stara Moldova, Vajuga-Pesak, Zlotska pećina and others) point to the local processing of the iron ore (Tasić 1980). In the region of eastern Serbia within Carpatho-Balkan metallogenic unit could be identiied few rather small iron ore deposits. We think particularly worth mentioning the information provided by geologist that limonite ores from iron deposits in Majdanpek are easily smelted. We suppose that there is similar situation with iron deposits also in the nearby Rudna Glava (where the oldest copper mine in the Balkans was discovered) in the Saška river valley. he Miroč mountain is only around twenty kilometers far from Rudna Glava and somewhere in-between is site Kuznjica (Wallachian term for blacksmith shop) where traces of the Ferigile group settlement has been discovered (Jovanović 1972). It is possible that large heaps of slag identiied immediately along the bank of Saška River bellow the settlement at Kuznjica are remains of processing the iron ore, which was mined at the neighboring Rudna Glava. Considering the abundance of pottery and metal inds, which belong or are close to the Basarabi and Ferigile group we think that both cultural horizons should be included in the periodization of the Early Iron Age in eastern Serbia. Beginnings of the Early Iron Age in those regions should be related to the appearance of the earliest iron objects, which by all appearances date from the beginning of Basarabi culture. Kalakača horizon is at many settlements in the Serbian Danube valley is closely connected with the horizon of channeled pottery of the Gáva type, i.e. it dates from the inal phase of the Late Bronze Age. Despite the fact that eastern Serbia is not suiciently investigated we think that new archaeological inds, in particular from the Miroč Mountain indicated that in those areas Ferigile group succeeded Basarabi group during Early Iron Age. We do not have enough data to conclude how long the Ferigile group lasted in the eastern Serbia and what were cultural circumstances and trend in the period preceding the arrival of the Celts in this region. If we would like to get into tangled relations between PaleoBalkan tribes in the Iron Age, we could ascribe Basarabi and Ferigile horizons in northeastern Serbia to the hracian tribe of Triballi. Basarabi and Ferigile Finds on the Border Between the Carpathian Basin and Central Balkans | 13 *** Despite relatively numerous inds of iron objects, which have been discovered at the Early Iron Age sites in the northeastern Serbia in recent years, particularly in the Miroč Mt., it is essential to emphasize that we do not have for the time being reliable stratigraphic data, which would make possible better comprehension of relative chronological picture of that very period in the zone between the Carpathian Basin and the central Balkans. It is without doubt that Kalakača horizon (or Kalakača–Gornea phase) could hardly be identiied as Early Iron Age in the north Serbia region but as culturally related to the end of Late Bronze Age or characterized as transitional period, chronologically close to the so-called horizon of black burnished channeled pottery (Gáva horizon, Mala Vrbica-Hinova) (see Gumă 1993; 1995; Jevtić 1996; 2004) and partially with Insula Banului horizon with stamped pottery (Morintz–Roman 1969). In favor of this conclusion also speaks our ascribing of tanged iron axe (Ärmchenbeile type) from the settlement Gradina na Bosutu to the horizon with inds of the Basarabi group. he axe is broadly dated to the 8th century BC and comes most probably from the same cultural horizon as the fragment of pseudo-twisted bronze torc with T-shaped terminals that is characteristic of the Basarabi culture (Medović–Medović 2011, 65). New sites with the Ferigile type pottery and diverse metal inds from the late Hallstatt horizon in the northeastern Serbia indicate strong cultural inluence of the Early Iron Age communities from the Oltenia region. Considering the present-day level of investigations we think it more appropriate to attribute Basarabi and Ferigile horizons the Early Iron Age in eastern Serbia, instead of rather small regional groups of Vajuga and Zlot-Sofronievo type as Vasić proposed in a number of texts (Vasić 1983; 1997; 2004). Relatively large quantity of heterogeneous iron objects recently discovered in the Miroč Mt. in the Iron Gates hinterland, including also unusually high proportion of iron-made jewelry indicates that discoveries of one or more metallurgical centers for iron ore processing and dating from the pre-Roman period could be expected in the region of eastern Serbia. Signiicance of metal and especially iron objects at the Early Iron Age sites in the south sections of the Pannonian plain and north parts of the central Balkans is certainly of great importance for solving the chronological questions. A limiting factor is the fact that early iron objects originate almost completely from hoards, circular stone structures of the cult character and individual burials. What is missing are systematically investigated Early Iron Age settlements in the north Balkans, particularly in the area of northeastern Serbia with precisely stratiied metal inds. Bearing in mind almost total absence of relevant absolute dates for the Early Iron Age in Serbia (it is possible to date with certainty only the sites with imported objects from Late Archaic and Classical Greek colonies, from the mid 6th to the beginning of the 4th century BC) we can only rely on the relative chronology proposed for the Basarabi and Ferigile cultural groups (850/800–600 BC; 600–400/350 BC). 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Vasic, R., he chronology of the Early Iron Age in Serbia, BAR, Suppl, Ser. 31. Vasić, R., Moravsko–timočka oblast, IN: Benac, A. (ed.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, V, Sarajevo, 651–672. Васић, Р., Старије гвоздено доба на подручје источне Србије, IN: Lazić, M. (ed.), Археологија источне Србије, Београд, 91–100. Vasić, R., Die Fibeln im Zentralbalkan, PBF, XIV/12, Stuttgart. Vasić, R., Die Eisenzeit im Zentralbakan – chronologische und ethnische Fragen, IN: Silber der Illyrer und Kelten im Zentralbalkan, Eberdingen, 11–32. Vulpe, A., Zur mittleren Hallstattzeit in Rumänien (Die Basarabi Kultur), Dacia N.S., 9, 105–132. Vulpe, A., Necropola hallstattiană Ferigile, Bucureşti. Vulpe, A., Archaeologische Forschungen und historische Betrachtungen über des 7. bis. 5. Jh. im Donau-Karpatenraum, MemAnt, II, 115–213. Vulpe, A., Zur Deinition und Verbreitung der Basarabi-Kultur, IN: Die ältere Eisenzeit in der Wojwodina und ihre Verbindungen mit den anderen donauländischen und benachbarten Gebieten. Materijali XIX, Referate des Symposiums in Novi Sad, 10–13 September 1979, 179–189. Vulpe, A., Zur Entstehung der Geto-Dakischen Zivilisation. Die BasarabiKultur, Dacia N.S., 30, 49–89. Wesse, A., Die Ärmchenbeile der Alten Welt. Ein Beitrag zum Beginn des Eisenzeit im östlichen Mitteleuropa, Bonn. List of igures Fig. 1. Archaeological sites mentioned in the text. Fig. 2. Bledinje source stream on the Miroč Mountain, near site Mihajlov Ponor (‘mythical landscape’ and ‘cultic place’). List of plates Pl. 1. Pl. 2. Pl. 3. 1. Gradina na Bosutu, a. iron axe; b. Bronze bracelet; c. fragment of bronze torc (ater Medović– Medović 2011); 2. Aljudovo near Požarevac, iron tools from hoard (ater Стојић–Јацановић 2008); 3. Vajuga–Pesak, Basarabi cup and iron ibula from grave 3 (ater Popović–Vukmanović 1998); 4. Iron arrowheads of Ferigile type from circular stone structure (cultic place) at Miroč–Mihajlov ponor. Basarabi pottery found with the Miroč hoard. 1. Iron two-looped arc ibulae from Miroč hoard; 2. Iron hollow axes (celt) from Miroč hoard; 3. Iron lat tang axes from Miroč hoard; 4. Iron rectangular buckles from Miroč hoard. 16 | M. Jevtić c b a1 a d e 1 3 2 4 Plate 1. 1. Gradina na Bosutu, a. iron axe; b. Bronze bracelet; c. fragment of bronze torc (ater Medović–Medović 2011); 2. Aljudovo near Požarevac, iron tools from hoard (ater Стојић–Јацановић 2008); 3. Vajuga–Pesak, Basarabi cup and iron ibula from grave 3 (ater Popović–Vukmanović 1998); 4. Iron arrowheads of Ferigile type from circular stone structure (cultic place) at Miroč–Mihajlov ponor. Basarabi and Ferigile Finds on the Border Between the Carpathian Basin and Central Balkans | 17 1 2 3 4 Plate 2. Basarabi pottery found with the Miroč hoard. 18 | M. Jevtić 1 2 3 4 Plate 3. 1. Iron two-looped arc ibulae from Miroč hoard; 2. Iron hollow axes (celt) from Miroč hoard; 3. Iron lat tang axes from Miroč hoard; 4. Iron rectangular buckles from Miroč hoard. ABBREVIATIONS ActaAntHung ActaArchHung ActaAC ActaArch ActaB ActaMC ActaMN ActaMP AFN AIH AJPhA Alba Regia Analele Banatului Apulum ArchAustr ArchBulg ArchÉrt ArchIug ArchKorr ArchRoz ArchSlov Argesis ArhMold ArhPregl ArhS ArhVest Arrabona ASM AuhV AVANS AVJC BA BAR BayerVorgbl BB BBUF BCH BCŞS Beiträge UFM Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, Academia Scientiarum Polona Collegium Cracoviense, Kraków Acta Archeologica, København Acta Bernensia, Bern Acta Musei Cibalensis, Vinkovci Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary, Budapest American Journal of Physical Anthropology Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár Analele Banatului, Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien Archaeologia Bulgarica, Soia Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest Archaeologia Iugoslavica Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum Mainz Archeologické Rozhledy, Prague Archaeologia Slovaca Monographiae Studia, Nitra Argesis, Studii şi Comunicări, Piteşti Arheologia Moldovei, Iaşi Arheološki Pregled, Arheološko društvo Jugoslavije Arheologija. Organ na Arheologičeskija Institut i Muzej, Soia Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Inštitut za arheologijo, Lubljana Arrabona, a Győri Múzeum Évkönyve Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Die Altertümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit Archeologické výskumy a nálezy na Slovensku Archeologické výzkumy v Jižnich Čechách Biblioteca de Arheologie, București British Archaeological Reports, International Series / British Series, Oxford Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu Basler Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Derendingen–Solothurn Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţiice Studenţeşti, Alba Iulia Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Weissbach 406 | Abbreviations BerRGK BIA BMAK BMB BMM BMMK BudRég BT BTMM BUFM CA CCA CMM ComArchHung Dacia (N.S.) DDMÉ DissPann DMB DMZ DRK ÉC EphemNap FAM FAS FBW FolArch FÖ FRGZ Germania HBA Hesperia HOMÉ IA IAIS IPH Jahrbuch OM Jahrbuch RGZM JahrHVSU JahrÖAI JahrSGUF JAMÉ JAOS JAS JEA JRA KEMK LAF MAS Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakówie Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Archaeologia, Târgu Mureș / Cluj Napoca Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleménye, Békéscsaba Budapest Régiségei, Budapest Bibliotheca hracologica, Bucureşti Budapest Történeti Múzeum, Műhely Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas Cercetări Arheologice Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România Catalogi Musei Marisiensis, archaeologia, Târgu Mureş Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948), Bucureşti; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, Bucureşti A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, Budapest Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd Dissertationes et Monographiae Zagreb Dunai Régészeti Közlemények Études Celtiques, Paris Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Fontes Archaeologiae Moravicae, Brno Fontes Archaeologiae Slovakiae, Bratislava Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest Fundberichte aus Österreich, Wien Forschungen am Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum Germania, Frankfurt am Main Hamburger Beiträge zur Archäologie Hesperia, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, Miskolc Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf. Izvestija na Arheologičeskija Institut Soia Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins für Straubing und Umgebung Jahreshete des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschat für Ur- und Frühgeschichte A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, Nyíregyháza Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of Archaeological Science, London Journal of European Archaeology, Durham, UK Journal of Roman Archaeology Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei Linzer Archäologische Forschungen, Linz Materialia Archaeologica Slovaca, Nitra Abbreviations | 407 MCA MemAnt MIA MittAI MittPK MKCsM MΩMOΣ Monographien RGZM MUÖ OJA OpArch OZ Ősrégészeti levelek PamArch PBF Peuce Pontica Prilozi IAZ PZ RACF RCRFA RégFüz RGF RVM Sargetia Savaria SCIV(A) SHN SlovArch SMF SMK SNMP Starinar StComSM Studia UBB Studii Študijné zvesti Symhrac SzMMA hraco-Dacica Tisicum TZ UPA VAMZ VIA KÖK VF VsP WArch Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti Memoria Antiquitatis, Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Bucureşti Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici, Zagreb Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaten, Budapest Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Vienna Múzeumi kutatások Csongrád megyében MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete Monographien Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz Materialen zur Urgeschichte Österreichs, Wien. Oxford Journal of Archaeology Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu Osječki Zbornik, Osijek Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest Památky Archeologické, Praha Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München, Stuttgart Peuce, Studii și cercetări de istorie și arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari EcoMuzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea Pontica, Anuarul Muzeului de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie Constanţa Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu Praehistorische Zeitschrit, Berlin Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, Tours Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta, Abingdon Régészeti Füzetek, Budapest Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz / Berlin Rad vojvođanskih muzeja Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva Savaria, a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője, Szombathely Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), Bucureşti Studia Historica Nitriensia Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra Somogyi Múzeumok Füzetei, Kaposvár Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series A – Historia, Praha Starinar, Arheološki institut, Beograd Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca Studii. Revistă de ştiinţă şi ilosoie Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra Symposia hracologica, Institutul Român de Tracologie, Bucureşti Szolnok Megyei Múzeumi Adattár hraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureşti Tisicum, A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve, Szolnok Trierer Zeitschrit, Trier Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu VIA, Kulturális és Örökségvédelmi Kismonográiák – Monographia Minor in Cultural Heritage, Budapest Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, Berlin Východoslovenský pravek, Archeologický ústav Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra World Archaeology, Oxford 408 | Abbreviations WissSN WMMÉ ZA Zbornik Bor Zbornik NB Zborník SNM ZE ZM Wissenschatliche Schritenreihe Niederösterreich Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve, Szekszárd Zeitschrit für Archäologie Zbornik radova muzeja rudarstva i metalurgije u Boru Zbornik narodnog muzeja, Beograd Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava Zeitschrit für Ethnologie Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból, Zalaegerszeg bibliotheca mvsei marisiensis series archaeologica I. 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