Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin PrOCEEdIngS Of ThE InTErnaTIOnal COllOquIuM frOM Târgu MurEş 10–13 October 2013 Edited by Sándor BErECkI Editura MEga Târgu Mureş 2014 Contents J. Vincent S. MEGAW Preface. Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium held at Târgu Mureş 7 Nathalie GiNoux–Dominique Robcis–Manuel LeRoux–Florence DusseRe Metal Crat and Warrior Elites in the hird Century BC: New Sights from the Carpathian Basin to Gaul 9 Tiberius bADeR Nachbau des Wagens aus dem Fürstengrab von Hochdorf, Deutschland 19 Marcin RuDNicki Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians 33 Peter c. RAMsL La Tène Period Cratsmanship in Eastern Austria 71 ivan DRNić–Ana FRANjić pXRF Analysis of South Pannonian Late Iron Age Silver Artefacts 83 Marko DizDAR Bronze Fibulae with Enamel Inlay from Scordiscan Sites 97 csilla GáTi On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia in the Sixth–Fourth Centuries BC 115 zoltán czAjLik Traces of Prehistoric Smelting Workshops in the Carpathian Basin 139 károly TANkÓ Traces of Iron Smelting in La Tène Iron Age Settlement at Ménfőcsanak 147 Attila, HoRváTH M. A Decorated La Tène Sword from the Budapest–Csepel Island 161 katalin ALMássy–Horea PoP Remains of a Pottery Workshop (?) from the Upper Tisza Region 171 Martin FuRMAN A Central European Form of La Tène Ornament: Rings with hree and Four Large Hollow Knobs from Slovakia 183 Gertrúda březiNová La Tène Bone and Antler Artefacts from Nitra 191 jános NéMeTi Pottery Production during the Late Iron Age in North-Western Romania 199 Horea PoP he Metal Smiths’ Settlement at Şimleu Silvaniei–Uliul cel Mic 209 corneliu beLDiMAN–Dan Lucian vAiDA–Diana-Maria szTANcs–carmen PAveL–Florin coNsTANTiN Composite Artefact Discovered in the Celtic Cemetery of Fântânele–La Gâţa (Bistriţa-Năsăud County). Data on Use-Wear Analysis and X-Ray Computed Tomography 217 Mariana eGRi Desirable Goods in the Late Iron Age – he Cratsman’s Perspective 233 Aurel RusToiu–sándor beRecki Celtic Elites and Cratsmen: Mobility and Technological Transfer during the Late Iron Age in the Eastern and South-Eastern Carpathian Basin 249 iosif vasile FeReNcz–Dan Lucian vAiDA Cratsmanship and Crats in the Transylvanian Celtic Horizon 279 Marija LjušTiNA–Miloš sPAsić Scordiscan Potters in Action: A Late Iron Age Pottery Kiln from Karaburma 287 vojislav FiLiPović–Milica TAPAvički-iLić Cratsmen in the Celtic Cemetery of Karaburma, Belgrade 297 Andreea DRăGAN Production and Circulation of La Tène Painted Pottery North of the Lower Danube 301 jan bouzek Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged Sickle for Harvesting Olives? 319 ABBREVIATIONS 325 On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia in the sixth–fourth Centuries BC Csilla GáTI Janus Pannonius Múzeum Pécs, Hungary gatics@gmail.com Keywords: Late Hallstatt, Early La Tène, settlement, oinochoe, kantharos, graphite During rescue excavations on the M60 motorway route in 2005, 2007, and 2008 four Iron Age sites were excavated near the village of Szajk in Southeast-Transdanubia, in the Hungarian Baranya region (site no. B105, B104, B073, B106). Located 12 km from Danube and 35 km from the Drava rivers (Pl. 1), the four sites seem to be the part of one large settlement complex that lies on three neighbouring hills divided by two streams.1 220 Iron Age features over an area of 6.7 ha were excavated during the rescue excavations. he majority of the features were remains of pit-houses in the form of shallow, rectangular or rounded rectangular pits with vertical sidewalls; and regular, round storage pits, but also there were some postholes indicating the existence of standing buildings (Pl. 1). Owing to limitations of space questions concerning the lifespan and relative chronology of the Szajk Iron Age site complex cannot be discussed in detail.2 As a brief summary it can be said that the earliest inds have Ha D characteristics, sometimes mixed with Early La Tène types of pottery. he analysis of the inds also indicates the sporadic presence of a LT B-C settlement phase. A strong distinction between the settlement features of the diferent chronological phases cannot be established. Neither does the settlement structure show a clear chronological pattern. However, there is a well-deined change in the pottery types following the Late Hallstatt/Early La Tène chronological boundary. he Middle La Tène pottery inds of the Szajk obviously lack local stylistic elements and have direct parallels in Central European material. Unfortunately, metal inds are sparse at Szajk. he few ibulae can only serve as supporting material when attempting to establish site chronology. hey consist of a fragment of a Certosa type, an Early La Tène pre-Duchcov (B1) example, and a Middle La Tène wire ibula that conirms the chronological framework showed by the analysis of the pottery material (Fig. 1). he bulk of the Szajk ind material its into the so-called Srem Group deined by Croatian and Serbian research. As to our present knowledge, the Hungarian part of Baranya, i.e., the area south of the Mecsek Mountains can be regarded as the northernmost extension of the Srem Group. However, until now we only knew of cemeteries of the Srem Group, the main part of the material consisting of inds of unknown provenance. 1 2 I hereby express my gratitude to my colleagues Gábor Bertók, Olivér Gábor, Róbert Lóki, and Olga Vajda-Kiss for allowing me to publish the ind material. he whole chronological analysis of the settlement has not yet been completed; the results presented here are the author’s preliminary observations. Iron Age Crats and Cratsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 115–138 116 | Cs. Gáti Fig. 1. Fibulae from the site. herefore the Szajk site is of paramount importance since a settlement clearly containing inds of the Srem Group has not been investigated in our area before. he closest analogies of the Szajk inds were found in the Beremend and Szentlőrinc Iron Age cemeteries. Excavation of these cemeteries indicated that a population of mixed burial rites with strong local traditions lived in the area in the sixth–fourth centuries BC. he typical La Tène material appears in signiicant quantities only in the third century BC. he most characteristic inds of the Srem Group are the so-called astragalus type belts, Certosa ibulae, knives with curved blades, spearheads, glass bead necklaces, situlae, cowrie shells, and two-handled vessels (kantharoi). he group was irst described by Garašanin (1973) who separated its material from that of the Bosut Culture. he earliest identiied inds of the Srem Group were scattered inds of uncertain origin. he irst well-documented assemblages are those from the burials found at Mošorin– Stubarlija (Serbia) and Vinkovci (Croatia) – although the Hungarian sites have been ignored by Serbian research. As it has already been pointed out several times, the deiciencies of research are also indicated by the fact that material of the Srem Group is known almost exclusively from burials: Vinkovci (MajnarićPandžić 2003), Doroslovo (Brukner 1959), Mošorin (Medović 2002; 2007), Sremska Mitrovica (Brunšmid 1902), Beremend (Jerem 1973), Szentlőrinc (Jerem 1968), Šabac (Vasiljević 1976), as well as the recently discovered Szeged-Kiskundorozsma cemetery (Pilling–Ujvári 2012). Information on Srem Group settlements has been sparse and uncertain, and mostly has come from the sites of the Bosut culture like Petrovaradin (Medović–Hänsel 2006), Feudvar by Mošorin (Hänsel–Medović 1991) Gomolava by Hrtkovci (Tasić 1988) and Gradina by the Bosut River (Medović 1978). he settlement at Stari Mikanovci (Potrebica–Dizdar 2002) can also be ranked with the Srem Group. Filling the hiatus, the Szajk settlement complex has produced numerous inds, like the few Certosa ibula fragments and the kantharos type vessels with handles raised well above the rim, which correlate with those found in the above mentioned cemeteries. Chronologically, the material of the Srem Group has been divided into two sub-groups: the sixth– ith centuries BC early phase, and the ith–fourth centuries BC late phase (Medović 2002, 105–106). he inds from the Beremend and Szentlőrinc cemeteries also it into this chronological frame. Several attempts have been made to explain the heterogeneity of the Srem Group. Its formation is oten brought into connection with the ith century BC appearance of the Scythian (Vekerzug) Culture in the area of Romania and Eastern Serbia that may have caused the termination of the Ferigile and Bosut Groups (Medović–Hänsel 2006, 492). his change also re-oriented the main direction of local trade networks towards the Eastern Alpine region. It was considered that ethnical changes in the population of the preceding, sixth century BC Bosut III culture also contributed to the genesis of the Srem Group, the local population and the immigrating Amantes and Breukoi together forming the new material culture (Popović 1981). R. Vasić (1987) also supposed the inlux of new ethnic elements during the sixth–ith centuries BC from the direction of Eastern Bosnia and Western Serbia, and found traces of direct inluence from Dolenjsko area. However, Vasić did not notice any connection between the settlements of the Bosut Culture and the cemeteries of the Srem Group. With the replacement of cremation with inhumation a distinct change can be observed in the burial rite in the late, sixth century BC phase of the Doroslovo cemetery of the Dalj Culture. Shortly ater the appearance of ‘Scythoid’ motifs on grave goods the cemetery was given up already in the sixth century. he inds of the Doroslovo cemetery show that the Dalj Culture lasted up to the end of the sixth century when new elements came into view and there is a discontinuity between the cremation graves and the graves of the ith–fourth centuries BC (Ljuština 2010, 60). On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 117 During the Celtic period in the area comprising the present-day Baranya County (Hungary) and Slavonia (Croatia) the increase in the number of settlements and cemeteries became signiicant in the Middle La Tène period (from the LT B2, and more signiicantly in the LT C1 phase), though the sporadic presence of early, fourth century BC La Tène material can also be observed (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970; Božić 1981; Potrebica–Dizdar 2002; Maráz 2008; Szabó 2009; Dizdar 2011; etc.). Aside from the complicacies of its chronology, the apparently multifaceted system of contacts of the population having lived at the Szajk site is also noteworthy, complexity illustrated by some of the most characteristic and/or unique types of the pottery. Kantharoi Kantharoi are one of the most common types of vessel in Szajk. Most of the surviving examples are fragments. In many cases only the presence of shoulder fragments with one or two stubs of the handle, or sherds of lat handles indicated the presence of kantharoi in the ill of certain features. Almost all of these vessels show traces of graphite painting with the fabric of the body being either brick-red or dark grey. he majority of them are of narrow shape with bi-conic body, usually with graphite painting, and shallow grooved decoration, ingertip impressions, or incised patterns at the belly (Fig. 2). Wheelinishing of certain pieces cannot be excluded, but its traces cannot be discerned because of the burnished surface and graphite painting. Fig. 2. Types of kantharoi from the site. In the Classical tradition kantharoi were associated with the cult of Dionysos and served as cups for drinking wine (Rustoiu–Egri 2010), and as such, they can be associated with oinochoai. In Baranya County, Hungary double handled vessels had been a common type since the Late Bronze Age. he Szajk kantharoi are much narrower in shape and their handles are raised much more above the rim than those of the wide-bodied specimens of the Early Iron Age Dalj Culture. he Szajk kantharoi are also diferent from the La Tène and classical Hellenistic types both in terms of form and potting technique (Rustoiu–Egri 2010, 227–228). he kantharos types from Szajk were basic forms of the Srem Group, during the sixth–fourth centuries BC in the region in and around Baranya (Pl. 2/1). We may then call them ‘Pannonian’ kantharoi (for a summary about the form see Dizdar 2010). Finds from the multi-period site of Pod in Bosnia show that the forms with curved neck and conic or bi-conic body (the type 5 following Gavranović) date to the latest phases of the site: they appear during the seventh–fourth centuries BC (Gavranović 2011a, 79–81). Also in Central Serbia there are a few examples from the sixth–fourth centuries BC of similar ‘Pannonian’ kantharoi, such as from the tumuli of Ljuljaci (Srejović 1990) or Pilatovići (Vasić 1977, pl. 21). he two northernmost analogies of the kantharoi found in Szajk were found near Neufeld in Austria. Based on the ibulae found with them, these kantharoi can be dated to the beginning of the La Tène period, to the ith century BC (Jerem 1996, 103–105, pl. 7/5–6; 8/1). he examples of Neufeld were most probably imported, though the graphite tempering of one may indicate a local origin. he grave goods in the LT B2–C1 burials excavated at Zvonimirovo (Croatia), and Mahrevići (Bosnia), are examples of the survival of a distinctive local hand-made type of pottery. hey indicate that the kantharos type remained in use until the 118 | Cs. Gáti Middle La Tène period in the region comprising the Hungarian Baranya, the Srem district and Eastern Slavonia (Dizdar 2010). Oinochoai he most remarkable, and at the same the most controversial pottery inds from the Szajk site are the jugs (oinochoai) with their spout formed by half of the neck vertically cut away (Fig. 3). At the bottom of pit no. 73/73 (Fig. 4), the fragments of ten oinochoai were found, of which six could be entirely restored (for the description of the jugs see: Gábor 2009). As a result of this lucky ind we were able to identify oinochoai even on the basis of small rim sherds. he rest of the assemblage comprised small, but characteristically formed rim sherds and some graphite painted fragments perhaps of handles of triangular cross-section that could be identiied as being parts of oinochoai on the basis of the restored pieces. he Szajk oinochoai were entirely covered by thick graphite slip that gives the surface a metallic appearance, a feature that seems to be the result of mixed inluences from both the Balkans and the West. here is channelled decoration around their shoulder. hey are likely to be hand-made, since rilling is not present on any of them (though rilling may as well have been removed by burnishing the surface). he majority of the Szajk oinochoai are 180–200 mm tall, but there Fig. 3. Oinochoe from feature 73/73. are also some smaller ones. he rest of the material from the above-mentioned pit – urn fragments, bowls with inverted rim and graphite painted decoration – show Hallstatt traditions, which suggests a date in the second half of the sixth century or the beginning of the ith century date (Pl. 3–4). Fig. 4. he pit 73/73 with oinochoai on the bottom. On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 119 he cut-away neck jugs are unusual in the Carpathian Basin. However, the multiple examples in the ind material (found in iteen features) of the Szajk settlement suggests that it was known for the population living there. his fact raises the question whether the appearance of the oinochoe type simply meant the adoption of the pottery form in itself, or it also meant the adoption of viticulture usually associated with oinochoai. he presence of the cut-away neck jugs at Szajk shits its northern boundary of distribution from the formerly known burial in Pećine (for a detailed analysis of the form see: Parović-Pešikan 1988; 1993). Most probably a Greek import, the oinochoe from the Atenica (South Serbia) princely grave is dated to the sixth–ith centuries BC (Djuknić–Jovanović 1966). he imported oinochoe found near Pećin can be dated to LT B or the late fourth century BC). A more accurate dating will only be possible on the basis of further published results (Jovanović 1985, ig. 5; Szabó 2006, 106). Based on the stratigraphy of Kastanas, jugs with spouts have been present in Central Macedonia from the Bronze Age. hese pitchers have two sub-groups, irst are the so-called ‘cut-away’ jugs which do not have a distinct spout, and the neck does not have a direct connection with the handle, and secondly the pitchers with beak-like spout (whose spout is directly connected to the handle). In the Iron Age the previous group prevailed. he Szajk oinochoai resemble the Kastanas Type Ic that features a relatively long and curved spout. Type Ic is dated to a wide period, to 1000–400 BC. he Iron Age pieces of this type are markedly burnished and the majority of them is black (Hochstetter 1984, 51–58). Among the Kastanas jugs the ones found in Layers 2 and 3 (dated to 700–400 BC) have a spherical body similar to that of the Szajk jugs (Hochstetter 1984, 269–270, pl. 243/1.8). In Southern Albania, pitchers had been a common type of vessel from the Late Bronze Age or thirteenth to twelth centuries BC (Prendi 1982, pl. 8/15). In the seventh–sixth century BC they were oten placed in tumuli. he analysis of the grave goods of the sixth–ith century BC Borovëst cemetery demonstrates the long-term use of the type. he Borovës inds included both wheel-thrown and hand-made oinochoai. In one of the graves a small oinochoe was found together with an Illyrian helmet (Aliu 1994). Small pitchers resembling the Szajk oinochoai were also found in some of the Romaja tumuli (Vasić 1977, pl. 41/15, 16; 42/20; 43/11) in Kosovo. he graves with these pitchers are dated to the end of the sixth or beginning of the ith century BC, which is contemporary with the dating of the Szajk oinochoai. he Romaja site has been dated to phase III (550–450 BC) of the Iron Age, as it is also indicated by the Širokoi burials with similar jugs (Vasić 1977, pl. 15/17; 16/2; 19/21). Summarizing the above, the oinochoe type jugs were present in the Balkans from the Early Iron Age up to the ith–fourth centuries BC. Current knowledge indicates that their presence north of the area of Macedonia and Albania is sporadic, and therefore these northern examples cannot be accurately dated. he connection between the area of South Serbia and Baranya is at the moment uncertain; future excavations in Serbia may ill the gap. Decorated handles In general, the stylised animal head decoration is typical of the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods in the Carpathian Basin. Apart from some examples of the widespread types, the excavations at the Szajk produced handle decorations that mostly show local characteristics (Fig. 5). he relative chronology of the diferent variants found at Szajk is unclear since decorated handles in each feature belonged to either of the types; however, it seems that they were in use more-or-less contemporaneously. A recent typology of the Late Hallstatt/Early La Tène horn-handled bowls deined 13 types of bowl and handle variations (Tankó 2005a). he typology of the handles from Szajk was created with regard to the above classiication, but with minor modiications and additions, since the majority of the handle decorations survive only as fragments and therefore one can but make assumptions about the cups that they were parts of. Type 1. Facing each other, two stylised, triangular animal-head decorations are positioned vertically near the upper end of the raised handle of the cups or bowls belonging to this group. Only partial reconstruction of the associated vessel forms could be attempted since the surviving examples without exception are fragments of handle, occasionally with a small part of the body. Some of the fragments suggest that they may have been attached to a cup with lattened body and strongly carinated shoulder. All these handles are made of a ine fabric and are graphite painted. hough this type does not appear in earlier classiications, in our opinion the diferences in proile of this group from Type 3 noted below allow for a distinction to be made. Close analogies of the Szajk type 1 handle decoration can be found 120 | Cs. Gáti in the ind material of the Beremend cemetery (Jerem 1973, pl. 8/21; type Be by Tankó 2005a). A similarly formed animal head-decorated fragment was also recovered from the Szentlőrinc cemetery (Jerem 1968, ig. 26/3), but this fragment is more likely to have been a decoration applied to the body of a vessel. here are only a few analogies (Pl. 2/2) to this type from the Late Hallstatt period in Northern Croatia (Majnarić-Pandžić 1986, pl. 13; Kovačević 2008, pl. 8/2) and in Doroslovo (Trajković 2008, grave 61) and possibly the example from Židovar in the Banat (Jevtić–Sladić 1999, pl. 1/8). So this type seems to be a local form in Slavonia and eastern Srem in the Late Hallstatt period. Fig. 5. Decorated handles from the site (diferent scales). Type 2. Located on the curved top of a raised strap handle fragment, there is a single example at Szajk for a vertical horn decoration with pointed, more-or-less bi-conic tip (Type C of Tankó 2005a). Unfortunately, the form of the vessel cannot be determined, but it can be assumed that it belonged to a lat conic bowl. Similar horn decorations have been found along the Danube in the northern part of Hungary. he piece found near the village of Szob was recovered from a grave dated to the Scythian period (Ilon 1985), the Pilismarót–Szobi-rév example came from a Ha D settlement (Wollák 1979). Type 3. In this case three small knobs on the two edges of the handle serve as decoration (Type e of Tankó 2005a).his widespread type might be considered as the precursor or a variant of type 1. Mostly it was also found in Slovenia, Bosnia, but also there are some pieces in southern Slovakia, such as Bučany (Bujna–Romsauer 1983, pl. 2/10), Nitra–Mikov (Romsauer 1993, pl. 5/4) from the Late Hallstatt period. he vessels of the type from Donja Dolina were dated to the sixth century (Marić 1964), while those from Layer IV of the Bosnian Pod tell were found together with early La Tène ibulae (Gavranović 2011b, 105). In grave no. 48/104 at Stična a cup with type 3 decoration was unearthed with an early phase Negau-type helmet that date to the beginning of the ith century (Gabrovec 2006, Taf. 62). In grave 14 of the Sanski Most cemetery a type 3 horn-handled cup was found together with a Certosa ibula with animal head decoration (Fiala 1899, ig. 23). Type 4. As a part of a wheel-thrown bowl, only a single fragment of the ‘classic’ La Tène horned handle (the Type D of Tankó 2005a) was found in Szajk. Analogous inds were recovered among others from the Pilismarót–Basaharc site (Bognár-Kutzián 1975, pl. II) and the Bučany cemetery (Bujna– Romsauer 1983, Taf. IV/18; VIII/1). he type has been dated with certainty to the LT A phase in the ith–fourth centuries BC (Hunyady 1944, 17–19; Tankó 2005a). he type 4 decoration was applied to wheel-thrown bowls. he distribution area of this kind of bowl and handles is northern Transdanubia partly along the Danube (Tankó 2005a, ig. 7). Type 5. Several handle fragments decorated with lat discs at the top have come to light in Szajk. Such handles had been certainly common in Baranya from the Early Iron Age – as for example is demonstrated, by the unpublished Pécs–Jakab-hegy material. As the fractured surface of one of the Szajk bowls shows, the disc decorations are likely to have been placed on the upper tip of handles of deep, On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 121 conic bowls, similar to those reconstructed on the basis of the analogous inds from Vinkovci and Stari Mikanovci (Potrebica–Dizdar 2002, pl. 1/8; 4/6). he broken-of handle decoration of a cup from grave 20 of the Szentlőrinc cemetery is also likely to have been a Type 5 knob (Jerem 1968, ig. 22/20). A similar, knob-decorated fragment was found at Donja Dolina, dated to Phase IIc, or to the period between 500 and 300 BC (Marić 1964, pl. XVI/3). here are distinctive knob-decorated handles in the Ferigile cemetery (Vulpe 1967). According to the chronological system devised for the Romanian site, hemispherical bowls with disc-decorated handles were generally used as grave goods until Phase 4, or the sixth century BC (Vulpe 1977). In general, the Type 5 handle decoration has the most widespread use in the Late Hallstatt Ferigile cultural group. However, the geographical distance and the various other cultural groups between Szajk and the Ferigile area makes the direct connection between the two cultural entities doubtful at the moment. Since the unpublished material in Baranya County from the Early Iron Age comprises numerous examples of the type, we can regard it as a local development. Stamped bowls here are several examples of wheel-thrown bowls and urns with stamped decoration at Szajk. hese stamped motifs – concentric circles, reversed ‘S’ motifs, pendant motifs – are characteristic of the early stamped decoration style of the eastern Celtic territories (Schwappach 1979, for a summary see: Tappert 2006, 189–194). One frequently used vessel during the Early La Tène Period in the Eastern Alps was the so-called Braubach bowl. Bowls of this type are usually S-proiled, and have stamped motifs near the bottom on the inside. he decoration usually consists of a star-like formation of stamped circles arranged in triangles. he omphalos shaping of the bottom is also quite common. Unfortunately, the majority of the Braubach bowls from Szajk are so fragmented that entire decorations are not possible to reconstruct (Fig. 6). Fig. 6. Braubach bowls from the site. Braubach bowls were deined and classiied more than half a century ago (Dehn 1951). he earliest, LT A examples of this type of bowls are primarily found in the western part of the Czech Republic and in the Salzburg area in Austria. he place of origin of these bowls was considered the area around the Dürrnberg, where the Hallstatt precursor of the type can also be found. Decorated with rosettes and girland motifs, one of the ith century Dürrnberg bowls indicates that the decoration of the Braubach type may also derive from Attica (Stöllner 1996, 228–229). hese bowls are common in the Early Celtic cemeteries and settlements of the LT A2–B1 in the eastern alpine territory, e.g. Au an der Leitha (Nebehay 1973, pl. IX/1; XV; XIX), Lepoldau (Nebehay 1991, pl. 18/2, 9; 23/1, 5; 24/1); Mannersdorf (Ramsl 2011 pl. 34/23; 46/1–2; 156/1; 234) or Bratislava-Dúbravka (Stegmann-Rajtár 1996, pl. 11/2). here are some examples in Sopron (Jerem 1980, pl. 16/3; 18/4, 5) and in Bučany (Bujna–Romsauer 1983, ig. 27). he bowl form Pilismarót (Bognár-Kutzián 1975, pl. II) can also be connected to the group. 122 | Cs. Gáti Graphitic wares Graphite was used in some forms throughout the existence of the Szajk settlement frequently for decorating ine wares – bowls, cups, kantharoi, urns –, either as slip applied on the entire surface of the vessel, or for painting motifs on the inside or outside of some vessels. he motifs mostly appear as cross-hatch or chessboard patterns, and triangles (Pl. 5). he use of graphite painting can be regarded as a Hallstatt tradition. To the south of Hungary (Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia) the use of graphite seldom occurs. Bowls decorated on the inside with cross-hatched and triangular motifs mostly executed with graphite are usual in Bavaria, south Germany, Austria, Moravia, and western Transdanubia from the Ha D period (Brosseder 2004, 286–287); also in the Early La Tène period graphite painting is usual in the settlements of the Eastern Alpine region. So in the Late Hallstatt period of Transdanubia graphitecoating and painting became frequently used, with examples from Csönge (Fekete 1984), Szob (Ilon 1985), Pilismarót (Wollák 1979) and Tokod (Patek 1983). Although researched has not always clearly distinguished between the motifs made by burnishing and those with graphite painting, it is worth mentioning that in Szajk graphite painting/burnishing was clearly predominant while simple burnishing was seldom used. East of the Danube instead of graphite painting burnished decorations are present among the inds from the sites of the Great Hungarian Plain from the second half of the sixth century BC, but they are deinitely rare (Kemenczei 2009, 101). In some cases graphite painted decoration appears on the outside of larger vessels from Szajk as meander, linear, cross-hatched, and chessboard patterns but because many of the motifs survive only on sherds, we cannot securely link them to certain types of vessels. In a few pits from Szajk early-type sherds with graphite tempering were found (Fig. 7) which may be fragments of early situlae (Kappel 1969, 51–52). Regarding their form, they it into the types characteristic for the site, but their material is diferent. he nearest examples of early pottery types with graphite tempering have been found on the group of sites around Sopron (Jerem–Kardos 1985). Fig. 7. Fragments of Early La Tène graphite wares. Graphite tempered pots with thickened rim and vertically brushed belly are rare in Szajk. Earlier literature dated this type to the Middle La Tène period (Hunyady 1944, 141; Kappel 1969, 53). Newer data suggest that it was already present in LT B (Jerem–Kardos 1985) at Ménfőcsanak (Tankó 2005b), with some occurrences as early as LT A (Bujna–Romsauer 1983, pl. VI/3). In any case, this type of pot was most common in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle La Tène phase. Since there are no natural graphite deposits anywhere near the Szajk settlement, it was imported, the most probable sources being those in Austria and the Czech Republic. he fact that graphite was used throughout the lifespan of the settlement suggests more-or-less uninterrupted trade relations between the Szajk site and the above-mentioned areas. It is generally accepted that graphite ore itself was traded, and not inished graphite-tempered or graphite painted ware (Rustoiu 1993, 141; Sievers 2006, 73). Archaeometric examination of the Dunaszentgyörgy inds show that the graphite-tempered vessels were locally made, just like the rest of the pottery recovered from the site (Szöllősi et al. 2009) Examination of the material found in Szajk shows that the source of the graphite was in the southern part of the Czech Republic (Havancsák et al. 2009). On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 123 An interesting example was recovered from feature no. 105/290 at Szajk: regarding its form it is identical with the early-type Middle La Tène situlae, but its material is not tempered with graphite (Fig. 8). However, the fact that it is graphitepainted that can be a remnant of earlier traditions. he network of relations of the Szajk site in chronological order Phase 1 (Pl. 3–4, 6) Fig. 8. Situla from the feature 105/290, In the early phase of the settlement Hallstatt traditions prewith graphite-painted exterior surface. vailed (such as urns with cross-hatched triangle decoration, graphite painted bowls with inverted rim, etc.). In addition, there are elements (kantharoi, decorated handles, Certosa ibula) whose characteristics point towards Slavonia, the Srem district, and towards Glasinac in Bosnia. It is likely therefore that Szajk had strong cultural ties with these territories. Although the presence of the biconical decorated (type 2) handles at Szajk indicates that the site had connections to the main Danubian trade route, the bowls with graphite painted decorations and the frequent use of graphite coating of ine ware link the settlement to the Eastern Alpine Hallstattkultur. When dealing with the Late Hallstatt / Early La Tène period it is always an important question to decide what can be considered as imported goods and what as locally made products. With no doubt kantharoi were locally made since they are present in the assemblages of almost all the excavated features. It is a more diicult question to evaluate the role of decorated handles. Vessels having handles with triangular ending (type 1), or handles with disc decoration (type 5) are likely to have been produced locally, since they were found is several objects, while other types with only one example are more probably imported. he presence of oinochoai (cut-away neck jugs) is an even more interesting problem. hough the Szajk oinochoai have their closest formal analogies along the lower course of the Vardar River it is unlikely that they were imported since the surface technique applied to them (graphite slip) relates them to the other, local forms of the Szajk site. Additionally, the oinochoai were found in several of the excavation features which also implies a local origin. It is probable that migrant cratsmen or a family involved in pottery crat had a role in bringing in the technique and the oinochoe form. heir temporary presence could explain the fact that though we have numerous oinochoai, they still cannot be regarded as a common type at Szajk. Since several anthropological studies demonstrate that potters are mostly women in the traditional societies (Knopf 2002, 238), it is also possible that the pottery type appeared as one or more women moved to Szajk as a result of exogamy. We can also suppose that the appearance and use of the oinochoe type at lest partially had its roots in local customs. Some examples of the characteristic ‘Pannonian’ kantharoi in Central-Serbia may also ofer proof of the contacts between Baranya and the Middle-Balkan. As it has already been pointed out by others, Macedonia had a very important role in transferring Greek goods towards the north in the fourth–third centuries BC. he ith–third century BC period of the Kale-Krševica site at the lower course of the Morava River in South Serbia is a good example for the existence of this important trade route that ended at Pećine in the north (Rustiou–Egri 2011, 36–37, ig. 25). We cannot exclude the possibility that this trade route already existed in the sixth century BC. Phase 2 (Pl. 7) In the middle chronological horizon of the Szajk settlement there are examples of Early La Tène style vessels like Braubach bowls, stamped vessels, S-proile bowls, horn-handled vessels (type 4), and early type graphite tempered wares. hese vessels difer from the locally produced ones both in terms of technique and decoration, and therefore they are likely to have been imported. Apart from a few possibly imported pieces, the local forms (mostly comprising pots) prevailed during the existence of the Szajk settlement. However, the above described special wares may serve as markers in the chronology of the site. When considering the possible routes along which the imported wares arrived at Szajk, the role of rivers has to be emphasized. he distribution of type 1 decorated handles in phase 1 indicates that the Danube was an important trade route already at that time. Most probably originating from the south 124 | Cs. Gáti Transdanubian area, the kantharoi found near Neufeld shed light on the mutuality of this contact. It is also quite probable that new sites with evidence of early La Tène characteristics will be discovered along the Danube – the graves at Paks–Gyapa dated to LT B1 may be indicative of this phenomenon (Tankó 2012). Phase 3 (Pl. 8–9) In the Middle La Tène period of the Szajk site entirely new forms and new production techniques were introduced. Wheel-thrown types became generally used, like situlae, and pots with thick lip, bowls with S-proile. hese forms it into the general types of the LT B2–C1 phases. Since in this phase a uniformity of forms can be observed on throughout Central European, the ind material is not of much help when trying to identify contact networks. We can only suppose that the contacts towards the Slavonia Srem area were kept alive. he graphite-tempered vessels dated to Phase 3, on the other hand, prove that the relations were kept up with the above mentioned areas far to the northeast of the site. *** Although the settlement complex of Szajk lies at the meeting point of three cultural spheres, its material on its own is quite uniform. hree factors make the interpretation of the material diicult: all the inds were recovered from a settlement context; there is an almost total lack of inds other than pottery; and inally, we have no material from or even knowledge of any other settlements from the Late Hallstatt / Early La Tène period from the broader area around Szajk. It is diicult to distinguish the imported and locally produced wares in the ind material of the Szajk settlement complex. However, based on a few pottery types with analogies in Slavonia, the Srem district, Bosnia, and Slovenia, it seems probable that the settlement had relations with these regions. he formerly excavated material of the Beremend and Szentlőrinc cemeteries already showed signs of a strong inluence from the West Balkans. It is also likely that relations were maintained with the Eastern Alpine region either by migrating cratsmen, or exogamy, or through market-places. It is also noticeable that the routes along the rivers Danube, Drava, Sava, Vardar, and Morava had a signiicant role in the supposed contact network of the settlement. It cannot be a coincidence that the spreading of Early La Tène goods (like pre-Duchcov and Duchcov-Münsingen ibulae) followed the same riverine routes (Rustoiu 2012, ig. 1; Ljuština– Spasić 2012, ig. 3). he presence of the LT B2/C1 horizon at Szajk poses interesting questions. Apart from a few types of pots, the pottery forms used at the site undergo a signiicant change in this phase. It still not clear whether the site was continuously inhabited, or there was a period of abandonment following the Late Hallstatt/Early La Tène phases. Such a drastic change in the types of pottery could be caused in the irst instance by the immigration of a new population, but also through the change in the local or broader economic trends and the change of the supply or the demand have to be considered (Knopf 2002, 240–245). In agreement with the observations of Rustiou we also have found that latènization in the Carpathian Basin happened in several steps. It started with the establishment of long-range trade relations between the Eastern Alpine La Tène communities and the local population. Gradually, these ties became stronger both politically and economically. his was the period when the inlux of greater quantities of La Tène style goods began. Finally, with the inlux of goods migrants and settlers also appeared who mixed with the local population, thus forming new communities (Rustoiu 2012, 367–369). he material of Szajk can be interpreted as an imprint of the above described process. Since there is a chain of LT B2 cemeteries along the southern stream of Danube – such as Karaburma, Pećine and Batina (Rustoiu 2012, ig. 3.) –, it can be possible that the new population and the new markets with them followed this route from south to north along the Danube and reached the territory of Baranya from this direction and not from the north, and herewith the former cultural connections of the Srem Group were not abandoned.3 3 his paper was translated by Gábor Bertók. On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 125 Appendix 1 ‘Pannonian’ kantharoi in the sixth–third centuries BC (Pl. 2/1) 1. Vinkovci, Croatia (Majnarić-Pandžić 2003, ig. 5/1; Medović–Hänsel 2006, pl. VIII/1, 4) 2. A. Mošorin–Stubarlija, Serbia (Medović 2002, ig. 4; Medović–Häsel 2006, pl. IX/12; X/4; Medović 2007, ig. 10/12, sl. 11/4) B. Mošorin–Feudvar; Serbia (Medović–Hänsel 2006, pl. XI/1) 3. Neufeld an der Leitha, Ausztria (Jerem 1996, 103–105, ig. 7/5–6; 8/1) 4. Pod, Bosnia (Gavranović 2011a, ig. 73) 5. Debelo Brdo, Bosnia (Gavranović 2011b, ig. 29/2, 3) 6. Donja Dolina, Bosnia (Marić 1964, pl. XVIII) 7. Szentlőrinc, Hungary (Jerem 1968, 188, ig. 20, 13/1; 22, 21–21/3; pl. XLIV/1, 3) 8. Zvonimirovo, Croatia (Dizdar 2010, pl. 1) 9. Osijek, Croatia (Spajić 1962, pl. XXVI/44) 10. Stari Mikanovci, Croatia (Potrebica–Dizdar 2002, pl. 1/8) 11. Šabac, Serbia (Vasiljević 1976, ig. 4/3) 12. Petrovaradin, Serbia (Medović–Hänsel 2006, pl. XIV/1, 2) 13. Ljuljaci, Serbia (Srejović 1990, pl. 2/1) 14. Pilatovići, Serbia (Vasić 1977, pl. 27/20) 15. Szajk, Hungary Appendix 2 Handle types 1, 2 and 5 in the Carpathian Basin (Pl. 2/2) Type 1 1. Varaždin, Croatia (Kovačević 2008, pl. 8/2) 2. Doroslovo, Serbia (Trajković 2008, grave 64) 3. Klinac, Slovenia (Majnarić-Pandžić 1986, ig. 13) 4. Beremend, Hungary (Jerem 1973, ig. 8/21) 5. Szentlőrinc, Hungary (Jerem 1968, ig. 26/3) 6. Židovar, Serbia (Jevtić–Sladić 1999, pl. 1/8) 7. Szajk, Hungary Type 2 1. Pilismarót–Szobi-rév, Hungary (Wollák 1979, pl. 14/2) 2. Szob–Gregsen-kert, Hungary (Ilon 1985, pl. 4) 3. Tokod, Hungary (Patek 1984, pl. 18/2) 4. Visegrád, Hungary (Gróh 1984, pl. 6/16–17) 5. Szajk, Hungary Type 5 1. Donja Dolina, Bosnia (Marić 1964, pl. XVIII) 2. Vinkovci, Croatia (Potrebica–Dizdar 2002, T.1/8; T.5/8) 3. Stari Mikanovci, Croatia (Potrebica–Dizdar 2002, pl. 4/66.) 4. Szajk, Hungary References Aliu 1994 Bognár-Kutzián 1975 Božić 1981 Aliu, S., Varreza e Borovës, Iliria, 1–2, 5–86. Bognár-Kutzián, I., Some new early La Tène inds in the northern Danube basin, Alba Regia, 14, 35–45. Božić, D., Relativna kronologija mlajše železne dobe v jugoslavenskem Podunavju, ArhVest, 31, 315–336. 126 | Cs. 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Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 129 Tankó 2012 Tappert 2006 Tasić 1988 Trajković 2008 Vasić 1977 Vasić 1987 Vulpe 1967 Vulpe 1977 Vasiljević 1976 Wollák 1979 Tankó, K., Paks–Gyapa-Vörösmalom-dűlő (Tolna megye), IN: Évkönyv és jelentés a Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Szakszolgálat 2009. évi feltárásairól / Field Service for Cultural Heritage 2009 Yearbook and review of archaeologocial investigations, 102–104. Tappert, C., Die Gefässkeramik der latènzeitlichen Siedlung Straubing– Bajuwarenstrasse, MatBV, 89. Tasić, N., Bronze- und ältere Eisenzeit auf Gomolave, IN: Tasić, N.–Petrrović, J. (eds.), Gomolava, Chronologie uns Statigraphie der vorgeschichtlichen und antiken Kulturen der Donauniederung und Südosteuropas, Internationales Symposium Ruma 1986, Novi Sad, 47–59. Trajković, D., Đepfeld – Early Iron Age Necropolis at Doroslovo, Sombor. Vasić, R., he chronology of the Early Iron Age in Serbia, BAR, Supplementary Series, 31. Vasić, R., Sremska grupa zapadnobalkanskog kompleksa, IN: Benac, A. (ed.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja V: željezno doba, Sarajevo, 555–558. Vulpe, A., Necropola halstattiană de la Ferigile. Monograie archeologică, Bucureşti. Vulpe, A., Zur Chronologie der Ferigile-Gruppe, Dacia N.S., 21, 81–111. Vasiljević, M., Nalazi starijeg gvozdenog doba u Šapcu, Starinar, 27, 167–174. Wollák, K., Hallstattkori leletek a Pilismarót–szobi révi terepfeltárásból, Dunai Régészeti Közlemények, 49–76. List of igures Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fibulae from the site. Types of kantharoi from the site. Oinochoe from feature 73/73. he pit 73/73 with oinochoai on the bottom. Decorated handles from the site (diferent scales). Braubach bowls from the site. Fragments of Early La Tène graphite wares. Situla from the feature 105/290, with graphite-painted exterior surface. List of plates Pl. 1. Pl. 2. Pl. 3. Pl. 4. Pl. 5. Pl. 6. Pl. 7. Pl. 8. Pl. 9. Location of the site and some typical features. 1. Distribution map of the ‘Pannonian’ kantharoi in the sixth–third centuries BC (see Appendix 1); 2. Distribution map of some handle type in the Carpathian Basin Type 1 –triangles; Type 2 – squares; Type 5 – circles (see Appendix 2). Finds from the pit 73/73 with the oinochoai. Finds from the pit 73/73 with the oinochoai. Examples for graphite painted decorations (diferent scales). Finds from the features (pit-house) 105/163 – early phase of the settlement. 1–20. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/132; 27–37. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/133 – middle phase of the settlement. Finds from the feature (possible pit-house) 106/55 – late phase of the settlement. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/136 – late phase of the settlement. 130 | Cs. Gáti Pécs Szajk Plate 1. Location of the site and some typical features. Mohács On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 131 1 2 Plate 2. 1. Distribution map of the 'Pannonian' kantharoi in the sixth–third centuries BC (see Appendix 1); 2. Distribution map of some handle types in the Carpathian Basin. Type 1 –triangles; Type 2 – squares; Type 5 – circles (see Appendix 2). 132 | Cs. Gáti 1 3 2 7 5 4 6 8 9 10 13 11 12 Plate 3. Finds from the pit 73/73 with the oinochoai. On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 133 1 3 2 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 Plate 4. Finds from the pit 73/73. 134 | Cs. Gáti 2 1 3 6 4 5 7 9 8 11 10 14 13 12 15 17 19 Plate 5. Examples for graphite painted decorations (diferent scales). 16 18 20 On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 135 2 1 3 7 6 9 5 4 10 8 11 15 14 17 16 20 19 23 24 13 12 18 22 21 25 26 27 Plate 6. Finds from the features (pit-house) 105/163 – early phase of the settlement. 28 136 | Cs. Gáti 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 13 4 7 10 11 14 12 16 15 24 17 18 27 19 20 21 22 23 28 25 26 30 29 32 31 34 35 36 Plate 7. 1–20. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/132; 27–37. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/133 – middle phase of the settlement. 33 37 On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia | 137 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 13 12 14 Plate 8. Finds from the feature (possible pit-house) 106/55 – late phase of the settlement. 138 | Cs. Gáti 2 1 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 12 14 15 16 17 Plate 9. Finds from the feature (pit-house) 73/136 – late phase of the settlement. ABBREVIATIONS ActaArchHung ActaArch ActaB ActaIA ActaMB ActaMC ActaMM ActaMN ActaMP AFN AFSB AIH Alba Regia AnnalesUV, SAH AO Apulum ArchAd ArchAustr ArchBulg ArchÉrt ArchHung ArchKorr ArchPol ArchRoz ArchS ArchSl ArchSlov ArhPregl ArhVest Arrabona ASM AVSC Banatica BAR BayerVorgbl BB BerRGK BFA BIA BJ Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Archeologica, København Acta Bernensia, Bern Acta Interdisciplinaria Archeologica, Nitra Acta Musei Brukenthal, Sibiu Acta Musei Cibalensis, Vinkovci Acta Musei Moraviae Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Bodendenkmalplege Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary, Budapest Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár Annales d’Université “Valahia” Târgovişte. Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia Archaeologia Adriatica Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien Archaeologia Bulgarica, Soia Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz Archeologia Polona Archeologické Rozhledy, Prague Archäologie in Salzburg Archeologia Śląska Archaeologia Slovaca Monographiae Studia, Nitra Arheološki Pregled, Arheološko društvo Jugoslavije Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Inštitut za arheologijo, Lubljana Arrabona, a Győri Múzeum Évkönyve Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Archeologický výskum v severných Čechách Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraș-Severin, Reșiţa British Archaeological Reports, International Series / British Series, Oxford Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission Bochumer Forschungen zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology Bonner Jahrbücher Iron Age Crats and Cratsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 325–328 326 | Abbreviations BMAK BMB BMM BMN BMP BpRég BT BTMM CAB CAJ Carpica CCA ComArchHung Crisia CurrA Dacia (N.S.) DissPann DMB ÉC EJA EphemNap FAB FAM FAS FBBW FolArch FÖ Godišnjak Germania Glasnik ZM HOMÉ IA Instrumentum IPH Istros JAA Jahrbuch KF Jahrbuch RGZM JahrMV JahrOM JAMT JAS JNES KEMK Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakówie Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureș / Cluj Napoca Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, Zalău Budapest Régiségei, Budapest Bibliotheca hracologica, Bucureşti Budapest Történeti Múzeum, Műhely Cercetări Arheologice în Bucureşti Cambridge Archaeological Journal Carpica, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă „Iulian Antonescu“, Bacău Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crișurilor, Oradea Current Anthropology Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948), Bucureşti; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, Bucureşti Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, Budapest Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd Études Celtiques, Paris European Journal of Archaeology Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–Napoca Folia Archaeologica Balkanica, Skopje Fontes Archaeologiae Moravicae, Brno Fontes Archaeologiae Slovakiae, Bratislava Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest Fundberichte aus Österreich, Wien Godišnjak Centra za Balkanološka Ispitivanja Akademije Nauka i Umjetnosti, Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo Germania, Frankfurt am Main Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, Miskolc Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf. Instrumentum, Bulletin du Groupe de travail européen sur l’artisanat et les productions manufacturées dans l’Antiquité Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brăilei, Brăila Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Amsterdam Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische Forschung Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Jahresschrit für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaten for the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte (Halle), Berlin Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz Journal of Archaeological Method and heory Journal of Archaeological Science, London Journal of Near Eastern Studies Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei Abbreviations | 327 KTÈMA Marisia MatANH MatArch MatBV MatStar MFMÉ MHB MIA MittAGW MittAIUAW MittÖAUF MittÖNG MittPK MittRLW MΩMOΣ MSVF MVFBW NAFN OJA OpArch OZ Ősrégészeti levelek PamArch PAS Peuce PPS Prilozi IAZ PrzArch RACF RadMV RégFüz RGZM RVM Sargetia Savaria SCIV(A) SHN SlovArch SMK SNMP SprArch SSA SSUUB Starinar StCom Satu Mare KTÈMA, Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome Antiques, Université de Strasbourg Marisia (V–), Studii şi Materiale, Târgu Mureş Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków Materialien zur Bayerischen Vorgeschichte Materiały Starożytne (i Wczesnośredniowieczne) A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, Szeged Monumenta Historica Budapestiensia, Budapest Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici, Zagreb Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschat Wien Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarisches Akademie der Wissenschaten, Budapest Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschat für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschat Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Vienna Mitteilungsblatt aus der Vorzeit in Rheinland, Lippe und Westfalen MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete Marbuger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Marburg Materialhete zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen Oxford Journal of Archaeology Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu Osječki Zbornik, Osijek Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest Památky Archeologické, Praha Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, München Peuce, Studii și cercetări de istorie și arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari EcoMuzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz Zagreba Przegląd Archeologiczny, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, Tours Rad Muzeja Vojvodine Régészeti Füzetek, Budapest Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn / Mainz Rad vojvođanskih muzeja Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva Savaria, a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője, Szombathely Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), Bucureşti Studia Historica Nitriensia Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series A – Historia, Praha Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Kraków Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Schriten des Seminars für Urgeschichte der Universität Bern Starinar, Arheološki institut, Beograd Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare 328 | Abbreviations StudiaAA StudiaArch Studia Hercynia Studia UBB Študijné zvesti TAT hraco-Dacica TübSchr UPA VAMZ VHAD WA WAB WArch WissSchrN WMBH WN WPZ Zbornik Beograd Zbornik NB Zborník SNM ZM Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Iaşi Studia Archeologiczne Studia Hercynia, Praha Studia Universitatis Babeş–Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra Tübinger Archäologische Taschenbücher hraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureşti Tübinger Schriten zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie, Münster Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu Vjesnik Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, Zagreb Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warsaw Wissenschatliche Arbeiten aus Burgenland World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow Wissenschatliche Schritenreihe Niederösterreich Wissenschatliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, Wien Wiadomości Numizmatyczne Wiener Prähistorische Zeitschrit, Wien Zbornik Muzeja primenjene umetnosti Beograd Zbornik narodnog muzeja, Beograd Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból