Dilaria S., Secco M., Bonetto J., Artioli G. 2019 - Technical analysis on materials and characteristics of mortar-based compounds in Roman and Late antique Aquileia (Udine, Italy). A preliminary report of the results
2019, 5 th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
In the present paper we report the preliminary results of an ongoing research focused on the investigation of Roman mortars and concretes employed in Aquileia from Roman to Early Medieval Age (II century BC – VI century AD). More than 250 samples have been collected from buildings spread all over of the town, with different chronologies of construction and different functions. Material characterization was achieved throughout a multi-analytical approach comprising optical microscopy (OM), X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive microanalysis (SEM-EDS). Analytical data have been strictly crosschecked in relation with the chronology and purpose of the structure from which mortars have been collected from. The preliminary results we obtained are providing intriguing outcomes: we observed a high specialization on “recipes” in relation to the function of mortars and concretes, but also chronology of production appears to have an important role in the composition of mortar-based compounds. Such an extensive sampling is giving valuable insights to decipher the relations among crafts and artisans in ancient construction and decorative activities.
Related papers
An archaeometric approach of historical mortars taken from Foligno City (Umbria, Italy): news insight of Roman Empire in Italy
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018
This research has been focused on the study of mortars from four bridges of the ancient city of Foligno (Umbria, Italy), located along the old path of the Topino-Tinia River. An archaeometric study was undertaken to analyse ten archaeological samples in order to define textural features, chemical composition and raw materials used for their production. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS).
Petro-archaeometric characterization of historical mortars in the city of Ravenna (Italy
IMEKO TC-4 International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Trento (Italy), 2020
During restoring operations of ancient buildings, datable between 1 th and 16 th century, in the city of Ravenna samples of mortars from different archaeological sites has been collected by the Superintendence for Archaeological Heritage of Emilia Romagna. Mineralogical and chemical analyses of these samples allowed to characterize mortars composition, comparing their features in order to highlight changes in construction technologies and chronological discrimination, by defining raw materials used and establishing their places of origin. In particular, mortars from: the Roman age San Zaccaria (Early Imperial period), the Cloisters of San Francesco (14 th-17 th century and modern age) and Corte delle Antiche Carceri (dating back to Middle ages and modern age) were analyzed.
"Mineralogical and physical–chemical characterisation of Roman mortars used for monumental substructures on the Hill of San Antonio in the Roman city of Italica (Santiponce, Seville, Spain)"
The Roman city of Italica (Santiponce, Seville, Spain) is characterised by the use of opus caementicium, especially in major public works. Many of these works appear to be connected with the expansion carried out in the early 2nd century CE, a period in which this technique attained high levels of technical achievement. Traditionally, this expansion has been regarded as the personal initiative of the Emperor Hadrian, whose family roots were in the city. The structure chosen for our case study is unique. It is located on the eastern slope of the so-called ‘Hill of San Antonio’ and has been interpreted as a substructure, or platform, for a public area above. However, the archaeological characterisation of this structure is still limited. The mortars used in this construction have been characterised through petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and physical analysis. Their mineralogical composition has been analysed using thin sections, XRD and SEM. Chemical composition has been analysed by XRF. Physical properties analysed include granulometry, density, porosity, porosimetry, mechanical and hydraulic properties. Following the analyses, four types of mortar were distinguished. In all cases, their composition is lime-based and includes different proportions of other materials, such as metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rock. In general, a planned and consistent production technology can be inferred, as shown by the careful selection of raw materials, the proportion of caementa and the homogeneity of the resulting mortar. The analyses have provided us with important information on the way the material was prepared and used depending on the structural needs of the construction. In addition, ancient mortar is in itself a valuable historical document concerning technological capabilities and choices and their degree of development at any given time, in this case, the Early Roman Empire.
Ancient Roman Mortars from Anfiteatro Flavio (Pozzuoli, Southern Italy): A Mineralogical, Petrographic and Chemical Study
Coatings
This research is based on the characterization of ancient mortars from the Anfiteatro Flavio (Pozzuoli) dating back to the 1st and 2nd century CE through a multi-analytical approach involving macroscopic, mineralogical, petrographic, and chemical investigations. The goal that has been set is to deepen knowledge about mortar mix design, the provenance of used raw materials, and secondary minerogenetic processes that have occurred within ancient Roman mortars. Results show that: (i) raw materials for mortar preparation have a local provenance, i.e., Phlegraean Fields area; (ii) mortars can be considered as hydraulic; (iii) calcite presence could be due to a non-complete calcination process, an improper slaking or to exposition of materials to the subaerial environment; (iv) gypsum is due to calcite sulfation process; (v) halite presence is due to marine aerosol exposition. The achieved information testifies that, for at least two centuries, Roman builders considered the identified mor...
Dilaria et al. 2022, High-performing mortar-based materials from the late imperial baths of Aquileia: An outstanding example of Roman building tradition in Northern Italy, Geoarchaeology
Geoarchaeology, 2022
This study provides the first detailed insight into the composition and properties of structural mortars used in a 4th-century AD bath complex in Aquileia, the emblematic center of Roman culture in Northern Italy. Eighteen mortars, taken from different structures of the site, and three stone samples from the vaulting opus caementicium have been analyzed adopting a multianalytical approach integrating optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The properties of the compounds are outstanding, as revealed by the formation of hydraulic phases (i.e., Al-tobermorite and AFm) in most of the samples: the waterproofing capabilities of cocciopesto mortars are remarkable, as revealed by the formation of anthropogenic Al-tobermorite (5.5 wt%) in pool coating samples; the lightweight of the vaults was guaranteed by the use of porous caementa and pozzolanic volcanic aggregates imported from the Gulf of Naples, as demonstrated by petro-mineralogical features and chemical analysis of major and trace elements. This is the first proven case of trade in these building materials to the north of the Italian peninsula. These outcomes shed new light on the robust technical expertise of local artisans in Aquileia and indicate that the Cisalpina province was by no means a peripheral reality in the Roman Empire, as far as mortar-based materials are concerned.
A procedure for determining the chemical composition of binder and aggregate in ancient mortars: its application to mortars from some medieval buildings in Pisa
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2000
New compositional data on ancient mortars and plasters from Pompeii (Campania – Southern Italy): Archaeometric results and considerations about their time evolution
Materials Characterization, 2018
St. Lorenzo Basilica in Milan: Integral approach to characterisation of historical mortars
The work deals with an integral approach to the characterisation of historical mortars coming from the Basilica of St. Lorenzo. The monument, one of the most important of Milan (Italy), has undergone various interventions during the last centuries. At the occasion of a recent conservation work various techniques (optical microscopy on thin sections, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal analyses, ion chromatography) were used in order to thoroughly analyse plasters and bedding mortars from the brick masonry. Investigations from various complementary points of view allowed the identification of the original components of the mortars, i.e. binder and aggregate fraction, and determination of the technology used. Moreover the nature of degradation compounds was elucidated, which enabled us to plan the optimal intervention.
Characterization of XVIIIth century earthen mortars from Cremona (Northern Italy): Insights on a manufacturing tradition
Materials Characterization, 2015
Roman mortars from Ammaia archaeological site – an interdisciplinary study
Traditional and historic mortars are composite materials consisting of a binder (usually lime or hydraulic lime), aggregates (quartz sand, calcite or dolomite) and some additives (e.g. brick dust, volcanic ash) in order to increase adherence, workability, strength and durability. The characterization of mortars allows the identification of their phase and chemical compositions and the characteristic features related to the physical properties. Moreover, sometimes it is possible to identify the alteration products and, in some cases, establish the provenance of materials used in the manufacture of mortars. The mortars are building materials that may reveal the technological capability of a society and their relation with space and environment. Mortars depend directly on the available raw materials and have a composite nature with many variables which depend strongly on the technological knowledge. Therefore, issues like the control of the aggregates nature and quality, the use of the...
Proceedings
PRO 130
Proceedings of the 5th Historic Mortars Conference
Edited by José Ignacio Álvarez, José María Fernández,
Íñigo Navarro, Adrián Durán, Rafael Sirera
RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.
5th Historic Mortars Conference
5th Historic Mortars Conference
19-21 June 2019
Pamplona, Spain
Edited by
José Ignacio Álvarez, José María Fernández,
Íñigo Navarro, Adrián Durán, Rafael Sirera
RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.
5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Published by RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.
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ISBN: 978-2-35158-221-3
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Systems and Structures, is a non profit-making, non-governmental technical association
whose vocation is to contribute to progress in the construction sciences, techniques and
industries, essentially by means of the communication it fosters between research and
practice. RILEM’s activity therefore aims at developing the knowledge of properties of
materials and performance of structures, at defining the means for their assessment in
laboratory and service conditions and at unifying measurement and testing methods used with
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RILEM was founded in 1947, and has a membership of over 900 in some 70 countries. It
forms an institutional framework for co-operation by experts to:
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RILEM members include the leading building research and testing laboratories around the
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RILEM meets these objectives through the work of its technical committees. Symposia,
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
RILEM Publications
The following list is presenting the global offer of RILEM Publications, sorted by series. Each
publication is available in printed version and/or in online version.
RILEM PROCEEDINGS (PRO)
PRO 1: Durability of High Performance Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-03-9); Ed. H. Sommer
PRO 2: Chloride Penetration into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-00-04);
Eds. L.-O. Nilsson and J.-P. Ollivier
PRO 3: Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Masonry Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-02-0);
Eds. L. Binda and C. Modena
PRO 4: Concrete: From Material to Structure (ISBN: 2-912143-04-7); Eds. J.-P. Bournazel and
Y. Malier
PRO 5: The Role of Admixtures in High Performance Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-05-5);
Eds. J. G. Cabrera and R. Rivera-Villarreal
PRO 6: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites - HPFRCC 3
(ISBN: 2-912143-06-3); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and A. E. Naaman
PRO 7: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-098); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and Ö. Petersson
PRO 8: International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering (ISBN: 2-912143-10-1);
Ed. L. Boström
PRO 9: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Adhesion between Polymers and Concrete
ISAP ’99 (ISBN: 2-912143-11-X); Eds. Y. Ohama and M. Puterman
PRO 10: 3rd International RILEM Symposium on Durability of Building and Construction
Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-13-6); Eds. A. T. Wolf
PRO 11: 4th International RILEM Conference on Reflective Cracking in Pavements
(ISBN: 2-912143-14-4); Eds. A. O. Abd El Halim, D. A. Taylor and El H. H. Mohamed
PRO 12: International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics and Tests
(ISBN: 2-912143-15-2); Eds. P. Bartos, C. Groot and J. J. Hughes
PRO 13: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Hydration and Setting (ISBN: 2-912143-160); Ed. A. Nonat
PRO 14: Integrated Life-Cycle Design of Materials and Structures - ILCDES 2000
(ISBN: 951-758-408-3); (ISSN: 0356-9403); Ed. S. Sarja
PRO 15: Fifth RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (FRC) - BEFIB’2000
(ISBN: 2-912143-18-7); Eds. P. Rossi and G. Chanvillard
PRO 16: Life Prediction and Management of Concrete Structures
(ISBN: 2-912143-19-5); Ed. D. Naus
PRO 17: Shrinkage of Concrete – Shrinkage 2000 (ISBN: 2-912143-20-9);
Eds. V. Baroghel-Bouny and P.-C. Aïtcin
PRO 18: Measurement and Interpretation of the On-Site Corrosion Rate (ISBN: 2-912143-21-7);
Eds. C. Andrade, C. Alonso, J. Fullea, J. Polimon and J. Rodriguez
PRO 19: Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-22-5);
Eds. C. Andrade and J. Kropp
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PRO 20: 1st International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on Building Materials (CD
02) (e-ISBN 978-2-35158-013-4); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 21: International RILEM Symposium on Connections between Steel and Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-25-X); Ed. R. Eligehausen
PRO 22: International RILEM Symposium on Joints in Timber Structures
(ISBN: 2-912143-28-4); Eds. S. Aicher and H.-W. Reinhardt
PRO 23: International RILEM Conference on Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems
(ISBN: 2-912143-29-2); Eds. K. Kovler and A. Bentur
PRO 24: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Frost Resistance of Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-30-6); Eds. M. J. Setzer, R. Auberg and H.-J. Keck
PRO 25: International RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage in Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-31-4); Eds. D. J. Janssen, M. J. Setzer and M. B. Snyder
PRO 26: International RILEM Workshop on On-Site Control and Evaluation of Masonry
Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-34-9); Eds. L. Binda and R. C. de Vekey
PRO 27: International RILEM Symposium on Building Joint Sealants (CD03); Ed. A. T. Wolf
PRO 28: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Performance Testing and Evaluation of
Bituminous Materials - PTEBM’03 (ISBN: 2-912143-35-7; e-ISBN: 978-2-912143-77-8); Ed. M.
N. Partl
PRO 29: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Ageing Management of
Concrete Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-36-5); Ed. D. J. Naus
PRO 30: 4th International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement
Composites - HPFRCC 4 (ISBN: 2-912143-37-3); Eds. A. E. Naaman and H. W. Reinhardt
PRO 31: International RILEM Workshop on Test and Design Methods for Steel Fibre Reinforced
Concrete: Background and Experiences (ISBN: 2-912143-38-1); Eds. B. Schnütgen and L.
Vandewalle
PRO 32: International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Structures 2 vol.
(ISBN (set): 2-912143-41-1); Eds. Ying-shu Yuan, Surendra P. Shah and Heng-lin Lü
PRO 33: 3rd International Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-42-X); Eds. Ó. Wallevik and I. Níelsson
PRO 34: International RILEM Conference on Microbial Impact on Building Materials
(ISBN: 2-912143-43-8); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 35: International RILEM TC 186-ISA on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite
Formation (ISBN: 2-912143-44-6); Eds. K. Scrivener and J. Skalny
PRO 36: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Science and Engineering – A Tribute to
Arnon Bentur (ISBN: 2-912143-46-2); Eds. K. Kovler, J. Marchand, S. Mindess and J. Weiss
PRO 37: 5th International RILEM Conference on Cracking in Pavements – Mitigation, Risk
Assessment and Prevention (ISBN: 2-912143-47-0); Eds. C. Petit, I. Al-Qadi and A. Millien
PRO 38: 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into
Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-48-9); Eds. C. Andrade and J. Kropp
PRO 39: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes - BEFIB 2004
(ISBN: 2-912143-51-9); Eds. M. Di Prisco, R. Felicetti and G. A. Plizzari
PRO 40: International RILEM Conference on the Use of Recycled Materials in Buildings and
Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-52-7); Eds. E. Vázquez, Ch. F. Hendriks and G. M. T. Janssen
PRO 41: RILEM International Symposium on Environment-Conscious Materials and Systems for
Sustainable Development (ISBN: 2-912143-55-1); Eds. N. Kashino and Y. Ohama
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PRO 42: SCC’2005 - China: 1st International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use of
Self-Consolidating Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-61-6); Eds. Zhiwu Yu, Caijun Shi, Kamal Henri
Khayat and Youjun Xie
PRO 43: International RILEM Workshop on Bonded Concrete Overlays (e-ISBN: 2-912143-837); Eds. J. L. Granju and J. Silfwerbrand
PRO 44: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on Building Materials
(CD11) (e-ISBN: 2-912143-84-5); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 45: 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction, Bilbao
(ISBN: 2-912143-87-X); Eds. Peter J. M. Bartos, Yolanda de Miguel and Antonio Porro
PRO 46: ConcreteLife’06 - International RILEM-JCI Seminar on Concrete Durability and
Service Life Planning: Curing, Crack Control, Performance in Harsh Environments
(ISBN: 2-912143-89-6); Ed. K. Kovler
PRO 47: International RILEM Workshop on Performance Based Evaluation and Indicators for
Concrete Durability (ISBN: 978-2-912143-95-2); Eds. V. Baroghel-Bouny, C. Andrade, R.
Torrent and K. Scrivener
PRO 48: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and
Engineering (e-ISBN: 2-912143-92-6); Eds. J. Weiss, K. Kovler, J. Marchand, and S. Mindess
PRO 49: International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious
Composites in Structural Applications (ISBN: 2-912143-93-4); Eds. G. Fischer and V.C. Li
PRO 50: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Textile Reinforced Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-97-7); Eds. Josef Hegger, Wolfgang Brameshuber and Norbert Will
PRO 51: 2nd International Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering
(ISBN: 2-35158-003-6; e-ISBN: 2-35158-002-8); Eds. J. Marchand, B. Bissonnette, R. Gagné, M.
Jolin and F. Paradis
PRO 52: Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (ISBN: 2-35158-0044; e-ISBN: 2-35158-005-2); Eds. O. M. Jensen, P. Lura and K. Kovler
PRO 53: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites - HPFRCC5
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-046-2); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and A. E. Naaman
PRO 54: 5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-047-9); Eds. G. De Schutter and V. Boel
PRO 55: International RILEM Symposium Photocatalysis, Environment and Construction
Materials (ISBN: 978-2-35158-056-1); Eds. P. Baglioni and L. Cassar
PRO56: International RILEM Workshop on Integral Service Life Modelling of Concrete
Structures (ISBN 978-2-35158-058-5); Eds. R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikers and C. Andrade
PRO57: RILEM Workshop on Performance of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous
environments (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-059-2); Ed. N. De Belie
PRO58: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Modelling - CONMOD’08
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-060-8); Eds. E. Schlangen and G. De Schutter
PRO 59: International RILEM Conference on On Site Assessment of Concrete, Masonry and
Timber Structures - SACoMaTiS 2008 (ISBN set: 978-2-35158-061-5); Eds. L. Binda, M. di
Prisco and R. Felicetti
PRO 60: Seventh RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete: Design and
Applications - BEFIB 2008 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-064-6); Ed. R. Gettu
PRO 61: 1st International Conference on Microstructure Related Durability of Cementitious
Composites 2 vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-065-3); Eds. W. Sun, K. van Breugel, C. Miao, G. Ye
and H. Chen
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PRO 62: NSF/ RILEM Workshop: In-situ Evaluation of Historic Wood and Masonry Structures
(e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-068-4); Eds. B. Kasal, R. Anthony and M. Drdácký
PRO 63: Concrete in Aggressive Aqueous Environments: Performance, Testing and Modelling, 2
vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-071-4); Eds. M. G. Alexander and A. Bertron
PRO 64: Long Term Performance of Cementitious Barriers and Reinforced Concrete in Nuclear
Power Plants and Waste Management - NUCPERF 2009 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-072-1); Eds. V.
L’Hostis, R. Gens, C. Gallé
PRO 65: Design Performance and Use of Self-consolidating Concrete - SCC’2009
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-073-8); Eds. C. Shi, Z. Yu, K. H. Khayat and P. Yan
PRO 66: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Durability and Service Life Planning ConcreteLife’09 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-074-5); Ed. K. Kovler
PRO 67: Repairs Mortars for Historic Masonry (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-083-7); Ed. C. Groot
PRO 68: Proceedings of the 3rd International RILEM Symposium on ‘Rheology of Cement
Suspensions such as Fresh Concrete (ISBN 978-2-35158-091-2); Eds. O. H. Wallevik, S. Kubens
and S. Oesterheld
PRO 69: 3rd International PhD Student Workshop on ‘Modelling the Durability of Reinforced
Concrete (ISBN: 978-2-35158-095-0); Eds. R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikers and C. Andrade
PRO 70: 2nd International Conference on ‘Service Life Design for Infrastructure’ (ISBN set: 9782-35158-096-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-097-4); Ed. K. van Breugel, G. Ye and Y. Yuan
PRO 71: Advances in Civil Engineering Materials - The 50-year Teaching Anniversary of Prof.
Sun Wei’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-098-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-099-8); Eds. C. Miao, G. Ye, and H.
Chen
PRO 72: First International Conference on ‘Advances in Chemically-Activated Materials –
CAM’2010’ (2010), 264 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-101-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-115-5, Eds. Caijun
Shi and Xiaodong Shen
PRO 73: 2nd International Conference on ‘Waste Engineering and Management - ICWEM 2010’
(2010), 894 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-102-5; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-103-2, Eds. J. Zh. Xiao, Y.
Zhang, M. S. Cheung and R. Chu
PRO 74: International RILEM Conference on ‘Use of Superabsorsorbent Polymers and Other
New Addditives in Concrete’ (2010) 374 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-104-9; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158105-6;
Eds. O.M. Jensen, M.T. Hasholt, and S. Laustsen
PRO 75: International Conference on ‘Material Science - 2nd ICTRC - Textile Reinforced
Concrete - Theme 1’ (2010) 436 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-106-3; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-107-0;
Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 76: International Conference on ‘Material Science - HetMat - Modelling of Heterogeneous
Materials - Theme 2’ (2010) 255 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-108-7; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-109-4;
Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 77: International Conference on ‘Material Science - AdIPoC - Additions Improving
Properties of Concrete - Theme 3’ (2010) 459 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-110-0; e-ISBN: 978-235158-111-7; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 78: 2nd Historic Mortars Conference and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final Workshop –
HMC2010 (2010) 1416 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-112-4; Eds J. Válek, C. Groot, and J. J.
Hughes
PRO 79: International RILEM Conference on Advances in Construction Materials Through
Science and Engineering (2011) 213 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-117-9; Eds Christopher Leung
and K.T. Wan
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PRO 80: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure (2011)
453 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-118-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-119-3; Eds E.A.B. Koenders and F.
Dehn
PRO 81: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites
(SHCC2-Rio) (2011) 451 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-120-9, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-121-6; Eds R.D.
Toledo Filho, F.A. Silva, E.A.B. Koenders and E.M.R. Fairbairn
PRO 82: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment
(2011) 507 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-122-3; Eds V.M. John, E. Vazquez, S.C. Angulo and C.
Ulsen
PRO 83: 2nd International Conference on Microstructural-related Durability of Cementitious
Composites (2012) 250 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-129-2; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-123-0; Eds G. Ye,
K. van Breugel, W. Sun and C. Miao
PRO 85: RILEM-JCI International Workshop on Crack Control of Mass Concrete and Related
issues concerning Early-Age of Concrete Structures – ConCrack 3 – Control of Cracking in
Concrete Structures 3 (2012) 237 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-125-4; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-126-1;
Eds F. Toutlemonde and J.-M. Torrenti
PRO 86: International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction (2012) 414 pp.,
ISBN: 978-2-35158-127-8, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-128-5; Eds A. Ventura and C. de la Roche
PRO 87: UHPFRC 2013 – RILEM-fib-AFGC International Symposium on Ultra-High
Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (2013), ISBN: 978-2-35158-130-8, e-ISBN: 978-235158-131-5; Eds F. Toutlemonde
PRO 88: 8th RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete (2012) 344 pp.,
ISBN: 978-2-35158-132-2, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-133-9; Eds Joaquim A.O. Barros
PRO 89: RILEM International workshop on performance-based specification and control of
concrete durability (2014) 678 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-135-3, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-136-0; Eds.
D. Bjegović, H. Beushausen and M. Serdar
PRO 90: 7th RILEM International Conference on Self-Compacting Concrete and of the 1st
RILEM International Conference on Rheology and Processing of Construction Materials (2013)
396 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-137-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-138-4; Eds. Nicolas Roussel and Hela
Bessaies-Bey
PRO 91: CONMOD 2014 - RILEM International Symposium on Concrete Modelling (2014),
ISBN: 978-2-35158-139-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-140-7; Eds. Kefei Li, Peiyu Yan and Rongwei
Yang
PRO 92: CAM 2014 - 2nd International Conference on advances in chemically-activated
materials (2014) 392 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-141-4; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-142-1; Eds. Caijun
Shi and Xiadong Shen
PRO 93: SCC 2014 - 3rd International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use of SelfConsolidating Concrete (2014) 438 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-143-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-144-5;
Eds. Caijun Shi, Zhihua Ou, Kamal H. Khayat
PRO 94 (online version): HPFRCC-7 - 7th RILEM conference on High performance fiber
reinforced cement composites (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-146-9; Eds. H.W. Reinhardt,
G.J. Parra-Montesinos, H. Garrecht
PRO 95: International RILEM Conference on Application of superabsorbent polymers and other
new admixtures in concrete construction (2014), ISBN: 978-2-35158-147-6; e-ISBN: 978-235158-148-3; Eds. Viktor Mechtcherine, Christof Schroefl
PRO 96 (online version): XIII DBMC: XIII International Conference on Durability of Building
Materials and Components (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-149-0; Eds. M. Quattrone, V.M. John
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
PRO 97: SHCC3 – 3rd International RILEM Conference on Strain Hardening Cementitious
Composites (2014), ISBN: 978-2-35158-150-6; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-151-3; Eds. E. Schlangen,
M.G. Sierra Beltran, M. Lukovic, G. Ye
PRO 98: FERRO-11 – 11th International Symposium on Ferrocement and 3rd ICTRC International Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete (2015), ISBN: 978-2-35158-152-0;
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-153-7; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 99 (online version): ICBBM 2015 - 1st International Conference on Bio-Based Building
Materials (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-154-4; Eds. S. Amziane, M. Sonebi
PRO 100: SCC16 - RILEM Self-Consolidating Concrete Conference (2016), ISBN: 978-235158-156-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-157-5
PRO 101 (online version): III Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment (2015), e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-158-2; Eds I. Martins, C. Ulsen and S. C. Angulo
PRO 102 (online version): RILEM Conference on Microorganisms-Cementitious Materials
Interactions (2016), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-160-5; Eds. Alexandra Bertron, Henk Jonkers, Virginie
Wiktor
PRO 103 (online version): ACESC’16 - Advances in Civil Engineering and Sustainable
Construction (2016), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-161-2
PRO 104 (online version): SSCS'2015 - Numerical Modeling - Strategies for Sustainable
Concrete Structures (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-162-9
PRO 105: 1st International Conference on UHPC Materials and Structures (2016), ISBN: 978-235158-164-3, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-165-0
PRO 106: AFGC-ACI-fib-RILEM International Conference on Ultra-High-Performance FibreReinforced Concrete – UHPFRC 2017 (2017), ISBN: 978-2-35158-166-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158167-4; Eds. François Toutlemonde & Jacques Resplendino
PRO 107 (online version): XIV DBMC – 14th International Conference on Durability of
Building Materials and Components (2017), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-159-9; Eds. Geert De Schutter,
Nele De Belie, Arnold Janssens, Nathan Van Den Bossche
PRO 108: MSSCE 2016 - Innovation of Teaching in Materials and Structures (2016), ISBN: 9782-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Ed. Per Goltermann
PRO 109 (2 volumes): MSSCE 2016 - Service Life of Cement-Based Materials and Structures
(2016), ISBN Vol. 1: 978-2-35158-170-4, Vol. 2: 978-2-35158-171-4, Set Vol. 1&2: 978-235158-172-8, e-ISBN : 978-2-35158-173-5; Eds. Miguel Azenha, Ivan Gabrijel, Dirk Schlicke,
Terje Kanstad and Ole Mejlhede Jensen
PRO 110: MSSCE 2016 - Historical Masonry (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-235158-179-7; Eds. Inge Rörig-Dalgaard and Ioannis Ioannou
PRO 111: MSSCE 2016 - Electrochemistry in Civil Engineering (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158176-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-177-3; Ed. Lisbeth M. Ottosen
PRO 112: MSSCE 2016 - Moisture in Materials and Structures (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-1780, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Eds. Kurt Kielsgaard Hansen, Carsten Rode and Lars-Olof
Nilsson
PRO 113: MSSCE 2016 - Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (2016), ISBN:
978-2-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Eds. Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Konstantin Kovler
and Nele De Belie
PRO 114: MSSCE 2016 - Frost Action in Concrete (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-182-7, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-183-4; Eds. Marianne Tange Hasholt, Katja Fridh and R. Doug Hooton
PRO 115: MSSCE 2016 - Fresh Concrete (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-184-1, e-ISBN: 978-235158-185-8; Eds. Lars N. Thrane, Claus Pade, Oldrich Svec and Nicolas Roussel
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
PRO 116: BEFIB 2016 – 9th RILEM International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-187-2, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-186-5;
PRO 117: 3rd International RILEM Conference on Microstructure Related Durability of
Cementitious Composites (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-188-9, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-189-6; Eds.
Changwen Miao, Wei Sun, Jiaping Liu, Huisu Chen, Guang Ye and Klaas van Breugel
PRO 118 (4 volumes): International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and
Systems (2017), ISBN Set: 978-2-35158-190-2, Vol. 1: 978-2-35158-193-3, Vol. 2: 978-2-35158194-0, Vol. 3: ISBN:978-2-35158-195-7, Vol. 4: ISBN:978-2-35158-196-4, e-ISBN: 978-235158-191-9; Ed. Manu Santhanam
PRO 119 (online version): ICBBM 2017 - Second International RILEM Conference on Bio-based
Building Materials, (2017), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-192-6; Ed. Sofiane Amziane
PRO 120 (2 volumes): EAC-02 - 2nd International RILEM/COST Conference on Early Age
Cracking and Serviceability in Cement-based Materials and Structures, (2017), Vol. 1: 978-235158-199-5, Vol. 2: 978-2-35158-200-8, Set: 978-2-35158-197-1, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-198-8;
Eds. Stéphanie Staquet and Dimitrios Aggelis
PRO 121 (2 volumes): SynerCrete18: Interdisciplinary Approaches for Cement-based Materials
and Structural Concrete: Synergizing Expertise and Bridging Scales of Space and Time, (2018),
Set: 978-2-35158-202-2, Vol.1: 978-2-35158-211-4, Vol.2: 978-2-35158-212-1, e-ISBN: 978-235158-203-9; Ed. Miguel Azenha, Dirk Schlicke, Farid Benboudjema, Agnieszka Knoppik
PRO 122: SCC’2018 China - Fourth International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use
of Self-Consolidating Concrete, (2018), ISBN: 978-2-35158-204-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-205-3
PRO 123: Final Conference of RILEM TC 253-MCI: Microorganisms-Cementitious Materials
Interactions (2018), Set: 978-2-35158-207-7, Vol.1: 978-2-35158-209-1, Vol.2: 978-2-35158210-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-206-0; Ed. Alexandra Bertron
PRO 124 (online version): Fourth International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built
Environment (2018), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-208-4; Eds. Isabel M. Martins, Carina Ulsen, Yury
Villagran
PRO 125 (online version): SLD4 - 4th International Conference on Service Life Design for
Infrastructures (2018), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-213-8; Eds. Guang Ye, Yong Yuan, Claudia Romero
Rodriguez, Hongzhi Zhang, Branko Savija
PRO 126: Workshop on Concrete Modelling and Material Behaviour in honor of Professor Klaas
van Breugel (2018), ISBN: 978-2-35158-214-5, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-215-2; Ed. Guang Ye
PRO 127 (online version): CONMOD2018 - Symposium on Concrete Modelling (2018), eISBN: 978-2-35158-216-9; Eds. Erik Schlangen, Geert de Schutter, Branko Savija, Hongzhi
Zhang, Claudia Romero Rodriguez
PRO 128: SMSS2019 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and
Structures (2019), ISBN: 978-2-35158-217-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-218-3;
PRO 129: 2nd International Conference on UHPC Materials and Structures (UHPC2018-China),
ISBN: 978-2-35158-219-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-220-6;
RILEM REPORTS (REP)
Report 19: Considerations for Use in Managing the Aging of Nuclear Power Plant Concrete
Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-07-1); Ed. D. J. Naus
Report 20: Engineering and Transport Properties of the Interfacial Transition Zone in
Cementitious Composites (ISBN: 2-912143-08-X); Eds. M. G. Alexander, G. Arliguie, G. Ballivy,
A. Bentur and J. Marchand
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Report 21: Durability of Building Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-12-8); Ed. A. T. Wolf
Report 22: Sustainable Raw Materials - Construction and Demolition Waste
(ISBN: 2-912143-17-9); Eds. C. F. Hendriks and H. S. Pietersen
Report 23: Self-Compacting Concrete state-of-the-art report (ISBN: 2-912143-23-3);
Eds. Å. Skarendahl and Ö. Petersson
Report 24: Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete: Compendium of Tests
(ISBN: 2-912143-32-2); Eds. P. J. M. Bartos, M. Sonebi and A. K. Tamimi
Report 25: Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems (ISBN: 2-912143-33-0); Ed. A. Bentur
Report 26: Towards Sustainable Roofing (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD 07)
(e-ISBN 978-2-912143-65-5); Eds. Thomas W. Hutchinson and Keith Roberts
Report 27: Condition Assessment of Roofs (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD 08)
(e-ISBN 978-2-912143-66-2); Ed. CIB W 83/RILEM TC166-RMS
Report 28: Final report of RILEM TC 167-COM ‘Characterisation of Old Mortars with Respect to
Their Repair (ISBN: 978-2-912143-56-3); Eds. C. Groot, G. Ashall and J. Hughes
Report 29: Pavement Performance Prediction and Evaluation (PPPE): Interlaboratory Tests
(e-ISBN: 2-912143-68-3); Eds. M. Partl and H. Piber
Report 30: Final Report of RILEM TC 198-URM ‘Use of Recycled Materials’ (ISBN: 2-91214382-9; e-ISBN: 2-912143-69-1); Eds. Ch. F. Hendriks, G. M. T. Janssen and E. Vázquez
Report 31: Final Report of RILEM TC 185-ATC ‘Advanced testing of cement-based materials
during setting and hardening’ (ISBN: 2-912143-81-0; e-ISBN: 2-912143-70-5); Eds. H. W.
Reinhardt and C. U. Grosse
Report 32: Probabilistic Assessment of Existing Structures. A JCSS publication
(ISBN 2-912143-24-1); Ed. D. Diamantidis
Report 33: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 184-IFE ‘Industrial
Floors’ (ISBN 2-35158-006-0); Ed. P. Seidler
Report 34: Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 147-FMB ‘Fracture mechanics
applications to anchorage and bond’ Tension of Reinforced Concrete Prisms – Round Robin
Analysis and Tests on Bond (e-ISBN 2-912143-91-8); Eds. L. Elfgren and K. Noghabai
Report 35: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 188-CSC ‘Casting of Self
Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN 2-35158-001-X; e-ISBN: 2-912143-98-5); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and P.
Billberg
Report 36: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 201-TRC ‘Textile
Reinforced Concrete’ (ISBN 2-912143-99-3); Ed. W. Brameshuber
Report 37: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 192-ECM ‘Environmentconscious construction materials and systems’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-053-0);
Eds. N. Kashino, D. Van Gemert and K. Imamoto
Report 38: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 205-DSC ‘Durability of
Self-Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-048-6); Eds. G. De Schutter and K. Audenaert
Report 39: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 187-SOC ‘Experimental
determination of the stress-crack opening curve for concrete in tension’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-0493); Ed. J. Planas
Report 40: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 189-NEC ‘NonDestructive Evaluation of the Penetrability and Thickness of the Concrete Cover’ (ISBN 978-235158-054-7);
Eds. R. Torrent and L. Fernández Luco
Report 41: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 196-ICC ‘Internal
Curing of Concrete’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-009-7); Eds. K. Kovler and O. M. Jensen
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Report 42: ‘Acoustic Emission and Related Non-destructive Evaluation Techniques for Crack
Detection and Damage Evaluation in Concrete’ - Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee
212-ACD (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-100-1); Ed. M. Ohtsu
Report 45: Repair Mortars for Historic Masonry - State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical
Committee TC 203-RHM (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-163-6); Eds. Paul Maurenbrecher and Caspar
Groot
Report 46: Surface delamination of concrete industrial floors and other durability related aspects
guide - Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 268-SIF ( e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-201-5); Ed.
Valérie Pollet
XI
5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Organizing Committee
Conference Chair
José Ignacio Álvarez (University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain)
Members (University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain)
José María Fernández
Íñigo Navarro
Adrián Durán
Rafael Sirera
Jesús Fidel González
Burcu Taşcı
Cristina Luzuriaga
Joan Puig
Max Renaud Petitjean
Alessandro Speziale
Scientific Committee
Alvarez, José Ignacio.
UNAV, Spain
Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki,
Pagona-Noni. TUC, Greece
Biçer-Şimşir, Beril. GCI,
USA
Martínez Ramírez, Sagrario,
IEM-CSIC, Spain
Bokan Bosiljkov,
Violeta. UL, Slovenia
Pachta, Vasiliki. AUTh,
Greece
Faria, Paulina. NOVA de
Lisboa, Portugal
Papayianni, Ioanna. AUTh,
Greece
Groot, Caspar. UDelft,
Netherlands
Pavia, Sara. TCD, Ireland
Gulotta, Davide. GCI, USA
Hughes, John. UWS, U.K.
Ioannou, Ioannis. UCY,
Cyprus
Rodríguez Navarro, Carlos.
UGR, Spain
Santos Silva, António.
LNEC, Portugal
Secco, Michele. UNIPD,
Italy
XIII
Starinieri, Vincenzo.
Sheffield Hallam University,
U.K.
Stefanidou, Maria. AUTh,
Greece
Theodoridou, Magdalini.
Cardiff University, U.K.
Valek, Jan. ASCR, Czech
Republic
Van Hees, Rob P.J. UDelft,
Netherlands
Veiga, Maria
Rosário. LNEC, Portugal
Velosa, Ana. University of
Aveiro, Portugal
5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Contents
PREFACE............................................................................................................................................... 1
TOPIC 1: EARTH-BASED PLASTERS AND MORTARS ON ARCHAEOLOGY AND
HISTORIC CONSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 3
Earth-based and current plasters: assessment of efficiency and contribution to indoor air quality .................. 5
Tânia Santos, Maria Idália Gomes, Flávia Coelho, Paulina Faria
Earth-based plasters: the influence of clay mineralogy .................................................................................. 21
José Lima, Paulina Faria, António Santos Silva
Rescuing the manufacturing process of traditional mortars present on XIX-century earthen buildings
in Brazil .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Andrea Cavicchioli, Isabela Ferreira Sodré dos Santos, João Guilherme Kimura Moreira, Lucy Gomes
Sant'Anna
Assessment of adhesive strength of an earth plaster on different substrates through different methods ..... 51
Paulina Faria, José Lima, João Nabais, Vitor Silva
Similar appearance of mortar and brick masses in Algiers Casbah houses during the Ottoman period
th
th
(16 - early 18 centuries) .............................................................................................................................. 65
Semha Bernou, Tsouria Kassab, Rosa Bustamante, Francisco Fernández
Macroscopic high resolution techniques to the characterization the mortars structures in the
Sé-Cathedral´s archaeological complex in Idanha-a-Velha (Portugal) ............................................................. 80
Pablo Guerra-García, Jorge Morín de Pablos, Isabel Sánchez Ramos
TOPIC 2: USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE MORTARS ........... 93
Evaluation of the influence of nano-SiO2 and nano-Al2O3 on the physico-mechanical properties and
microstructure of calcareous clay ................................................................................................................... 95
Eirini-Chrysanthi Tsardaka, Maria Stefanidou
The use of nanoparticles to improve the performance of restoration mortars ............................................. 108
Beatriz Menéndez, Dita Frankeová, José Diaz, Radek Ševčík, Petra Macová, Mouna Faiz, Zuzana Slížková
Evaluation of SiO2 nanoparticles as additive for lime mortars: changes in the microstructure and
mechanical properties.................................................................................................................................. 121
María del Mar Barbero-Barrera, Aranzazu Sierra Fernández, Duygu Ergenc , Luz Stella Gomez Villalba,
Rafael Fort
Enhancing clay mortars’ properties .............................................................................................................. 132
A. Karozou, M. Stefanidou
Study of the role of different nanoparticles in lime pastes ........................................................................... 144
Eirini-Chrysanthi Tsardaka, Maria Stefanidou
Active photocatalytic-superhydrophobic coating with TiO2/ZnO nano-heterostructures for lime mortars... 155
Alessandro Speziale, Jesús Fidel González-Sánchez, Íñigo Navarro-Blasco, José M. Fernández,
José I. Alvarez
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TOPIC 3: GYPSUM-BASED PLASTERS AND MORTARS IN HISTORICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS.......................................................................................................................... 169
Study of properties of gypsum plasters from Araripe’s Pole for application in restoration mortars ............. 171
Fernanda Cavalcanti Ferreira, Jose Getulio Gomes de Sousa, Arnaldo Manoel Pereira Carneiro
Characterization of Gypsum Renders in the Paris Region and Determination of the Traditional
Fabrication Process ...................................................................................................................................... 186
Jean Ducasse-Lapeyrusse, Véronique Vergès-Belmin
The use of stucco-marble to restore veined polished limestone. The case of the pavement in the major
sacristy of the Cathedral of Seville ............................................................................................................... 201
Antonio González Portillo, Maria Teresa Freire
Stucco marble in the Portuguese architecture: first insights in mineralogical, physical and mechanical
properties .................................................................................................................................................... 211
Maria Teresa Freire, António Santos Silva, Maria do Rosário Veiga
Clay and gypsum mortars used during antiquity in Cyprus ........................................................................... 226
Maria Philokyprou
Physical- mechanical comparison of the traditional gypsums from Albarracín and Pallars ........................... 237
David Osmar Batres Hernández, Antonia Navarro Ezquerra, Joan Ramon Rosell Amigó
Detailed studies of gypsum plasters from the Ishrat Khana Mausoleum in Samarkand, Uzbekistan ............ 248
Steffen Laue
TOPIC 4: FUNCTIONAL MORTARS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC AND
MODERN CULTURAL HERITAGE STRUCTURES.................................................................. 259
Use of natural zeolite aggregate in restoration lime renders........................................................................ 261
Martin Vyšvařil, Patrik Bayer, Tomáš Žižlavský, Pavla Rovnaníková
Fibre reinforced mortars for cultural heritage protection ............................................................................ 273
Miloš Drdácký, Dagmar Michoinová
Comparative evaluation of the morphological and rheological characteristics of nanolime dispersions for the
consolidation of architectural monuments................................................................................................... 283
Anastasia Michalopoulou, Elisavet Michailidi, Evangelos Favvas, Noni-Pagona Maravelaki,
Vassilis Kilikoglou, Ioannis Karatasios
Autogenic vs. autonomic self-healing process in conservation mortars with crystalline admixture ............. 296
Maria Amenta, Matina Papaioannou, Marios S. Katsiotis, Dimitris Gournis, Vassilis Kilikoglou,
Ioannis Karatasios
Addressing safety and durability requirements of architectural heritage by developing functional
conservation mortars ................................................................................................................................... 307
Ioannis Karatasios, Zoi S. Metaxa, Stavros K. Kourkoulis, Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos, Vassilis Kilikoglou
Self- healing lime-based mortars using biological mechanisms and microvascular networks ....................... 319
Cristina De Nardi, Magdalini Theodoridou, Philip Sim, Michael Harbottle, Anthoby D. Jefferson
Hydrophobized lime grouts prepared with microsilica and superplasticizers ............................................... 330
Jesús Fidel González-Sánchez, Íñigo Navarro-Blasco, Adrián Duran, Rafael Sirera,
José M. Fernández, José Ignacio Álvarez
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Photoactive Fe-TiO2 Lime Plasters for Building Protection ........................................................................... 346
Chrysi Kapridaki, Nikolaos Xynidis, Nikolaos Xekoukoulotakis, Nikolaos Kallithrakas-Kontos,
Noni Maravelaki
Lime-based rendering mortars with photocatalytic and hydrophobic agents: assessment of the water
repellency and biocide effect ....................................................................................................................... 359
Jesús Fidel González-Sánchez, Burcu Taşcı, Guillermo Martínez de Tejada, José M. Fernández,
Íñigo Navarro-Blasco, José Ignacio Alvarez
SRG, Steel Reinforced Grout for strengthening masonry structures: from tests to applications ................... 373
Paolo Casadei, Paolo Girardello
TOPIC 5: CHARACTERIZATION OF HISTORIC MORTARS AND MASONRY
STRUCTURES. SAMPLING AND TEST METHODS ................................................................ 383
Calcite or quartz powder as aggregate of Roman plasters (Lombardy, Italy) ................................................ 385
Roberto Bugini, Luisa Folli
Analytical and chromatic characterization of the interior walls finishes in the Batlló House of Gaudí
in Barcelona. A surprising discovery ............................................................................................................. 396
Àgueda Serra, Joan Casadevall
Roman mortars of floor substrates and walls from Arroyo de la Dehesa de Velasco site: petrographic
and mineralogical characterization .............................................................................................................. 410
Ainhoa Alonso-Olazabal, Luis Ángel Ortega, Mª Cruz Zuluaga, Graciela Ponce,
Javier Jiménez Echevarría, Carmen Alonso Fernández
Provenance study of raw materials used for lime making at Prague Castle during medieval times .............. 424
Petr Kozlovcev, Jan Válek, Olga Skružná
Interpretation of scientific data derived from analytical techniques used in the characterization
of Roman mortars ........................................................................................................................................ 439
Duygu Ergenç, Rafael Fort, Nevin Aly, Olivier Henry, Sayed Hemeda
Petrography of Historic Mortar Materials: Polarising Light Microscopy as a Method for Characterising
Lime-Based Mortars ..................................................................................................................................... 453
Kristin Balksten, Bo Nitz, John J. Hughes, Jan-Erik Lindqvist
Roman vs. medieval crushed brick lime mortars: A comparative study ........................................................ 468
Martin Schidlowski, Tobias Bader, Anja Diekamp
A map is worth a thousand pictures: Using FTIR-imaging to analyze petrographic thin sections
of historical and experimental mortar.......................................................................................................... 482
Anthony J. Baragona, Marta Anghelone, Johannes Weber
Characterisation of concrete structures along the Reschen frontier, South Tyrol, Italy ................................ 495
Tobias Bader, Anja Diekamp
Chemical, mineralogical and hydraulic characteristics of Roman mortars in Turkey..................................... 506
Burcu Taşcı, Hasan Böke ................................................................................................................................. 506
DB-HERITAGE: A database of mortars composition and characteristics........................................................ 516
António Santos Silva, Rodrigo Giollo, Maria João Correia, Maria do Rosário Veiga, Paulina Faria
Algarve vernacular architecture facade ornaments: chemical and mineralogical characterization ............... 529
Marta Santos, António Santos Silva, Rosário Veiga
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Characterisation methodology for lime based materials – A case study of the Rajagopuram
of Pundarikaksha temple in Tamil Nadu, India ............................................................................................. 544
Divya Rani and Manu Santhanam
Sampling cataloging methodology procedures for the conservation of historical colours
in urban landscapes ..................................................................................................................................... 555
Isolina Díaz-Ramos, Jorge Manzano Cabrera
Mineralogical characterization of historical cement-based mortars from Rupnik military
fortification line ........................................................................................................................................... 565
Petra Štukovnik, Janez Peter Grom, Marjan Marinšek, Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov
TOPIC 6: HISTORIC PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND APPLICATION OF
MORTARS, RENDERS AND GROUTS. LIME TECHNOLOGIES........................................... 577
Warm applied Mortar (WAM) – An insight into the historical technique of “Heiße Speis” and its use
for renders ................................................................................................................................................... 579
Robert Wacha, Farkas Pintér
Blast furnace slag in historic mortars of Bergslagen, Sweden ....................................................................... 585
Jan Erik Lindqvist, Kristin Balksten, Birgit Fredrich
th
Composition and Technology of the 17 Century Stucco Decorations at Červená Lhota Castle
in the Southern Bohemia ............................................................................................................................. 596
Jan Válek, Olga Skružná, Petr Kozlovcev, Dita Frankeová, Petra Mácová, Alberto Viani, Ivana Kumpová
Hot applied lime mortar – assessment of a traditional technique used in modern restoration .................... 614
Thomas Köberle, Matthias Zötzl, Alexander Fenzke, Heiner Siedel
Preliminary research on potential raw material sources for dolomitic lime mortars at
St. John’s convent at Müstair, Switzerland ................................................................................................... 628
Giovanni Cavallo, Marta Caroselli, Albert Jornet, Patrick Cassitti
th
th
A Mortar Maker’s guide to evolving mortar specifications in 18 and 19 C France and England
and their implications today ........................................................................................................................ 642
Lucie Fusade
TOPIC 7: MORTARS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. CONSTRUCTION HISTORY.
ARCHAEOMETRY.......................................................................................................................... 653
Characterization and durability analysis of coral stones in a marine environment ....................................... 655
Swathy Manohar, Manu Santhanam
Technical analysis on materials and characteristics of mortar-based compounds in Roman
and Late antique Aquileia (Udine, Italy). A preliminary report of the results ............................................... 665
Simone Dilaria, Michele Secco, Jacopo Bonetto, Gilberto Artioli
Fernandina old Wall of Lisbon – Characterization towards its preservation ................................................. 681
Leandro Gomes, Paulina Faria, Vitor Silva, António Santos Silva
M.N.I.A.R. techniques of macroscopic characterization from the colorimetry and chromatographies
analysis applied to the mortars in the archaeological site of Los Hitos (Arisgotas, Toledo, Spain) ................ 695
Pablo Guerra-García, Jorge Morín de Pablos, Isabel Sánchez Ramos
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Analysis of mortar samples from the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus at
Umm as-Surab (Jordan) ................................................................................................................................ 713
Piero Gilento, Cecilia Pesce, Giovanni Pesce
Characterisation of Roman Mortar from the Archaeological Site of Mirobriga ............................................ 727
Alvin Sern Hao Chua, Cristina Galacho, Patrícia Moita, José Carlos Quaresma
Insights into Carolingian construction techniques – results from archaeological and mineralogical
studies at Müstair Monastery, Grisons, Switzerland .................................................................................... 743
Marta Caroselli, Christine Bläuer, Patrick Cassitti, Giovanni Cavallo, Irka Hajdas, Sophie Hueglin,
Hans Neukom, Albert Jornet
Animal, Vegetable or Mineral? Characterising shell-lime, maerl-lime and limestone-lime mortar
evidence from the Late Norse and Medieval site of Tuquoy, Orkney ........................................................... 758
Mark Thacker, John Hughes, Nic Odling
TOPIC 8: DATING OF HISTORIC MORTARS.......................................................................... 779
An Ecology of Castle Construction: geoarchaeology, archaeobotany & radiocarbon analysis
in the ecotone of Lochindorb Castle ............................................................................................................. 781
Mark Thacker
Characterization of historic mortars: techniques used to establish a construction chronology.
Case study: “Aragoneses’ Mill” as it belongs to popular architectural heritage ............................................ 800
Esther Moreno Fernández, Javier Pinilla Melo, Francisco González Yunta, Alberto Sepulcre Aguilar,
Ignacio Lombillo Vozmediano, Yosbel Boffill Orama
TOPIC 9: NATURAL AND ROMAN CEMENT MORTARS ..................................................... 817
From marlstone to rotary kilns – the early development of Portland cements in Central Europe ................ 819
Farkas Pintér, Christophe Gosselin, Thomas Köberle, István Vidovszky, Johannes Weber
European natural cements - their key technical properties under standardised conditions ......................... 833
David Hughes, Johannes Weber, Vincenzo Starinieri, Farkas Pinter, Christophe Gosselin,
Steven Feldman, Cecilia Pesce
Restoration techniques using 1930’s Portland cements at Porte de l’Est in the Roman city-wall
of Aventicum, Switzerland ........................................................................................................................... 848
Christophe Gosselin, Noé Terrapon
Drying Shrinkage of Historic Portland Cements: Factors to be Considered for Successful Repair .................. 862
Simeon Wilkie, Thomas Dyer
Repairs to Historic Concrete Pavement at Jacob Riis Park Utilizing Natural, Roman and
Portland Cements ........................................................................................................................................ 877
Michael P. Edison
Methodology of identification of natural and historic Portland cements. Application and study
in mortars of Madrid and Barcelona............................................................................................................. 886
Cristina Mayo Corrochano, Judith Ramírez-Casas, David Sanz Arauz, Antonia Navarro Ezquerra,
Juan Ramon Rosell Amigo
The use of mortars in Palau Güell by Antoni Gaudi ...................................................................................... 901
Ricardo Gomez-Val, Judith Ramirez-Casas, Antonia Navarro-Ezquerra
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
When Portland cement meets natural cement............................................................................................. 914
Elisabeth Marie-Victoire, Myriam Bouichou
TOPIC 10: CONSERVATION ISSUES CONCERNING MORTARS, PLASTERS,
RENDERS AND GROUTS. DIAGNOSIS. DECAY AND DAMAGE MECHANISMS.
CASE STUDIES................................................................................................................................ 929
th
Decorative renders simulating stone of middle 20 century in the region of Lisbon .................................... 931
Maria do Rosário Veiga, António Santos Silva, Cláudia Martinho, Paulina Faria
The analysis of the proportion of mortar for Japanese roof tile (Ibushikawara) in Taiwan by applying
of Taguchi Method ....................................................................................................................................... 944
Mei-Tsu Hsu, Bing-Sheng Yu
th
Evolution of mortars composition and characteristics during the 20 century– Study of Portuguese
buildings awarded with Architecture Valmor Prize ...................................................................................... 959
Luís Almeida, António Santos Silva, José Mirão, Maria do Rosário Veiga
Practical application of lime-pozzolan mortars to damp masonry ................................................................ 973
Dita Frankeová, Dana Janotová, Zuzana Slížková
th
The use of dolomitic lime in mortar samples from a 15 -century buttress of York Minster (York, UK) ........ 986
Cecilia Pesce, Alick Leslie, Alison Henry, John David, Giovanni Pesce
The Restoration of the church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Dauis, Bohol, Philippines ............................ 997
Jim Franklin O. Kalaw, Raul Y. Naguit Jr
Digital image analysis as basis for the evaluation of repair mortars in architectural conservation ............. 1008
C. Kaiser, L. Oetinger, R. Killian
TOPIC 11: PRESERVATION. CONSOLIDATION MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS. PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION ..................... 1021
Frost resistance of reproduced mosaic mortars ......................................................................................... 1023
Pavla Bauerová, Pavel Reiterman, Eva Vejmelková, Martin Keppert
Preliminary results on the use of ammonium phosphate solutions for the consolidation of lime-based
mortars ...................................................................................................................................................... 1032
Enrico Sassoni, Cesare Pizzigatti, Elisa Franzoni
Comparative study of ethyl silicate versus acrylic resin consolidation of wall painting with
high water and salts contents: a case study at the Chapter Hall of Chartres cathedral ............................... 1040
Laura Normand, Stéphanie Duchêne, Véronique Vergès-Belmin, Claire Dandrel,
David Giovannacci, Witold Nowik
Comparative analysis of permeability values of traditional aerial lime mortars for
preventive conservation ............................................................................................................................ 1056
Ana González-Serrano, Reyes Rodríguez-García, Esther Ontiveros-Ortega
Challenges and strategies of preventive conservation in places of worship – Church
of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe case study ............................................................................................... 1068
Alexandra Marco, Manuela Pintado, Patrícia R. Moreira, Eduarda Vieira
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TOPIC 12: REPAIR MORTARS AND GROUTS. REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN.
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES. DURABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS. REPAIR
MORTARS: ADEQUACY OF TESTING PROCEDURES ....................................................... 1085
Effects of natural zeolite addition to lime based render layers for restoration of historical buildings ........ 1087
Marina Aškrabić, Dimitrije Zakić, Aleksandar Savić, Ljiljana Miličić
Use of ultrafine mafic rocks for the enhancement of carbonation reaction in lime renders ....................... 1099
Loucas Kyriakou, Ioannis Rigopoulos, Ioannis Ioannou
Microstructure of lime pastes with the addition of vegetable oils ............................................................. 1112
Cristiana Nunes, Alberto Viani, Kateřina Mlsnová, Dita Frankeová, Petra Mácová
Improvements to Water, Salt-Scaling and Freeze-Thaw Resistances of Historic Mortar
Replication Mixes ....................................................................................................................................... 1125
Michael P. Edison, Chad Lausberg
Formulated lime mortars as a sustainable practice for Built Heritage conservation in Mexico ................... 1142
Marlene Sámano Chong
The impact of elevated temperatures on the properties of lime-based mortars ........................................ 1156
Vasiliki Pachta, Sofia Triantafyllaki, Maria Stefanidou
Characterization and compatibility assessment of commercial stone repair mortars ................................. 1166
Barbara Lubelli, Timo G. Nijland, Rob P.J. van Hees
Impact of aggregates on fresh mortars’ properties .................................................................................... 1180
Ana Rita Santos, Maria do Rosário Veiga, António Santos Silva, Jorge de Brito
NHL-based plasters and renders – Assessing the influence of mixing method on workability
and hardened mortar properties ................................................................................................................ 1195
Frowin Ruegenberg, Martin Schidlowski, Tobias Bader, Anja Diekamp
Lime-based grouts for architectural surface repair. Comparison of their performance by using
laboratory and field test methods .............................................................................................................. 1215
Vasiliki Pachta, Ioanna Papayianni, Thomas Spyriliotis
Evaluation of the fresh state properties of lime-based grouts through inter-laboratory
comparative testing ................................................................................................................................... 1225
Vasiliki Pachta, Davide Gulotta, Jan Valek, Ioanna Papayianni
Lime-pozzolan injection grouts with ovalbumin and ethanol added as water-reducing agents:
grout design and assessment of the mineralogical evolution ..................................................................... 1238
Chiara Pasian, Michele Secco, Francesca Piqué, Gilberto Artioli, Sharon Cather
Limestone-filled, hydraulic-lime mortars for historic and traditional fabrics .............................................. 1251
Marwa Aly, Sara Pavía
Comparing the moisture permeability of limecrete and concrete floor slabs ............................................. 1267
Grace A. Phillips, Kevin Briggs, Iain McCaig, Richard J. Ball
Impact of guar gum and chitosan ethers on physico-mechanical properties and durability
of natural hydraulic lime mortars ............................................................................................................... 1279
Tomáš Žižlavský, Martin Vyšvařil, Patrik Bayer, Pavla Rovnaníková
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Technical analysis on materials and characteristics of mortar-based
compounds in Roman and Late antique Aquileia (Udine, Italy). A
preliminary report of the results
Simone Dilaria1, Michele Secco2, Jacopo Bonetto3, Gilberto Artioli4
(1) University of Padova, Department of Cutural Heritage, simone.dilaria@phd.unipd.it
(2) University of Padova, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (ICEA); Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Cement Materials and Hydraulic Binders (CIRCe),
michele.secco@unipd.it
(3) University of Padova, Department of Cutural Heritage, jacopo.bonetto@unipd.it
(4) University of Padova, Inter-departmental Research Center for the Study of Cement Materials and Hydraulic
Binders (CIRCe); Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy, gilberto.artioli@unipd.it
Abstract
In the present paper we report the preliminary results of an ongoing research focused on the
investigation of Roman mortars and concretes employed in Aquileia from Roman to Early
Medieval Age (II century BC – VI century AD). More than 250 samples have been collected
from buildings spread all over of the town, with different chronologies of construction and
different functions. Material characterization was achieved throughout a multi-analytical
approach comprising optical microscopy (OM), X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and
Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive microanalysis (SEM-EDS). Analytical data
have been strictly crosschecked in relation with the chronology and purpose of the structure
from which mortars have been collected from. The preliminary results we obtained are
providing intriguing outcomes: we observed a high specialization on “recipes” in relation to
the function of mortars and concretes, but also chronology of production appears to have an
important role in the composition of mortar-based compounds. Such an extensive sampling
is giving valuable insights to decipher the relations among crafts and artisans in ancient
construction and decorative activities.
Introduction and state of art
The present project is part of a larger research promoted by the Department of Cultural
Heritage and the Department of Geosciences of the University of Padova, aimed at the
investigation of types and characteristics of mortars and concretes exploited in ancient
times. In the wake of the recent impulse devoted on studies concerning the “Archaeology of
Architecture”, “Archaeology of Construction” and “Archaeology of building materials”, the
ancient Provincia Cisalpina, corresponding to the actual northern Italy, has become, in the
last decades, a fertile territory for archaeological and archaeometric researches. The results
of these studies are demonstrating how Roman architecture in Cisalpina deeply differs from
centre-southern Italian constructive traditions, in terms of forms, materials and techniques
employed by ancient crafts [1-3].
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Nevertheless, specific analytical researches on mortar-based materials have not been carried
out in such a way as it has been done for centre-southern Italy, where the cases of Rome and
Pompeii remain emblematic terms of comparison for these definite topics [4]. On the other
hand, an analytical approach for the study of mortars and concretes has been rarely
undertaken for significant case studies in the Roman Cisalpina. Wall-paintings are surely the
materials on which mayor part of the researches have been based on, even if a main focus
was dedicated to the characterization of pictorial layers, more than the analysis of
supporting mortars (tectorium). Lombardy [5], North-Eastern Italy [6, 7, 8] and, in the last
years, Slovenia (Emona-Ljubljana) [9] are the regions on which the sampling has been carried
out in a more exhaustive way in statistical terms, as, since the ’90, more than 200 wallpaintings have been taken into exam.
On the other hand, no extensive analytical datasets are available for other typologies of
mortar-based compounds. Exceptions are represented by analyses on a targeted sampling of
structural mortars employed in specific contexts such as Padova [10], Ravenna [11],
Desenzano (Brescia) [12], Milan [13], Susa, the ancient Segusium (Turin) [14, 15] and Mošnje
(Slovenia) [16]. Finally, other types of mortar-based materials employed in antiquity, for
instance the ones manufactured for flooring purposes, have been traditionally investigated
in relation to restoration activities. Specific studies on mortar bedding screeds have been
performed on Roman pavements of Montegrotto (Padua) [17] and Cremona [18].
In this scenario, Aquileia represents a perfect context for developing a research on mortarsbased compounds which were, in the last years, only marginally investigated [1, 19]. During
Roman times, Aquileia was one of the most prosperous towns of the Northern Italy and an
important centre for the development of trends and practices in the field of art and
architecture. After being established in 181 BC, the city become, during the Imperial age, a
flourishing urban centre, as it was enriched by monumental buildings and highly prestigious
private residences. In the IV century AD, it was considered by Ausonius (XI, 9, 4) one of the
nine most important and extended cities of the ancient world, but in the 425 AD Aquileia
collapsed under Attila’s invasion and the town was progressively abandoned by the end of
the V century [20]. All these different historical periods are represented by the buildings that
modified the shape and the plan of the city.
In the last decade new impulse on excavations activities was promoted thanks to the
contribution of Universities and private foundations such as Fondazione Aquileia, leading
excavation, valorisation and preservation projects in several archaeological areas of the
ancient town.
Along with archaeological excavations and restoration activities, the University of Padova
promoted research projects focused on the analysis on building techniques [3], mosaic art
[21] and pictorial culture [22] in Aquileia.
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In the wake of this solid historic-archaeological background, these researches have
established a fertile ground to fully immerge and contextualize the results of an analytical
project focused on mortars-based materials characterization 4.
Preliminary publications on this topic have revealed the potentialities of the exploitation of
the single context approach in order to acquire a full and deep knowledge on characteristics
of mortars and concretes employed along space and time in a determined area [23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28]. The data in course of acquisition are providing new lymph for a thorough
discussion on the issues related to competences and know-how of ancient crafts and
artisans, their correlation with economic power of patronage, function of buildings and
chronology of construction, in the framework of a realistic reconstruction of the history and
economy of an ancient Roman town.
Investigation contexts and sampling
In order to crosscheck the characteristics of mortar-based materials employed in
archaeological complexes with different chronology, social level and functional destination
(i.e. private contexts, public buildings, defensive systems, suburban quarters etc.), a series of
archaeological areas of the ancient city of Aquileia have been taken into exam (Figure 1).
Main contexts are represented by houses (Domus of Tito Macro, Domus of Bestie Ferite [29],
Domus at Stalla Violin [30]) which life spans from the I century BC to the V century AD, along
with periodic renovations activities that determined frequent reconstruction of floors,
canalizations and wall structures; public buildings are represented by the theatre [31] and
the amphitheatre [32], that were probably established during the early imperial age, and by
the mayor Roman thermal complex of the city, the so-called Thermae Felices
Constantinianae, which were probably built under the patronage of the Constantine family
during the IV century AD [33]; defensive architecture has been considered, as the city walls
were taken into exam along with their construction phases, ranging from the period of
foundation of the city throughout reconstructions and modifications during Late Antiquity
and Byzantine age [34]; Aquileia suburb was also examined by investigating of structures in a
productive area in the immediate surrounding of the city [35].
More than 200 samples of mortars and concretes have been collected from the cited sites.
Samples refer to a) foundations mortars (sometimes acquired by the direct sampling of core
drillings); b) wall jointing mortars and wall core mortars; c) concrete vaults; d) floors and
floor beddings (mosaic, concrete floors, brick floors, opus sectile floors, mortar floors); e)
structural and revetment mortars of hydraulic systems (water tank, canalization conducts,
4
The current research has been supported by the Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape of
Friuli Venezia Giulia and by research teams of the Universities currently involved in the annual archaeological
excavations in the ancient city. In particular, we are grateful for the collaboration of the excavation directors of
the investigated sites in Aquileia: Prof. J. Bonetto and Prof. M. Salvadori (Dep. of Cultural Heritage, University
of Padova); prof. P. Basso (Dep. of Culture and Civilization, University of Verona); prof. D. Cottica (Dep. of
Humanities, University Ca' Foscari of Venice); prof. M. Rubinich (Department of Humanistic Studies and
Cultural Heritage, University of Udine).
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piscinae) 5. Apart from the mortar samples taken directly on site, more than 60 wall-painting
fragments have been also analysed, mainly collected from the materials conserved in the
deposits of the Archaeological Museum of Aquileia and usually recovered during excavations
conducted in last century in different areas of Aquileia. Samples were taken from
assemblages of well dated wall painting fragments which were already studied according to
stylistic features [25, 28].
Figure 1. Aquileia. Plan of the investigated archaeological sites. a) mosaic bedding screed at Domus of Bestie
ferite; b) collapsed vault of Thermae Felices Constantinianae; c) core drilling in theatre foundation platform; d)
jointing mortars of the amphiteatre; e) wall of eastern fluvial bank; f) joint mortar with shell aggregates of
Bizantine city walls.
Methodology
The collected samples have been analysed following a multi analytical approach. Firstly, all
the samples have been described according to their macroscopic features (Figure 2). A
preliminary petrographic study through optical microscopy (OM) was then performed on all
the analysed samples following macroscopic and microstratigraphic procedures for mortarbased materials described in UNI Norm 11176:2006 “Cultural heritage - Petrographic
description of a mortar”.
The study was performed both by optical microscopy (OM) on 30 μm thin sections, obtained
by vacuum impregnating portions of the materials with epoxy resin and sectioning them
transversally (Figure 3). Mineralogical quantitative phase analyses (QPA) were performed on
a selection of representative samples through X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Then, QPA’s
were performed using the Rietveld method [36]. XRPD analyses on the sole binder fraction
were performed after separation through the Cryo2Sonic 2.0 procedure [37] in order to
5
Mortar-based compounds from hydraulic structures are still under examination and they will be not
discussed in the present paper.
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properly define hydraulic phases on those samples showing pozzolanic properties after OM
or XRPD bulk examinations. The determination of both crystalline and amorphous content
was calculated by adding 20% wt. of ZnO to the powders as internal standard.
Figure 2. Macroscopic images of mortar-based compounds. a) sample from the theatre opus caementicium
substructure (cross section); b) sample from the amphitheatre opus caementicium substructure (cross section
after consolidation in epoxy resin); c) wall joint mortar from Domus of Tito Macro (cross section); d) wall joint
mortar from Domus of Tito Macro (petrographic section after consolidation in epoxy resin); e) late antique floor
bedding from Domus of Bestie Ferite (petrographic section); f) concrete vault from Thermae Felices
Constantinianae; g) IInd style wall painting from Domus of Bestie Ferite (cross section); IVth cen. AD wall
painting from Teodorian complex (cross section).
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Figure 3. Petrographic analysis on thin section of mortar-based compounds. a) OM-TL-Pn, theatre mortar from
platform foundational opus caementicium (Cg: carbonate gravel); b) OM-TL-Xn, terracotta dust (Td) and
terracotta fragments (Tf) with secondary aliquots of carbonate sand (Cs) from the bottom cocciopesto layer of
theatre platform foundation; c) OM-TL-Xn, square rubble masonry wall joint mortar (Cg: carbonate gravel; Ch:
chert); d) OM-TL-Xn, brick wall joint mortar (Lp: lime lump); e) OM-TL-Xn, pyroxenes (Px) and volcanic (Vc)
aggregates in a wall joint mortar, with subordinated feldspars (Fs) and quartz (Qz); f) OM-TL-Xn, Late Antique
wall joint mortar with diffuse presence of lime lumps (Lp); g) cross section of I cen. AD mosaic bedding screed
(Lt: limestone tesserae; Pl: lime-putty setting bed; Tf: terracotta fragments of the nucleus; h) OM-TL-Pn, Ist
style wall painting, intonachino layer with diffuse euhedral spathic calcite. (OM: optical microscopy; TL:
transmitted light; Xn: crossed nicols; Pn: parallel nicols)
Data were collected using a Bragg–Brentano θ–θ diffractometer (PANalytical X’Pert PRO, Co–
Kα radiation, 40kV and 40 mA) equipped with a real-time multiple strip (RTMS) detector
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(X’Celerator by Panalytical). Divergence and anti-scattering slits, of 0.5° and 1° respectively,
were mounted in the incident beam pathway. The pathway of the diffracted beam included
a Ni filter, a Soller slit (0.04 rad) and an antiscatter blade (5 mm). Data acquisition was
performed by operating a continuous scan in the range 3–80° 2θ, with a virtual step scan of
0.02° 2θ. Diffraction patterns were interpreted using the X’Pert HighScore Plus 3.0 software
by PANalytical, qualitatively reconstructing mineral profiles of the compounds by
comparison with PDF databases from the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).
Then, QPAs were performed using the Rietveld method. Refinements were accomplished
using the TOPAS software (version 4.1) by Bruker AXS. Finally, the thin section samples were
microstructurally and micro chemically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM). A CamScan MX2500 scanning electron microscope was used, equipped with a LaB6
cathode and a four-quadrant solid state BSE detector for imaging. The analytical conditions
were as follows: accelerating voltage 20 kV; filament current 1.80 A; emission current 20 μA;
aperture current 300 nA; working distance 20–30 mm. Furthermore, an EDAX–EDS energydispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used for chemical microanalysis, mounted
with a Sapphire Detector composed of a LEAP+ Si(Li) crystal and a Super Ultra Thin Window.
Preliminary results
Even if the investigations on mortar-based samples are still ongoing, some preliminary
results can be here outlined. The results showed high variability on mortar and concrete
“recipes”, depending on their function in structures and chronology of production.
Foundations
Foundational mortars are mainly represented by samples collected from core drillings
performed in the substructures of the theatre and amphitheatre of Aquileia, from the upper
portion of ground platform of the Thermae Felices Constantinianae, and from a particular
opus caemeticium [38] foundation casting identified at the basis of the south-eastern part of
the Republican city walls. Different “recipes” were employed in these structures. In both the
theatre and amphitheatre platforms, the foundations were made with a > 3 m deep opus
caementicium structure made of a mixture of lime, gravel and sand to which decimetre sized
limestone fragments were added [38]. Petrographically (Figure 2, a-b; Figure 3, a), aggregate
fraction is represented by carbonates and secondary silicates (chert, quartz) compatible with
sands and gravels locally sourced from river bed deposits of Natiso/Torre and Isonzo [39].
SEM-EDS analysis clearly detected de-dolomitization of dolostone aggregates (Figure 4, a)
and alkali-silica reactions of chert (Figure 4, b-c) in the mortars of the opus caementicium
foundation of the theatre of Aquileia, which produced a diffuse silicate-magnesian gel in the
matrix, deeply permeated with calcium of binder fraction [40]. Being absent pozzolanae of
fictile fraction, it is possible that the use of salt water in the preparation of the mixture could
have determined a highly alkaline pH in the compounds activating de-dolomitization and
silica reaction of chert fragments [41]. Crystalline C-S-H of AFm phases have not been
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detected after XRPD bulk analysis. At the base of the theatre foundation platform a layer of
fine cocciopesto [38] was placed, probably to contrast rising ground water enhancing
waterproofing properties and avoiding water infills (Figure 3, b).
Figure 4. SEM-EDS of theatre opus caementicium foundations (BSE images). a) dolostone clasts with clear dedolomitization phenomena; a1) EDS microanalysis of an un-altered dolostone relict; a2) EDS analysis of dedolomitized dolostone interface with binder matrix; a3) EDS analysis of mortar matrix; a4) EDS microanalysis
of nodules of pure carbonates in mortar matrix; b) altered chert fragments; c) highlighted area of the figure b; c1)
EDS analysis of an highly altered portion of a chert fragment with Ca/Mg ions permeated from the matrix; c2)
EDS analysis of a chert relict feebly altered.
Figure 5. XRPD patterns of the binder fractions of selected hydraulic mortars, with highlighted the main
diffraction peaks of the anthropogenic binding phases: a) theatre, cocciopesto mortar at the base of the
foundation platform; b) Thermae Felices Constantinianae, coating mortar of a pool; c) Republican city walls,
foundational concrete.
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OM coupled with XRPD binder analyses demonstrated the presence of diffused terracotta
dust in the foundational cocciopesto layer of the theatre, which determined the formation of
moderate AFm hydrated phases (Figure 5, a).
Cocciopesto mortars with significant amounts of fine terracotta dust have been employed
also in the foundations and several other structures of the Thermae Felices Constantinianae.
Also in this case, XRPD binder fraction analyses showed the formation of AFm hydrates,
indicating the occurrence of pozzolanic reaction processes (Figure 5, b).
From a petrographic point of view, also the opus caemetitium structures in the foundations
of Republican walls seem to be realized with the traditional mix of raw material defined
above in relation to the theatre and amphitheatre foundations. However, the high strength
and cohesion of this compound is an indication of relevant hydraulic reaction, as confirmed
by the occurrence of Tobermorite 14A and AFm hydraulic phases in the binder fractions
(Figure 5, c). The formation of hydrated phases appears to be due to the presence in the
matrix of high silica aliquots responsible for the diffuse formation of pure C-S-H. Being
absent clasts of volcanoclastic pozzolanae (as previously supposed [24]) or dusty terracotta
fraction, it is probable that a cherty limestone could have been calcined in order to obtain a
natural hydraulic lime, as supposed also in the case of the Ponte di Augusto in Narni [42].
Chert aggregate fraction added to the mortars could have been another secondary activator
of the pozzolanic reaction [43], mainly if combined with salt water, as previously observed in
relation with the theatre.
Wall structures
During the Republican and Proto-Imperial ages, walls in Aquileia were usually made with
limestone or sandstone coursed square rubble masonry [3]. Jointing mortars were produced
with lime mortars. The aggregate fraction is represented by dominant carbonate lithic
particles, with secondary aliquots of chert and quartz and traces of sandstones, with
binder/aggregate (B/A) ratios around 1:2 (Figure 2, c; Figure 3, c). In the case of brick walls
[3], finer mortars produced mixing lime and well-graded carbonate/silicate sand were most
commonly employed (Figure 2, d; Figure 3, d). Mineralogical analyses on bulk samples
revealed calcite and dolomite as prevalent fraction, while feldspars and micas occur in
modest amounts always < 5%. Amorphous and smectite phases are related mainly to clay
inclusions which are present, in different aliquots, in all the compounds. Also in this case, in
mayor part of the samples aggregate sands and gravels are locally sourced from river bed
deposits of Natiso/Torre and Isonzo [39]. Only in a few occasion aggregates are not local.
This is the case of two jointing mortar samples were aggregates are represented by
abundant pyroxenes, volcanic clasts and feldspars (Figure 3, e). It is possible to assume that
these non-local sands represent the reuse of ballast bags which originally reached Aquileia
via fluvial or terrestrial routes.
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
In other occasions, mortars with high ratios of chert gravels were used in the walls of the
Republican Domus of Tito Macro. The high oxidization of chert and carbonate aggregates, as
well as the absence of dolomite fraction, indicate a possible provenance from paleo fluvial
deposits, partially pedogenized, which should be located in the fluvial plain of the foothills
area of Friuli region, northern of Aquileia 6. The reason for the choice of these quarrying
basins is still unclear.
It has been observed a progressive modification in “recipes” of jointing wall mortars, as
revealed from the analysis of IV-V century AD city wall and housing structures. Late Antique
mortar-based compounds present high lime binder fraction in B/A ratios of ≥ 1:1, highly
sorted carbonate aggregates and frequent lime lumps inclusions (Figure 3, f). The
widespread praxis of spoliation and calcination of limestones and marbles during late
antiquity, observed also in the case of Aquileia [3], could be addressed as a cause of the
large availability of quicklime that could have determined this variation of “recipes”.
Finally, it has been observed the use of shells as aggregate fraction in the mortars of the
Bizantine city defensive system. This characteristic appears to be common in Bizantine
period: shell-rich mortars have been employed in the jointing mortars of city walls of Leptis
Magna, but attestation of these practices traces back even to the Minoan period [44]. The
presence of prevalent coastal shell species, probably coming from beach shoreline proximal
area, demonstrates the substantial modification of sand quarry zones, probably as
consequence of the loss of control of the inland territories north of Aquileia after barbarian
invasions [20].
Vaults
Three samples of mortars from the vaults of the Late Antique Thermae Felices
Constantinianae have been analysed. As widely documented in literature [45], lightweight
caementa were employed as aggregate in order to reduce the weight of the vaults of
Thermae Felices Constantinianae. In this context, lightweight ceamenta are constituted of
three different species of vulcanic tuff scoria which were surely imported (Figure 2, f),
considering that there are no such formations in the Friulan territories and surrounding
areas. Petro-chemical trace elements analyses will be performed for the determination of
the provenance of these materials. The results will be compared with the volcanoclastic tuff
and scoria petrochemical signature database of the Latial and Campanian volcanic
formations [46, 47].
Floors and floor beddings
Floor bedding mortars refer mainly to mosaics and opus sectile bedding screeds. As recently
published [23, 26], we observed that Late Republican and Proto-Imperial mosaic were
realized over bedding screeds generally composed of two layers. The inner one, that can be
6
We are grateful for the advice to prof. A. Fontana, University of Padova.
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
associate with the Vitruvian rudus (VII, 1, 3), is made of a concrete with broken terracotta
fragments composed of sole lime and centimeter sized terracotta fragments [38]; the outer
layer, that can be associated with the nucleus (VII, 1, 3), is a cocciopesto mortar made of lime
and millimeter-sized terracotta fragments [38]. In high-quality mosaics, tesserae were
usually placed over a millimeter-thick layer of pure lime-putty [38] sometimes mixed with
sparse spathic calcite (Figure 3, g). Even if not attested in ancient literature, this stratum has
been already observed [48] and it was probably made to allow a more precise setting of the
tesserae along during the mosaic production.
Opus sectile pavements were placed over thicker screeds made of cocciopesto mortars or
concrete with broken terracotta. The presence of diffuse terracotta dust, observed via OM
analyses, substantially distinguish mortar-based compound for opus sectile screeds from the
mosaic bedding ones.
Also in this case, a variation along time of materials and “recipes” has been proved. If opus
sectile construction traditions do not seem to be substantially modified along time, Late
Antique mosaics bedding mortars in private contexts (houses) were frequently made over a
single 2 cm thick layer of weakly cohesive/highly porous lime mortar (Figure 2, e). Aggregate
fraction is constituted of moderately sorted carbonate sands, mixed with chert and quartz,
while terracotta fraction appears to be absent. This clear downgrade in the quality and
durability of mosaic foundations clearly reflects a progressive loss of crafts skills and
economical power of customers during Late Antiquity [23, 26].
Wall paintings
Petro-mineralogical composition of wall-painting pictorial layers and tectoria has also been
preliminary described elsewhere [25, 28]. Here we just recall the main features of these
materials. In Ist to IVth style (II century BC to I century AD) wall-paintings, the tectorium
consists of one up to two intonachino layers followed by 1 up to 4 inner arriccio and rinzaffo
layers (Figure 2, g). This sequence of strata recalls Vitruvian precepts for opus albarium (VII,
3, 6). Intonachino layers are always made with a bright, highly cohesive stucco mortar [38]
composed of pure lime mixed with well-sorted and perfectly mixed euhedral clasts of spathic
calcite and sporadic marble fragments (Figure 3, h). Layer thicknesses range from around 0.8
cm up to 1.5 cm. Mayor modifications in the intonachino composition were highlighted in
relation to Middle and Late Imperial wall-painting samples. The upper layer appears to be a
unique stratum, 0.1 up to 0.2 cm thick (Figure 2, h), composed of pure lime mixed with
sporadic local carbonate/silicate fluvial sands, while spathic calcite and marble fragments are
totally absent. As observed in relation with mosaics, this clear modification in wall-painting
tectorium composition has been connected to a progressive loss of quality and prestige of
pictorial art during Late Antiquity in Aquileia [25, 28].
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5th Historic Mortars Conference – 19-21 June 2019 – Pamplona, Spain
Conclusions
This ongoing project is providing intriguing results in the field of the researches on mortarbased compounds used in antiquity. We observed a high specialization on “recipes” in
relation to the function of mortars and concretes. Chronology appears to have an important
role in the composition of mortar-based compounds. The analysis of the “recipes” could be
pointed out as a way for dating Aquileia structures and buildings, supporting traditional
dating methodologies based on stratigraphy and pottery chrono-typologies. Quarrying area
are being analysed and variations in selections of raw materials will be discussed in relation
with historical and economical background of Aquileia. The continue crosscheck of data
obtained from such an extensive sampling is giving valuable insights for the deciphering of
the relations among crafts and artisans in ancient construction and decorative activities.
These considerations could be stressed as a way for renovating the discussion on the Art of
Making in a crucial centre for the history of Roman Cisalpina as it was Aquileia.
Author contribution
Introduction: JB, GA; “State of Art” discussion: SD; Context of interest selection: SD, JB;
Sampling: SD, JB; Analytical methodology: SD, MS, GA; Samples preparation and analysis:
SD, MS; Data processing and interpretation: SD, JB; Conclusions: SD; Supervision: JB, GA;
Writing: SD
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