International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp. 306–314, Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_034
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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CORROSION AS A SOURCE OF DESTRUCTION
IN CONSTRUCTION
Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Vyacheslav Lyashenko
Department of Informatics,
Kharkiv National University of RadioElectronics, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Esraa M. Edaan
Department of Petrolum Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Svitlana Sotnik
Department of Computer-Integrated Technologies, Automation and Mechatronics,
Kharkiv National University of RadioElectronics, Kharkiv, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
In this paper the analysis of the corrosion basic types destructions on an example
of buildings constructions is carried out and the basic requirements to materials for
designs in construction are defined. A classification of corrosion damage is proposed,
which became a prerequisite for selecting the main indicators of materials that
maximally affect the quality and durability. The main methods for determining the
main indicators of corrosion damage are identified.
Key words: Classification, Materials, Construction, Corrosion, Quality.
Cite this Article: Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi, Vyacheslav Lyashenko, Esraa M. Edaan
and Svitlana Sotnik, Corrosion as a Source of Destruction in Construction,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp. 306–314.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
The structures used in the construction must comply with the requirements of the current rules
and regulations [1].
In modern construction there are different structural materials: plastic; wooden; stone:
from ceramic and silicate brick, from ceramic, concrete, silicate, natural stones of regular
shape, etc.; glass and metal [2-4]. These materials are diverse in composition, structure,
chemical, physical and mechanical properties and purpose.
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Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi, Vyacheslav Lyashenko, Esraa M. Edaan and Svitlana Sotnik
The leading place in the modern market is occupied by metals [5].
One of the main properties that determine the quality and durability of building structures,
and particularly those made of metal, include corrosion resistance and weathering resistance.
At the same time, corrosion of metals causes special damage, although also concrete, building
stone, wood, other materials are subject to corrosive destruction [6]. This is due to the fact
that corrosion, as a source of destruction in construction, "eats" up to 10% of the metal
produced [7, 8]. Such a source of destruction is an unwanted and unintended process.
Thus, the theme of the work is relevant.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Related work
The review of the existing works devoted to the research related of analysis and measurement
structural corrosion methods, corrosion test methods, corrosion prevention methods is
reviewed.
A review of corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: monitoring, prevention and
rehabilitation techniques is presented in [8]. The types of materials and corrosion are
described (macrocell corrosion of steel in concrete; galvanic corrosion; chloride-induced;
influence of stray currents on corrosion of steel in concrete and etc.). Corrosion protection of
steel rebar in concrete using migrating corrosion inhibitors. Assessment and monitoring of
corrosion velocity of rebars and prestressing strands of a bridge and etc.
In [9] aims to evaluate the applicability and suitability of the different methods, including
weight loss, vernier caliper, drainage method, 3D scanning and XCT methods in the
measurement of geometric parameters and amount of corrosion of a steel bar.
In [10] a brief basis of the correct measurement of the corrosion degree is given. The
assessment of the residual load-bearing capacity based on the quantification of the actual
degree of damage and the prediction of its evolution which needs measurement of the steel
corrosion degree is described. Influence of climatic parameters.
In [11] a description of the traditional methods for testing of reinforcement corrosion
conditions including peculiarities and weak sides of it is presented. The new methods of nondestructive testing are overviewed there. The physical basics and the advantages of the testing
method of half-cell potential are also characterized. A relatively new method of nondestructive testing of reinforcement corrosion condition is the method of measuring the
concrete resistivity. In [11] a description of the principal of its application and the factors
influencing the measuring result is also presented.
Reinforcing bar corrosion for buildings construction is presented in [12]. A theoretical
study of corrosion detection is given. In [12] describes applying the piezoelectric sensor to
carry out corrosion detection on reinforcement building materials, the real-time online
collection of ultrasonic signals can be realized.
2.2. Features of corrosive corrosion destruction
The environment in which the metal is corroded is called a corrosive or aggressive
environment. In Figure 1 shows a generalized classification of factors affecting the corrosive
destruction of building structures.
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Figure 1 Generalized classification of factors affecting corrosion destruction
The main types of building structures corrosion are presented in Table 1. In Table 1 shows
those types of corrosion that occur in the buildings construction structures and take into
account the character, the mechanism of the impact processes, as well as the conditions of
their flow.
Table 1 The main types of building structures corrosion
Type of
corrosion
Examples of occurrence in the
construction of buildings
Causes
Chemical
corrosion
In the contact process of a metal element with
environment conducive to the development of
corrosion, during which the oxidation reaction of
the metal element and the reduction of the
oxidizing component of the environment occurs
simultaneously.
Underground
corrosion
Due to the heterogeneity of the environment and
the uneven access of oxygen to various sites of
underground structures.
In most cases, it leads to the destruction of
individual sections of the structure in the deep
ulcers form. Causes of oxygen uneven access to
relatively small areas of underground structures can
be different density of soils, violation in small areas
of continuous insulation coating, unequal soil
moisture. In wet soils, corrosion can occur due to
different aeration conditions. Underground
corrosion is also understood as the electrochemical
process of metal destruction and concrete structures
in the ground, under the influence of ground
moisture.
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Most often, load-bearing structures
are subject to: foundation, columns,
ceilings, coatings, fasteners
The most common are: fasteners,
steel rods, foundation (for example,
screw piles), beams, trusses,
columns
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Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi, Vyacheslav Lyashenko, Esraa M. Edaan and Svitlana Sotnik
Corrosion
caused by stray
currents
The leakage of electrical current from the
conductors occurs if there are areas in the electrical
circuit with an electrical resistor that is
significantly higher than the current resistance in
the ground.
Atmospheric
corrosion
Caused by condensation of moisture vapor from the
air and atmospheric precipitation. The loss of
condensate on their surface is primarily due to
daily fluctuations in the temperature of the
surrounding air. The content of water vapor in the
air, when the temperature is lowered, reaches full
saturation, which corresponds to the dew point.
With a slight cooling of air below this point, the
vapor begins to condense on the surface of the
structure.
The most common are: steel rods,
piles, columns
Most often exposed are: beams,
trusses, arches, columns, fasteners
Considering the factors that influence the corrosive destruction with the purpose of
reducing the degree of aggressive influence of the environment on building structures, already
during design it is necessary to envisage:
development of enterprises general plans, volume-planning and design solutions
taking into account the wind rose and the direction of groundwater flow;
technological equipment with the greatest possible sealing, supply and exhaust
ventilation, suction in the places of maximum vapors release, gases and dusts [7, 8].
Protection of building structures from corrosion damage in order to improve their
reliability, durability is a compound task of construction projects technical operation.
In order to develop a method for protecting building structures of buildings, it is necessary
to take into account that any corrosion destruction is multistage [13]. But it is always possible
to distinguish three main stages in any corrosive destruction: 1) The approach of a corrosive
environment or its individual components to the surface of building structures. 2) Interaction
of the environment with the structure. 3) Full or partial removal of corrosion products from
the structure surface.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Investigation of the building structures corrosion specificity
Initially, the specificity of building structures corrosion depends on materials that are diverse
in composition, structure, chemical, physical and mechanical properties and purpose. These
are, first of all, cast iron and steel building structures and products; reinforced and prestressed
concrete structures and products; non-ferrous metals and alloys, alloyed structural steels and
others. The existing classifications of building structures corrosion are based on the
dependence on the mechanism of the process, as well as the conditions of their flow. In Figure
2 it is proposed to classify the building structures corrosion, taking into account the character
of the destruction: the depth of corrosive destruction, the type and type of the area corrosion,
as well as the geometric character of the damage and the direction of the action.
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Figure 2 Classification of building structures corrosion, taking into account the character of
destruction
To begin with, corrosion can be divided into 3 types: solid, selective, local.
Then it can be divided into 2 types: equal corrosion and non-equal corrosion, depending
on whether the depth of corrosion damage is the same at different sites.
This separation allows us to determine the "initial character of the destruction" and the
corrosive activity of the structure surface.
Next, it is proposed to take into account the geometry of the corrosion damage area, that
is, it can be: on the metal surface, subsurface, or in the volume of the metal.
Then, the directions of the corrosion damage action can be taken into account: 1) gas
corrosion in a gaseous environment at high temperatures; 2) atmospheric corrosion of metal
under atmospheric conditions at a humidity sufficient to form an electrolyte film on the
surface of the metal (especially in the presence of corrosive gases or aerosols of acids, salts,
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Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi, Vyacheslav Lyashenko, Esraa M. Edaan and Svitlana Sotnik
etc.); 3) liquid – corrosion in liquid environment; 4) underground – corrosion of metal in soils
and soils.
After that it is proposed to take into account the "leakage" conditions of corrosion
damage, let them be classified as: fretting corrosion, corrosion (in friction), cavitation and
contact corrosion.
In conclusion, it is necessary to take into account the type of corrosive environment,
which can be divided as: biological, under voltage and radiation.
As a result of the carried out researches the classification of the main types of materials
corrosion according to the specific character and destructiveness direction is offered
(Table 2).
Table 2 Classification of the main types of buildings corrosion in accordance with the specific
character and direction of destruction
Type of
corrosion
Equal
corrosion
Main factors
Kind of corrosion
Degree of corrosion
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Intensity
Measurement
dirt pits
Degree of corrosion
Nonequal
corrosion
Depth of corrosion
crater corrosion
Depth of corrosion
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Measurement or
sequential removal of
metal layers
Calculation
Measuring with a
grid of squares
pitting corrosion
Local
Selective
The method of
determining
The corrosion surface
area
Calculation by loss
of mass and surface
area of the sample
Degree of surface damage
by corrosion
Measuring with a
grid of squares
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Type of
corrosion
Main factors
Kind of corrosion
Calculation by loss
of mass and surface
area of the sample
Measurement or
computation by loss
of mass
Weight loss per unit
surface area
On the metal
surface
Dimension reduction
Weight loss rate
Reduction speed
Degree of surface damage
by corrosion
In the volume
of the metal
The method of
determining
Calculation
layered
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Weight loss per unit
surface area
Calculation by loss
of mass and surface
area of the sample
Intergranular
(intercrystalline)
Penetration rate
Calculation
Transgranular
corrosion
Penetration rate
Calculation
Filiform
Penetration rate
Calculation
Knife-line
attack
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Measurement or
sequential removal of
metal layers
Calculation
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Degree of surface damage
by corrosion
Depth of corrosion
Degree of surface damage
by corrosion
Through
corrosion
Measuring with a
grid of squares
Depth of corrosion
A distinctive feature of corrosion damage caused by condensation moisture, as compared
with other types of corrosion, is the uneven distribution of destruction sites and crater
character.
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3.2. Causes and elimination of corrosion
Corrosion is the destructive attack of a material by reaction with its environment. Each metal
has unique and inherent corrosion behavior that can range from high to low corrosion
resistance. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of a metal strongly depends on the
environment to which it is exposed, and the general relation is (corrosivity of environment /
corrosion resistance of metal ≈ rate of corrosive attack).
The speed and depth of metal corrosion affect the quality and durability of building
structures.
Therefore, in the course of the building structures corrosive destruction analysis, the
dependence of the corrosion process "leakage" on the main factors is determined (the
character of the corrosion process "leakage" is shown in Table 2, and the main factors are
outlined in Figure 2):
1. Pressure greatly accelerates the electrochemical corrosion of metals because of the
increased solubility of corrosive process depolarizers (oxygen, hydrogen sulphide,
etc.) and the appearance of mechanical stresses in the metal.
2. The rate of corrosion depends on the pH of the environment, increasing as the
environment becomes acidified, if no passivation of the metal occurs. In neutral
environments, the rate of corrosion of iron depends little on the change in pH. As the
pH increases, the corrosion rate of iron and steel decreases.
3. The presence of microorganisms and products of their vital activity in the environment
has a significant effect on the character of metals corrosion damage. With
microbiological corrosion, corrosion damage is local in character; the rate of corrosion
reaches significant values.
Then, recommendations for reducing the rate of corrosion damage are reduced to:
1. To reduce the degree of thermodynamic instability – potentials approach of the
cathode and anode processes.
2. Increase in cathodic polarizability, leading to deceleration of the cathodic process.
3. Increase in anodic polarizability, leading to inhibition of the anodic process.
4. Increase ohmic resistance.
At the same time, recommendations for reducing the depth of corrosion damage are
reduced to:
1. Temperature optimization of the environment pressure.
2. Chemical activity optimization of a substance that causes corrosion.
3. Optimization of the concentration, which is substance causing corrosion.
4. Optimize the amount of moisture.
4. CONCLUSION
As a result of the review, it is determined that since most of the buildings' constructions
(foundations, walls, partitions, slabs, fasteners, steel rods, beams, trusses, columns) are made
of metals, corrosion is one of the main sources of building structures destruction. It can also
be argued that in addition to metals corrosion, structures of buildings from: plastics, ceramics,
concrete-containing mixtures, etc., are susceptible. The main requirement when choosing a
material for building structures that are operated in a particular aggressive environment
should be guided by the individual qualities of the material. In the present work the analysis
of possible types of building constructions corrosion damages is carried out. The main
requirements for materials for structures in construction are determined. The classification of
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building structures corrosion damage is suggested, which, unlike existing ones, takes into
account the character of destruction: the depth of corrosion destruction, the type and kind of
the corrosion area, and also the geometric character of the damage and the direction of the
action. The proposed classification has become a prerequisite for selecting the main corrosion
indicators that maximally affect the quality and durability, and the main methods for their
determination have been determined. As a result, recommendations are given to reduce the
main corrosion indices.
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