Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi (edited by), "ANCIENT QUARRIES AND BUILDING SITES IN ASIA MINOR. Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archeometry, conservation", Bibliotheca Archaeologica 45, Edipuglia

Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia a cura di Giuliano Volpe 45 Comitato scientifico internazionale Darío Bernal-Casasola (Universidad de Cádiz), Jean-Pierre Brun (Collège de France, Paris), Michel Gras (CNRS), Daniele Manacorda (Università di Roma 3), Clementina Panella (Università di Roma Sapienza), Grazia Semeraro (Università del Salento), Salvatore Settis (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), Nicola Terrenato (University of Michigan), Desiderio Vaquerizo Gil (Universidad de Córdoba), Giuliano Volpe (Università di Foggia) La collana è dotata di un sistema di peer review. In copertina: Hierapolis, images from the Marmora Phrygiae Project. Sul retro: Hierapolis, the Theatre after restoration. ANCIENT QUARRIES AND BUILDING SITES IN ASIA MINOR Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation edited by Tommaso Ismaelli and Giuseppe Scardozzi Bari 2016 This publication has been funded with support from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR - Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca): “Marmora Phrygiae” Project (FIRB, “Futuro in Ricerca”, Programme 2012) Editorial staff: Sara Bozza Immacolata Ditaranto Fabio Fortinguerra Ilaria Miccoli Editing of figures: Maria Piera Caggia Giacomo Di Giacomo Immacolata Ditaranto Ilaria Miccoli The on-line Geodatabase of the Marmora Phrygiae Project is available at the follow link: http://marmora.ibam.cnr.it © 2016 Edipuglia srl, via Dalmazia 22/b - 70127 Bari-S. Spirito tel. 0805333056-5333057 (fax) - http://www.edipuglia.it - e-mail: info@edipuglia.it Redazione: Valentina Natali Copertina: Paolo Azzella ISBN 978-88-7228-819-1 ISSN 1724-8523 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4475/819 InTRoDuCTIon Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi σῆμα δέ, κεἰ τέχνα Φρύγιον λίθον ἔργῳ ἐλέ[γχει], ψεύδεται· ἐγ γαίης τῆσδε πέφυκε λίθος (CIG 4377, ll. 11-12; IGR III, 362) «The monument deceives, because although the workmanship makes it appear to be Phrygian stone, in reality the stone comes from this land» Waelkens 1997, 241; DeWaelkens 2007, 3; for comment on the text, see MeRkelbaCh, sTaubeR 2002, 114-115, no. 18/08/01. 2 see QuaTeMbeR in this volume, 725-732. 3 aRIsTID., Or., 26, 92-99; discussion in DesIDeRI 2007, 9-10. 4 see the papers by Pensabene, ŞIMŞek and kaDIoğlu in this volume, 671-680, 701-724. 5 In this regard, see PlaTTneR in this volume, 693-700. on the coastal context of labraunda, see also FReCCeRo in this volume, 761768. 6 on this monument, see sChulz-bRIze in this volume, 743752. 7 see baRone and MaRabInI in this volume, 63-84. 1 GRyse, This interesting honorific inscription from sagalassos, dating to the 2nd-3rd cent. aD 1, highlights two important aspects of the use of marble in antiquity: on one hand, the strong interest in materials and their properties as essential components of an artefact’s prestige; on the other, the difficulty of distinguishing by naked-eye observation alone between high-quality stones imported from other regions and locally quarried varieties. Indeed, the latter could be so similar in terms of appearance and characteristics as to “deceive” the observer. These two aspects are at the heart of the approach adopted by the Marmora Phrygiae Project, in which knowledge of the materials constitutes a fundamental tool for understanding the multiple dynamics (artistic, social and economic) associated with the monumental building programmes that were a key feature of the cities of asia Minor from the hellenistic to the byzantine epochs 2. numerous studies in the last few years have concentrated on the role of marble architecture in Rome and on the importation of high-value materials to the centre of power. In contrast, the main focus of the Marmora Phrygiae Project has been one of the many provincial cities which, as described by aelius aristides 3, formed the basic fabric of the empire. Indeed, a key concern of the project has been the municipal dimension of monumental building, which despite being influenced by models and economic dynamics common to the Mediterranean as a whole, was also strongly conditioned by intrinsically local factors, such as the natural resources available in the territory, building traditions, social organisation, etc. The picture of hierapolis in Phrygia that emerges from the papers in this volume can thus be considered exemplary of many cities in the empire that were located in areas rich in marble quarrying districts 4, and specifically inland towns in asia Minor. although these settlements had sprung up along important terrestrial and fluvial communication routes, they were distant from the main maritime commercial networks, unlike cities such as ephesos. Indeed, the latter was a hub through which marbles from the various quarrying districts of the aegean were channelled 5, enabling the creation of gigantic monuments such as the serapeion 6. In contrast, the picture that emerges for hierapolis is characterised by a substantial self-sufficiency in the procurement of marbles for construction, with limited imports from Dokimeion and aphrodisias. Indeed, the city lay within an extensively exploited quarrying district that was able to meet local demand for white, grey and veined white marbles, as well as coloured varieties (alabasters and breccias) and stones that closely resembled the most prestigious and popular varieties on a supra-regional level. The importance of the contextual approach in the study of the ancient building sites is common to all the lines of research pursued by the Marmora Phrygiae Project. The contextual approach involves (i) determining the distinctive geological and geomorphological features of the quarrying districts of hierapolis 7, (ii) precise georeferencing and documentation of the sampling points in the quarries and the archaeological area, (iii) reconstruction of the function and position of the sampled and studied artefacts within the architectural layout of the monuments and (iv) paying close attention 5 Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi see DI GIaCoMo in this volume, 33-42. 9 see lIMonCellI in this volume, 43-60. 10 see the papers by DITaRanTo, bRIllI ET ALII and koRalay in this volume, 87-130. 11 see the various papers in Chapter IV. 12 For an example of this approach, see also lonG in this volume, 681-692. 13 In this regard, see PonT in this volume, 733-742. 14 see the various papers in Chapter V. 15 see MasChek in this volume, 393-402. 16 In this regard, see D’anDRIa in this volume, 27-32. 17 see the various papers in Chapter VI. In this regard, see also MaTTeInI in this volume, 753-760. 8 6 to the contexts of primary and secondary use of the materials, in order to reconstruct their complex histories. all this required the integration of the spatial component in the documentation and management of all the entities described in the project’s records (monuments, artefacts and samples), by means of a specific on-line geodatabase 8. a tool that provided valuable support for the contextual assessment of the artefacts was the reconstruction of the architecture and monumental spaces, with the assistance of Virtual archaeology 9. Indeed, thanks partly to the close attention paid to texturing and the reproduction of the artefacts’ visual characteristics, the three-dimensional reconstructions fully reflected the project’s focus on the materials as the fundamental element by which the urban image was constructed. The contextual approach was enriched with a temporal dimension thanks to our detailed knowledge of the historical development of the city of hierapolis, the fruit of sixty years of research by the Italian archaeological Mission. Indeed, while on one hand the systematic study and detailed characterisation of the quarries 10 enabled precise determination of the provenance of the marbles used in the building sites 11, on the other, the extensive knowledge of the building phases of the monumental complexes made it possible to diachronically determine the contribution of the various local quarrying districts. Thus, data from the quarries were cross-referenced with data from the building sites and vice versa 12. The analysis was directed above all at the period from the augustan to the severan epochs, which corresponds to building phases that saw extensive use of marbles. Indeed, after 240 aD, the system of municipal patronage 13 fell into crisis. significant new construction projects would not be seen again until the proto-byzantine era, an example being the Church of st Philip 14. The project tackled various questions linked to the building sites’ procurement strategies, which were assessed in both synchronic and diachronic terms. hierapolis is one of the best known and most extensively studied urban settlements in asia Minor. For a number of its monumental contexts, the previous research and the new investigations have made it possible to establish in detail the dynamics underlying the organisation and supply of the building sites, as in the case of the north agora, the sanctuary of apollo and the Theatre. In some cases, as with the Marble stoa, this has also enabled further reflection on the schedule and costs of the work, as well as the impact of the building site on the urban fabric 15. Indeed, it is argued that valid answers can only come from calculations conducted for contexts characterised by a high level of knowledge. a key aspect of the project was the multidisciplinary nature of the approach 16, which saw humanistic scholars and scientific researchers working together synergistically on the same contexts 17. In the first place, this meant that the samplings and archaeometric analyses were designed to resolve specific archaeological questions and issues of historical reconstruction. The interpretation of the results of the laboratory analyses thus saw an intense debate among the researchers, which clearly emerges from the papers with multiple authors presented in this volume and from the structure of the geodatabase itself. In addition, the archaeometric approach was enriched in many cases with a diachronic perspective, which is evident in both the cited studies of the procurement of the marbles and the exploitation of the quarries, but also in the project’s other lines of research, for example, the technology of construction, the composition of the mortars, the use of colour in sculpture and wall painting, and the ancient building and restoration techniques. an important result of the project’s multidisciplinary approach is the abundant data acquired regarding the state of conservation of the marbles of hierapolis and the types Introduction of threat to which they are subject. on various scales, the research studied the effects of the thermal spring waters and gaseous emissions (both distinctive features of the local tectonic context), as well as the forms of decay, both anthropic and natural, affecting the monuments. even the biodiversity present on the archaeological artefacts was documented. The knowledge acquired in these fields of investigation provided the foundations on which to draw up restoration protocols and plan the future conservation of the monuments. on a regional level, conservation projects are also required for the landscape of the quarries, as highlighted by the investigations based on the use of multitemporal satellite images. In conclusion, as will emerge from the reading of the numerous papers of this volume, the Marmora Phrygiae Project has definitely brought about a considerable increase in our knowledge of the quarrying districts of hierapolis and of the city’s building sites. Certain research issues remain to be resolved however, both archaeological and archaeometric. For example, some contexts, such as the first order of the frons scaenae of the Theatre, have been exhaustively investigated, while others require more extensive and detailed sampling in order to fully document the dynamics of their construction. In addition, other types of archaeometric analysis need to be tried out, in order to characterise certain marbles of the territory of hierapolis in greater detail, and specifically to distinguish more effectively between stone quarried in Thiounta and one of the varieties extracted from Marmar Tepe. Indeed, this represents the largest unresolved issue in terms of determining the provenance of the local marbles. In addition, the monitoring of the monuments, which was started during the project, needs to be conducted over longer periods in order to assess the evolution of certain types of decay more accurately. lastly, there is a clear need for a comparison with other cities both on a local scale (laodikeia and Tripolis) and with respect to the wider region (aphrodisias and the coastal centres) and beyond, considering the relations between settlements and the exchange of materials, products and craft skills. In any case, detailed analysis of the individual contexts is the starting point for producing well-founded descriptions of both distinctive local characteristics and common phenomena. The present volume is composed of 55 papers organised into seven chapters that are structured in accordance with the main thematic nuclei of the Marmora Phrygiae Project. as well as the main results obtained by the various research units involved in the activities in hierapolis, in order to extend the framework of knowledge to the wider regional context, the volume also contains contributions on other towns in asia Minor presented at the International Conference on “Cave e cantieri antichi d’asia Minore” (ancient quarries and building sites of asia Minor), held in Rome on 2-4 December 2015 in the aula Marconi of the Italian national Research Council. The first chapter is dedicated to a presentation of the objectives and lines of research of the project and their contextualisation in the framework of the recent multidisciplinary investigations conducted by the various archaeological Missions operating in Turkey. The on-line platform of the project and the contribution of Virtual archaeology to the reconstruction of the city in its phases of transformation are then illustrated. The second chapter provides a detailed geological description of the area of study, based on both the abundant existing literature and a specially conducted geological survey. 7 Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi The third chapter presents a wide-ranging description of the quarries of marble, alabaster and breccia in the territory of hierapolis and the basin of Denizli, integrating the archaeological research with the archaeometric characterisation of the materials. The fourth chapter contains numerous papers on the urban monuments and necropolises of hierapolis in the hellenistic and Imperial epochs. In addition to the results of the archaeometric analyses to determine the provenance of the marbles, it illustrates themes such as the building sites’ procurement strategies, their organisation, the techniques used in stonework and construction, calculation of the duration and cost of execution, and the legal and administrative aspects of the quarries’ management. The fifth chapter focuses on the byzantine phase, making use of the important data arising from the recent archaeological and archaeometric investigations of the Church of st Philip, especially concerning the opus sectile pavements, the marble architectural elements, the mortars and the painted plasters. The sixth chapter presents a selection of the project’s most important results, the fruit of the integration of several disciplines related to the study of the monuments and artefacts of hierapolis, with particular attention to their state of conservation and decay. In addition, specific papers tackle the use of colour in the statuary, the characterisation of the Imperial-era mortars, the ancient restoration techniques, and the contribution of satellite and aerial images as well as ground-based remote sensing to the study of the monumental complexes and quarrying districts of hierapolis. lastly, the final chapter contains a broad selection of case studies of the main ancient cities of south-western Turkey, presenting the results of recent research into the quarries of white and coloured marbles, ancient architecture and the sponsorship of public construction in the Imperial epoch. First and foremost, the authors would like to thank Francesco D’andria, Director of the Italian archaeological Mission in hierapolis in Phrygia, for having supported the Marmora Phrygiae Project from its very beginnings and for having facilitated its activities in many ways, as well as for providing a wealth of advice, suggestions and ideas for research. Valuable support for the research was also provided by nalan Fırat, Deputy Director of the Italian archaeological Mission in hierapolis, to whom we express our sincere gratitude. Thanks are also due to the Directors of the Institutes of the CnR involved in the project, including Daniele Malfitana (IbaM), Maria Perla Colombini (ICVbC), Paolo Messina (IGaG), and to the Directors of the Department of Cultural heritage of the university of the salento, Mario lombardo and his successor Gianluca Tagliamonte, who have always sought to ensure the success of the research activities. In addition, we express our heartfelt thanks to the Director of the archaeological Museum in hierapolis, hasan hüseyin baysal, and to the representatives of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey, Mehmet sevim (Museum of anatolian Civilisations, ankara), Tayfun selçuk (archaeological Museum of Izmir) and kemal Dedeoğlu (archaeological Museum of Fethiye), for the generosity and enthusiasm with which they facilitated the research. 8 IndEx Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Introduction 5 Chapter I. The Marmora Phrygiae Project Giuseppe Scardozzi, The Marmora Phrygiae Project Francesco d’Andria, The Marmora Phrygiae Project in the context of the research conducted in Asia Minor Giacomo di Giacomo, The on-line platform of the Marmora Phrygiae Project Massimo Limoncelli, The contribution of virtual archaeology to the Marmora Phrygiae Project 11 27 33 43 Chapter II. Geological setting Pier Matteo Barone, General setting of the geology and tectonics of the Denizli basin Stefano Marabini, Geological and geomorphological setting of the area surrounding Hierapolis 63 79 Chapter III. Marble, alabaster and breccia quarries in the territory of Hierapolis and in the southern Denizli basin Immacolata ditaranto, Ancient marble quarries in the territory of Hierapolis Mauro Brilli, Aida Maria Conte, Francesca Giustini, María Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, davide Melica, Giovanni Quarta, Hernando Royo Plumed, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Archaeometric characterization of white marbles from the ancient quarries in the territory of Hierapolis and in the southern sector of the Denizli basin, with an appendix on the Aphrodisian marble Tamer Koralay, Archaeometric characterization of the recently discovered Yenişehir marble quarry in the Denizli region Giuseppe Scardozzi, General considerations on the ancient marble quarries in the territory of Hierapolis and in the southern sector of the Denizli basin: between topography and archaeometry Giuseppe Scardozzi, The alabaster quarries of Hierapolis Emma Cantisani, Giuseppe Scardozzi, The polychromatic breccia of Hierapolis: quarries, use in construction sites, and alteration phenomena 87 101 119 131 141 167 Chapter IV. Building sites of Hierapolis during the Hellenistic age and the Imperial period Giovanni Quarta, Mauro Brilli, Francesca Giustini, davide Melica, María Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Hernando Royo Plumed, Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Provenance of the marbles used in the monuments of Hierapolis through an archaeometric approach: petrography, isotopes and cathodoluminescence Giuseppe Scardozzi, The marble sarcophagi of the necropolises of Hierapolis: new data on the provenance of the marbles in the light of archaeometric analyses Sven Ahrens, Mauro Brilli, Maria Piera Caggia, Julia Cox, yannis Maniatis, Giovanni Quarta, María Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Giuseppe Scardozzi, dimitris Tambakopoulos, Frances van Keuren, Marble sarcophagi from the St Philip Church of Hierapolis and the North-East Necropolis: archaeometric characterization and marble provenance identification Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, The North Agora: the building site and the provenance of marbles Lorenzo Campagna, The architectural decoration of the Nymphaeum of the Tritons: design, construction and workforce Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Giorgio Sobrà, New data on the building site of the Theatre of Hierapolis Tommaso Ismaelli, The Sanctuary of Apollo: a stratified monumental context and its materials Tommaso Ismaelli, Architecture and decoration in context: a cross analysis of the ancient building site in five steps. The case study of the Severan Temple A in the Sanctuary of Apollo Francesco d’Andria, Tommaso Ismaelli, Pio Panarelli, Initial data on the supply of marble for the Ploutonion Sara Bozza, The Ionic Portico of the Ploutonion in Hierapolis in Phrygia Tommaso Ismaelli, Marble Stoa and Gymnasium, two “twin” monuments in Hierapolis dominik Maschek, The Marble Stoa at Hierapolis. Materials, labour force and building costs Ilaria Miccoli, The use of marbles in the Stoa of the Springs Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Considerations on the provenance of marble used in public and private monuments of the Imperial epoch: Civil Agora, Tomba Bella, Dodekatheon, North Theatre, Macellum, Bouleuterion 183 231 259 277 287 305 329 339 365 373 385 393 403 411 Giuseppe Scardozzi, Marble supply strategies in the building sites of Hierapolis Tommaso Ismaelli, Sara Bozza, Ancient construction sites in Hierapolis: new data on strategies, materials and techniques Fabio Fortinguerra, Legal and administrative aspects of the management of the marble quarries in the Roman period 421 437 459 Chapter V. Building sites of Hierapolis during the Byzantine age: the case study of the St Philip Church Maria Piera Caggia, The marbles of the Church of St Philip in Hierapolis. Phases of construction and opus sectile flooring Manuela de Giorgi, Materials, forms and models in the St Philip Church of Hierapolis: Byzantine architectural elements Silvia Pedone, Byzantine sculpture in Hierapolis: engraving techniques and colour finishes Emma Cantisani, Silvia vettori, Maria Piera Caggia, Mortars and plasters of the St Philip Church Emma Cantisani, Silvia vettori, Susanna Bracci, Maria Piera Caggia, Elisabetta neri, Ana Sofia Pedro Leal, Fragments of painted plaster from the Church of St Philip in Hierapolis: a preliminary archaeological and archaeometric study 473 489 501 511 523 Chapter VI. Monuments and artefacts of Hierapolis: knowledge, decay and conservation María Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Hernando Royo Plumed, Cathodoluminescence for the characterization of ancient marble: problems and research perspective Emma Cantisani, Susanna Bracci, Cristiano Riminesi, Silvia vettori, Barbara Sacchi, Multidisciplinary analytical approach to the study, conservation and monitoring of an archaeological site Silvia vettori, Cristiano Riminesi, Emma Cantisani, Susanna Bracci, Barbara Sacchi, Marble from Hierapolis: decay, conservation, monitoring of surfaces and environment Susanna Bracci, Marco Galli, The use of colouring on the statues of Hierapolis Emma Cantisani, Silvia vettori, Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Imperial age mortars at Hierapolis: raw materials and technologies Oana Adriana Cuzman, Ana Sofia Leal, Sofie Schaffar, Silvia vettori, Emma Cantisani, Notes on the stone biodiversity of Hierapolis monuments Emma Cantisani, Silvia vettori, Alessia Andreotti, Tommaso Ismaelli, Ancient restorations at Hierapolis: research on the artificial binders Giacomo di Giacomo, Silvia vettori, Emma Cantisani, Cristiano Riminesi, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Documentation and analysis of the seismic fissures of the Stoa of the Springs at Hierapolis using thermographic imaging from a tethered aerostatic baloon Giovanni Leucci, Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Geophysical surveys at Hierapolis. New data on monuments and tectonic context Pier Matteo Barone, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Optical high-resolution satellite imagery for the study of the ancient quarries at Hierapolis 541 549 557 575 589 609 619 625 635 657 Chapter VII. New investigations on the use of marbles in Asia Minor between the Hellenistic age and the Byzantine period Patrizio Pensabene, Quarries in south-western Asia Minor: extraction and production Leah Emilia Long, Fractures, flaws, and flakes: some comments on geological aspects of marble quality from Aphrodisias Georg A. Plattner, The quarries of Ephesos and their use in the Ephesian architecture Celal Şimşek, Marble in ancient architecture of Laodikeia on the Lykos: new evidence Musa Kadıoğlu, Der Gebrauch von Marmorsorten in der Architektur von Nysa und Teos Ursula Quatember, Natural Resources and the formation of a regional architectural identity in Roman Asia Anne-valérie Pont, Beyond local munificence: some remarks on Imperial and communal funding for building in the cities of Roman Asia from Augustus to the Tetrarchic era Tekla Schulz-Brize, The architecture of the so called Serapeion in Ephesos Mauro Matteini, The conservation of marble and limestone artifacts: new treatments based on mineralinorganic principles Agneta Freccero, White marbles at Labraunda: conservation and research Grazia Semeraro, The Sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis: building activities and ritual paths 671 681 693 701 711 725 733 743 753 761 777 References 787 Plates 851 List of Authors 901