Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : Key-points, from the glass production to the ritual of grave deposits, AIHV, 20e Congrès, Fribourg, 2017, 194-202

ANNALES du 20e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE Fribourg / Romont 7–11 septembre 2015 his volume is sponsored by Vitrocentre and Vitromusée Romont and by anonymous donators Editors Sophie Wolf, Anne de Pury-Gysel Editing Committee Erwin Baumgartner, Sylvia Fünfschilling, Marion Gartenmeister, Anne de Pury-Gysel, Stefan Trümpler, Sophie Wolf www.vitrocentre.ch Scientiic Committee Anastassios Antonaras, Françoise Barbe, Erwin Baumgartner, Uta Bergmann, Isabelle Biron, Brigitte Borell, Sally Cottam, Patrick Degryse, Maria Grazia Diani, Anna-Barbara Follmann-Schulz, Danièle Foy, Ian Freestone, Sylvia Fünfschilling, Bernard Gratuze, Susanne Greif, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Despina Ignatiadou, Caroline Jackson, Yves Jolidon, Dedo von Kerssenbrock-Krosigk, Stephen Koob, Ingeborg Krueger, James Lankton, Irena Lazar, Isabelle Lecocq, Reino Liefkes, Dave Lüthi, Teresa Medici, Marie-Dominique Nenna, Sarah Paynter, Jennifer Price, Anne de Pury-Gysel, hilo Rehren, Helmut Ricke, Beat Rütti, Lucia Saguì, Flora Silvano, E. Marianne Stern, Stefan Trümpler, Marco Verità, Sophie Wolf Layout Andrea Engl and ischbacher & vock Cover and book design ischbacher & vock AIHV Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass Internationale Vereinigung für die Geschichte des Glases www.aihv.org © AIHV and authors Romont 2017 Gesamtherstellung Cover illustration Goblets with white iligree decoration, produced in Swiss glasshouses, late 17th to early 18th century. From diferent Swiss public and private collections. For a detailed discussion see: Erwin Baumgartner, Relets de Venise, Bern 2015, p. 254–272, 322–328 and the contribution of Christophe Gerber in the present volume, page 564. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Geschäftsführer: Dr. Bert Wiegel, Stellerloh 65 · D-32369 Rahden/Westf. Tel.: +49/(0)5771/9510-74 · Fax: +49/(0)5771/9510-75 E-Mail: info@vml.de Homepage: www.vml.de Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier Druck: druckhaus köthen GmbH&Co. KG, Köthen ISBN 978-3-86757-024-4 AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015 CONTENTS XI XIII XV PRÉFACE PREFACE VORWORT Sylvia Fünfschilling ANTIQUE AND ISLAMIC GLASS (KEYNOTES) 2 L’étude du verre antique. Etat de la question Marie-Dominique Nenna 10 Entre Orient et Occident, le verre islamique (VIIIe–XIIIe siècle) : apports récents et rélexions sur les échanges et les inluences Danièle Foy ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GLASS 36 Glass fragments from Qal’eh Kali, an Achaemenid site in south-western Iran Bernadette McCall, Amanda J. Dusting 43 Capacity measurement to demonstrate standardised productions of the core-formed vessels from the late Archaic to the late Hellenistic period. An interim report Peter Cosyns, Bieke Verhelst, Karin Nys 48 he provenance of Hellenistic core-formed vessels from Satricum, Italy Artemios Oikonomou, Marijke Gnade, Julian Henderson, Simon Chenery, Nikos Zacharias 54 Glass vessels from the Persian and Hellenistic administrative building at Tel Kedesh, Israel Katherine A. Larson, Andrea M. Berlin, Sharon Herbert 61 Gold in glass Despina Ignatiadou 68 A study of the cut gold leaf decoration techniques on ancient gold sandwich glass, with emphasis on the Hellenistic ‘Kirikane’ technique Hidetoshi Namiki, Yasuko Fuji 73 Hellenistic mosaic glass and La Tène glass-working Natalie Venclová, Šárka Jonášová, Tomáš Vaculovič ROMAN GLASS 82 Gold-band glass fragments in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum of Cologne: considerations about the techniques Giulia Cesarin 87 La vaisselle en verre de deux sépultures aristocratiques augusto-tibériennes à Ath/Ghislenghien (Province de Hainaut, Belgique) Frédéric Hanut, Véronique Danese 92 Le verre romain de Montignac-sur-Vézère (Dordogne) Laure Simon 98 he Roman necropolis of Budva (Montenegro) and its mould-blown glass assemblage Irena Lazar 103 Mold-blown glass from the Roman province of Dalmatia Berislav Štefanac 109 Römische Tintenfässer Isings 77 Michael Johannes Klein 116 A comparative investigation of the glass vessels and objects from eastern hrace and Lydian tumuli in the light of the Düğüncülü and Güre inds Ömür Dünya Çakmaklı, Emre Taştemür V Contents 124 Le sanctuaire d’Yvonand-Mordagne (Vaud, Suisse) : premier aperçu de la vaisselle cultuelle en verre Chantal Martin Pruvot, Ellinor Stucki 132 Blown mosaic glass of the Roman period: technical observations and experiments E. Marianne Stern 140 Two polychrome mosaic bowls and associated glass vessels from a rich 2nd century burial at Kelshall, Hertfordshire, England Sally Cottam, Jennifer Price 145 Früh- und mittelkaiserzeitliche Glasgefäße im nördlichen Obergermanien Martin Grünewald 152 L’exceptionnelle verrerie d’un bûcher funéraire du IIIe siècle après J.-C. de Jaunay-Clan (Vienne, France) Laudine Robin 160 Le verre archéologique du Canton du Tessin (Suisse) : une révision Simonetta Biaggio-Simona 163 More glass from Aquileia (Italy) Luciana Mandruzzato LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL 168 Mapping glass production in Italy. Looking through the irst millenium AD Barbara Lepri, Lucia Saguì 175 Chemical signature and scale of production of primary glass factories around the Mediterranean in the irst millenium AD Patrick Degryse 181 he cut-glass beaker from Biel-Mett/BE Sylvia Fünfschilling 184 New evidence about engraved glass from Milan (Italy) (3rd–4th century AD) Marina Uboldi 190 Besondere Glasfunde aus dem Gräberfeld Gönnheim (Kreis Bad Dürkheim) – Germania prima – und ein neuer Ort möglicher Glasverarbeitung Andrea Ideli 194 Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France): key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Stéphanie Raux 203 Late antique and early medieval glass vessels from northern-central Apulia: productions, typologies, functions and circulation Francesca Giannetti, Roberta Giuliani, Maria Turchiano 209 A large glass dish from Cástulo (Linares – Jaén, Spain) with an engraved representation of Christ in Majesty David Expósito Mangas, Marcelo Castro López, Francisco Arias de Haro, José Manuel Pedrosa Luque, Bautista Ceprián del Castillo 213 Late Roman glass from Mala Kopašnica (Serbia) – forms and chemical analysis Sonja Stamenković, Susanne Greif, Sonngard Hartmann 222 Glass vessels from Late Roman graves in the Hungarian part of the Roman province Pannonia Kata Dévai 230 Recent glass inds from Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia Çiğdem Gençler-Güray 235 Indices d’ateliers de verriers à Apamée de Syrie, à la in de l’Antiquité Danièle Foy, avec la collaboration de Bernard Gratuze 240 Une mosaïque de verre à thème chrétien (Ve s.), du site monastique copte des Kellia (Basse-Égypte) Denis Weidmann 243 New inds of mosaic glass inlays from Antinoupolis, Egypt Flora Silvano VI Contents 248 Glass bead trade in northeast Africa in the Roman period. A view according to the Museum of Archaeology University of Stavanger assemblage Joanna hen-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner 257 A Late Roman glass workshop at Komarov (Middle Dniester) and the problem of the origin of ‘Barbarian’ facet cut beakers Olga Rumyantseva, Constantin Belikov 265 he glass collections in the ‘Museum Aan de Stroom’ (MAS), Antwerp (Belgium) Eugène Warmenbol, Annemie De Vos, Peter Cosyns 271 Le verre de la nécropole mérovingienne de La Mézière (Bretagne, France) Françoise Labaune-Jean BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS, NEAR EAST 280 Opaque red glass tesserae from Roman and early-Byzantine sites of north-eastern Italy: new light on production technologies Sarah Maltoni, Alberta Silvestri, Gianmario Molin 288 he Early Islamic green lead glass from the excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Israel Rachel Pollak 293 Study on the Early Islamic glass excavated in Paykend in the Bukhara Oasis, Uzbekistan Yoko Shindo 300 Reexamination of a Mamluk glass collection from Jerusalem Naama Brosh 307 Mamluk glass from Quseir al-Qadim: chemical analysis of some glass fragments Laure Dussubieux 313 An outstanding glass assemblage from the medieval and Ottoman castle at Safed (Zefat) . Natalya Katsnelson, with a contribution by Matt Phelps 319 Byzantine glass bracelets in Western Rus. Archaeological inds from Belarus Кristina A. Lavysh EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 700 TO 1500 326 Red and orange high-alumina glass beads in 7th and 8th century Scandinavia: evidence for long distance trade and local fabrication Torben Sode, Bernard Gratuze, James W. Lankton 334 Evolution of glass recipes during the Early Middle Ages in France: analytical evidence of multiple solutions adapted to local contexts Inès Pactat, Magalie Guérit, Laure Simon, Bernard Gratuze, Stéphanie Raux, Céline Aunay 341 ‘he Emerald of Charlemagne’: new observations on the production techniques and provenance of an enigmatic glass artefact Cordula M. Kessler, Sophie Wolf, Jürg Goll 346 Les verres du Haut Moyen Âge issus des fouilles du monasterium Habendum (Saint-Amé, Vosges) Hubert Cabart (†), Inès Pactat, Bernard Gratuze, avec la collaboration de Charles Kraemer et homas Chenal 354 Technological transition in early medieval northern Italy: preliminary data for Comacchio glass Camilla Bertini, Julian Henderson, Sauro Gelichi, Elena Basso, Maria Pia Riccardi, Margherita Ferri 360 Where does the medieval glass from San Genesio (Pisa, Italy) come from? Marja Mendera, Federico Cantini, Alessandra Marcante, Alberta Silvestri, Filomena Gallo, Gianmario Molin, Marco Pescarin Volpato 366 Natron and plant ash glass in the Middle Danube region during the Early Middle Ages Danica Staššíková-Štukovská 374 Glass in fashion and trade in Bohemia in the 9th-11th century (archaeology and archaeometry) Kateřina Tomková, Šárka Jonášová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová VII Contents 379 13th–14th century glass in northwest Bohemia: typology, archaeometry and provenance Eva Černá 385 Glass production in medieval Spain: a long-term perspective on knowledge transfer Chloë N. Duckworth 391 Die Glaserzeugnisse Bolgars und ihr Verhältnis zu anderen mittelalterlichen Glasproduktionen Svetlana Valiulina 399 Glass from Enez (ancient Ainos) Üzlifat Canav-Özgümüş, Serra Kanyak 403 Indices de travail du verre rouge dans l’atelier médiéval d’Anlier, seconde moitié du XIVe siècle (Luxembourg belge) Chantal Fontaine-Hodiamont, Denis Henrotay EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 1500 TO 2000 412 Looking through late medieval and early modern glass in Portugal Teresa Medici, Inês Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Bernard Gratuze, Márcia Vilarigues 421 La consommation du verre à Paris entre le XIVe et le XIXe siècle : des données récentes Amélie A. Berthon, Isabelle Caillot, Kateline Ducat 429 Zur Frage der Provenienz von historischen Gläsern – Die Sammlung des Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museums in Braunschweig und des Rijksmuseums Amsterdam Nicole Brüderle-Krug 435 Les verres émaillés vénitiens de la Renaissance : le projet Cristallo Françoise Barbe, Fernando Filipponi 444 Renaissance Venetian enamelled glass. Genuine, façon de Venise and fake or copy artefacts Marco Verità, Isabelle Biron 453 All-glass hybrids: Why they were made and the importance of identifying them Suzanne Higgott 460 All-glass hybrids: What they are, manufacturing techniques and detection Juanita Navarro 467 Venedig oder Tirol? Zur Lokalisierung einiger Hohlgläser des 16. Jahrhunderts mit Kaltbemalung im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum Annette Schommers 474 Glashütte Hall in Tirol. Die archäologischen Grabungen 2008 und 2009 Anna Awad 482 Goblets of the late- to post-medieval period from archaeological excavations in Dubrovnik Nikolina Topić 490 16th-century glass vessels from the burials of the Ascension Convent in the Moscow Kremlin Ekaterina Stolyarova 495 he problem of forgeries in 19th century Murano Aldo Bova 498 Deutsche Formgläser des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts? Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zu einer Neudatierung Dieter Schaich 506 Die älteren Glashütten der Schweiz (ca. 1200–1800) Walter Schafner 512 „À la façon de Venise“: Zur Geschichte des Begrifs und zur Verbreitung von Gläsern in venezianischer Art in Westfalen Sveva Gai 522 Haushalt, Apotheke oder Gasthaus? Zusammensetzungen frühneuzeitlicher Glasfundkomplexe im Kontext ihrer Fundsituation Birgit Kulessa VIII Contents 532 Mirrors, spectacles and looking glasses in Antwerp and the Duchy of Brabant: aspects of production and use of optical glass based on serial documentary and archaeological evidence Danielle Caluwé 537 Façon de Venise, une étiquette problématique. Propositions pour une méthodologie raisonnée de l’étude de la verrerie à l’italienne en Europe, XVe–XVIIIe siècle, à partir de l’exemple du marché parisien (1550–1665) Benoît Painchart, Christiane Guyomar 542 Diagnostic diferences between early iligree glass and the Rosenborg Castle-type iligree glass Kitty Laméris 547 he golden age of Amsterdam glass. A chemical and typological approach to recognize Amsterdam 17th century glass production Michel Hulst, Jerzy J. Kunicki-Goldinger 554 What’s the purpose: oil lamp, perfume sprinkler or trick-glass? Reino Liefkes 561 Court, Pâturage de l’Envers : une verrerie forestière du début du XVIIIe siècle entre tradition et modernité (Jura bernois, Suisse) Christophe Gerber 567 Der Kühlprozess der Glashütte von Court, Pâturage de l’Envers (1699–1714) im Berner Jura (Schweiz) Jonathan Frey 575 Quelques révélations sur l’outillage de la verrerie du Pâturage de l’Envers à Court (1699–1714) Lara Tremblay 578 Eighteenth century lead glass in the Netherlands Anna Laméris 585 Imported beads in Russia in the 17th and irst half of the 18th centuries (Moscow, Mangazeya, Smolensk region) Julia Likhter 591 „Pressglas“ aus Benedict Vivats Glasfabriken Valentina Bevc Varl 597 Glass ishing loats from Greek sites Anastassios Antonaras 602 Crizzling glass – corrosion products and chemical composition of Bohemian glass Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Helena Brožková, Michaela Knězu° Knížová, Irena Kučerová 606 he development of the chemical composition of Czech mosaic glass from the Middle Ages to the present day Michaela Knězu° Knížová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Irena Kučerová, Martin Zlámal 612 he glass collection of Felice Barnabei at the Museo Nazionale Romano – Palazzo Massimo in Rome Giulia Giovanetti, Silvia Bruni 617 Zwei vernachlässigte Glasvarietäten des 19. Jahrhunderts: Aventurin-Hohlglas und Uran-Selenglas Sibylle Jargstorf 621 he Glass Room of the National Palace of Necessidades in Lisbon Alexandra Rodrigues, Bruno Martinho, Frederik Berger, Anísio Franco, Márcia Vilarigues 625 Albert Dammouse (1848–1926) et la pâte de verre (1897–1913) Véronique Ayroles 631 Le verre artistique de Saint-Prex (1928-1964) Stanislas Anthonioz, Ana Quintero Pérez ASIAN GLASS 640 A unique glass object from a Buddhist context in Sri Lanka Brigitte Borell 647 Glass exchange and people in ancient East Asia Chizuko Kotera IX Contents 652 Glass from Mughal India. A study of four eighteenth century cobalt blue bottles Tara Desjardins WINDOW GLASS AND STAINED GLASS 660 he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology Sophie Wolf, Cordula M. Kessler, Jürg Goll, Stefan Trümpler, Patrick Degryse 668 Painted window glasses from Akko/Acre from the Crusader period (1099–1291 CE). Manufacturing processes and conservation Adrienne Ganor 672 Medieval window glass in Scotland Helen Spencer, Craig Kennedy 680 Untersuchungen zur Provenienz von Gläsern aus dem Kloster Maulbronn Manfred Torge 684 Swiss Kabinettscheiben from a 19th century Portuguese collection. Study and chemical characterisation Andreia Machado, Alexandra Rodrigues, Mathilda Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Victoria Corregidor, Rui C. da Silva, Vincent Serneels, Ildiko Katona Serneels, Sophie Wolf, Stefan Trümpler, Márcia Vilarigues 689 Le vitrail dans les hôtels suisses de la Belle-Epoque : une importance sous-estimée ? Dave Lüthi 697 „Magisches Licht“ – Glasfenster in der neo-islamischen Architektur Sarah Keller 699 he window glass and stained glass windows of Belém: a cultural history of the Brazilian Amazon region Amanda Corrêa Pinto, Márcia Vilarigues, hais Sanjad 703 Autour d’un artiste-verrier de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Marcel Poncet (1894-1953) : à la jonction de la peinture et du vitrail Camille Noverraz 706 L’activité créatrice de Paule Ingrand au sein d’ « Art et Verre » (1946 à 1962) Isabelle Lecocq, avec la collaboration de Catherine homas 713 Makellos transparent oder mit romantischen Schlieren? Überlegungen zu Sortenvielfalt und Ästhetik des Fensterglases im frühen 20. Jahrhundert mit Fokus auf dem Spiegel- oder Kristallglas Anne Krauter, Ueli Fritz REVERSE PAINTING ON GLASS 722 Une œuvre du Vitromusée Romont passée à la loupe. Un cabinet de facture napolitaine décoré de plaquettes de verre peintes Elisa Ambrosio 725 La peinture sous verre « savante » en France au XVIIIe siècle : oubliée puis redécouverte Jeannine Geyssant 732 La peinture sous verre chinoise au XVIIIe siècle. Une rencontre artistique Chine – Occident hierry Audric 735 La peinture sous verre monumentale de l’église paroissiale de Mézières (Fribourg, Suisse) : « La délivrance de Saint Pierre », 1940, par Emilio Maria Beretta Monika Neuner, Yves Jolidon, Pascal Moret GENERAL THEMES 740 X Le verre à l’école, un projet pour les jeunes Maria Grazia Diani, Luciana Mandruzzato AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015 GLASS VESSELS FROM LATE ROMAN BURIALS IN LANGUEDOCROUSSILLON (FRANCE): KEY POINTS, FROM GLASS PRODUCTION TO THE RITUAL OF GRAVE DEPOSITS Stéphanie Raux Alès Tarn Hé ra ul t TOULOUSE 26 24 20 Agout Castres Béziers 10 9 8 Aix-enProvence Istres 21 Étang de Berre Étang de Vaccarès MARSEILLE Cap d’Agde O N L I U D E Altitudes (m) F 4 L 2500 2000 O Étang de Leucate 3 Pic d’Estats 3143 m Le Puigm al 2912 m 1500 1000 500 2 Prades MER MÉDITERRANÉE Perpignan 200 100 0 Céret PY R É N É 1E S ESPAGNE Beakers Arles G Ariè g e Limoux Foix Andorre 25 Étang de Thau 15 5 6 13 Narbonne 7 A u de Carcassonne 12 22 23 14 17 16 Muret 19 Or b Apt Du ran ce Nîmes 18 Pamiers Avignon Le Vigan Lodève 11 Carpentras Ga rd Millau Montauban 27 Bottles, flasks 0 Vials, balsamaria 50 100 km Undetermined types Fig. 1: Map of the distribution of glass recipients by functional category and table of the sites (on next page) used (© S. Raux). Recent and often exhaustive excavations of Late Roman funerary archaeology carried out both as rescue and research projects in the Languedoc Roussillon region1 have enriched the corpus of material in the area over the last 15 years2 and have provided new and accurately dated information. he inventory of glass vessels found in burials has signiicantly increased, meaning that new observations can be made not only on the forms produced but also on the modes of deposits and rituals observed. 3 for this study, including some inhumations containing glass recipients (igure 1). he sites date stricto sensu to Late Antiquity between the end of the 3rd and the 5th century. However, their funerary role may have begun during earlier occupation and may also have continued until the 7th century. heir geographical distribution is irregular (Pyrénées-Orientales: three sites; Aude: nine sites; Hérault: fourteen sites; Gard: one site) but relects inequalities in the number of sites containing THE SITES he area of study encompasses the coastal arc of the western Narbonnese, which includes the present day departments of the Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault and Gard. he civitates include Ruscino, Carcassonne, Narbonne, Béziers, Lodève, and Nîmes. Twenty-seven funerary assemblages have been retained 1 194 2 3 Hérault: Lattes ‘Cougourlude’; Lunel-Viel ‘Le Verdier’; Montpellier ‘Malbosc’; Montpellier ‘Saint-Michel’; Mudaison ‘Les Aubettes’; SaintAndré-de-Sangonis ‘Le Lagarel’; Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone ‘Île de Maguelone’. Pyrénées-Orientales: Amélie-les-Bains ‘Camp de las Basses’; Perpignan ‘Négabous’. By Yves Manniez, as part of his PhD thesis (1999): Manniez 1999. his summary was carried as part of the scientiic research program directed by J. Hernandez (INRAP) : “Funerary practices and the geography of death in Languedoc-Roussillon during late Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period”. Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits N° site Commune Site name Date Vessel Forms References 1 Amélie-les-Bains (66) Camp de las Basses 350-450 4 beakers Is. 106 (SP4043, 4121, 4125, 4127) PEZIN (dir.) 2014 2 Perpignan (66) Négabous 350-500 1 beaker Is. 106 (grave 26) TOLEDO I MUR (dir.) 2010 : 189 3 Estagel (66) Las Tumbas 5th c. 1 unguentarium (grave 61) LANTIER 1943 4 Sigean (11) Grange-Neuve 3rd-5th c. several balsamaria MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 2) : 425 5a Narbonne (11) Hôtel-Dieu/Anatole France 5th c. 1 fusiform vial Is. 105 (grave 2160) GINOUVEZ (dir.) 1996-1997 : fig. 39 5b Narbonne (11) Hôtel-Dieu/Anatole France 275-400 1 flacon Isings 127 with two handles (T1) DELLONG 2003, 262-54* : 316 6 Narbonne (11) Boulevard de 1848 375-425 1 vial Is. 101 (children‘s sarcophagus in lead) MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 1) : 120 7 Narbonne (11) Saint-Félix 5th c. 1 vial Is. 101 MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 1) : 120 8 Ouveilhan (11) Le Mouret 3rd-5th c. 1 bottle Is. 50a MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 2) : 415 9 Bagnoles (11) Haute-Plaine 3rd-5th c. 1 base of beaker (Is. 109 probable) CATANEO et al. 1990 : 80-81 10 Pennautier (11) Les Albarels 3rd-5th c. 2 vials (outside the grave) MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 2) : 417 11 Laure-Minervois (11) Grande d‘Argou 317-326 1 flacon with handle (grave 1) OURNAC et al. 2009, 198-16* : 321 12 La Serpent (11) Soulo de Bas 250-350 3 graves with vessels (graves 2, 3 et 4) among them 3 balsamaria and 1 flacon (grave 3) OURNAC et al. 2009, 376-4* : 470 13 Vendres (34) Portal-Vielh 3rd-5th c. 1 tubular vial (SP18) MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 1) : 116 14 Béziers (34) Saint-Aphrodise 350-400 1 fusiform vial Is. 105 (grave 3) LAPEYRE 1991 : 18, n° 3 15 Villeneuve-lès-Béziers (34) Les Clapiès 350-500 1 neck of balsamarium (grave 42) MANNIEZ 1990 : 43, n° 8 fig. 20 16 Quarante (34) Souloumiac 1 3rd-5th c. vials and other glass vessels MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 2) : 618 17 Minerve (34) Le Pech 3rd-5th c. 1 vial (feeding-bottle ?) MANNIEZ 1999 (vol. 1) : 117 18 Saint-André-de-Sangonis (34) Le Lagarel 350-400 1 beaker Is. 106 (SP2058) GEORGEON et al. 2007 : 414. 19 Arboras (34) l‘Arnet 3rd-5th c. fragment of vessel (grave 4) BELOT 1976 : annexe 9 20 Montpellier (34) Saint-Michel 350-400 26 pieces (13 stemmed glasses, 1 beaker, 1 kantharos, 4 bottles, 1 plate, 4 balsamaria, 1 urn, 1 undet.) MAJUREL et al. 1970-73 ; RAUX 2010 21 Montpellier (34) Malbosc 350-400 1 beaker Is. 109 ; 1 tumbler with depressions BLAIZOT et al. 2008 : fig. 32-37 22 Lattes (34) Cougourlude 275-325 2 balsamaria (SP30521 et SP30527) DAVEAU (dir.) 2014 : 476-478 (Tome I, vol. 2) 23 Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone (34) Ile de Maguelone 5th c. 2 vials (SP2340) et 2 balsamaria (SP2040) LEGRAND-GARNOTEL 2004 24 Mudaison (34) Les Aubettes 350-400 1 beaker Is. 109a (charruage) PASCAL (dir.) en cours 25 Lunel-Viel (34) Le Verdier 300-550 1 vial (T143), 1 beaker (T194), 2 bottles (T149B et 194), 3 balsamaria (T8, 50, 127) RAYNAUD 2010 : 69 26 Lansargues (34) Quatre-Carrières 300-350 1 base of beaker (grave 4) 27 Laudun (30) La Brèche 325-400 1 beaker Isings 110 (grave 17) ; 1 stemmed glass VIAL 2003, 127-23* : 193 ; GIRARD, RAYNAUD 1982. CHARMASSON 1968 ; FEUGERE et al. 1987 : n° 6 et 10 fig. 12 glassware, which are especially high in the Aude and Hérault departments. It is worth also taking into consideration the efect of less construction work in the Pyrénées-Orientales, yet this cannot explain the massive diference observed between the Hérault and the Gard departments. A comparison between these two departments shows that 6 % of the 237 funerary sites in Hérault from the examined period have revealed the presence of glass compared to 1 % of the 147 sites in Gard; 4 24 % of the sites in Hérault where grave goods were recorded include glass, compared with only 4 % in Gard (based on 59 and 26 sites). Another observation can be made relating to the relative border created by the Vidourle River, which today separates the Hérault and the Gard departments. Although it had no administrative reality during Antiquity, it nevertheless constituted a clear limit between on one side the western Montpellier area (where a concentration of glass vessels has been recorded in the cemeteries) and, in the other side, the ones situated on the eastern of the river revealing no or little glassware (igure 1). he nature and the amount of information on glassware from burials varies from one site to another, particularly when it comes to earlier excavations where the type of deposit has not always been recorded. hey nevertheless enable us to establish a global vision and to improve the regional distribution maps showing the types of vessels in terms of their presence/absence. However, a detailed study of the vessels and their importance in the burials and funerary assemblages is only based on the most recent excavations. GLASS VESSELS: TYPES, PROVENANCE, AND DEPOSIT MODES he glass vessels found on the selected sites have a narrow range of functions and can be divided up into four categories: drinking vessels (cups and stemmed glasses), liquid containers (bottles, jugs and pitchers with handles); ‘perfume’ vases or other containers that do not belong to the service category (vials, balsamaria, et cetera); miscellaneous vessels (urns, kantharos, plates). he distribution of the 68 pieces with identiied functions shows: a dominance of service vessels used for liquids (41.2 % glasses and 14.7 % bottles); a sizeable prevalence of small containers (39.7 % balsamaria) equivalent to the frequency of drinking beakers; the small number and paucity of other categories of vessels (4.4 % miscellaneous) all of which come exclusively from the Saint-Michel cemetery in Montpellier. here are usually around one to four vessels per funerary site including necropoli that have been fully recorded and where the number of burials is signiicant. One of the funerary sites comprising 330 burials revealed seven glass vessels (Lunel Le Verdier, Hérault), while another site with 89 burials contained 26 glass vessels (Saint-Michel, Montpellier, Hérault). Saint-Michel is an absolutely exceptional case for the region. 4 According to Y. Manniez’s catalogue of sites (Manniez 1999). 195 Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Montpellier Malbosc Montpellier Saint Michel Laudun 2 1 3 Amélie-lès-Bains Amélie-lès-Bains 12 11 5 4 Montpellier Saint Michel 10 0 5cm Saint-André-de-Sangonis 6 1/3 Lunel-Viel Perpignan 14 9 8 13 7 Laudun Montpellier Saint Michel 15 18 16 Montpellier Malbosc 17 Fig. 2: he glass beakers (© S. Raux - n° 2 and n° 18: after Feugere et al. 1987; n° 7: after Georgeon et al. 2007; n° 8: after Raynaud 2010) (scale: 1/3). Drinking vessels: beakers and stemmed glasses he 28 pieces (41.2 %) are distributed as follows (igure 2): – an Isings form 32 5 colourless, indented, glass beaker (n° 1), placed next to the deceased’s right humerus, dated to the second half of the 1st century to the beginning of the 2nd century; – an Isings form 110 colourless, indented glass beaker (n° 2), produced in the 4th century; – a colourless free-blown glass beaker with an ovoid body and a sheared rim (n° 3), with a base formed by an added ring of opaque green glass. his small vessel measuring 6.6 cm in height with a rim diameter an opening of 6 cm wide may have been deposited as a miniature representation of a tall beaker. It is also possible to establish a typological comparison with some examples that have been revealed on the Ain et-Turba site for the period between the 196 4th and the 5th centuries AD6 together with a beaker from Edfu that belongs to the Louvre collections:7 it may, therefore, in this case be an Egyptian importation; – six Isings form 106 type lat-based colourless or natural green beakers with a sheared rim and a truncated conical or ovoid body (n° 4-9). Another example is olive green and has circular cobalt-blue decoration on the middle of the body (n° 10), probably of local production. he placement of these beakers in the deposits was as follows: the Lunel beaker was found near the skull together with an Isings form 126 type jug/bottle; the Négabous (Perpignan) beaker was found to the right of the pelvis; the Saint-Andréde-Sangonis beaker was found on the outside of the wooden 5 6 7 Isings 1957 or AR 54 (Rütti 1991). Hill and Nenna 2003, n° 4, ig. 4. Arveiller-Dulong and Nenna 2005, 489, n° 1337. Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Lunel-Viel Lunel-Viel Ouveilhan 5 2 0 5cm 1/3 Montpellier 1 Montpellier 6 3 4 Fig. 3: Bottles and lasks with handles (© S. Raux - n° 1 and 2: after Raynaud 2010) (scale: 1/3). receptacle containing the body. One of the in situ beakers from Amélie-lès-Bains was found near the head whilst the second one was found between the deceased person’s tibias;8 – 17 colourless to slightly green, stemmed glasses, 13 of which come from the Saint Michel de Montpellier cemetery. Amongst these, six are well conserved (n° 11 to 16) and have complete proiles. hey are variants of the Isings form 109 (a and b) type with a sheared rim. he foot, which is always formed by folding the parison, may be a simple ring or have a conical shape. he body is cylindrical or ovoid with a fairly marked narrowing at the base and in one case is decorated with an applied colourless thread (n° 16). he heights vary from between 12 to 15.5 cm and the maximum diameter varies from 7 to 10 cm. Indicators of how they were deposited are present for ten of these: two were placed near the head, one near the chest, one near the pelvis, ive near the knees, tibias or feet and one outside the coin. he tall beaker from the Malbosc cemetery (n° 17), also Isings form 109, has a inely ribbed tulip-shaped body; this vessel was deposited in the burial near the craniofacial area, its rim is deliberately chipped as a sign of mutilation while the body has a perforation in the middle, most likely for libation purposes. he squat-bodied, colourless, stemmed glass from the cemetery of Brèche in Laudun (n° 18), may be associated with the Isings form 108 type; – two beakers have been recorded with no details (undetermined types). he distribution map of these beakers (igure 1) in terms of simple presence/absence shows a relative concentration between the Rivers Hérault and Vidourle as well as a few other scattered spots in the area, but this does not relect the quantitative factor. he Isings form 109 types are generically dated between the end of the 3rd century and the 4th century but are more widely used between AD 300 and AD 3509 in both domestic and funerary contexts. Over the course of the second half of the 4th century the lat-based Isings form 106 beakers become 8 9 Pezin (ed.) 2014, ig. 214. Foy and Nenna (ed.) 2001, 214. 197 Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Fig. 4: Small containers (© S. Raux - n° 4, 6, 8 and 16: after Raynaud 2010; n° 7: after Lapyre 1991 ; n° 9, 10, 12 and 13: after Manniez 1999) (scale: 1/3). more popular. hey can be considered in this instance as local products, particularly the variety of Isings form 109 from Montpellier and the surrounding area, which shows a consistency in the nature and type of worked glass as well as some typological variations in comparison to the standard 109a and b forms. he concentration observed may well be linked to the distribution of products from a nearby workshop. Large liquid containers: bottles and lasks he ten individual objects (14.7 %) are shown in (igure 3): – four bottles two of which have identiiable forms dating to the 3rd and 4th centuries: one is an Isings form 126 type from Lunel-Viel Le Verdier (n° 1) the other is an Isings form 127 from Narbonne (Anatole France) (not illustrated); – four Isings 104a/b lasks, once again characteristic of the Late Empire: one in Lunel-Viel Le Verdier (n° 2) and the 198 three others in Montpellier Saint-Michel (n° 3 et 4). he latter have been made from free-blown bubbly colourless glass. he body is globular with a slightly concave bottom; there is a slight narrowing of the neck and then it widens out. he heights vary and have been reconstructed as being 12.5 to 20 cm whilst the maximum diameter is between 11 and 16 cm; – two Isings 50 natural glass bottles, one in Ouveilhan le Mouret (n° 5), the other in Montpellier Saint-Michel (n° 6). A hypothesis can be put forward for the latter suggesting the re-use of older wares formerly belonging to a cremation burial from the irst phase of the funerary area that was later disturbed by the Late Antiquity inhumations. In Lunel-Viel the Isings form 126 type bottle was placed near the head of the deceased (burial 194) and was accompanied by a glass beaker whilst the Isings form 104b type Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits lask was placed near the left leg (burial 149B). In Montpellier, the Isings form 50 style bottle (SP1027) was found at the deceased person’s feet, one of the Isings form 104 lasks was situated behind the head (SP1053) and another at the feet (SP1096). We do not have any information for the third vessel (SP1038). he distribution map for the large liquid containers shows a loose and unclear network (igure 1). Small containers: vials and balsamaria his functional category includes 27 naturally coloured or colourless glass objects (39.7 %) (igure 4): – three Isings 8/28 from the Saint-Michel de Montpellier cemetery (2 illustrated n° 1 and 2 and one un-restored); – two Isings 82: A (n° 3) and B (n° 4); – two discoid balsamaria AR 137 (1 illustrated n° 5 and one un-illustrated from burial 3 at La Serpent cemetery,10 in the Aude, 3rd century); – two candlestick-shaped balsamaria AR 136 (one illustrated n° 6 and one un-illustrated from burial 3 at La Serpent cemetery); – one balsamarium with an ovoid body AR 143 (one un-illustrated from burial 3 at La Serpent cemetery); – he Isings form 8/28, 82 and AR 136 and 137 balsamaria are traditionally associated with production and use from the Early Empire up until the beginning of the 3rd century; – three type Isings 105 fusiform vials (n° 7 to 9), all dated to the second half of the 4th century in Béziers, from the 4th to the beginning of the 5th century in Lunel-Viel and from the 5th century in Narbonne; – two tubular vials, Isings 99/AR 149, a type that can be found at the end of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 5th century (n° 10 and 1 un-illustrated, from Vendres Portal-Vielh); – six unguentaria Isings 101 (AR 148/Feyeux 20)11 with globular bodies and concave bases (n° 11 to 15 and 1 unillustrated, d’Estagel) discovered in burials dated to the second half of the 4th century and the 5th century; – one Feyeux 22 lat-bodied lask (n° 16), from Lunel-Viel (burial 50 dated between 350–400); – two AR147/Feyeux 23 balsamaria (n° 17 and 18) with a quadrangular body marked by four indentations, discovered in Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone (5th century); – one fragment of a balsamarium of undetermined type; – two ‘vials’ of undetermined type. he balsamaria from the Saint-Michel de Montpellier cemetery were either placed close to the head or on the abdomen of the deceased. An instance has been noted where the ofering was placed outside the coin (SP1058). his is the case for the four small re-used vessels, which were probably re-used in the same manner as the bottle Isings 50, and taken from earlier cremation burials that had been disturbed by the later inhumations. he other small ‘perfume’ vessels for which we have positional information, show that there was no privileged placement and that they could be placed around the head, feet or in the middle of the body (knees, pelvis) and may or may not be associated with other glass or ceramic vessels. hey can be dated to the 3rd and the 4th centuries, some of which are traditionally Merovingian (Feyeux 22 and 23 around 400/550). Aside from these two observations concerning the residual nature and diversity of these deposits, the question of the function and contents of these small glass vessels remains. he fusiform vials were studied in detail12 and are considered as being speciically funerary-type vessels given their virtual absence in domestic contexts. hey have been brought to light in a scattered manner throughout the Roman Empire in burials dated from the 2nd to the 4th centuries. he ones from southern Gaul date more precisely to the middle of the 3rd century to the 5th century. Some vessels were analysed in order to determine the nature of the contents and revealed traces of wine or incense, two products that became associated with the advent of new Christian liturgy practices. Y. Manniez also suggests the possibility of a deposit of holy water in some burials from the 5th century, denoting the high rank and undoubtedly the ecclesiastical role of the deceased person. he tubular vials are normally considered as being feeding-bottles like the courseware ceramic examples, however the breakable nature of glass leads us to prefer the hypothesis that they were small medicinal burettes, the tube doubling up as a dropper. he distribution map (igure 1) shows that the use of these small glass vessels as containers of non comestible liquids, is in fact a widespread phenomenon during Late Antiquity, since nearly half of the burials containing glass have one. It remains to be seen whether this type of use is in line with the perfumed oil oferings from the Early Empire or whether we should consider some of the vials deposited in burials from the 5th century, as we have for Estagel (site 3), Narbonne (sites 5, 6 and 7) or even Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone (site 23), as a clue to new funerary practices linked to Christianity.13 ‘Other‘ vessels hese come exclusively from the Saint-Michel de Montpellier cemetery where there are three examples (4.4 %): – a kantharos – a never-seen before free-blown vessel with two handles made from colourless glass, with an ovoid body and an out-turned curved lip smoothed by heat, and an attached conical-shaped foot with a spherical stem.14 here is colourless interlaced thread decoration that travels down the handles from the mouth of the vessel making a semi-oval pattern. he object was placed near the deceased person’s head with the mouth facing upwards and was found together with ceramic vessels. his vessel is an exceptional piece and to this day there have been no others like it discovered. It can be distinguished from the 10 I would like to thank Danièle Foy for the unpublished data on the glass from burial 3 at La Serpent cemetery. 11 Feyeux 2003. 12 Manniez 1996/97, 157–160. 13 his hypothesis has also been put forward for a few rare bicephalous vials from the 5th century stamped with a Christian symbol (Foy 2010). 14 Foy and Nenna (ed.) 2001, 217, n° 386-1. 199 Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) : key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Isings form 112 or Trier 60 types15 by an ovoid rather than a hemispherical body and by handles attached to the lip rather than being attached to the middle of the body. hey have been particularly carefully made; the openworked horizontal base of the handles is comparable to the chain handle of Isings 120C or the opus interrasile pattern commonly seen on the shoulder of rings during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. he Isings forms 112 or Trier 60 types, of which this is a variant, date to the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century AD in Cologne; – an Isings 64 free-blown natural glass urn with a globular body, a lared neck, an out-turned tubular rim formed by folding, and two handles creating an ‘M’ shape. his type of vessel is mainly found during the 1st century and over the course of the irst half of the following century, as indicated by the regional funerary examples.16 his urn was placed at the deceased person’s feet and seems to have previously been a funerary urn from an earlier burial; – a moulded colourless AR16.1 type glass plate placed upside down at the bottom of the deceased person’s tibias – in a non functional position. Once again the early dating gives it a particular status, and it is considered here as an antique or as being residual/reused material: it is found mostly from the end of the 1st century to the beginning of the 3rd century AD. It has been found for example in a burial from the Cimiez cemetery in Nice dating from the end of the 1st century and the 2nd century,17 however a number of examples have also been found in the abandonment levels at the glass-making workshop in Aix-en-Provence that was in use until AD 250.18 CONCLUSION Recent excavations carried out in the area enable us to update our knowledge and to produce preliminary summary information on the glass vessels placed in late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon. his data reveals the particular signiicance of the Saint Michel cemetery in Montpellier: here the glass represents 13.5 % of the vessels deposited whilst in the rest of the region it represents only 5 %. he repertoire of the forms is limited and is synonymous with two main functions: drinking glasses and small containers for non-comestible liquids. Glass found in settlements from the same period includes Isings form 116 and 117 type glasses with ire-thickened rims, which are completely absent in funerary settings. he Isings form 106 type beakers are thought to be local products, particularly the olive green glass beaker with a blue circle design, as well as the Isings form 106 beakers that adopt variations of the generic 109a and 109b forms – a series that is particularly present in the Montpellier region. he concentration of beakers observed in this area is in line with the idea of the distribution of products of a nearby workshop. Imported products are more rare: an atypical kantharos transported from workshops in the Rhineland, a small beaker from Egypt and a few balsamaria most likely of Syrian-Palestin- 200 ian origin (indented balsamaria or with lask-shaped bodies). he random recovery of old vessels has been noted: without being a frequent occurrence, it was noted several times and concerns all types of vessels (bottles, urns, balsamaria, plates). It should be related to the inhumations of Late Antiquity that disturbed earlier burials on the same tenement and whose inds were then reused in order to connect them with a new deceased person. his particular practice has in fact been backed up by the presence of ceramic vessels discovered in the Montpellier region cemeteries of Malbosc and Saint-Michel.19 More generally, the deposit of glass vessels does not adhere to a speciic or preferential pattern of location within the burial: the vessels are placed randomly around the upper, middle and lower parts of the body and may or may not be associated with ceramic goods. he presence of small containers used for non-comestible liquids is a regular occurrence across the whole of the region, and for some vessels from 5th century contexts it may raise the question of the introduction of new Christian-inspired ‘eulogy’ type rituals (wine, incense, oils or holy water), rather than being in line with the ancient ritual of perfume oferings. 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Paris. Stéphanie Raux Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP) Grand-Ouest, Rennes, France ASM “Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes”, UMR 5140 University Montpellier 3, CNRS, MCC (Montpellier, France) Centre de Recherches archéologiques INRAP 20 rue Hippolyte Foucault 72000 Le Mans stephanie.raux@inrap.fr 202