International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
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DESIGN PROCEDURE OF AN AIRPORT LAYOUT ACCORDING TO
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CODES
Kale Sahil Rammohan1, Kurulekar Maya Mahesh2
1Student,
2Assistant
Dept. of Civil Engineering, MIT College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MIT College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - This study is intended to enable its readers to
understand the procedure to design the layout of an
international airport in accordance to the various codes
(guidelines and recommendations) given by the )nternational
Civil Aviation Organization )CAO on a single platform. The
layout designed for explanation is for a fictitious location and
is not intended to be used for any actual site. The step by step
procedure for the geometric design of various runways and
taxiways is stated clearly and the various safety checks are
provided for the same. The information for data to be collected
at an actual site is also mentioned clearly. The paper
concludes with the complete design drawing of an airport
layout which includes runways, taxiways, airport terminal,
hangars, aircraft support facilities, etc. The code references
have been specified at various related places to facilitate
better understanding of the design procedure.
Key Words: Airport Layout, International Civil Aviation
Organization, ICAO Annex 14, ICAO Aerodrome Design
Manual Part 1 and Part 2, Runway, Taxiway, Designing of
Airport
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization
)CAO Annex 14, an aerodrome is A defined area on land or
water (including any buildings, installations and equipment)
intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival,
departure and surface movement of aircraft. Thus, we can
define an airport as an aerodrome that is certified for
commercial / military aircraft operations.
An international airport is an airport that facilitates the
movement of international as well as domestic civilian and
cargo airliners and is well equipped with immigration and
customs facilities for the passengers.
In this paper, the location characteristics of the fictitious
airport along with all the design parameters, have been
assumed suitably so as to foster easier calculations for the
design purpose. However, the location characteristics for an
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The various codes that have been used for designing purpose
are given as follows1.
2.
ICAO Annex 14 (Sixth Edition, July 2013)
ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual Part 1- Runways
(Third Edition, 2006)
3. ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual Part 2- Taxiways,
Aprons and Holding Bays (Fourth Edition, 2005)
For detailed design of runway and taxiway intersections or
intersections between two taxiways, the local ground profile
must be studied carefully to provide appropriate turning
radius. Also, the size of the turn must easily accommodate
the design aircraft at that turn. For detailed design refer
Aerodrome Design Manuals Part 1 and 2. This paper deals
with the design procedure of the layout only.
1.1 DATA REQUIRED AND ASSUMPTIONS
1.INTRODUCTION
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actual airport site must be compiled properly by consulting
aviation professionals.
Impact Factor value: 4.45
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For designing actual airports, adequate traffic forecasting,
demand analysis and environmental impact assessment is to
be carried out as the construction of an airport is expensive
and it may also have deleterious environmental effects.
It is also necessary to obtain, verify and compile the actual
site data (wind, temperature, obstruction clearance,
geotechnical investigation, etc.) from reliable aviation
agencies.
For this study, the airport to be designed is an international
airport having two parallel, non-staggered runways.
The runways are assumed to be instrumental with
precision approach and are intended for operation of
aircraft using instrumental as well as visual approach
procedures.
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The various assumptions under which the airport layout is
designed are given below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The hypothetical location of the airport is at nonpolar latitudes to neglect the effect of magnetic
declination on the orientation and designation of
the runways.
Usability factor is considered as 95% as per the
ICAO guidelines with the runway end designation
and runway orientation assumed as a result of a
wind-rose analysis (not performed).
The Mean elevation of the airport is 100 m above
(mean sea level) MSL and the aerodrome elevation
or field elevation is 102.3 m above MSL.
ICAO reference code number – 4
ICAO reference code letter – F
The whole circle bearing (WCB) heading of the
runway ends are 90.30 and 270.30
2.AERODROME
DESIGN
EXPLANATORY AIRPORT
PROCEDURE
2
3
4
800 m up
to but not
including
1200 m
1200 m
up to but
not
including
1800 m
1800 m
and over
B
C
D
E
F
FOR
2.1 ABBREVIATIONS
ICAO: International civil aviation organization
TOR: Takeoff run of an aircraft
MTOW: Maximum takeoff weight of an aircraft
TORA: Takeoff run available
TODA: Takeoff distance available
ASDA: Accelerate stop distance available
LDA: Landing distance available
RET: Rapid exit taxiway
ISA: International standard atmosphere
GSE: Ground support equipment
ARFF: Aircraft rescue and fire-fighting
DVOR/DME: Doppler VHS omni directional range/distance
measuring equipment
ASR/MSSR: Airport surveillance radar/monopulse
secondary surveillance radar
ADM: Aerodrome design manual
2.2 ICAO AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
15 m up
to but not
including
24 m
24 m up
to but not
including
36 m
4.5 m up to
but
not
including 6
m
6 m up to
but
not
including 9
m
36 m up
to but not
including
52 m
52 m up to
but
not
including
65 m
65 m up
to but not
including
80 m
Greater
than and
including
80 m
9 m up to
but
not
including
14 m
9 m up to
but
not
including 14
m
14 m up to
but
not
including
16 m
Refer
Aerodrome
Design
Manual
Parts 1 and
2.
(ICAO Annex 14, Table 1-1, and page 1-12)
In order to accommodate the movement of the largest
passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380, the airport classification
of the airport is to be taken as 4F.
Selected Code Number – 4 (Aeroplane reference field length
is 1800 m and above).
Selected Code Letter – F (Wingspan 80 m and above) {Must
refer Aerodrome Design Manual Parts 1 and 2}.
2.3 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF RUNWAY
Width of each runway assumed = 60 m (excluding runway
shoulders)
Table -1: Aerodrome Reference Code
Width of runway shoulders assumed = 12 m each
Code
Number
1
Aeroplane
Reference
Field
Length
Less than
800 m
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Code
Letter
Wingspan
A
Up to but
not
including
15 m
Outer Main
Gear Wheel
Span
Up to but
not
including
4.5 m
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Therefore, Overall width of each runway including shoulders
= 12+60+12 = 84 m.
The width of the runway shall not be less than the
appropriate dimension specified in the following tabulation-
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Airbus A350 – 900
Table -2: Code Letters for Runway Width
Code Number
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
18
m
18
m
23
m
-
-
-
23
m
23
m
30
m
-
3
30
m
30
m
30
m
45
m
-
-
4
-
-
45
m
45
m
45
m
60
m
2
-
For Code 4 F runways, the minimum width of runway to be
provided is 60 m.
Width of runway provided = 60 m
Hence, the check is satisfied.
As per clause 3.2.3 of ICAO Annex 14, the runway shoulders
shall extend symmetrically on each side of the runway so
that the overall width of runway and its shoulders is not less
than 75 m where the code letter is F.
Overall width of each runway including shoulders provided
= 84 m which is greater than 75 m
Hence, the check is satisfied.
Boeing 777 Series
3380 (maximum among
variants)
Boeing 787 Series
3100 (maximum among
variants)
The above table is not conclusive of the fact that the abovementioned aircrafts will only give the maximum TOR at
MTOW. The values of TOR at MTOW are eclectic.
From above table, we can safely conclude that large size of
the aircraft may not always give us the maximum TOR at
MTOW. The large size of an aircraft especially the wing span,
influences the classification of the airport in case of
geometric design.
The basic runway length can also be calculated using the
concept of balanced field length and can be only applied to
min. TOR of an aircraft. However, if this concept is applied to
TOR at MTOW, the design becomes uneconomical due to
excess length of runway which is practically found to be
unnecessary.
Therefore, the TOR selected for design check is 3380 m
(highest value observed from Table 3)
The lengths of runway are calculated as followsStep 1- Determining the Takeoff run (TOR) of an aircraft at
Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) at standard temperature
with no wind blowing on the runway to calculate the Basic
Runway Length.
Table -3: Takeoff run at max. takeoff weight at ISA
Aircraft Type
Approx. TOR at MTOW (in
meter)
Airbus A380 – 800/800 F
2880
Boeing 747 Series
3300 (maximum among
variants)
Airbus A340 Corporate
3180
Impact Factor value: 4.45
2770 (maximum among
variants)
The Aircraft Types in the above table are selected on the
basis of their body size (narrow or wide), the frequency of
their movements and the probability for their use on long
haul flights.
The length of precision approach runway shall be not less
than 30 m where the code number is 1 or 2.
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Airbus A330 Series
-
Table referred from ICAO Annex 14, page 3-3
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Step 2- Designating the runways and calculating the Actual
Length of each runwayRunways are designated on the basis of their magnetic
bearing of the runways heading in decadegrees. These
numbers vary from 01 to 36 but are never in a decimal. If the
magnetic bearing of a runway is in decimal, then it is
rounded off to the nearest whole number. E.g. heading of
1400 implies a designation of 14. In case of multiple parallel
runways in the same direction, the designation number is
followed by the letters L(left), R(right) or C(center).
While designing the layout of an airport that has to be
practically implemented, a wind rose analysis has to be
performed to determine the orientation of the runways. The
whole circle bearing thus obtained must be converted into
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decadegrees and must be rounded off to the nearest whole
number.
temperature of 15 0C at the rate of 6.5 0C per 1000 m rise
in elevation.
Also, the Aerodrome Reference Temperature must be
calculated by the following formula,
Standard Temperature at airport to be designed = 15 0C -
Aerodrome Reference Temperature = Ta +
Let Ct be the correction for temperature.
Where, Tm = Monthly mean of the maximum daily
temperature for the hottest month of the year.
Therefore, Ct = Corrected Length X (Airport Reference
Temperature – 14.35) X 0.01
Ta = Monthly mean of the average daily temperature
for the hottest month of the year.
X 100 = 14.35 0C
= 3460 X (25 – 14.35) X 0.01
= 368.49 m
Let the two parallel, non-staggered runways be designated
as Runway 27L – 09R and Runway 27R – 09L
Let Ct = 370 m
Assuming the runway headings are 90.30 and 270.30.
Therefore, Revised Corrected Length = 3460 + 370 = 3830 m
Corrections of elevations, temperature and gradient are
applied respectively to the basic runway length to calculate
the actual runway length.
According to the ICAO, if the total correction for elevation
and temperature exceeds 35%, the required correction
should be obtained by means by a specific study.
Step 3- Calculations for runway 27 L – 09 R
For the above case, the total correction for elevation and
temperature is 13.31%
Assumptions-
Hence, the check is satisfied.
1.
2.
3.
Maximum Reduced Level along Runway Centerline
= 101.2 m (assumed at runway end)
Minimum Reduced Level along Runway Centerline =
93.5 m (assumed at runway end)
Airport Reference Temperature = 25 0C
ICAO ADM Part1 has recommended that the basic length
selected for the runway should be increased at the rate
of 7 % per 300 m rise in elevation.
Let Ce be the correction for elevation.
Therefore, Ce =
= 78.86 m
According to clause 3.1.13 and 3.1.14 of ICAO Annex 14,
1. The slope computed by dividing the difference
between maximum and minimum elevation
along the runway centerline by the runway
length should not exceed 1 % where the code
number is 3 or 4.
2. Along no portion of a runway should the
longitudinal slope exceed 1.25 % where the
code number is 4, except that for the first and
last quarter of the length of the runway the
longitudinal slope should not exceed 0.8 %.
Effective runway gradient
Let Ce = 80 m
=
Therefore, Corrected Length = 3380 m + 80 m = 3460 m
=
ICAO ADM Part 1 recommends that the length corrected
for elevation, should further be increased at the rate of 1
% for every 1 0C by which the Airport Reference
Temperature exceeds the temperature in the Standard
Atmosphere for the airport elevation.
X 100
= 0.19 %
approx. = 0.2 % (assumed constant throughout the length)
which is less than 1% and 0.8%
Standard Temperature- Standard temperature at site
can be determined by reducing the standard sea level
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Hence, the check is satisfied.
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Where the basic length determined by take-off
requirement is 900 m or more, that length should be
further increased at the rate of 10 % for each 1 % of the
runway effective gradient.
Increasing the lengths of both the runways by about 7% to
8%, as length after gradient correction is less than assumed
length for gradient (4000), let the total length be 4220 m.
Definition of declared distances as per ICAO Annex 14 Page
1-4 –
Let Cs be the correction for slope.
1.
Therefore, Cs = 3830 X 0.2 X 0.1
= 76.6 m
2.
Let Cs = 80 m
Therefore, Revised Corrected Length = 3830 + 80 = 3910 m
3.
Step 4- Calculations for runway 27 R – 09 L
Assumptions1.
4.
Maximum Reduced Level along Runway Centerline
= 102.3 m (assumed at runway end)
Minimum Reduced Level along Runway Centerline =
92.2 m (assumed at runway end)
Airport Reference Temperature = 25 0C
2.
3.
After applying corrections for temperature and elevation as
per runway 28 L – 10 R, the length of the runway becomes
3830 m.
Take-off run available (TORA): The length of
runway declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
Take-off distance available (TODA): The length of
the take-off run available plus the length of
clearway, if provided.
Accelerate stop distance available (ASDA): The
length of take-off run available plus the length of
stop way, if provided.
Landing distance available (LDA): The length of
runway which is declared available and suitable for
the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
SUMMARYThus, the final dimensions of the runways after applying
relevant corrections are as followsWidth of both runways = 60 m
Width of both runways including shoulders = 84 m
Effective runway gradient
Actual length of both runways by take-off requirements =
4220 m
=
=
Table -4: Declared distances
X 100
= 0.25 % (assumed constant throughout the length)
which is less than 1% and 0.8%
Hence, the check is satisfied.
Where the basic length determined by take-off
requirement is 900 m or more, that length should be
further increased at the rate of 10 % for each 1 % of the
runway effective gradient.
Runway
Designation
Ends
TORA
(m)
ASDA
(m)
TODA
(m)
LDA
(m)
09 L
4070
4070
4070
4070
27 R
4220
4220
4220
4070
09 R
4070
4070
4070
4070
27 L
4220
4220
4220
4070
Effective runway gradient of runway 27 L – 09 R = 0.2 %
Let Cs be the correction for slope.
Effective runway gradient of runway 27 R – 09 L = 0.25 %
Therefore, Cs = 3830 X 0.25 X 0.1
2.4 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TAXIWAY
= 95.75 m
Let Cs = 100 m
General Taxiway and Rapid Exit Taxiway-
Therefore, Revised Corrected Length = 3830 + 100 = 3930 m
Width of taxiway = 28 m
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Width of taxiway shoulders = 21 m
Therefore, Overall width of taxiway including shoulders =
21+28+21 = 70 m.
As per clause 3.9.5 of ICAO Annex 14, a straight portion of a
taxiway should have a width of not less than that given by
the following tabulation –
Table -5: Minimum Width of Taxiways
Taxiway Width
A
7.5 m
B
10.5 m
C
15 m if the taxiway is intended to be used by
aeroplanes with a wheel base less than 18 m.
The radius of turn-off curve is 550 m and radius of inside
fillet curve is 488 m for all the rapid exit taxiways in
accordance with ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual Part 2.
18 m if the taxiway is intended to be used by
aeroplanes with a wheel base equal to or
greater than 18 m.
18 m if the taxiway is intended to be used by
aeroplanes with an outer main gear wheel
span of less than 9 m.
23 m if the taxiway is intended to be used by
aeroplanes with an outer main gear wheel
span equal to or greater than 9 m.
E
23 m
F
25 m
As per clause 3.9.19, the intersection and of a rapid exit
taxiway with the runway should not be greater than 450
nor less than 250 and preferably should be 300.
For the airport to be designed, Angle of Intersection of RET
and Runway = 300
Code
Letter
D
As per clause 3.9.16, a rapid exit taxiway should be
designed with a radius of turn-off curve of at least 550 m
where the code number is 3 or 4 to enable exit speeds
under wet conditions of 93 km/hr where the code
number is 3 or 4.
Hence, the check is satisfied.
The rapid exit taxiways are provided at a suitable distance
from the runway ends to facilitate smooth and quick exit of
the aircraft from the runway.
Like general taxiways, the precise location of the rapid exit
taxiways is at the discretion of the airport layout designer;
however, care must be taken to ensure minimum runway
occupancy time.
2.5 DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS AND
INSTALLATIONS
Referred from ICAO Annex 14, page 3-19
It must be noted that the areas and size of the buildings may
be subjected to local bye-laws. The dimensions of the
buildings given below are suggestive of the general
dimensions of various buildings at an airport.
For code F airports, minimum width of taxiways = 25 m
Commercial Aircraft Apron = 420 X 181.5 m
The minimum width of taxiways provided in the airport to
be designed in the above-mentioned cases = 28 m
Passenger Terminal (Plan Area) = 234776.52 m2
Vehicle Parking Lot
Hence, the check is satisfied.
For code F airports, overall width of taxiways required = 60
m (as per ICAO Annex 14)
1.
2.
Near Primary Passenger Terminal = 170 X 749.9 m
Near Low Cost Terminal = 180 X 580.1 m
Control Tower (Tentative Plan Area) = 50 m2
For code F airports, overall width of taxiways provided is 70
m and is greater than 60 m in the above-mentioned cases.
Long Term Parking Apron = 960 X 180 m
Hence, the check is satisfied.
Cargo Aircraft Apron = 480 X 120 m
The exact location of the taxiways is at the discretion of the
airport layout designer and his/her attempts to ease surface
movement congestion.
International Cargo Building = 420 X 80 m
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Air Freight Cargo Building = 480 X 80 m
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Maintenance Apron = 720 X 180 m
D
-
-
176
176
Maintenance Hangars (Total Plan Area Allotted) = 720 X 240
m
E
-
-
-
182.5
F
-
-
-
190
General Aviation Apron = 200 X 180 m
Referred from ICAO Annex 14, Table 3-1, page 3-22
General Aviation Building = 200 X 80 m
Center to center distance between each runway and
taxiways (in a direction parallel to that of the runways)
required = 190 m for type 4 F runways.
Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) = 168 X 168.1 m
GSE Maintenance = 150 X 150 m
Heavy Airfield Maintenance (inclusive of GSE Maintenance) =
300 X 300 m
Sewage Treatment Plant (may vary according to capacity) =
200 X 150 m
Fuel Farm = 360 X 180 m
For the airport designed, center to center distance between
each runway and taxiways (in a direction parallel to that of
the runways) = 200 m
Hence, the check is satisfied.
The table specifying the minimum center to center
separation distances between parallel taxiways is given
below-
Catering (Tentative Area) = 84.5 m2
Table -7: Distance between Taxiway Centerlines (parallel)
Support Facilities Area = 400.3 X 165.2 m
Code Letter
Taxiway Centerline to
Taxiway Centerline
A
23.75
B
33.5
C
44
D
66.5
E
80
F
97.5
Low Cost Terminal (Plan Area)
1.
2.
Direct Access Terminal = 93925.98 m2
Internal Terminal = 54432 m2
2.6 CHECKS FOR CENTER TO CENTER DISTANCES
These checks are carried out after the entire layout of the
airport is almost finalized especially after the introduction
on the terminal buildings, hangars, parking bays or any other
structure/area which will cause the center to center
dimensions of adjacent taxiways/runways to change.
The table specifying the minimum center to center
separation distances for instrumental runways is given
below-
Instrument Runways Code Number
1
2
3
4
A
82.5
82.5
-
-
B
87
87
-
-
C
-
-
168
-
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Center to center distance between taxiways (parallel)
required = 97.5 m for type F airports.
For the airport designed, center to center distance
between taxiways (parallel) provided is greater than 97.5
m in all cases.
Hence, the check is satisfied.
Table -6: Distance between Taxiway Centerline and
Runway Centerline (meter)
Code
Letter
Referred from ICAO Annex 14, Table 3-1, page 3-22
As per clause 3.1.12, where parallel instrument runways are
intended for simultaneous use subject to conditions
specified in PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the PANS-OPS (Doc
8168), Volume 1, the minimum distances between their
centerlines should be:
|
1035 m for independent parallel approaches
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- 915 m for dependent parallel approaches
- 760 m for independent parallel departures
- 760 m for segregated parallel operations
except that:
a) for segregated parallel operations, the specified minimum
distance:
1) may be decreased by 30 m for each 150 m that the
arrival runway is staggered toward the arriving aircraft, to a
minimum of 300 m; and
2) should be increased by 30 m for each 150 m that the
arrival runway is staggered away from the arriving aircraft;
b) for independent parallel approaches, combinations of
minimum distances and associated conditions other than
those specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) may be applied
when it is determined that such combinations would not
adversely affect the safety of aircraft operations.
The airport to be designed has two parallel, independent and
non-staggered runways.
by following the steps given in this paper. With the help of
the explanatory model, the reader can comprehend the
various calculations and criteria that are necessary for
planning and designing the layout of an airport on a single
platform rather than referring the individual codes
separately.
REFERENCES
ICAO Annex 14 (Sixth Edition, July 2013).
ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual Part 1 - Runways
(Third Edition, 2006).
[3] ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual Part 2- Taxiways,
Aprons and Holding Bays (Fourth Edition, 2005).
[4] Airport Engineering -Planning and Design by Subhash C.
Saxena.
[5] Kaustubh Wakhale, Sameer Surve, Rohit Shinde, Design
of Airport Runway by )nternational Standards ,
International Journal of Advances in Science,
Engineering and Technology, ISSN:2321-9009, Volume2, Issue-3, July-2014, Pages 106-110.
[1]
[2]
The minimum center to center distance to be provided
between the two runways as per above clause = 1979.9 m
The center to center distance provided between the two
runways = 1979.9 m which is greater than 1035 m
Hence, the check is satisfied.
Fig -1: Airport Layout Design (Zoom for details)
Note: The aerobridges shown are for representative purpose
only. The exact number of aerobridges depends upon the
demand and the discretion of the airport operator.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The geometric design of the layout plan of an airport in
accordance to the various ICAO codes can thus be carried out
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