From Sha‘ar Hagolan to Shaaraim Essays in Honor of Prof. Yosef Garijinkel Editors Saar Ganor, Igor Kreimerman, Katharina Streit, Madeleine Mumcuoglu Israel Exploration Society Jerusalem 2016 From Sha‘ar Hagolan to Shaaraim Essays in Honor of Prof. Yosef Garijinkel ‫משער הגולן לשעריים‬ ‫מחקרים לכבוד פרופ' יוסף גרפינקל‬ ISBN 978-965-221-111-8 COPY EDITOR (ENGLISH) Susan Gorodetsky cover design Oz Ganor ENGLISH COVER photo Khirbet Qeiyafa at the end of the 2012 Season (Sky View) HEBREW COVER photo Sha’ar Hagolan (Yosef Garijinkel) Typesetting Raphaël Freeman, Renana Typesetting Printed at Printiv, Jerusalem, Israel © All rights reserved to Israel Exploration Society, 2016 Acknowledgments We would like to thank Sue Gorodetsky for the English editing, Dr. Daniel Vainstub for the Hebrew editing, Oz Ganor for the beautiful cover and Raphaël Freeman for the skilled typesetting. Special thanks to all the authors who readily agreed to participate in this book in honor of Professor Yosef Garijinkel. v Contents Acknowledgments v Preface xi List of English Publications of Prof. Yosef Garijinkel Abbreviations xiii xxiv English Section The Story of the Ceramic Industry in the Southern Levant 1 Judith Ben-Michael The Yarmukian Site at Tel Mitzpe Zevulun North (Naḥal Zippori 3), Lower Galilee, Israel 19 Omry Barzilai, Edwin C. M. van den Brink, Jacob Vardi, Roy Liran The Miniature Chalices from Sha‘ar Hagolan: A New Interpretation 41 Michael Freikman Pavements, Pits and Burials: The Case of Pit 183 at the Early Pottery Neolithic Site of Beisamoun, Northern Israel 47 Danny Rosenberg Yarmukian-Type Architecture without Yarmukian-Type Pottery at the Site of Khirbet ‘Asafna (East) in the Jezreel Valley, Israel: A Dilemma? 63 Edwin C. M. van den Brink, Dan Kirzner, Michal Birkenfeld, Alla Yaroshevich, Nimrod Marom A Newly Uncovered Cowrie-Eye Female Clay Figurine Fragment from Bet Ḥilqiya, Northern Negev, Israel 93 Edwin C. M. van den Brink, Yitzhak Marmelstein, Roy Liran ‘Yarmukian’ Figurines of the Neolithic Period at Lod 101 Eli Yannai Early Wadi Rabah and Chalcolithic Occupations at Tel Dover: Environmental and Chronlogical Insights Hamoudi Khalaily, Ianir Milevski, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Ofer Marder vii 109 viii Contents The ‘Ein el-Jarba Holemouth Jar: A Local Vessel with Parallels in the Near East and Southeast Europe 155 Ianir Milevski, Zinovi Matskevich, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Nimrod Getzov Protohistoric Infant Jar Burials of the Southern Levant in Context: Tracing Cultural Influences in the Late Sixth and Fifth Millennia BCE 171 Katharina Streit A Fourth-Millennium BCE Seal from Hazor 187 Amnon Ben-Tor The Archaeology of Destruction: Methodological Desiderata 205 Michael G. Hasel Siege Warfare, Conflict and Destruction: How are They Related? 229 Igor Kreimerman Pottery Production in the Iron Age Shephelah: An Evaluation According to Recent Petrographic Research 247 David Ben-Shlomo Four Egyptian Seals from Khirbet Qeiyafa 265 Martin G. Klingbeil Four Notes on Tel Lachish Level V 283 Hoo-Goo Kang Solomon’s Golden Shields in the Context of the First Millennium BCE 295 Madeleine Mumcuoglu Sealed with a Dance: An Iron Age IIA Seal from Tel Abel Beth Maacah 307 Nava Panitz-Cohen and Robert A. Mullins Reassessing the Character of the Judahite Kingdom: Archaeological Evidence for Non-Centralized, Kinship-Based Components 323 Aren M. Maeir and Itzhaq Shai The Samarian Syncretic Yahwism and the Religious Center of Kuntillet ᶜAjrud Gwanghyun Choi 341 Contents ix Revisiting Vaughn and Dobler’s Provenance Study of Hebrew Seals and Seal Impressions 371 Mitka R. Golub The Assyrian Empire and Judah: Royal Assyrian Archives and Other Historical Documents 383 Peter Zilberg Ekron: The Ceramic Assemblage of an Iron Age IIC Philistine Type Site 407 Seymour Gitin The Meaning of the Boat Scene on the Phoenician-Cypriote Scapula from Tel Dor 435 Silvia Schroer Hebrew section Religious Practices and Cult Objects at Tel Reḥov during the 10th–9th Centuries BCE *1 Amihai Mazar The Iron Age IIa Judahite Weight System at Khirbet Qeiyafa *33 Haggai Cohen Klonymus Tel Ḥalif as a Case Study: Targeted Excavations in a Cave as a Means of Assessing Stratigraphy at the Tell *61 Amir Ganor, Gidon Goldenberg, Guy Fitoussi Fortresses, Forts and Towers in the Jerusalem Region during the Iron Age IIb–c Period *81 Saar Ganor A Late Iron Age II Administrative Building Excavated in the City of David *103 Doron Ben-Ami and Haggai Misgav The Lachish Inscriptions from Yohanan Aharoni's Excavations Reread Anat Mendel-Geberovich, Eran Arie, Michael Maggen *111 Preface This volume is dedicated to Professor Yosef (Yossi) Garijinkel in honor of his 60th birthday. It comprises articles on the protohistoric period and the Iron Age written by his students and colleagues from the Institute of Archaeology at the Hebrew University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and additional academic institutions. All of them have contributed to research and ijieldwork on the archaeology of the Land of Israel. Professor Garijinkel completed his education at the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University, ijinishing his doctoral studies in 1992. From 2006 until today he is the holder of the Yigael Yadin Chair in the Archaeology of Eretz Israel. His fruitful career so far has produced remarkably groundbreaking research on the protohistoric and biblical periods. Among his research on the most ancient periods, we must mention his excavations at the site of Yiftaḥ’el (1983–1987), dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, where ijive levels of settlement were uncovered as well seeds of beans which are the most ancient evidence in the world for domestication of legumes. In his excavations in 1989–1990 and 1996–2004 at the site of Sha‘ar Hagolan, Professor Garijinkel discovered a large Yarmukian village dated to the Pottery Neolithic period. In the framework of his research on the Chalcolithic period, he identiijied a new stage that he named “Middle Chalcolithic”. Following this discovery, he led excavations at Tell Tsaf that shed new light on this period. He has also directed excavations at Gesher, Neolithic Ashkelon and Tell ‘Ali. From 2007 onward Professor Garijinkel has focused on the Iron Age in Judah. Between 2007 and 2013 he excavated the site of Khirbet Qeiyafa, which changed the perception of the Iron Age IIA in Judah. At this site he revealed a fortiijied city with two gates, a city wall, inscriptions, cultic objects and more. These ijindings have brought about renewed debate on the chronology of the Iron Age in the Land of Israel. From 2014 onward, Professor Garijinkel is the head of the fourth excavation expedition to Lachish, the second most important city in the Kingdom of Judah and a prominent Canaanite city in the Bronze Age. In parallel, at the nearby Khirbet A-Rai he is looking for solutions to the chronology of the destructions that took place in the Shephelah in the 12th and 9th centuries BCE. This innovative view of the whole region is based on evidence from the ijield. The list of his distinguished publications is included in this volume. The numerous books and hundreds of articles highlight Professor Garijinkel’s very xi xii Preface special qualities of productivity and efijicacy in bringing his ijieldwork to prompt and lucid publication. He has included many young scholars as co-authors in the publications, allowing them to advance in the world of archaeology. Some of them have submitted articles published in this volume. In summary, these articles are the work of many scholars for whom the common denominator is Professor Garijinkel. This volume was composed in his honor as a salute to his achievements up to now, though naturally not to the work to come. Yossi, we are certain that in the coming decades you will continue to advance your own research and that of your many students. You will undoubtedly open up new avenues attesting to your innovative thinking, your hard work and your dedication to archaeology. The Editors