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214
Nino Shanshashvili
EARLY BRONZE AGE HOUSE MODELS FROM THE SOUTH CAUCASUS
Summary
Models of the houses appear in the South Caucasus in early Oronze Age. They are discovered on settlements of
Kura-Arax culture (Khizanaant Gora, Kvatskhelebi, Amiranis Gora, Omi, Di9ashP.ni and r.ucfahPrtk•). All of them are
made from clay ard are hand-modelled.
In the Near East region house modes are known from the Neolithic period. Small sized gable-roof house models
were discovered In Tel~Arpachiyah and are dated from Halafian and Uoaidian periods.
In the 5th-4th mill. 8.C. in Mesopotamia, buildirg shape models with windows were used as Incense-burners.
Objects of this kind were discovered at Tepe-Gawra of Ubaid period as well as in Khafajah and Ur of Jemdet-Nasr period. Also It must be mentioned that in Palestine in the 4th millennium B.C house models were used as ossuaries. tt 11
remarkable that such models are not found either in Anarolla, or In other reqlon of Caucasus.
Models of buildings discovered on the settlements c' Kura-Arax In the South Caucasus can be divided in to two
qroups: 1. Towe1s and 2. Houses.
1. Towers are square shaped, precise side. tall a·chitect builcings with two or more noors (Kvatskhelebl, Oznl,
Amlranls C.ora, Gudabertka). fhey have Oat bottom and In most cases•roof"is not -ou lhe model from Kvatskhelebl
hos flot roof with tube type •chimney'" in it. The model from Amlranis Gora in its upper port also has a tube type hole,
broadened in neck. Both models have "windows· in the uppe• part. Kvatskhelebl house typologtcally ts similar to lhe
tower typr: huuses which were StJr•ad 111 the Near E•>t •nu Mt!ult•rr•u"•" re9io11 In 4th mill. B.C. Tile architecture of
this ~/pe Is preserved In the caucasus till now. Tilere are no many floored towers dlscove1ed on the Kura-Ar ax s'tes yet.
However an eight metre high towerwasdlscovered In North ~yrla,on tell-Khazna cult complex which had windows In
i:s upper part.This complex functioned from the end of the 4th mill. B.C. till the middle period of the 3rd mill. B.C. It Is
possible thatTell·Khazna's cult tower type buildings ~ad the architectural models from south Caucasus as a prototype.
2.The houses basically represent.one architectural type· house with flat roof. According to the erchltect pl~nnlny
we can single out two subtypes. round shaped (Khl2anaant Gora) and square shaped (Dlgasheni) models. The house
models from Dlgashenl and Khizanaant Gora seem to be miniature representanons ot contemporary, or earlier living
houses. A Javakhishvill thought that th~ house models were copies of the houses used for living.
ThP. modl"I< di<rnvP.red In the area of the Kura-Araxes cuhure are not numerous and typologically resemble the
ones from Palestine and Mesopo1am1a, which are dated to a s19nlfican1ly ~rile• period. The -nodels cf buildings from
the South Caucasus of the Early Bronze Age probably appeared by imitation of the Mesopotamian-Syrian cult pracnee. It seems that like in the zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Near East, they were used for ritual purposes of the family cult. Their implementation in
the Caucasus was provoked by the close contacts between the tribes of Kura-A1ax culture and th~ andent population
of North Mesopotamia and Syria-,i>al~tine, where cult practic" huilrlirg moo Pl< wprp of rli,tinrt <•rrnl mMning from
old times.
215 zyxwvuts
J•J3nd3 n. 1972, >('l<"ool'io6:i<:•""'
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6. o'bM<l'io [AHaTH 2001: 248); 7. J~o3n IAHar• 2007: 2461: S.9• .>6\doflo.>; 10. 8330~ [Shiloh 1993: 1015); 11. .b'll<Win
(Nissinen, Munger 2009: b':'.)111. 5-3J; 12. -::rc,,...,.,,.,(tlissiren, Miinger 2009:1>-:1/ii. 5·6t 13. °'0'13.'.I (1>3"10; 14, 15. o<'ibc:>•6m0'1)3;
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES
Pl. I - 1. Khizanaant Gora; zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2. Dlgashenl; 3. Ozni: 4.Amiranls Gor.i: 5. Al Uerusaleml; 6. Kvaiskhelebl: al restored according to 1ho
publl<atlons ol L Ghlontl a11'.10. J•pdtkl;re; b) hotM model (iw. No 15·5: 1378).
Sang·I C..hakhmaq (Iran): 2. Marl (Fo"ln 1999:flg. 28ll: l. Egypc; 4. Giri<ano; s. Haclera [Vadln 199l: 5531; 6. AZor (AHa11A
2007: 248(: 7. Hederah :A•ar• 2007: 246h S-9. Arpa<hyah; 10. Meggido[Shioh 1993: 101SJ;11. Hazor (Nlssinen, Munge' 2001':
fig. 5·3(; 12. Ugarit [NIHln.,r, Miing"r 2009: fig~ S-6t 13.Tepe GaWTa; 14-1 S. Ars:antepe:16. Bi·$lllad IA••TM 2007: 2SF.I: t 7. IJr;
18. Al (Jtrus•len1); 19·20. Erklv.
Pl.11-1.
~1.111-1 ·2. ~eals from Ur; 3-4. Hou1e shape Shrines from MeioPOl•mla. S. Selemy" [Fortin' 999: fig.289);6·9.Meskene·Emar (Syria\:
10. Achem-HC.)'ilk; 11. Se•I ~om '°1<!S<>potam1'1 (http-J/Www.usu.edutrrarkdllmen /ANE/slldes/n022_su1oo;r2.pd(
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