Education and Science
Vol 41 (2016) No 184 291-309
The Concept of knowledgization for Creating Strategic Vision in Higher
Education: A Case Study of Northern Cyprus
Tuğberk Kaya 1, Mustafa Sağsan 2
Abstract
Keywords
Based on the concept of the knowledge economy, higher
education institutions can be used as knowledge hubs in order to
train knowledge workers. In addition the formation of knowledge
hubs will be the foundations of the Knowledge Cities. Currently
in North Cyprus, there is a lack of understanding Knowledge
Cities, which are the fundamental building blocks of a
knowledge-based economy. The model proposed in this paper
argues that higher education institutions can bridge this gap by
educating knowledge workers and becoming knowledge hubs in
the context of knowledgization .
In this research, a questionnaire was completed by 42 lecturers
and 432 university students in order to test the concept of
knowledgization . Recommendations had been made based on
the findings to enable the concept of knowledgization such as
investing in mobile applications, having user-friendly and up-todate websites. Tolerance for failure is also important for
institutions where initiatives should be given to try new methods
and to encourage innovation. It is expected that the results of the
study will be useful for universities to create a strategic vision
based on the concept of knowledgization which includes
Organizational Capacity, Information Technology Capacity and
Knowledge Capacity for the Higher Education system.
Knowledgization
Knowledge workers
Knowledge hubs
Knowledge cities
Higher education in Northern
Cyprus
Article Info
Received: 22.12.2015
Accepted: 03.04.2016
Online Published: 27.04.2016
DOI: 10.15390/EB.2016.6195
Introduction
The term knowledge-based economy results from a fuller recognition of the role of
knowledge and technology in economic growth OECD,
, p. . In response to the competitive
economic environment, there has been a significant worldwide increase in knowledge-based
economies over the last thirty years, where knowledge, skills and innovation matter more and more
for business success, particularly in the 'developed' world (Williams, Turner, & Jones, 2010, p. 12).
Knowledge economies require knowledge based urban development (KBUD). Knowledge cities
(where citizens can access to new communication technologies, knowledge-based goods and services)
are essential parts of KBUD. Well-paid employment, growth for community s income, sustainable
Near East University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey
tugberk.kaya@neu.edu.tr
2 Near East University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey
mustafa.sagsan@neu.edu.tr
1
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Education and Science 2016, Vol 41, No 184, 291-309
economy by increasing capacity on technological innovations and better education services are some
benefits of Knowledge Cities (KCs) (Ergazakis, Metaxiotis, & Psarras, 2004). KCs have Knowledge
Hubs (KHs) which are mediums for transferring both tacit to tacit and tacit to explicit knowledge. An
increased number of KHs will form Knowledge Clusters, which is important as knowledge clusters
have the organizational capability to drive innovations and create new industries Evers, Gerke, &
Menkhoff, 2010, p. 683). These industries will require workers, which is called Knowledge Workers
(KWs) in the knowledge city concept. Drucker (1977, p. 22) emphasized the importance of knowledge
workers by stating attract and hold the highest-producing knowledge workers by treating them and
their knowledge as the organization s most valuable assets . The findings above show that the
knowledge worker concept is not a new concept. On the other hand, Northern Cyprus s low
Innovation Capacity (145th out of 145th countries) shows that there is a gap in the field of training and
educating knowledge workers.
Globalized companies and developed countries spend significant amounts of budget on
Research & Development (R&D) activities. In spite of this worldwide trend, a recent competitiveness
report prepared by Cyprus Turkish Chamber of Industry indicates that North Cyprus ranked 114th out
of 145 countries. In this report, it also ranked 144th for Innovation Capacity, 145th (last position) for
R&D expenditure and 104th for R&D cooperation between businesses and universities. Although these
figures show the country s lack of strategic vision and relative backwardness, the country is actually
ranked 17th for student registration rate in higher education with % Sertoğlu, ”esim, & Tanova,
. In North Cyprus, there are currently
registered universities with ,
students Y5D“K,
2015). It means that higher education is one of the main economic drivers of the country. When the
current situation and registration levels at the higher education institutions are considered, there
seems to be an opportunity to design and apply strategic higher education policies and practices on
the macro level.
Accordingly, training for Knowledge Workers (KW) becomes crucial, as they are the key
players in knowledge economies as mentioned above. Northern Cyprus has low levels of primary and
secondary industries (extracting raw materials and producing semi-finished or finished goods). This is
understandable as small island economies are mainly triggered by the services sector, where
education is one of the main factors (Boto & Biasca, 2012). For example, universities in North Cyprus
contributed £
,
to the economy in 2014 (Yeniduzen, 2015). It is also estimated that UK
universities contributed £ billion to the gross domestic product between
and
Kelly,
McNicoll, & White,
. “lumni of the world s top
universities have an impact on the global
environment, while graduates from other universities also affect their local economy (Thomson
Reuters, 2015). This clearly shows that graduates do have an impact on the local economy and
therefore a well-planned higher education strategy is crucial to boost the economy and governance of
the country. This can be achieved through the knowledgization concept. Universities are
increasingly being recognized as knowledge hubs, exercising a strong influence on the intellectual
vitality of the city where they are embedded
Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008, p. 48).
Correspondingly, this study asserts that universities can be mediums to develop required human
capital via the concept of knowledgization .
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Knowledge Capacity
Absorptive Capacity
Ba
HRM
KM Process
R&D
TKC
Knowledgization
Information Technology
Capacity
E-Platform
Infrastructure
Social Media
Organizational Capacity
Diversity
Sharing a common language
Tolerance for failure
Transparency
Vision
Figure 1: Representing the Research Model
Figure demonstrates the fundamentals of the knowledgization concept. Each capacity will
be explained in throughout the paper. The statements above highlight the importance of universities
for creating Knowledge Clusters through training and education of the workforce (Yigitcanlar,
O Connor, & Westerman,
. Educating knowledge workers require well develop organizational
structure. For that reason, organizational capacity of institutions will be explained under the concept
of knowledgization .
Organizational Capacity
Organizational capacity includes the fundamental features that are important for improving
the effectiveness of organizations. Organizational capacity includes diversity, sharing a common
language, tolerance for failure, transparency and vision as it can be seen from the Figure 1. Shared
language/jargon is crucial for tacit knowledge transfer (Joia & Lemos, 2010) and improves the
effectiveness of both the communication within a company and organizational learning. On the other
hand, too much intensity and specialization of the language may impede the incorporation of outside
knowledge and result in the pathology of the not-invented-here NIH syndrome Cohen &
Levinthal, 1990, p. 133). Therefore, how the shared language is used is especially important for the
continuity of the organizational culture. In addition, the presence of tolerance, transparency and a
governance vision, accepting multiculturalism (diversity), and the availability of natural and quality
built environments are also important indicators of KCs (Baum, Yigitcanlar, Horton, Velibeyoglu, &
Gleeson, 2006 as cited in Yigitcanlar, O Connor, & Westerman, 2008). Some benefits of KCs are
accessibility, cutting edge technology, innovation, cultural facilities and services, quality education as
well as world class economic opportunities Yigitcanlar, O Connor, & Westerman, 2008, p. 64).
University administrations should adopt the knowledgization strategy throughout their institutional
development and organizational capacity. Cooperation with the local governance, especially with
municipal and strategy teams, needs to be encouraged for the evolution of the concept. This will allow
the knowledgization concept to be spread city-wide; a milestone of becoming a knowledge city
(Franz, 2008). Information Technology Capacity of the institutions indicates the potential or areas to
develop for the concept of knowledgization which will be examined in next section.
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Information Technology Capacity
Information technology (IT) capacity includes features that improve an organization by using
fundamental IT. It is expected that there will be 5.2 billion mobile users and more than 11 billion
mobile devices by 2019. In addition, internet connection via Wi-Fi and mobile devices will account for
66% of total traffic (Cisco, 2015). These statistics show the trend towards mobile device usage and are
an indication for educational institutions that they need to provide mobile platforms to enable student
e-learning (United Nations, 2014). A recent study analyzed the usage of digital textbooks and the
prediction of student course grades. It showed that improvements in this field can provide prewarnings if the students mark will be low (Junco & Clem, 2015). Research of Junco and Clem (2015)
shows the importance of e-Learning and finding effective ways to implement it will increase the
quality of education, which will also boost IT Capacity.
Social media is one of the most used communication tools of the recent era (Fill, 2011; United
Nations, 2014). Investing in social media applications will be effective to increase Tacit Knowledge
Capacity (TKC), which is formed from tacit knowledge accumulation and tacit knowledge transfer,
indicates amount of tacit knowledge acquired or transferred via an organization Kaya & Sağsan,
2015). For this reason, by considering the common usage and the effect on the TKC, social media will
be used as a communication tool in the Knowledgization concept in order to enable effective
accumulation and transfer of tacit knowledge. The current social media usage of the students,
lecturers and administration will be assessed to determine the current situation and usage habit and,
based on this, new and effective techniques may be proposed to improve communication and TKC.
Nevertheless, the sharing process or ability of the gatekeeper to transfer the external information will
depend on the relevant knowledge and expertise (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). In addition, to
Organizational and IT Capacities, Knowledge Capacity is also an important fundamental of the
knowledgization concept.
Knowledge Capacity
Knowledge capacity includes dynamics that are fundamental for a knowledge organization.
Absorptive Capacity, Ba, Human Resource Management (HRM), Knowledge Management (KM)
Process, Research & Development (R&D) and Tacit Knowledge Capacity (TKC) will be examined in
this section. Knowledge production and diffusion is crucial to gain long-term economic growth (Barro,
1991 as cited in OECD, 2001). Stable knowledge is not effective; knowledge and skills of the
individuals must be used in order to enable contribution of knowledge as a means of economic
growth (OECD, 2001). Therefore, administration is another important factor of the knowledgization
concept. Administration is important as knowledge itself will not provide competitive advantage
unless it is managed effectively (Mellor et al., 2009).
In addition to knowledge management process, Absorptive Capacity is also an important
factor that stimulates the explosion of relevant knowledge within an organization (Cohen & Levinthal,
. Clearly, the absorptive capacity of organizations varies substantially and this, in turn, affects
their ability to produce innovations (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990, p.129). Cohen and Levinthal (1990)
further stated that absorptive capacity is related with prior knowledge in an organization. The
recognition, assimilation and application of new and external information are also crucial factors for
facilitating innovation capabilities of businesses (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). Knowledge management,
knowledge transfer, and innovation are the major research themes connected to absorptive capacity,
together with other closely aligned concepts such as knowledge transfer and sharing, and knowledge
creation and learning Mariano & Walter 2015, p. 375).
These statements highlight the importance of the absorptive capacity. In addition there is a
deficiency in the development and application of absorptive capacity in knowledge management
(KM) and intellectual capital concepts (Wang & Han, 2011; Mariano & Walter, 2015). For that reason,
an organization s absorptive capacity should also be assessed to evaluate its knowledgization
potential, as absorptive capacity will boost both innovation and KM (Mariano & Walter, 2015). In
addition to absorptive capacity, Tacit Knowledge Capacity (TKC) assesses tacit knowledge
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accumulation and tacit knowledge transfer within an organization (Kaya & Sağsan, 2015). It is difficult
to measure the impact of knowledge activities (Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe,
, as the tacit
knowledge concept is very difficult to explain as well the fact that it takes place at the abstract level of
the mind Kaya & Sağsan, 2015, p. 8). The extent of knowledge which will be created is important;
however, more actions need to be taken in order make the knowledge accessible and accumulated
(Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008), which make Absorptive and TKC crucial for improving the
Knowledge Capacity of organizations.
Knowledge transfer is not an easy process as it requires time and space and related to this, the
term 'Ba' has been defined as the medium of tacit knowledge transfer (Nonaka, Toyama, & Konno,
. ”a is an important concept for knowledge management. “ knowledge cities model, in the
absence of ”a, will be of a little value to its citizens ”aqir & Kathawala,
, p. 84). Specialized
knowledge will determine the importance of R&D. R&D is crucial for specialized areas when
assimilation of external knowledge is easy and does not require expertise (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990).
While the importance of R&D is indicated, North Cyprus do not have high R&D spending as
mentioned above. The higher the degree of complex knowledge, the better the management
innovation performance (Wang & Han, 2011, p. 814). This indicates that institutions need to improve
their knowledge pools, especially tacit knowledge capacity as tacit knowledge is the complex form of
knowledge (Nonaka et al., 2000). Accessing external knowledge is important; however, absorptive
capacity is decisive as to what extent the tacit knowledge will be absorbed. Therefore, absorptive
capacity should be increased as the availability of external knowledge increases, as stated above
(Wang & Han, 2011).
The development of human capital is also an important factor for increasing knowledge
capacity. Van Winden, ”erg, & Pol,
. “ knowledge city is based on the availability and skill
level of its human capital Ergazakis, Metaxiotis, Psarras, & Askounis,
, p.
. Educational
institutions influence talent generation within a KC Yigitcanlar, O Connor, & Westerman, 2008, p.
65). Human capital is important which is supported by the absorptive capacities of employees.
Individual absorptive capacities will form the organization s overall absorptive capacity, thus
technical training for employees will improve the absorptive capacity of organizations as a whole
(Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). Furthermore, strategies must be set in order to enable investment for the
development of human capital (Ergazakis et al., 2006). Learning capabilities involve the development
of the capacity to assimilate existing knowledge, while problem-solving skills represent a capacity to
create new knowledge Cohen & Levinthal,
, p. 130). This statement indicates that the
capabilities may be different; however, knowledge management is critical as some skills will be used
for the assimilation of external knowledge and some will be used for innovation.
In addition to the development of human capital, the development of knowledge-based
industries is also important as indicated by Van Winden et al. (2007). Martinez-Fernandez and Sharpe
(2008) stated that universities are increasingly recognized as KHs where they are showing a significant
influence on the intellectual vitality of the city where they are located. Providing effective
environments for information exchange and networking will encourage the development of
knowledge-based industries. Knowledge is important and it needs to be absorbed by the organization.
Therefore, gatekeepers are important for the absorptive capacity of businesses and they can monitor
the external environment in order to assimilate current trends throughout the organization.
Circulation of the assimilated information is also important and the internal communication of subunits within the organization is important for the explosion of knowledge. Effective tracking,
explosion and assimilation will result in cumulative learning (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990), leading to
continuous innovation. Hence, the knowledgization concept will assess the gatekeepers of the
organizations, their frequency of monitoring as well as actions they perform in order to enable smooth
explosion and assimilation of the knowledge by employees. Gatekeepers will increase the amount of
knowledge absorbed by the organization therefore chance of innovation. Innovative ways of urban
planning are required in response to global competition and knowledge driven economies (Yigitcanlar
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& Bulu, 2015). The development and progress of the Knowledge City strategy is dependent on the
local government, mainly the municipalities. Therefore further strategies must be established and
cooperation between universities and local government should be increased (Franz, 2008).
Towards a conceptual model: knowledgization
From the literature analysis, it was found that indicators of the knowledgization concept can
be summarized under the title of Organizational Capacity, which includes: diversity; vision; tolerance
for failure; sharing a common language and transparency (Yigitcanlar, Velibeyoglu, & MartinezFernandez, 2008; Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2015); IT Capacity, which is formed up from e-Platform,
Infrastructure and Social media; Knowledge Capacity, which includes the KM process (MartinezFernandez & Sharpe, 2008; Mellor et al., 2009); Human Capital of the organization (Van Winden et al.,
2007); Ba (Nonaka et al., 2000); Research & Development; Absorptive Capacity (Cohen & Levinthal,
1990); and the Tacit Knowledge Capacity TKC Kaya & Sağsan,
.
The Knowledge City (KC) concept is perceived to be a viable, sustainable and vibrant method
of urban development Yigitcanlar & Velibeyoglu,
. The KC concept embarks on a strategic
mission to firmly encourage and nurture locally focused innovation, science and creativity within the
context of an expanding knowledge economy and society Yigitcanlar, O Connor, & Westerman,
, p.
. The concept of knowledgization can be a road map for KCs formed up from
Organizational Capacity, Information Technology (IT) Capacity and Knowledge Capacity. The
knowledgization concept includes absorptive capacity, which is a key aspect of the learning and
innovation of the firms conducted by Cohen and Levinthal
”a , which is the place and time for
the knowledge transfer (Nonaka et al., 2000); assessment and evaluation of the relevant knowledge
(generation, transmission and transfer of the relevant knowledge) as mentioned by MartinezFernandez and Sharpe (2008).
The knowledgization concept aims to improve urban development, where three intellectual
measures (generation, transmission and transfer) are used for the relevant knowledge. Relevant
knowledge is the knowledge that improves a particular area of industry and therefore has significant
importance (Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008). Coalescence of relevant knowledge with other
indications of the knowledgization concept such as absorptive capacity, human capital, diversity,
transparency and vision can be a key indicator to improve a universities knowledge generation
potential, which will have a direct impact on the potential of the city if the knowledge management
process is effective. Innovative methods need to be used by universities in order to transfer
knowledge and to enable efficient accumulation by the community, private and public institutions
(Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008). Applying the knowledgization model will be a strategic
advantage for institutions and it will be a milestone for becoming a Knowledge City as only cities
with knowledge-producing scientific institutions (universities, research institutes) will have a chance
to evolve into a knowledge city (Franz, 2008, p. 105). The knowledgization concept will assess the
current structure, and prepares the institutions to become a KC, which is a fundamental aspect of
knowledge economies (Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2015).
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Method
Research Design
This is a case study that aims to analyze the knowledgization potential of Higher Education
Institutions in Nicosia. The city has been selected as a case study for two reasons. Firstly, this study
can be used as benchmark as Nicosia is the only divided capital in the world. Therefore, having a
study in North Nicosia will enable to carry out research in South in upcoming researches. In addition,
successful implementation of the model in this city will result to use the same model in other cities so
waterfall expansion can be made. The knowledgization concept has the dependent variable of
Knowledge Capacity and has independent variables of Information Technology and Organizational
Capacity as demonstrated by Figure 1.
Research Question
What is the current capacity of the Near East University to apply knowledgization concept?
Research Aims
To examine the fundamentals of the knowledgization concept
To propose a guideline for the knowledgization concept.
Participants
No matter how effective the transfer of knowledge is, it may not be accumulated if the
absorptive capacity of the organization is not developed (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). In the same
manner, the transfer of knowledge to reach the knowledgization concept may not be effective if it is
perceived differently among students, lecturers and the administration. A clear vision needs to be
established and understood in the same manner by all stakeholders. For that reason, a
knowledgization questionnaire was completed by three different groups (students, lecturers and the
administration) from the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and the Faculty of
Architecture at Near East University, in order to analyze the current situation from a wider
perspective.
It has been outlined that the profile of executives has shifted from specialist education to
general education, mainly within the fields of business and management (Thomson Reuters, 2015). For
that reason, the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences was selected as this faculty focuses
on managerial education. Primary research was also conducted at the Faculty of Architecture, as
members of this faculty will be fundamental for the design of future knowledge cities. A total of 42
university lecturers and 434 university students participated in the research. 54% of them were male
whereas 46% of them were female. The age range was 25- 60 years for university lecturers and 18-40
for students.
Data Analysis
Primary Research was conducted on the participants, who were 42 university lecturers and
434 university students. Participants voluntarily participated in the research during fall academic term
(September to November 2015). 1 to 5 Likert scale was used for the questionnaire which included 58
positive statements where the participants responded by selecting the most relevant answer for them
(Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree and Strongly Agree). The collected responses were coded
and calculated by using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 program. Reliability and validity: Cronbach's Alpha
value was 0.938.
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Results
1. Formulas for Regression Models
Absorptive Capacity= 1.429 + 0.232*Infrastructure + 0.221*E-Platform
Absorptive Capacity= 0.573 + 0.136*Diversity + 0.150*Tolerance for Failure +
0.255*Transparency
Ba= 1.224 + 0.286*E-Platform + 0.246*Infrastructure + 0.164*Social Media
Ba= 1.140 + 0.234*Tolerance for Failure + 0.289*Transparency + 0.156*Vision
HRM= 0.949 + 0.129*Diversity + 0.300*Transparency + 0.133*Vision
HRM= 1.421+ 0.253*E-Platform + 0.241*Infrastructure
KM Process= 1.722 + 0.241*E-Platform + 0.176*Infrastructure
KM Process= 1.402+ 0.113*Diversity+ 0.216*Tolerance for Failure+ 0.178*Transparency
R & D= 0.947+ 0.126*Sharing a common language+ 0.238*Tolerance for Failure+
0.195*Transparency
R & D= 1.340 + 0.223 *E-Platform + 0.176 * Infrastructure + 0.112 * Social Media
TKC= 1.454 + 0.267 * E-Platform + 0.191 * Infrastructure
TKC= 0.838 + 0.101 * Diversity + 0.212 * Tolerance for Failure + 0.250 * Transparency + 0.141 *
Vision
2. Regression Models
According to the correlations of the primary data findings the following regression models
had been designed. All models are significant by the multiple linear regression model at the level of p
<0.01;
Table 1. Representing Regression Models for the Absorptive Capacity
Dependent
Variable
Independent
Variables
Model 1.
Absorptive
Capacity
IT Capacity
.000b
(Infrastructure, EPlatform, Social
Media)
.213
Model 2.
Absorptive
Capacity
Organizational
.000b
Capacity
(Diversity, Sharing
a common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
.310
Multiple Linear Adjusted
Coefficients
Regression
R Square
Standardized
Coefficients (Beta)
Infrastructure (.000) .282
E-Platform (.000)
.236
Transparency (.000) .265
Diversity (.002)
.140
Tolerance for
Failure (.003)
.139
Sharing a common .131
language (.003)
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Model 1
The effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (Absorptive Capacity) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform,
Infrastructure and Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.282 and E-Platform will be
affected by 0.236 when the Absorptive Capacity is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 2
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (Absorptive Capacity) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity
(Diversity, Sharing a common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Diversity will be
affected by 0.140, Tolerance for Failure will be affected by 0.139 and Transparency will be affected by
0.265 when the Absorptive Capacity is upgraded by 1 unit.
Table 2. Representing Regression Models for the Ba
Dependent Independent
Multiple Linear Adjusted
Variable
Variables
Regression
R Square
b
Model 3. Ba IT Capacity
.000
.317
(Infrastructure,
E-Platform,
Social Media)
Model 4. Ba
Organizational
Capacity
(Diversity,
Sharing a
common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
.000b
.285
Coefficients
Infrastructure (.000)
Standardized
Coefficients (Beta)
.276
E-Platform (.000)
.283
Social Media (.001)
.145
Tolerance for
failure (.000)
.201
Transparency (.000)
.277
Vision (.012)
.123
Model 3
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (Ba) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform, Infrastructure and
Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.276, E-Platform will be affected by 0.283 and Social
Media will be affected by 0.145 when the Ba is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 4
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (Ba) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity (Diversity, Sharing a
common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Tolerance for Failure will be affected
by 0.201, Transparency will be affected by 0.277 and Vision will be affected by 0.123 when the Ba is
upgraded by 1 unit.
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Table 3. Representing Regression Models for HRM
Dependent Independent
Multiple Linear Adjusted
Variable
Variables
Regression
R Square
Model 5.
IT Capacity
.000b
.304
HRM
(Infrastructure,
E-Platform,
Social Media)
Model 6.
Organizational
.000b
.337
HRM
Capacity(Diversity,
Sharing a common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients (Beta)
Infrastructure (.000) .313
E-Platform (.000)
.291
Diversity (.001)
.142
Transparency (.000) .334
Vision (.010)
.122
Model 5
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (HRM) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform, Infrastructure and
Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.313 and E-Platform will be affected by 0.291 when
the HRM is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 6
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (HRM) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity (Diversity, Sharing
a common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Diversity will be affected by 0.142,
Transparency will be affected by 0.334 and Vision will be affected by 0.122 when the HRM is
upgraded by 1 unit.
Table 4. Representing Regression Models for the KM Process
Dependent
Variable
Model 7.
KM
Process
Model 8.
KM
Process
Independent
Variables
IT Capacity
(Infrastructure,
E-Platform,
Social Media)
Organizational
Capacity (Diversity,
Sharing a common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
Multiple Linear Adjusted Coefficients
Standardized
Regression
R Square
Coefficients (Beta)
.000b
.260
Infrastructure (.000) .250
.000b
.267
E-Platform (.000)
.300
Diversity (.003)
.136
Transparency (.000) .215
Tolerance for
failure (.000)
300
.234
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Model 7
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (KM Process) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform,
Infrastructure and Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.250 and E-Platform will be
affected by 0.300 when the KM Process is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 8
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (KM Process) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity (Diversity,
Sharing a common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Diversity will be affected by
0.136, Transparency will be affected by 0.215 and Tolerance for failure will be affected by 0.234 when
the KM Process is upgraded by 1 unit.
Table 5. Representing Regression Models for the R&D
Dependent
Variable
Model 9.
R&D
Model 10.
R&D
Independent
Variables
IT Capacity
(Infrastructure,
E-Platform,
Social Media)
Multiple Linear Adjusted Coefficients
Regression
R Square
.000b
.208
Infrastructure (.000)
Organizational
.000b
Capacity
(Diversity,
Sharing a common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
.244
Standardized
Coefficients (Beta)
.218
E-Platform (.000)
.244
Social Media (.020)
.109
Sharing a common
language (.007)
.122
Tolerance for failure .226
(.000)
Transparency (.000)
.207
Model 9
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (R&D) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform, Infrastructure and
Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.218, E-Platform will be affected by 0.244 and Social
Media will be affected by 0.109 when the R&D is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 10
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (R&D) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity (Diversity, Sharing
a common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Sharing a common language will be
affected by 0.122, Transparency will be affected by 0.207 and Tolerance for failure will be affected by
0.226 when the R&D is upgraded by 1 unit.
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Table 6. Representing Regression Models for the TKC
Dependent
Variable
Model 11.
TKC
Model 12.
TKC
Independent
Multiple Linear
Variables
Regression
IT Capacity
.000b
(Infrastructure,
E-Platform,
Social Media)
Organizational
.000b
Capacity
(Diversity,
Sharing a common
language,
Tolerance for
failure,
Transparency,
Vision)
Adjusted Coefficients
R Square
.222
Infrastructure (.000)
.291
Standardized
Coefficients (Beta)
.228
E-Platform (.000)
.282
Diversity (.024)
.103
Transparency (.000)
.255
Tolerance for failure .194
(.000)
Vision (.015)
.119
Model 11
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (TKC) and the independent variable IT Capacity (E-Platform, Infrastructure and
Social Media). Infrastructure will be affected by 0.228 and E-Platform will be affected by 0.282 when
the TKC is upgraded by 1 unit.
Model 12
The Effect of knowledgization was analyzed to see if there is a relationship between the
dependent variable (TKC) and the independent variable Organizational Capacity (Diversity, Sharing a
common language, Tolerance for failure, Transparency, Vision). Diversity will be affected by 0.103,
Transparency will be affected by 0.255, Tolerance for failure will be affected by 0.194 and Vision will
be affected by 0.119 when the TKC is upgraded by 1 unit.
Discussion and Conclusion
In the current highly competitive economic environment, knowledge cities are strategically
advantageous for the economies of countries especially which have island economy Çavuşoğlu &
Sağsan,
. The availability of universities provides huge potential for these cities. If the
transformation can be planned and implemented, a university s Knowledge Capacity can be
improved and they will be converted into Knowledge Hubs. Having a variety of Knowledge Hubs
will improve the knowledgization process, the first step of becoming a Knowledge City (KC).
Transformation of KC s will be a strategic advantage for the Cypriot economy and education system.
Applying knowledgization concept within the strategic vision for Northern Cyprus will provide
opportunities to improve educational quality as well as to meet economic expectations and foster
R&D activities, which will improve business activities. According to the regression models, it is clearly
seen that knowledge capacity of an organization has been affected by IT Capacity and Organizational
Capacity based on some parameters such as Absorptive Capacity, Ba, HRM, KM process, R&D and
TKC.
Having a common language/jargon is important as suggested in the literature, as primary
research findings indicate that sharing a common language is an effective way to increase the
Absorptive Capacity of institutions. Diversity, being tolerant for failure and transparency are also
important fundamentals of Organizational Capacity, which affects Absorptive Capacity. Components
of IT Capacity (Infrastructure and E-Platform) also have a positive impact on the absorptive capacity
of an organization. As mentioned in the literature, Ba is the place (physical/virtual/mental) and time
where knowledge is created (Nonaka et al., 2000). The management vision, their transparency and
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tolerance for failure is important to improve Ba as well as to develop Infrastructure, E-Platforms and
for the effective use of Social Media. In spite of the fact that is mentioned that social media has on
impact on TKC (Kaya & Sağsan, 2015), primary research findings did not find any relationship. On the
other hand, Infrastructure and e-Platform are important to improve TKC as well as management
vision, transparency, diversity and tolerance for failure.
Government expenditure for R&D is an effective method for the transformation of a region
into a knowledge economy (Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe,
. The North Cyprus Government s
current budget for research and improving higher education could not be found because of high
nepotism. This shows a lack of vision on the macro level and urgent action needs to be taken to
improve the current situation and to encourage R&D activities. Investing on R&D activities will be the
foundation of the knowledge economy. Furthermore, funding needs to be provided for national and
international conferences and research networks, where researchers will have the chance to present
their work as well as to gain new state-of-the art knowledge from other researchers in their field. They
will diffuse their observations and keep their transmitted knowledge active (Martinez-Fernandez &
Sharpe, 2008; Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2015). In addition, primary research findings indicate that
components of IT Capacity (Infrastructure, E-Platform and Social Media) have a positive impact on an
institution s R&D capacity. For this reason, possible considerations to improve these aspects are
advised for the universities. The findings further highlight that being transparent, sharing a common
language and having a tolerance for failure also effect R&D institutions positively.
“ Knowledge base is crucial, which comprises the universities, polytechnics and other
public and private R&D activities in the urban region (knowledge infrastructure), as well as the
educational level of the population Van Winden et al., 2007, p. 529). The Knowledge Base structure of
North Cyprus appears to be rich as there are 13 registered universities and more applications to
establish new universities are pending Y5D“K,
5). Furthermore, 87.3% of high school graduates
register for higher education (Sertoğlu et al., 2015). On the other hand, R&D activities are not
dominant, highlighted by the fact that North Cyprus ranked 104 th for R&D cooperation between
universities and the private sector. This shows that macro level policies should be developed in order
to encourage cooperation on R&D activities between universities and the private sector. The education
structure must be focused on research-based progress. As mentioned above, there are university
opening requests at the Ministry of Education. Minimum research ratios for universities must be set (1
research project per 10 students), which will trigger an increased number of R&D activities. The
Ministry of Education currently does not provide any funding for encouragement. For that reason, it
can be advised that the Ministry allocate some of its budget for R&D funding. Businesses that carry
out their own R&D activities have better absorptive capacities (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). It could
therefore be said that increasing partnerships and the number of R&D activities between universities
and the private sector will increase their absorptive capacity and therefore innovation capabilities.
“How well an urban region responds to the challenge of the knowledge economy depends on
how well actors exploit new knowledge in the form of new products or process innovations and
utilize their intangible assets, such as skills and creativity (Konstadakopulos, 2003 as cited in
Yigitcanlar & Lönnqvist
, p. 358). Statement also highlighted that collaboration between
businesses and universities needs to be encouraged, which will increase knowledge worker
availability as well as the standing of the universities in terms of R&D and will have a positive impact
on Knowledge Based Urban Development (Yigitcanlar, O Connor, & Westerman, 2008). Tax
allowances or benefits could be provided to private firms to encourage cooperation. As the
development of a domestic market for knowledge-based products is a first step for an innovation
economy to emerge (Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2015, p. 201), universities should be encouraged to develop
product innovation by increasing their R&D activities. Strategies must be set together on a macro-level
to encourage R&D activities, not only at the university where research is carried out, but also in other
universities. This can increase the amount of knowledge that will be produced and consequently its
absorption by businesses and government.
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Knowledge can either be created within a region or it can be carried by migration (Hilpert,
2006). The diversity of people, businesses and cultures in cities constitutes a fertile ground for new
ideas and innovations (Van Winden et al., 2007, p. 100). Although these statements highlight that
diversity is an important factor to increase the knowledge capacity, the statistics in Northern Cyprus
indicate that there is a lack of diversity and this can be rectified by universities. Primary research
findings also indicate that diversity has a positive effect on the Absorptive Capacity, HRM, KM
Process and TKC of organizations. ”alance and integration is important for an effective long-term
KBUD sustainability (Yigitcanlar, 2014) therefore, macro-level implementation of knowledgization
policies is essential.
Human capital is one of the important aspects of the knowledgization concept (Van Winden
et al., 2007) where diversity, transparency and vision have positive influence as well as the
Infrastructure and e-Platform of the institutions. A diverse background provides a more robust basis
for learning because it increases the prospect that incoming information will relate to what is already
known (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990, p. 131). Attaining human capital from different countries is
important as the diversity will increase ideas and opinions about a subject and also will prevent the
not-invented-here syndrome Cohen & Levinthal, 1990), which may prevent creativity. For that
reason, digital marketing of both the institutions and Nicosia (the capital) needs to be developed in
order to increase awareness of the city, which will help to attract students and researchers. In addition
to diversity, vision and transparency also have a positive impact on HRM.
The Infrastructure of the area is important for increasing Knowledge Capacity as it is found
that both E-Platforms and Infrastructure have a positive impact on all fundamental aspects of the
Knowledge Capacity variable (Absorptive Capacity, Ba, HRM, KM Process, R&D and TKC).
Therefore, it could be stated that the current structure of the university and related accommodations
needs to be improved, as well-equipped and comfortable housing could be more attractive for
students/researchers (Franz, 2008). Attracting new firms and scientific institutions (Franz, 2008, p.
107) is a policy measure to improve urban economic development. Foreign investments will be helpful
to create a more diversified workforce, improve economic transactions and improve knowledge
produced within the region. Currently, tax allowances are provided for new start-ups (education wise
and commercial). It is advised to maintain the same policy and to improve benefits while also
supporting local businesses and institutions. In addition, technological firms such as cyber parks or
techno cities can be established in Nicosia city by collaborating with the universities. Required
legislations can speed up improving IT Capacity of universities.
In order to increase the effectiveness of local industry and the development of a city, external
knowledge is required (Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008). Networking activities need to be
organized in order to provide a medium to increase knowledge transfer between universities and the
private sector. Partnership in the fields of knowledge and innovation within firms and universities
will have a significant impact on competitiveness and will improve the intellectual vitality of the
region (Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008). The KM Process is affected by Infrastructure and EPlatform as well as diversity, tolerance for failure and transparency. Networking will increase
diversity, as it will enable universities to expand their connections. Governments sometimes may not
be able to analyze the required strategies. For this reason, applying a bottom-up approach is
important with the cooperation of local decision makers, in order to satisfy the demands of the city
(Perry, 2008). Forming a city initiative would enable effective demand analysis of the city and this
initiative can coordinate the relationship and dialogue between the universities, private firms,
research institutions and local government. Being transparent and having a clear vision is important
in this case as it will also increase the Ba and HRM of the universities. As every new attempt to change
will meet some resistance due to supporters of the existing status quo and ambiguity of the future
(Balogun & Hailey, 2008). A well prepared change management and implementation plan needs to be
prepared through joint contribution of the initiative stakeholders (universities, private firms and local
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government). The aims of the initiative should also be circulated to improve public relations and
marketing activities as well as satisfy the needs of the demand analysis.
The Ministry of Education should organize an annual academic meeting where researchers
from different universities and different cities or even countries will participate according to their field
of study. New and extensive knowledge could be accumulated in these meetings where workshops
could be facilitated in order to set short- and long-term higher education strategies. Furthermore, the
requirements of the public and private sectors can be determined and actions to fulfil these
requirements can be taken. This will enable the knowledgization concept to be established within the
city and for the concept to be spread to other cities if managed effectively. In addition, the Ministry of
Education and Education Faculties should establish a relevant curriculum for effective application of
the knowledgization concept. There is a newly established union of universities. This organization
needs to lobby government institutions in order to increase the communication and partnership
(consultation, collaboration) between the government and universities. In addition, the union and
government need to set an agenda in response to demand analysis; the courses provided need to be
modified according to the skills gap. This will effectively match the knowledge workers (university
graduates) with the private firms and public institutions, as well as increase the cooperation. Higher
Education Planning, Evaluation, Accreditation and Coordination Council can have lean/adhocratic
structure and needs to be more institutionalized where education related non-governmental
organizations, union of universities representatives and independent education specialist need to be
involved in the decision making process to make the council more adhocracy.
Hubs need to be created, which will include representatives from government institutions, the
private sector and research centers. These will increase direct communication between the participants
and it will be easier to determine and transfer the required knowledge by means of consultancy or
seminars. Sharing a common language, having the same vision of the future and tolerance for failure
will improve organizational communication, absorptive capacity and therefore the knowledgization
effect. University administration should provide a common language and clearly define short- and
long-term targets, as well as the mission and vision of the country. Publications make the knowledge
explicit whereby absorption and assimilation becomes easier (Nonaka et al., 2000). The Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences currently has a scientific journal, which is published twice a
year. It would be beneficial if this journal were circulated among industry professionals and
government authorities to increase their knowledge within the field. Furthermore, the number of
journals and cooperation between the private sector and universities needs to be encouraged where
common studies can find and propose solutions and innovative methods for the sector.
In Germany, the majority of the universities are controlled by the state and state intervention
can have an impact on the efficiency of universities as well as prevent/slow down implementation of
strategies, such as becoming a knowledge city (Franz, 2008). This situation is not valid in North
Cyprus as the Ministry of Education and Higher Education Planning, Evaluation, Accreditation and
Coordination Council do have some regulations; however, there are only two state-owned universities
and the rest are privately owned. For this reason, it is expected that implementation of the
knowledgization concept will be easier and faster in privately owned universities as there would be
fewer regulations. In North Cyprus, there are schemes that support employment of local graduates
(Çalışma ve Sosyal G(venlik ”akanlığı, 2015). Therefore it is advised to maintain the current schemes.
Demand analysis also needs to be made to identify the skills gap and to set/modify the schemes
according to the required human capital.
Frequently a city s decision to practice a knowledge city strategy is linked to a re-alignment
of its local economic development policy (Franz, 2008, p. 106). Therefore, future benefits and
advantages need to be clearly presented and the knowledgization concept should be embedded in
the future development strategy for higher education and government institutions. Assimilation of the
knowledgization vision by the Higher Education Planning, Evaluation, “ccreditation and
Coordination Council will improve the spread of the knowledgization process. Therefore, policies to
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enable the implementation of knowledgization need to be developed and the infrastructure also
needs to be improved, as the concept will prepare the institutions to be the part of knowledge cities, a
fundamental aspect of knowledge economies. To conclude, it should be stated that governments and
other authorities need to set a vision for knowledgization having a well thought out, objective
driven agenda will enable them to follow the steps to achieve knowledgization .
Universities have the capacity for acquiring and applying the required knowledge for effective
revitalization of the city; however, there is no model that is currently available for this purpose
(Martinez-Fernandez & Sharpe, 2008). For this reason, a Road Map for Knowledgization (see in Table
7) has been created in order to contribute to the available literature. Educational institutions and
local/regional governments can use this road map as a framework to increase the knowledge capacity
of their cities. The proposed recommendations will improve the knowledge capacity of universities. It
will be beneficial to carry out this research in other cities and universities to enable a country-wide
assessment and evaluation. Having a guideline will be helpful to convert universities into Knowledge
Hubs via the concept of knowledgization , which will be a strategic advantage for higher education
institutions.
Table 7. Road Map for knowledgization
Improving Knowledge Capacity
Absorptive and Tacit Knowledge Capacity
Providing networking activities for private companies and public government representatives in order to
exploit new knowledge
Strategies must be set on the macro level, where the Ministry of Education and universities should provide
funding to encourage R&D activities throughout the projects.
Knowledge Management Process
Academic publications should be circulated among industry professionals and government representatives
to increase the KM process for citizens and the region where Cyber parks and techno cities will enable
improving infrastructure of the universities and the region.
Annual academic meetings should be organized for the accumulation of new and quality knowledge, to set
short and long-term goals and to meet the needs of the public and private sectors
The Ministry of Education and Education Faculties should prepare a curriculum that will enable effective
application of the Knowledgization concept
Improving IT Capacity
E-Platform
Universities should invest in mobile applications. University websites and student portals should be user friendly, have rich and up-to-date content and provide an effective medium for communication
Infrastructure
Universities should provide Wi-Fi connectivity at the most effective rate. They should invest in modern IT
infrastructure (increase the number of computer labs)
Improving Organizational Capacity
Tolerance for Failure
Universities should be more tolerant for failure. Initiatives for trying new methods should be established, in
order to encourage innovation
Regulations within institutions should be minimized to trigger innovation
Different opinions should be tolerated to increase ideas that are generated
Vision and Transparency
Information desks should be set up to enable tracking of recent trends. Policies, procedures and short/long
term strategies should be clearly set and shared during enrolment and induction week
Diversity
Cultural diversity should be improved, in both Faculties and the student body
Student Unions, societies and clubs should be opened to foster a more international environment
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