Homelessness in Sierra Leone: An Overview of Social Work
Intervention in Helping Homeless Population
Moses Abdul Fullah
Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
Suggested Citation
Abstract:
The article looks at the key causes of the rise in homelessness as well
as Social Work intervention strategies in helping homeless people in
Freetown. In many nations, homelessness has been a long-standing
social issue. How to help homeless individuals live independently is
a dilemma encountered by those who work and volunteer in
homeless shelters. The study looked at problems with homelessness
among children, teens, adults, the elderly, women, and veterans over
the previous years in this brief study. According to the findings,
family circumstances, housing, unemployment, and mental illness are
the main causes of homelessness. Initial instances of these issues result in homelessness, which in turn
makes them worse. Effective community interventions and policies are needed to prevent and reduce
homelessness, including drug rehabilitation facilities job support, and affordable housing.
Fullah, M.A. (2023). Homelessness
in Sierra Leone: An Overview of
Social Work Intervention in
Helping Homeless Population.
European Journal of Theoretical and
Applied Sciences, 1(5), 928-934.
DOI: 10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).79
Keywords: homeless, homelessness, social work, social support, night house.
Introduction
One of the most significant and pressing
contemporary problems in Sierra Leone is the
problem of effective social care and support for
the homeless. Homelessness severely impacts
individuals' happiness and emotional well-being
(Aaronson, 2000), affects children's growth,
causes cognitive impairment, and causes
physiological problems (Bassuk et al., 1997;
Mohanty and Rout, 2009). Because of these farreaching consequences, homelessness can create
long-term problems for society and Social
Welfare System in Sierra Leone. To address the
serious social problems arising from
homelessness, studying this group and the
conditions under which it exists is important.
Only through a certain series of studies can it be
determined who these people are, what their
adaptation is, and what are the prospects for
their return to society, finding housing and work.
The part of our country's population in need of
social assistance is made up of people without a
fixed place of residence.
Literature Review
Homeless people are a social group of society
who have no own housing, no company housing,
no rented housing, or housing provided by
relatives,
friends,
and
acquaintances.
Homelessness is one of the global problems of
humanity, consisting of the inability to provide
housing for a large number of inhabitants of the
planet and generated by various reasons global,
regional, and local significance, both subjective
and objective nature. Homelessness can be
chronic or situational; Homelessness can be
voluntary or forced.
Depending on the subjective reasons, the
following groups are distinguished:
homeless:
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Sierra Leone Concealed Homeless Picture
•
those who fundamentally do not want to
work (the most numerous
•
group);
•
people with mental disorders;
While crises and natural disasters like the civil
war, Ebola, and political unrest have increased
the number of homeless people, the issue of
homelessness in Sierra Leone continues to be
minimized and occasionally denied. The nation
also continues to see subpar growth rates in its
homeless population. Although official reports
indicate that a landslide in 2017 killed 1,141
people due to floods and caused 3,000 people to
be displaced, thousands of people sought refuge
at the national stadium, Sierra Leone has a poor
history of homelessness and street dwellers
(Harris, Wurie, Baingana, Sevalie, & Beynon,
2018; LeComte, 2018).
•
those for whom vagrancy is a form of
evasion
•
criminal liability;
•
who have become homeless due to
troubles in the family or at work, etc.
Homeless people are the most powerless and
unhappy part of the population. Identification
and social adaptation of this category of persons
is important in terms of improving the life of
society and preventing repeated crime of
citizens in difficult life situations. Homelessness
is a key challenge faced by social workers in their
professional lives. Irrespective of employment in
the homelessness field, the presence or absence
of safe, affordable, and appropriate housing
affects people's lives in areas that are key foci of
social work practice, policy, and research.
Homelessness has been sharply rising in
Freetown for some time (Mansaray, Huang, &
Kamara, 2018). For social service administrators,
the prevalence of homelessness in Freetown
continues to be an issue.
Homelessness in Sierra Leone
Political authorities in Sierra Leone have not
made homelessness a priority since every
resident is exposed to and benefits from the
social and cultural norms of the nation, which
emphasize neighbourly kindness and the
extended family system. irrespective of social
and economic standing (Rogers, 2016).
However, specialized shelters have been
developed remotely over time to either house
shelters for victims of domestic abuse or to offer
emergency shelter for those affected by natural
disasters (Tryggestad, 2017). In Sierra Leone, the
main reasons for homelessness are laziness or a
lack of connections to support systems,
networks, or extended family.
According to Aguiniga, D., & Bowers (2018),
social work educators must educate students by
creating evidence-based homelessness courses
that equip graduates with a practical
understanding of practice, policy, and research.
The lack of a home is only one aspect of
homelessness (Theobald et al., 2021; Tually et al.,
2008), alcohol and other drug use (Johnson &
Chamberlain, 2008; Mallett et al., 2005),
intergenerational homelessness (Flatau et al.,
2009), trauma (Robinson, 2011; Taylor &
Sharpe, 2008), domestic and family violence
(Murray & Theobald, 2014; Spinney, 2012;
Theobald et al., education and labor (Gerrard,
2015, 2017), and links with the criminal justice
and child protection systems (Baldry et al., 2002;
Mendes et al., 2011). Given that, a person's
housing situation touches on many issues that
contribute to people coming into contact with a
social worker, whether it be through service
provision,
community
work,
policy
development, or Research, establishing social
work as a fundamental component in ending
homelessness can be a spur for reassessing other
complex social problems (Henwood et al., 2015).
The national conversation has neglected to
address topics like mental health, substance
misuse, and child abuse victims. However, the
2010 mental health policy included a reference
to the requirement to make accommodations for
those with mental health issues. The necessity to
safeguard rape victims and children still presents
problems for policymakers, as they have also
failed to do (Betancourt, 2010; Shackman &
Price, 2013). Group housing is typically used to
provide shelter for victims of natural disasters.
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education, counseling, career assistance, and
social skills is known as a transitional school.
Temporary homeless shelters are designed for
short-term use during large natural disasters as
any longer-term use tends to identify users as
"vagrants" or drops a contentious phrase that
developed during that time (Gowan, 2010;
Parsell&Parsell,2012)
For instance, the National Stadium shielded
thousands of people from a landslide in 2017
and urban flooding in 2015, and other
government initiatives like the UNASIL
provided housing for some disaster victims and
the Old School provided housing for some
victims during floods in 20017.
The majority of those who were homeless and
reported between December 15, 2019, and
February 20, 2020, were unsheltered, which
means that the country has no temporary shelter
options and that the streets are considered their
principal form of residence. There are no
recorded nightly counts of the homeless in
Sierra Leone, but people on the street claim that
the number rises with the season as well as with
social, economic, and political developments.
There are fewer homeless persons on the streets
during the wet season. Contrarily, during the dry
season, there are more homeless individuals on
the city's streets. In terms of economics, when
the country has significant economic growth,
people provide. The number of homeless
persons declines as a result of employment and
the ability to pay rent, and in civic pursuits like
politics, people may decide to remain on the
streets to take part in the action (Abdullah, 2014;
Kaifala, 2016).
However, additional shelters offered resources
and services to the city's homeless population in
various African cities in South Africa,
Zimbabwe, and Malawi in the early 20th century
(Fredriksen, 2014). Except for a few cultural and
environmental elements, the causes of
homelessness are the same as they are in all other
nations. The reasons for homelessness in Sierra
Leone are discussed in the section that follows.
Causes of Homelessness in Youth and Young
Adults Homelessness affects youth and young
adults for a variety of reasons, including parental
or guardian dislocation, deliberate leaving of a
family or foster home, or association with other
homeless family members or acquaintances
(Dworsky, Napolitano, & Courtney, 2013;
Martijn & Sharp, 2006).
The causes of homelessness around the world
remain the same, with similar circumstances and
similar problems. Sierra Leone's homeless
population puts forward.
When settlers first began to live on the land in
the 1600s, the history of homelessness in the
nation predates colonial times (Kaifala, 2016).
Various forms of homelessness have appeared
throughout Sierra Leone's history as a result of
leprosy epidemics, floods, civil wars, ebola, tribal
conflicts, mudslides or political turmoil.
Unemployment as one of the main causes of
homelessness, with little awareness of the
development and economic impacts of this
population (Adhvaryu, Fenske, Khanna, &
Nishadham, 2018). Unemployment among
youth and college graduates is 50-55% when the
underemployment rate is factored into the
equation and this number rises significantly to
70% (Alemu, 2016). The Government of Sierra
Leone is a major employer with some very
competitive employment opportunities in the
private sector, business hiring remains at
minimum wage levels and the demand for skilled
labor in the private sector is limited to human
resource management and assignments (Alemu,
2016).
Since public shelters have certain negative
cultural implications and are associated with
shame and dishonor, the Sierra Leonean society,
which has strong cultural communist
characteristics and social ties, has little interest in
them (Kaifala, 2016; Berhane-Selassie, 2009).
But to guarantee the welfare of foster children,
a system of accredited schools for homeless
adolescents arose in the late 1960s and early
1970s (Fyfe, 1987; Mouser, 2009; Zeanah,
Humphreys, Fox, & Nelson, 2017). A
transitional living arrangement that offers a
framework for clinical interventions such as
Mental wellness: Mental health is the second
factor contributing to homelessness in Sierra
Leone; nevertheless, society does not completely
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Results and Discussion
grasp this issue. The first national mental health
policy was adopted in 2010, but both the public
and commercial sectors are failing to sustain the
frail mental health institutions (Efevbera &
Betancourt, 2016). As a result, homeless and
abandoned people with mental health issues are
left on the streets. Synthetic drugs' arrival like
kush and political leaders' inability to address the
effects of rising teen drug usage have worsened
the situation (Wessells, 2016)
There are a sizable number of homeless people
in Freetown, per the statistics of the study; 47%
reported being male, and 53% were female. An
approximate number of 60 reported being
between 18-30 years old, while 46 reported being
between 30-38, and only 22 showed to be over
39 years. The age of the modern homeless
person can be very different. The average age is
approaching 30 years.
Housing: The third reason why homeless people
consider themselves homeless is the lack of
affordable housing or rental apartments, the
capitals of minor African countries are still
overburdened with a concentration of
government agencies and large companies, and
there is high competition for small housing in
the cities, rental properties, making affordability
unaffordable for the unemployed and
underemployed. Youth and young adults
constitute about 30-60% of the population and
since the purchasing power of this large segment
of the population is limited, land ownership is
unaffordable as the availability of such houses
and houses is limited. Thus, driving youth and
young adults into homelessness coupled with
excess youth increases interest in decisions that
affect them and in disconnecting from known
systems.
Among the homeless in Freetown, 20% are
former prisoners, and 25% of street dwellers lost
their housing as a result of disaster. 20% of
homeless people were left without housing and
ended up on the street due to lack of family
support, 35% are as a result of substance abuse
and mental illness.
Based on the study, persons without of a certain
place of residence consider themselves victims
of circumstances, most of them do not maintain
contact with their families, feeling resentment
towards them and the entire world around them.
The main reasons for the appearance of
homeless people sometimes situations happen in
people's lives that are turning points in their
destinies and directly or indirectly lead to the fact
that the person becomes homeless. There are
primary and secondary reasons for the situation
of homelessness. The primary causes
include (why people become homeless):
Methodology
Family circumstances (30%);
Both primary and secondary reviews were
employed in the study. The secondary data came
from a desk survey that earlier researchers had
done on homelessness in Sierra Leone.
Following floods and landslides that wreaked
havoc in Sierra Leone in 2017, it examined the
hidden terrain of homelessness there. It delves
deeper into Sierra Leone's history of
homelessness. A quantitative method was used
to gather primary data. 128 homeless people (61
males and 67 females, ages 18 to 40) made up the
sample. Purposive sampling was used for this
investigation.
Unemployment (25%);
Housing (20%)
Mental illness (19%);
Personal choice (6%);
Secondary causes are circumstances making it
difficult to return to a "normal" way of life,
determined by the state in which a person
inevitably finds himself after loss of housing and
registration. Secondary causes of homelessness
are:
•
discrimination;
•
delegalization;
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•
stigmatization;
•
lack of realistic state social policy.
and Children's Affairs. The facility is owned by
the Child Protection Committee and the Family
Tracing and Reunification (FTR) Team.
Overview of Social Work Interventions to
Help Homeless People in Freetown
It plays a leading role in the welfare of children
in the area known as Western Rural. Their main
job is to support homeless or street children. But
this often includes abandoned babies, referrals
from social services, and children whose families
for some reason cannot cope with the situation.
Their focus is on ending homelessness and
helping them cope with their problems. Once
the process has begun and they are settled, they
help them along the way to reunite them in a
permanent home with their relatives and ensure
they are enrolled in school to continue their
education. On average, children live with them at
home for one school year, during which they
help them rehabilitate, adjust to school learning,
and work with their families to ensure a
successful re-entry.
To address the numerous challenges faced by the
homeless, Freetown currently has only a few
shelters providing social services to the
homeless. These are "Don Bosco", "City of
Rest", "St. John's Foundation", etc. These
institutions are not the property of the state and
can only accept small homeless people.
Don Bosco helps children, adolescents, and
young adults who live in conditions of high
vulnerability on the streets of Freetown. They
listen to their troubles and cries and address their
needs comprehensively. Don Bosco reunites
them with their families and empowers them
through education and skill development. Their
programs include a child care center for boys
living on the streets; a girls' shelter for
beneficiaries of all types of violence; a shelter
for girls living in prostitution situations and a
group home program for children who cannot
be reunited with their families.
Conclusions
In all of the above institutions, social work
strategies are aimed at improving the well-being
of homeless people and require the participation
of competent and professional social workers. It
is important to note that in some cases, social
workers require more than just counselling and
psychotherapy to fully support their clients.
Social workers have a responsibility to address
homelessness by addressing systemic barriers to
social, political, and economic structures that
can help stabilize homeless clients.
City of Rest is a mental health care provider that
addresses a range of health issues including
psychosis, substance abuse, and trauma. It
covers all age groups, with a special focus on
youth and adults. It is currently working to create
a mental health coalition body to act as a voice
for those affected by mental health and their
carers. The facility provides temporary shelter to
individuals suffering from mental illness. The
institution provides comprehensive preventive
and medical care to citizens prone to vagrancy,
begging, and alcohol abuse. Prevention of
persons admitted for temporary residence in the
institution is carried out regularly both by
employees of the institution and by professional
social workers, psychologists, and other mental
health specialists.
Clinical Social Work with Homeless People
Homelessness is a condition that occurs with a
combination of psychiatric and other related
problems, especially among people who have
been chronically homeless for years on end.
Returning to housing and assuming associated
responsibilities typically requires clinical
interventions to guide the process of adaptive
change that leads to long-term recovery and
success.
St. George's Foundation: a charity in England
and a local non-governmental organization
(NGO) in Sierra Leone, working in partnership
since 2004. It is a key local non-governmental
organization that works closely with the Ministry
of Social Welfare and the Ministry of Gender
Homeless people typically do not seek treatment
and clinical support. They strive for survival.
Day-to-day outreach to homeless people occurs
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financial goals, and case management. The
psychotherapy they provide is designed to help
clients resolve the psychiatric, social, and
behavioral problems that create barriers to their
social, emotional, and financial well-being which
are essential to helping people escape
homelessness. For mental illness, substance
abuse, domestic violence, and other issues,
clinical support must continue even after
homeless individuals and families are housed.
More often than not, social workers are the
dominant professionals in supportive housing
and other community settings.
in non-traditional settings: shelters, emergency
rooms, soup kitchens, the street, parks, and
transit terminals. Social workers use clinical skills
to establish a therapeutic relationship by creating
opportunities in community settings for
interviews and assessment of underlying
interests and concerns.
Using Each Meeting to Clinically Assess the
Client's Functioning
The social work professional should use each
meeting to assess functioning. While some
symptoms may be obvious, others are more
subtle and require the physician to be skilled in
removing and handling sensitive material.
Common problems include mental illness,
domestic violence, substance abuse, illiteracy,
interpersonal communication difficulties, and
health problems. The diagnostic formulation is
the basis for using psychotherapy and other
interventions to help people identify, work on,
and overcome barriers. Homelessness can
undermine a person's confidence. Helping
clients regain hope and interest in meeting the
challenges of a new life is often the key to
success, as the following example shows.
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