RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association between Polymorphisms in
Antioxidant Genes and Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
Cristiana Costa Pereira1,2,3☯, Cecı́lia Durães4,5☯, Rosa Coelho6, Daniela Grácio7,
Marco Silva6, Armando Peixoto6, Paula Lago8, Márcia Pereira4,5,9, Telmo Catarino4,5,
Salomé Pinho4,5, João Paulo Teixeira1,3, Guilherme Macedo6, Vito Annese10,
Fernando Magro2,6,7*
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OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Costa Pereira C, Durães C, Coelho R,
Grácio D, Silva M, Peixoto A, et al. (2017)
Association between Polymorphisms in Antioxidant
Genes and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS
ONE 12(1): e0169102. doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0169102
Editor: John Green, University Hospital Llandough,
UNITED KINGDOM
Received: October 24, 2016
Accepted: December 12, 2016
Published: January 4, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Costa Pereira et al. This is an
open access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information
files.
Funding: This work was supported by a grant from
the Portuguese Study Group for Inflammatory
Bowel Disease (GEDII) [http://www.gedii.pt/_
bolsas_e_premios_a_decorrer]. The funders had
no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the
manuscript.
1 Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Oporto, Portugal,
2 MedInUP – Centre for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal,
3 EPIUnit – Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 4 Ipatimup – Institute of
Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 5 i3S – Instituto de
Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 6 Department of
Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Oporto, Portugal, 7 Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 8 Department of
Gastroenterology, HSA – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 9 Institute for the Biomedical
Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal, 10 Emergency Department, Gastroenterology
Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.
* fm@med.up.pt
Abstract
Inflammation is the driving force in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its link to oxidative
stress and carcinogenesis has long been accepted. The antioxidant system of the intestinal
mucosa in IBD is compromised resulting in increased oxidative injury. This defective antioxidant system may be the result of genetic variants in antioxidant genes, which can represent
susceptibility factors for IBD, namely Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the antioxidant genes SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1
(rs1050450) were genotyped in a Portuguese population comprising 436 Crohn’s disease
and 367 ulcerative colitis patients, and 434 healthy controls. We found that the AA genotype
in GPX1 is associated with ulcerative colitis (OR = 1.93, adjusted P-value = 0.037). Moreover, we found nominal significant associations between SOD2 and Crohn’s disease susceptibility and disease subphenotypes but these did not withstand the correction for multiple
testing. These findings indicate a possible link between disease phenotypes and antioxidant
genes. These results suggest a potential role for antioxidant genes in IBD pathogenesis and
should be considered in future association studies.
Introduction
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
(IBD) characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa triggered by the action of
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102 January 4, 2017
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
Competing Interests: Prof. Magro has received
fees for speaking engagements from
ScheringPlough/MSD, Abbvie, Lab Vitoria, and Dr.
Falk Pharma Portugal, and fees for consultancies
and honoraria from MSD. The other authors state
no conflicts of interest concerning this paper. This
does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies
on sharing data and materials.
environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals [1]. The accepted notion is that
the two major classifications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), known as Crohn’s disease
(CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are indeed distinct entities and have different causes and discrete mechanisms of tissue inflammation and damage. UC results in inflammation and ulcerations in the mucosal lining of the colon and rectum [2–6]. Crohn’s disease differs in that it
may result in inflammation deeper within the intestinal wall (transmural) and can occur in
any parts of the digestive system (the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine,
colon and rectum). Further, CD may also involve other organs outside the GI system through
fistulization [7, 8].
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested as key molecules in mediating the tissue
injuries promoted by the inflammatory processes occurring in IBD [9, 10], and oxidative stress
has been recognized as a potential etiological factor for IBD [11]. The detrimental effects of
oxidative stress may be promoted and/or exacerbated by impairments of cellular antioxidant
systems. The activation of inflammatory cells and consequent oxidative stress are mechanisms
that have already been associated with carcinogenic processes, with 25% of all cancer cases
worldwide attributed to chronic inflammation [12]. Recent reports refer 1.9- and 2.4-fold
increased risk for CRC among CD and UC patients, respectively [13].
The antioxidant defence systems protect cells against ROS by regulating their intracellular
concentrations through the activity of a number of enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 2
(SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). These two enzymes integrate a common detoxification pathway, in which SOD2 (a tetrameric manganese-containing enzyme expressed in mitochondria) first catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
The GPX1 enzyme (a cytosolic and ubiquous selenoenzyme) catalyses the subsequent conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen [14]. Their combined action promotes the
detoxification of mitochondrial ROS and a balance is expected to exist between these two
enzymes, as a deranged activity would result in the accumulation of toxic levels of hydrogen
peroxide in the cells [15]. Genetic polymorphisms can modify the activity of these critical
enzymes and thus promote imbalances in the cellular oxidative burden. Diseases such as diabetic
nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, Behcet’s disease, and various cancers have already been associated with polymorphisms in antioxidant genes [16]. Genetic polymorphisms in SOD2 have also
been referred [17] as a potential mechanism interfering in the pharmaco-response of cells
exposed to methotrexate (MTX), an immunomodulator commonly prescribed to IBD patients,
and an interdependent mechanism of action between SOD2 and GPX1 has been suggested, indicating that these genes could also have an important role for therapeutic management.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 200 genetic risk loci
for IBD [18, 19] but only few were associated with clinical phenotype [20, 21]. Association
analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared
genetic risk across populations [19]. Moreover, several genetic polymorphisms have already
been linked to IBD etiopathogenesis and to response to therapy [22–24]. Based on the
described interactions between inflammation, ROS and oxidative damage, this study aimed to
assess the association between IBD (CD and UC) and polymorphisms in the antioxidant genes
SOD2 (rs4880, c.47T>C, Val16Ala) and GPX1 (rs1050450, c.596C>T, Pro198Leu). The association of these polymorphisms with IBD has not been studied before.
Materials and Methods
Population
The study comprised 803 IBD patients (436 CD and 367 UC) and 434 controls (Table 1). The
control group included 434 unmatched samples obtained from unrelated healthy blood donors
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Patients characteristics
Crohn’s disease
n
Total
ulcerative colitis
%
n
%
436
-
367
-
Family history of IBD (yes/no*)
37/348
9.6/90.4
16/231
6.5/93.5
Sex (male/female)
225/211
51.6/48.4
162/205
44.1/55.9
-
-
-
-
Never
189
46.2
222
63.8
Former
108
26.4
91
26.2
Current
112
27.4
35
10.1
-
-
-
-
A1 (<17 years)
56
12.8
14
3.8
A2 (17–40 years)
306
70.2
215
58.6
Smoking habits
Age at diagnosis
A3 (>40)
74
17.0
138
37.6
Location
436
-
na
-
L1* (ileal)
195
44.8
na
-
L2 (colonic)
60
13.8
na
-
L3 (ilealcolonic)
180
41.4
na
-
L4 (L14+L24+L34)** (involvement of the upper digestive tract)
47
(10.8)
na
-
Location
na
-
364
-
E1* (proctitis + rectosigmoid)
na
-
134
36.8
E2 (distal)
na
-
101
27.8
E3 (pancolitis)
na
-
129
35.4
Behaviour
431
-
na
-
B1* (nonstricturing, nonpenetrating)
187
43.4
na
-
B2 (stricturing)
90
20.9
na
-
B3 (penetrating)
154
35.7
na
-
P (B1P+B2P+B3P)** (perianal disease)
41
(9.5)
na
-
Rectal involvement (yes/no*)
99/337
22.7/77.3
228/8
96.6/3.4
Colonic involvement (yes/no*)
229/207
52.5/47.5
198/38
83.9/16.1
Abdominal surgery (yes/no*)
226/208
52.1/47.9
23/342
6.3/93.7
Extraintestinal manifestations (yes/no*)
53/383
12.2/87.8
7/230
3.0/97.0
Previous ongoing corticosteroids (yes/no*)
398/36
91.7/8.3
225/141
61.5/38.5
Steroid dependency (yes/no*)
189/243
43.8/56.3
81/206
28.2/71.8
Steroid resistance (yes/no*)
11/422
2.5/97.5
26/261
9.1/90.9
Need for immunosuppressant (yes/no*)
359/50
87.8/12.2
130/236
35.5/64.5
Response to immunosuppressant (yes*/no)
229/138
62.4/37.6
72/51
58.5/41.5
Response to biologics (yes*/no)
198/42
82.5/17.5
50/19
72.5/27.5
* Represents the reference in the case-case association studies;
** For L4 and P phenotypes the reference is absence of phenotype;
na: not applicable
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102.t001
(mean age 47.2±18.7 years; female:male ratio: 1.4:1). This group consisted of permanent residents in the catchment area of Hospital of S. João (Porto, Portugal), selected during the assembling of the EpiPorto cohort [25]. Enrollment of participants was performed under approval of
Centro Hospitalar S. João ethic committee (Comissão de Ética para a Saúde do Centro Hospitalar S. João) and included written informed consent for data and DNA usage, obtained by
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102 January 4, 2017
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
trained personnel (nurses and doctors) upon collection. The participants included did not
present any apparent infectious and/or chronic disorders.
The IBD group included 436 CD and 237 UC patients enrolled at Centro Hospitalar São
João, Porto, Portugal; these patients attended their routine IBD specialist medical appointment
and all were prospectively followed-up in a national database from Portuguese IBD group
(GEDII, https://gediibasedados.med.up.pt/). An additional 130 UC patients were enrolled at
Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Hospital de Santo António (CHP-HSA), Porto, Portugal, prospectively followed at the same hospital. The diagnosis of IBD was made according to the ECCO
(European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation) guidelines for CD [26] and UC [27] diagnosis,
and the Lennard-Jones criteria [28]. Information on patients’ characteristics was obtained,
namely smoking habits, age at diagnosis, years of follow-up, location and behaviour of disease,
extra-intestinal manifestations, rectal and colonic involvement, previous abdominal surgery,
previous corticotherapy, steroid dependency and resistance, need for immunosuppressant,
response to immunosuppressant and response to biologic therapy (Table 1). Location, behaviour and age at diagnosis, were classified according to the Montreal Classification [29]. Patients
were defined as steroid-dependent when incapable to reduce steroids below the equivalent of
prednisolone of 10mg per day within three months of starting steroids without recurrent active
disease or disease relapse within three months of stopping steroids. The steroid resistance was
considered as the presence of active disease despite of a prednisolone dose of up to 0.75mg/kg
per day over a period of four weeks [30]. Patients who had treatment with azathioprine, or
methotrexate were considered in the group of ‘need for immunosuppressant’. The ‘response to
immunosuppressant’ was defined as positive when long-term sustained improvement of the
symptoms was achieved, lasting at least one year without any further modifications in the therapeutic regime; the response was considered negative whenever no symptom improvement
was verified after three months of full dose with azathioprine or methotrexate or by decision of
the physician to add steroids or biologic therapy (anti-TNFα) or to refer for surgery. The
‘response to biologic therapy’ was defined as positive when long-term sustained improvement
of the symptoms lasting at least one year without any further modifications in the therapeutic
regimen was observed; failure of the therapeutic regimen was defined by an absence of
improvement of the symptoms of disease and by decision of the physician to add steroids, add
an immunosuppressant, switch to an alternative biologic therapy medication or to refer for
surgery. S1 Table shows the clinical characteristics defining the phenotypes tested for association (reference categories used in the association analyses are marked with an asterisk). The
Ethics Committee of both institutions—Comissão de Ética para a Saúde do Centro Hospitalar
São João, and Comissão de Ética para a Saúde do Centro Hospitalar do Porto—approved the
protocol and all patients or their legal guardians gave their written informed consent, complying with the principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki.
SNP selection and genotyping
We identified two potential functional polymorphisms involved in antioxidant pathways–
SOD2 A/G (rs4880) and GPX1 G/A (rs1050450)–whose main effects have already been
described for other conditions. These SNPs have a reported minor allele frequency of 0.1 for
the European Caucasian population (S2 Table). Patients’ and controls’ genomic DNA was isolated from blood using the QIAcube system and the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini QIAcube Kit
(Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) following the supplier’s instructions. The SNPs were genotyped on the complementary DNA strand using TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping
Assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) (S3 Table). DNA amplification and allelic discrimination were performed according to product specifications with the ABI 7500 Fast real-
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, USA). Cases and controls were randomized
during genotyping and 5% of the samples were genotyped in duplicate to assess the genotyping
error rate. Concordance of genotypes was 100%.
Statistical analysis
Genotyping results were evaluated with the SNPassoc 1.6–0 package in the statistical software
suite R. Compliance of alleles at individual loci with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was measured at the level of the control group using a χ2 test (P-value<0.05). Power calculations conducted before the study indicated there was more than 80% power to detect significant
associations of OR between 1.3 and 2.0 for both SNPs and both disease groups. Calculations
were performed using CaTS software with the following settings: SOD2 (rs4880): MAF = 0.47,
OR = 1.25–2.00, CD and UC prevalence Portugal = 0.07% [31], CD case/control = 340/330,
UC case/control = 370/330; GPX1 (rs1050450): MAF = 0.34, OR = 1.25–2.00, CD and UC
prevalence Portugal = 0.07%[31], case/control = 340/330, UC case/control = 370/330. A posthoc power analysis showed that the power to detect significant associations is 100% for both
disease groups since the ORs observed fall within the 1.5–2.0 range (or the equivalent 0.5–1.0
range).
Comparison of genotype frequencies between groups defined by status (patients vs. controls) and clinical characteristics were assessed by unconditional logistic regression (level of
significance set to P-value<0.05) using the SNPassoc library in R and SPSS 23 (IBM SPSS statistics). The models included adjustment by sex and age. The codominant and recessive models of inheritance were considered. Odds ratios (OR) with respective confidence intervals (95%
CI) were calculated for the allele (one copy or genotype) with minor frequency. The association of SNPs with CD and UC clinical characteristics was subsequently assessed using casecase analyses (S3 Table). The IBD phenotypes and reference categories are defined in Table 1.
The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing in the analysis of overall
association of SNPs with CD and UC (Table 2) and in the case-case analysis (Table 3). The correction was applied separately to each disease group.
Results
Genotypic frequencies and overall association with CD and UC
We genotyped two SNPs in antioxidant enzyme genes (SOD2 and GPX1). In the control
group, the frequencies of all SNPs did not deviate significantly from those expected under
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). Table 2 summarizes the genotype frequencies for the
SNPs rs4880 in SOD2 and rs1050450 in GPX1, and overall associations with CD and UC (OR,
95% CI and respective P-values).
Based on the two models analysed—codominant and recessive—SNP rs1050450 in GPX1
achieved nominal significant association with UC with P-values of 0.006, in the codominant,
and 0.012, for the recessive model. In the codominant model the homozygous AA showed an
OR (CI) of 1.93 (1.20–3.12) and in the recessive model an OR (CI) of 1.78 (1.13–2.80) is
observed. After correction for multiple testing (Bonferroni correction) the homozygous AA
genotype of GPX1 (rs1050450) withstood the association with UC with an adjusted P-value of
0.037. SNP rs4880 in SOD2 achieved a nominal significant association with CD in both models
analysed, codominant and recessive, with P-values of 0.013 and 0.033, respectively. The homozygous GG showed an OR (CI) of 0.57 (0.37–0.89) in the codominant model and an OR (CI)
of 0.66 (0.45–0.97) in the recessive model. These associations were lost when corrected for
multiple testing. The SNPs were also considered for analysis with CD and UC phenotypes
(genotype frequencies are reported in S4 and S5 Tables, respectively).
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
Table 2. Genotypic frequencies and overall association of genetic variants in SOD2 and GPX1 with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Locus
Model
Controls
n = 434
n = 426
n = 435
AA*
119 (27.9)
142 (32.6)
1.00
GA
198 (46.5)
214 (49.2)
0.79
(0.55–
1.13)
0.193
GG
109 (25.6)
79 (18.2)
0.57
(0.37–
0.89)
A carrier*
vs. GG
317 (74.4)/109
(25.6)
356 (81.8)/79
(18.2)
0.66
(0.45–
0.97)
n = 428
n = 430
GG*
199 (46.5)
191 (44.4)
1.00
GA
187 (43.7)
187 (43.5)
0.96
(0.69–
1.34)
0.802
AA
42 (9.8)
52 (12.1)
1.39
(0.80–
2.40)
G carrier*
vs. AA
386 (90.2)/42
(9.8)
378 (87.9)/52
(12.1)
1.39
(0.83–
1.38)
SOD2 rs4880
GPX1
rs1050450
Crohn’s disease
n = 436
OR (95%
CI)
Pvalue
P-value
adjusted
Ulcerative colitis
n = 367
OR (95%
CI)
Pvalue
P-value
adjusted
n = 367
102 (27.8)
1.00
1.00
184 (50.1)
1.07
(0.75–
1.51)
0.700
1.00
0.013
0.077
81 (22.1)
0.89
(0.59–
1.34)
0.547
1.00
0.033
0.197
286 (77.9)/81
(22.1)
0.85
(0.60–
1.20)
0.366
1.00
n = 367
146 (39.8)
1.00
1.00
164 (44.7)
1.18
(0.86–
1.61)
0.277
1.00
0.242
1.00
57 (15.5)
1.93
(1.20–
3.12)
0.006
0.037
0.210
1.00
310 (84.5)/57
(15.5)
1.78
(1.13–
2.80)
0.012
0.070
* Reference;
ORs and 95% CIs were calculated considering the codominant and recessive models, adjusted for gender and age; bold font indicates nominally significant
results; p-value cutoff = 0.0083 (after Bonferroni correction applied separately to each disease group); SNPs were genotyped on the complementary DNA
strand.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102.t002
Bonferroni correction for the genotype-phenotype case-case analyses in CD established a pvalue of 0.00063 (Table 3), and none of the associations found could remain significant. Nevertheless, nominal p-values were found significant for some phenotypes, as follows:
Genotype association with CD phenotypes
Under the recessive model (Table 3), we found significant associations between SNP rs4880 in
SOD2 and ‘rectal involvement’ [OR (CI) = 1.83 (1.03–1.98), P = 0.034], and ‘colonic involvement’ [OR(CI) 1.93 (1.15–3.22), P = 0.011]. In the codominant model (Table 3), SOD2 homozygous GG was associated with ‘rectal involvement’ [OR (CI) = 2.08 (1.09–3.96), P = 0.026].
GPX1 homozygous AA associated with ‘response to biologics’ [OR (CI) = 3.10 (1.10–8.70),
P = 0.032], and the heterozygous GA genotype was found significantly associated with ‘location (L3 vs L2)’ [OR (CI) = 2.70 (1.39–5.24), P = 0.003],
Genotype association with UC phenotypes
Within UC, under the recessive model we found significant associations between SNP rs4880 in
SOD2 and location (E2 vs E1) [OR (CI) = 0.50 (0.26–0.96), P = 0.032] (data not shown in table).
Combined genotypes and risk profiles
Joint effects of the risk genotypes observed for CD and UC phenotypes have been assessed,
however, no significant associations were found (P>0.05 for all the combinations tested; data
not shown).
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
Table 3. Association of SNPs in the antioxidant system genes SOD2 and GPX1 with Crohn’s disease clinical characteristics.
Locus
Ilealcolonic (L3)**
SNP / Model
SOD2 rs4880
OR
P-value
OR
P-value
Colonic involvement
OR
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
AA
1.00
1.00
1.00
GA
0.82
0.577
(0.41–1.65)
GG
0.71
A carrier* vs. GG
0.80
1.23
0.457
(0.72–2.10)
0.422
(0.31–1.63)
GPX1rs1050450
Rectal involvement
2.08
0.026
1.83
1.74
1.93
(0.40–1.63)
(1.06–3.16)
(1.15–3.22)
GG*
1.00
1.00
1.00
GA
2.70
0.003
1.81
0.250
(0.66–4.95)
G carrier* vs. AA
1.17
0.965
(0.62–1.63)
(1.39–5.24)
AA
1.01
0.61
0.093
0.750
0.60
(0.27–1.34)
0.62
0.059
0.66
1.48
0.347
1.08
0.890
(0.37–3.10)
0.011
0.83
0.682
(0.34–2.03)
1.00
0.132
1.57
0.26
(0.72–3.43)
0.475
(0.33–1.16)
0.196
P-value
(0.65–3.35)
(0.57–1.30)
(0.26–1.40)
(0.44–3.10)
0.86
OR
1.00
0.442
(0.98–3.10)
0.034
Responds to biologics
(95% CI)
(0.55–1.30)
(1.09–3.96)
0.546
0.84
P-value
3.10
0.032
(1.10–8.70)
0.175
(0.37–1.20)
2.42
0.071
(0.96–6.10)
* Reference; phenotype reference categories were defined as in Table 1;
** Reference category is “colonic” location;
ORs and 95% CIs were calculated considering the recessive and codominant models, adjusted for gender and age;
Bold font indicates nominally significant results;
P-value cutoff = 0.00063 (after Bonferroni correction applied to 80 tests performed in the case-case analysis in the CD group);
SNPs were genotyped on the complementary DNA strand.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102.t003
Discussion
The characterization of susceptibility genes in IBD is expected to bring benefit for the identification of primary pathogenic pathways, and possible environmental drivers, as well as new
therapeutic targets. To clarify whether polymorphisms in antioxidant enzyme genes were associated with IBD (CD and UC) we conducted case-control and case-case studies for two SNPs
in antioxidant genes (SOD2 Val16Ala and GPX1 Pro198Leu). To our best knowledge, this is
the first study investigating the association between these genetic variants and IBD pathogenesis. Among the already published GWAS studies in IBD the only reference found related to
these two genes is for GPX1 that has been suggested [32] to be in linkage disequilibrium
with macrophage stimulating protein-1 (MST1); the authors propose that SNP rs1050450
(c.596C>T) in GPX1 is the pathophysiologic link between IBD12 locus and IBD, rather than
the macrophage stimulating protein-1 (MST1), as previously described.
In our study the allele A in GPX1 (rs1050450) significantly associated with UC in the recessive model with an ORs of 1.93, and an adjusted P-value of 0.037. Antioxidant enzymes maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a selenoenzyme that
catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and other organic peroxides, into
water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). GPX1 is cytosolic and produced in all tissues. The SNP
rs1050450 (or GPX1 Pro198Leu) has been studied extensively in human disease and has
already been linked to cancer risk [33], and oxidative stress related diseases [34]. The Leu198
variant results in a 10% reduced enzyme activity compared with the Pro198 variant [35], interfering with the overall capacity to respond to oxidative damage [34]. Individuals with reduced
GPX1 activity exhibit an increased incidence of oxidative stress-related diseases such as breast,
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
colon, prostate, bladder and lung cancers, coronary artery disease, and also, low bone mineral
density [36] and osteoarthropathy [37].
Studies using genetically altered mice with reduced GPX1 activity have shown a link to
chronic and acute gastrointestinal inflammation [38]. In this study, we found that the variant
with lower activity GPX1 198Leu associates with UC (OR 1.93, P = 0.006). In the CD group, a
3.1-fold increased odds for ‘responding to biologics’ was found for carriers of the homozygous
variant Leu198Leu (P = 0.03). These findings along with the recent observation that SNP
rs1050450 in GPX1 is the pathophysiological link for IBD locus 12 [32], suggest that this gene
is a good candidate as a biomarker for disease and treatment management purposes.
The SOD2 enzyme, also known as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is one of
the major antioxidant defence systems against mitochondrial superoxide radicals [39] and
is one of the first in a chain of enzymes to mediate the ROS generated by the partial reduction of O2 to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The MnSOD expression has been suggested as a
potential biomarker in UC for predicting disease activity and severity [40]. While the
valine-containing SOD2 (rs4880) is partially arrested in the inner mitochondrial membrane,
the alanine-containing SOD2 (rs4880) is actively targeted to the mitochondrial matrix
resulting in a 30–40% increase in SOD2 activity for the Ala16Ala variant, due to more efficient transport of the protein into the mitochondrial matrix [41] and to a 4-fold higher and
stable mRNA expression [42]. Crawford et al. (2012) [16] reviewed 79 studies addressing a
potential link between the SOD2 Val16Ala genotype and various diseases or disorders, and
almost half of those studies reported relationships with various types of cancers, e.g. gastric,
lung, prostate, bladder and breast, to diabetes type I, nephropathy, chronic kidney disease,
and to chemotherapy responses. The Ala16Ala genotype is generally associated with a protective effect, yet important differences are described in the literature, which indicates a
complex role for the presence of risk allele C. Also, it has been suggested that SOD2 16Val
variant is associated with an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [43], and
that its expression can be modulated through NF-kB binding to the promoter region of the
gene [44].
In this study, although significances were lost after correction for multiple testing, nominal significant associations suggest a potential protective role regarding CD. Also, SOD2
Ala16Ala variant in the CD group presented a 2.08-fold risk for rectal involvement
(P = 0.026), and in the recessive model, it also presented 1.93 odds for colonic involvement,
These findings might indicate that although this variant is uncommon among CD patients,
when present it confers some susceptibility for rectal and colonic involvement. We suggest
that overall, this gene might be implicated in disease location, and the fact that the proinflammatory prone variant (16Val) is more common among CD, the variant 16Ala is associated with colonic involvement in CD. Also, the referred putative effects of SOD2 in inflammatory pathways, together with the fact that SOD2 expression can be induced by dietary
intake of antioxidants [45], indicate a potential therapeutic targeting for this gene as well as
for dietary intervention benefits.
Conclusion
This aim of this study was to explore possible associations between IBD pathogenesis (CD
and UC) and gene polymorphisms implicated in other oxidative stress conditions, taking
into account several clinical characteristics. We found a significant association between the
variant GPX1 (rs1050450) and UC. This association needs to be tested in an independent
cohort to validate these findings. Genetic association studies support the idea that disease
location is genetically determined and many important loci that could explain disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169102 January 4, 2017
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
heterogeneity are still undetermined [20]. Also, the work of Hauser et al. [32] recently published suggesting a pathophysiological role for GPX1 (rs1050450) is as well suggested with
our findings. Overall, our results point out to a potential role of antioxidant genes in IBD
pathogenesis.
Supporting Information
S1 File. Dataset.
(XLSX)
S1 Table. Phenotype categories and number of tests performed for Crohn’s disease and
ulcerative colitis case-case analysis (according to the clinical characteristics described in
Table 1).
(PDF)
S2 Table. Characteristics of the SNPs genotyped.
(PDF)
S3 Table. TaqMan SNP genotyping assay details.
(PDF)
S4 Table. Summary of genotypic frequencies of SNPs in, SOD2, and GPX1 [n (%)] in the
Crohn’s disease group. Cases subdivided according to location, rectal involvement, colonic
involvement and response to biologics.
(PDF)
S5 Table. Summary of genotypic frequencies of SNPs in, SOD2, and GPX1 [n (%)] in the
ulcerative colitis group. Cases subdivided according to ‘location.
(PDF)
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: CCP FM.
Data curation: CCP CD FM.
Formal analysis: CCP CD FM.
Funding acquisition: CCP.
Investigation: CCP CD RC DG MS AP PL MP TC SP FM.
Methodology: CCP CD FM.
Project administration: FM.
Resources: RC DG MS AP PL MP TC FM.
Supervision: FM.
Validation: CD VA.
Visualization: CCP CD FM.
Writing – original draft: CCP CD.
Writing – review & editing: CCP CD SP JPT GM VA FM.
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Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and IBD
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