Original Article
Cardiovascular Effects of Local Anesthesia with Vasoconstrictor
during Dental Extraction in Coronary Patients
Valeria C. L. S. Conrado, Januário de Andrade, Gabriella A. M. C. de Angelis, Ana Carolina P. de Andrade, Lilia
Timerman, Mercedes M. Andrade, Dalmo R. Moreira, Amanda G. M. R. Sousa, J. Eduardo M. R. Sousa, Leopoldo
S. Piegas
Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia – São Paulo, SP - Brazil
Summary
Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of variables detecting myocardial ischemia during or after dental treatment under
anesthesia with vasoconstrictor (epinephrine).
Methods: $ WRWDO RI FRURQDU\ SDWLHQWV XQGHUJRLQJ GHQWDO H[WUDFWLRQ XQGHU ORFDO DQHVWKHVLD ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW
vasoconstrictor were included. They were divided into two groups (by drawing envelopes): group I (27 patients) using
DQHVWKHWLFVZLWKYDVRFRQVWULFWRUDQGJURXS,, FDVHV ZLWKRXWYDVRFRQVWULFWRUKRXU+ROWHUPRQLWRULQJ'RSSOHU
echocardiogram before and after dental intervention, and determination of biochemical markers (CK-MB mass, CK-MB
DFWLYLW\DQGWURSRQLQ7 EHIRUHDQGKRXUVDIWHUGHQWDOH[WUDFWLRQZHUHSHUIRUPHGLQDOOSDWLHQWV+HDUWUDWHDQGEORRG
pressure were also measured in the pre, post-anesthesia and post-dental extraction phases. Doppler echocardiography
assessed left ventricular segmental contractility and the occasional occurrence of mitral regurgitation. The usual
pharmaceutical treatment prescribed by the cardiologist was maintained in all cases.
Results:7KUHHSDWLHQWVLQJURXS,SUHVHQWHG67VHJPHQWGHSUHVVLRQ PP GXULQJDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIDQHVWKHVLDWZR
other patients in group I had CK-MB mass elevation, and ischemia was not observed in any other case, as assessed by
WKHRWKHUPHWKRGV1RFKHVWSDLQDUUK\WKPLDVRFFXUUHQFHRUZRUVHQLQJRIOHIWYHQWULFXODUVHJPHQWDOK\SRFRQWUDFWLOLW\
or mitral regurgitation were observed in the study.
Conclusion: 'HQWDO H[WUDFWLRQ SHUIRUPHG XQGHU DQHVWKHVLD ZLWK HSLQHSKULQH GRHV QRW LPSO\ DGGLWLRQDO
ischemic risks, as long as performed with good anesthetic technique and maintenance of the pharmacological treatment
prescribed by the cardiologist.
Key words: Vasoconstrictor agents; surgery, oral; cardiovascular diseases; coronary arteriosclerosis.
Introduction
Patients with coronary artery disease requiring certain
types of dental treatment such as dental extractions comprise
a special group because of multiple aspects. In the presence
of this condition, severe complications such as arrhythmias,
unstable angina, hypertensive crises, and even acute
myocardial infarction may occur during dental procedures1.
For these reasons, in order to perform dental treatment in
these cardiac patients, dental surgeons have to be familiar with
some medical aspects such as: drug interactions; type of heart
disease and its severity; cardiovascular repercussions of this
condition; as well as perfect knowledge on hemostasis2.
This explains why cardiovascular risks and complications
related to dental conditions as well as dental procedures
in heart diseases are multidisciplinary, involving Internal
Medicine, Cardiology, and Dentistry3.
Mailing address: Valéria Cristina Leão de Souza Conrado •
Rua Dom Armando Lombardi, 717/ 41 – 05616-011 – São Paulo, SP
E-mail: v.conrado@uol.com.br
Manuscript received November 23, 2006; revised manuscript received
November 23, 2006; accepted January 5, 2007.
Additionally, dental surgeons routinely treat cardiac patients
who, when requiring dental extraction, bring their cardiologist’s
recommendation that the treatment indicated be performed
under local anesthesia without vasoconstrictors, particularly
epinephrine and norepinephrine4. In this clinical situation,
Dentistry professionals face a predicament: if they do not
follow the medical recommendation, they will be taking the
probable risks that anesthetic solutions with vasoconstrictors
may occasionally pose to ischemic heart disease patients;
on the other hand, if this type of anesthetics is not used, the
procedure will occur with more severe hemorrhage and less
deep analgesia of shorter duration4.
On the other hand, vasoconstrictor doses used in Dentistry
are very low. According to Malamed5, the mean intramuscular
or intravenous dose of epinephrine (1:100,000 or 1:10,000
concentrations) used in the treatment of anaphylaxis or cardiac
arrest is 0.5 to 1mg, whereas an anesthetic cartridge with
epinephrine contains only 0.018mg. Therefore, at this dose,
epinephrine offers many advantages and few disadvantages, and
is only contraindicated, in Dentistry, in very specific cases6,7.
Thus, we tested the hypothesis that local anesthesia with
vasoconstrictor performed with adequate technique does not
cause deleterious clinical effects for the cardiovascular system,
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Original Article
and the primary endpoint of this study was the occurrence of
the following variables detecting myocardial ischemia during
or after dental treatment: 1) ST-T segment alterations, as
assessed by Holter monitoring; 2) left ventricular segmental
hypocontractility, as assessed by Doppler-echocardiography
and 3) elevation of biochemical markers. The secondary
endpoint was the detection of occurrence of: 1) chest pain
during the dental procedure; 2) arrhythmias, as assessed by
Holter monitoring and 3) mitral regurgitation, as assessed by
Doppler-echocardiography.
Methods
From May, 2004 to May, 2005, 54 patients diagnosed
with chronic coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary
angiography and undergoing treatment in the Coronary
Angioplasty Section of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
Cardiologia of the State of São Paulo were included in the
study. This study was approved by the Research Ethics
Committee of that Institution and written informed consent
was obtained from all patients.
Inclusion criteria were: patients of both genders with
indication for dental extraction and no restriction as to the age
range; patients with chronic coronary artery disease confirmed
by previous coronary angiography, and with stable angina on
exertion. Patients with unstable angina; acute myocardial
infarction (occurring < 3 months); imminent indication of
cardiac surgery or angioplasty; heart diseases associated with
coronary disease; heart failure; recent stroke (< 3 months);
VHYHUH K\SHUWHQVLRQ 63 PP+J DQGRU '3
mmHg) and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were excluded.
Prior to the dental intervention, an electrocardiogram
(ECG) was performed, and the patients had their blood
drawn for general biochemical tests (blood count; platelet
count; coagulation tests; BUN, creatinine, sodium,
chloride, potassium, and fasting plasma glucose levels) and
determinations of biochemical markers of myonecrosis (CKMB
activity, CKMB mass, and troponin T); a Holter monitor was
installed to obtain an ECG during the dental procedure, and
the first blood pressure reading was taken.
After the pre-dental intervention tests were obtained,
patients were referred to the Doppler-echocardiography
laboratory, where the pre-anesthetic echocardiogram for
the analysis of left ventricular measurements, left ventricular
function and mitral flow was performed.
Also in the Doppler-echocardiography laboratory, the
patients underwent local anesthesia with 2% mepivacaine
anesthetic salt combined with 1:100,000 epinephrine, or 3%
mepivacaine without vasoconstrictor, administered according
to the envelopes previously drawn.
After two-minute latency for the mepivacaine anesthetic salt,
heart rate was measured and post-anesthetic echocardiogram
was performed for the analysis of the same measurements.
The patients were then referred to the dental office for
dental extraction and second blood pressure measurement.
After suturing the extraction site, the patients were brought
to the Doppler-echocardiography laboratory again, where
another echocardiographic study was performed to obtain
the measurements previously mentioned, and the third blood
pressure measurement was taken. Twenty four hours after
dental extraction, the Holter monitor was removed and blood
was drawn again for determination of biochemical markers
of myonecrosis.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson chisquare test for qualitative variables, and the KolmogorovSmirnov test for quantitative variables to test the hypothesis
that the data followed a normal distribution and to help
choosing between parametric and non-parametric tests.
Therefore, for variables with normal distribution and when
the objective was to compare the two groups with each other,
the Student’s t test and the ANOVA analysis of variance were
used with repeated measures; for variables with non-normal
distribution and when the objective was to compare the groups
with each other, the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test and
Friedman test were used.
Results whose descriptive levels (p values) were lower than
0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data processing
was performed with the MSOffice Excel software version
2000™ for database management, and SPSS for Windows
version 10.0™ to perform statistical calculations and graphic
plotting and edition.
Results
After enrollment, all patients underwent conventional
dental extraction and were divided into two groups: group I
with 27 patients receiving local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor;
and group II, control group, also with 27 patients receiving
anesthesia without vasoconstrictor, according to envelopes
previously drawn. Clinical characteristics of these patients
are shown in Table 1.
Technical characteristics and clinical symptoms of the
patients undergoing dental extractions in the two groups of
coronary patients are shown in Table 2. The mean number
of teeth extracted was very similar: 1.67 teeth (SD=0.96) in
the group with vasoconstrictor and 1.81 teeth (SD=1.21) in
the group without vasoconstrictor. In group II, the number of
anesthetic cartridges used was greater than in group I [1.89
cartridges (SD=0.79) vs 1.56 cartridges (SD=0.87), p=0.161],
however without statistical significance.
In relation to clinical symptoms, none of the 54 patients
reported chest pain during dental extractions. However, in
relation to pain in the target site during tooth luxation, 26 out of
the 27 patients (26/27 = 96.3%) in group I had no symptoms,
whereas 9 patients (9/27 = 33.3%) in group II reported pain
during dental extractions (p=0.005). The group I patient who
presented pain had an ankylosed tooth root, which prolonged
dental extraction time thus causing pain.
No patients in both groups reported dyspnea, palpitation
or diaphoresis during dental extractions.
In relation to blood pressure, variations are shown in
Figure 1. No significant difference was observed between the
groups in the three study phases: pre, post-anesthesia, and
post-dental extraction.
Results in Table 3 show the occurrence of ST-segment
depression (1.0 mm) in three patients in whom epinephrine
Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(5) : 446-452
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Original Article
7DEOH&OLQLFDOGDWDRIWKHSDWLHQWVGLYLGHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHW\SHRIDQHVWKHWLFV*URXS, ZLWKYDVRFRQVWULFWRU
and Group II, control group (without vasoconstrictor)
Variables
Group I - with
vasoconstrictor n=27
Group II - without
vasoconstrictor n=27
p
58 (7.98)
55.3 (8.57)
0.236
Age, mean (SD) (years)
Variation (min. and max. ages)
46 a 71
43 a 73
(OGHUO\ !\HDUV
1
1
0DOHJHQGHUQ
16 (59.3)
18 (66.7)
Previous cardiovascular events
0.362
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (n/%)
13 (48.1)
14 (51.8)
Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (n/%)
5 (18.5)
7 (25.9)
Coronary insufficiency (n/%)
27 (100)
27 (100)
-
Arterial hypertension (n/%)
26 (96.3)
26 (96.3)
1.000
Clinical presentation
Diabetes mellitus (n/%)
7 (26)
9 (33.3)
0.551
14 (51.8)
9 (33.3)
0.268
Anterior descending artery (n/%)
20 (74.1)
15 (55.5)
0.154
Circumflex artery (n/%)
5 (18.5)
4 (14.8)
1.000
Right coronary artery (n/%)
5 (18.5)
10 (37)
0.129
Marginal artery (n/%)
1 (3.7)
1 (3.7)
1.000
1 (3.7)
- (-)
1.000
- (-)
2 (7.4)
0.491
Dyslipidemia (n/%)
Types of coronary intervention
Stent implantation
Balloon catheter angioplasty
Circumflex artery (n/%)
Anterior descending artery (n/%)
n - number; % - percentage; SD - standard deviation.
7DEOH7HFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGFOLQLFDOV\PSWRPVRIWKHFRURQDU\SDWLHQWVLQFRQYHQWLRQDOGHQWDOH[WUDFWLRQV
Variables
Group I (with vasoconstrictor)
n=27
Group II (without vasoconstrictor)
n=27
Conventional dental extraction
1.000
One tooth extracted (n/%)
15 (55.5)
15 (55.5)
Two teeth extracted (n/%)
8 (29.6)
7 (25.9)
Three or more teeth extracted (n/%)
4 (14.8)
5 (18.5)
1.67 (0.96)
1.81 (1.21)
Q
24 (88.9)
20 (74.1)
> 2 (n/%)
3 (11.1)
7 (25.9)
1.56 (0.87)
1.89 (0.79)
Mean and standard deviation
1DQHVWKHWLFFDUWULGJHV
Mean and standard deviation
p
0.161
Symptoms (periprocedural)
Chest pain (n/%)
- (-)
- (-)
-
1 (3.7)
9 (33.3%)
0.005
Palpitation (n/%)
- (-)
- (-)
-
Diaphoresis (n/%)
- (-)
- (-)
-
Pain at dental luxation (n/%)l
n - number; % - percentage.
Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(5) : 446-452
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Original Article
Fig. 1 - Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure variations in the three phases of dental treatment in all 54 patients of groups I and II.
7DEOH67VHJPHQWDOWHUDWLRQLQGLFDWLQJWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIP\RFDUGLDOLVFKHPLD GHSUHVVLRQ!PP GXULQJ
anesthesia or dental extraction, compared with the pre-anesthetic phase
Group I (with vasoconstrictor)
Q
Variable
Anesthesia
Q
Dental extraction
Q
Group II (without vasoconstrictor)
Q
Anesthesia
Q
Dental extraction
Q
Total
ST-segment depression
Yes
3 (12)
- (-)
- (-)
- (-)
3
No
22 (88)
25 (100)
24 (100)
24 (100)
49
25
25
24
24
Total
n - number; % - percentage.
was used, all during anesthetic injection. However, no STsegment alteration was observed when anesthetics without
vasoconstrictor were used in the two phases of the dental
treatment: anesthesia and dental extraction.
Figures 2 and 3 show intragroup variations of mean heart
rates and ejection fraction during dental treatment in the 54
coronary patients of groups I and II.
Pre and post-dental intervention levels of biochemical
markers of myonecrosis in the two groups of patients are
shown in Table 4.
Discussion
The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the
population, particularly ischemic heart diseases, shows
that dental surgeons will treat this type of patient with
increasing frequency8.
The use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors
in coronary patients remains very controversial in the
literature. In 1955, the New York Heart Association
recommended and stipulated that the maximum dose of
epinephrine should be 0.2mg in local anesthesia when used
in cardiac patients9.
This recommendation was approved by the American
Dental Association and American Heart Association
(1964) 10 , which specify that vasoconstrictors are not
contraindicated in patients with heart diseases, provided
that a safe anesthetic technique is used with a minimum
amount of anesthetics and previous aspiration, although
the use of vasoconstrictors should be avoided in high risk
cardiovascular disease patients.
Malamed11 and Bennet12 and, more recently, Budentz13
in 2000, have recommended lower doses of 0.04mg of
vasoconstrictor, which corresponds to approximately one
1:50,000 epinephrine cartridge; two 1:100,000 epinephrine
cartridges, or four 1:200,000 epinephrine cartridges in each
dental treatment session for patients with severe cardiovascular
diseases. However, these authors do not specify criteria to
categorize severe heart diseases.
In the present study, only three patients (12.0%) in group
I had mild ST-segment ischemic depression (1.0 mm), which
was observed only in the initial period of anesthetic action
Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(5) : 446-452
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Original Article
Fig. 2 - Heart rate variations in the three phases of dental treatment in all 54 patients of groups I and II.
Fig. 3 - Ejection fraction variation in the three phases of dental treatment in all 54 patients of groups I and II.
7DEOH6HUXPOHYHOVRIELRFKHPLFDOPDUNHUVRIP\RQHFURVLVGHWHUPLQHGSUHDQGSRVWGHQWDOLQWHUYHQWLRQLQWKHSDWLHQWVVWXGLHG
Group I (with vasoconstrictor)
n=27
Group II (without vasoconstrictor)
n=27
Biochemical marker
1RUPDO
Q
Abnormal
Q
1RWPHDVXUHG
Q
1RUPDO
Q
Abnormal
Q
1RWPHDVXUHG
Q
CKMB mass
18(66.7)
2(7.4)
7(25.9)
10(37.0)
- (-)
17(62.9)
CKMB activity
24(88.9)
- (-)
3(11.1)
24(88.9)
- (-)
3(11.1)
Troponin T
21(77.8)
- (-)
6(22.2)
10(37.0)
- (-)
17(62.9)
QQXPEHUSHUFHQWDJHQRUPDOUDQJH&.0%PDVV QJPO&.0%DFWLYLW\ 8OO7URSRQLQ7 QJPO
Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(5) : 446-452
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Original Article
(Table 3). In group II, no patients presented ST-segment
alterations. No significant difference was observed between
the two groups in relation to this ST-segment shift (p =
0.235).
We should point out that in the three cases with STsegment depression the simultaneous occurrence of any
other alteration considered as detectors of myocardial
ischemia (left ventricular hypocontractility and elevation of
myonecrosis markers) was not observed.
Vanderheyden et al14 from the Veterans Administration
Medical Center, Los Angeles, also conducted a study
in which they assessed the effects of dental treatment
with local anesthesia with 1:100,000 epinephrine in 20
coronary patients and did not demonstrate the occurrence
RIP\RFDUGLDOLVFKHPLD 67VHJPHQWGHSUHVVLRQPP
during the different phases of the procedure.
On the other hand, Doppler-echocardiography has
shown to be sensitive to detect myocardial ischemia using
the analysis of left ventricular segmental contractility
during physical or pharmacological stress. Depending
on the size and location of the myocardial ischemia,
some degree of mitral regurgitation may also occur under
these circumstances. As demonstrated, in this study we
included these two echocardiographic variables in the
analysis of occurrence of myocardial ischemia during
dental extractions. However, no significant alterations of
these data were observed between the groups in any of
the study phases.
Also in relation to the primary endpoints of our
investigation, we point out the determination of biochemical
markers, whose alterations may be a manifestation of
myocardial ischemia.
Three markers were analyzed: CKMB activity, CKMB mass,
and troponin T.
In this study (Table 4), only two patients of group I presented
mild CKMB mass elevation versus no cases in group II (p =
0.540). However, none of the two cases presented other
manifestations of myocardial ischemia, considering the other
data analyzed in the study.
Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures obtained
before anesthesia, during anesthesia, and after dental
extraction are shown in Figure 1. As can be observed in
this figure, the systolic blood pressure increased somewhat
DIWHU ORFDO DQHVWKHWLF DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ S LQ ERWK
groups, and decreased after dental extraction, reaching
values close to those of baseline. The diastolic blood
pressure also increased in the post-anesthetic phase when
compared to the pre-anesthetic phase (p > 0.05), and did
not suffer significant changes between study phases 2 and
3 (p > 0.05).
As for the other variables, Chernow et al’s observations15
show that heart rate drops immediately after the use
of anesthetics without vasoconstrictor, but remains
increased by two to ten beats per minute with the use of
vasoconstrictors. Another study added that if higher doses
of vasoconstrictor are used, the heart rate elevation will be
even greater16. This finding was corroborated in the present
study, in which the heart rate decreased (Figure 2) in group
I in the pre-dental extraction phase when compared with
the pre and post-anesthesia phases (67.27 vs 71.27, p <
0.001); however, the ejection fraction (Figure 3) had a
significant increase in the post-dental extraction period in
relation to the pre-anesthesia period (57.92 vs 56.72, p =
0.009). This observation is of the utmost importance since
the presence of ischemia causes a decrease in ejection
fraction, and not its elevation.
In group II, an increase in heart rate (Figure 2) was observed
when comparing the post-anesthesia with the pre-anesthesia
period (72.65 vs 67.35, p = 0.001), and a significant decrease
occurred in the post-dental extraction period (72.65 vs 67.58,
p = 0.043); no significant changes were observed in ejection
fraction (Figure 3) during the three study phases (57.35 vs
57.08 vs 57.19, p = 0.988).
The routine use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors in
dental offices requires care and careful assessment on the part
of dental surgeons, since there are absolute contraindications
to the use of vasoconstrictors, particularly in high risk cardiac
patients. On the other hand, the results of this study, like
those of other studies in the literature, do not systematically
show the presence of myocardial ischemia in the assessments
during dental extractions, thus corroborating that the benefit
of the use of these anesthetics is greater than the risk of some
cardiac complication.
Therefore, contact between the dental surgeon and the
patient’s cardiologist is suggested for a perfect knowledge of
the patient’s heart disease and medications used to ensure
that the patient is controlled from a cardiac point of view, and
can be allowed to undergo dental treatment.
We should also point out the importance of pre-procedural
blood pressure measurement; of measures to reduce patient’s
stress during dental extractions; and of monitoring laboratory
tests to detect any clinical alteration.
As a limitation of the present study we point out that the
observations of this investigation refer to a selected group of
patients with chronic coronary diseases of moderate clinical
and anatomical complexity. Therefore, they should not be
extrapolated to high risk coronary disease patients, such as
those with unstable angina or complex arrhythmias; those with
three-vessel coronary artery disease, and those with severe left
ventricular dysfunction.
In conclusion, dental extractions performed under the
use of anesthesia with 1:100,000 epinephrine do not imply
additional ischemic risks, provided that they are performed
with good anesthetic technique and maintenance of the
pharmacological treatment prescribed by the cardiologist.
Potential Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article
was reported.
Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(5) : 446-452
Conrado et al
Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor
Original Article
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