Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
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Data in Brief
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dib
Data Article
‘Moko’ drums and gongs, ritual musical
instruments and local currency from Alor
Island, Southeast Indonesia: A comprehensive
and verified lexical data set
Shiyue Wu∗, Francesco Perono Cacciafoco∗
Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Department of Applied
Linguistics (LNG), 8 Chongwen Road, Suzhou (Jiangsu), 215123, China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 4 December 2023
Revised 20 February 2024
Accepted 18 March 2024
Available online 21 March 2024
Dataset link: Name List of ‘Moko’ Drums in
Abui, Sawila, and Kula (Original data)
Keywords:
‘Moko’ kettle-drums
Alor-Pantar Archipelago
Papuan Indigenous Cultures
Abui, Sawila, and Kula
Language Documentation
∗
a b s t r a c t
This paper provides comprehensive and systematized lists
of names of ‘moko’ drums from Alor Island, in Southeast
Indonesia. ‘Moko’ drums are unique cultural objects from
the Alor-Pantar Archipelago and, besides their ancient function of ritual instruments used mainly for religious purposes
and in public events by the indigenous peoples of the islands, they represented and still are considered a very valuable local ‘currency’ for trade and for specific social interactions rooted in aboriginal culture, like bride price negotiations. Despite the fact that they are extremely popular and
widespread among Papuan peoples in Alor and Pantar, the
origins of these drums are still relatively obscure. The native
speakers, indeed, cannot explain the name ‘moko’ in itself,
at the etymological and semantic level, and, despite the fact
that they agree upon non-local origins of the instruments,
they do not know where the instruments themselves were
produced and from where they came to the islands. Our paper provides the readers with comprehensive lists that systematically collect the names of the drums, with the related
glosses and basic additional information, from three representative Papuan languages of Alor Island, namely Abui, Sawila, and Kula. Configured as potentially indispensable tools
to develop further research, these lists enhance our knowl-
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: Shiyue.Wu21@student.xjtlu.edu.cn (S. Wu), Francesco.Perono@xjtlu.edu.cn (F. Perono Cacciafoco).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110354
2352-3409/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
edge and understanding of the culture of the ‘moko’ drums
in the Alor-Pantar Archipelago, at the linguistic (etymology of
the names), anthropological (social value of the drums), and
archeological (typology and provenance of the instruments)
levels. This cataloguing operation is also part of the effort
of documentation of the languages and cultures, still scarcely
documented and definitely endangered, of the native peoples
of the Alor-Pantar Archipelago.
© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Specifications Table
Subject
Specific subject area
Data format
Type of data
Data collection
Data source location
Data accessibility
Language Documentation / Field Linguistics
Documentation of specific sets of culturally relevant lexical items designating ritual drums
and gongs from indigenous undocumented and endangered languages in Southeast
Indonesia
Raw data in .xlsx format
Set of tables systematically collecting and categorizing the names of the drums and their
glosses / translations language-by-language, with a set of pictures aimed at a direct
visualization of the most relevant items in the lists
Active Language Documentation fieldwork, performed and finalized between October and
December 2023, with Abui, Sawila, and Kula native speakers and consultants in and from
Alor Island, Alor-Pantar Archipelago, Southeast Indonesia, Timor area; intensive interviews
for data collection; transcription of the results and findings; validation of collected data
with the help of the Curators of the local Museum (Kalabahi, Alor)
Alor Island, Alor-Pantar Archipelago, Southeast Indonesia, Timor area, Abui, Sawila, and
Kula territories (Central and Eastern Alor)
Our data set is uploaded on Mendeley Data.
Repository name: Name List of ‘Moko’ Drums in Abui, Sawila, and Kula
Data identification number: doi:10.17632/zwkbykdbrv.1
Direct URL to data: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/zwkbykdbrv/1
1. Value of the Data
• The data is a comprehensive list of ‘moko’ drums’ names in three representative Papuan languages from Alor Island, i.e., Abui, Sawila, and Kula, evidence of cultural continuity and contact among the different local ethnic groups;
• the data is an indispensable source for Language Documentarists, Cultural Anthropologists,
and Archeologists, to further the investigations on the origins of the ‘moko’ drums at the
linguistic level and in the contexts of social customs and religion among the local aboriginal
communities, as well as on the material culture of the peoples of Alor Island;
• being structured as systematic lists, this data can contribute to the expansion of the debate
on the location of the original places of production of the ‘moko’ drums, sometimes possibly
foreshadowed by the names of the drums themselves – this would significantly enhance our
knowledge of trade routes and cultural contexts in the related areas of Southeast Indonesia;
• the data can offer a solid foundation to build up a new attempt of etymological reconstruction for the word ‘moko’ in itself, which, despite the fact of being widespread in Southeast
Indonesia, has, apparently, no linguistic explanation;
• the lists add up, in the format of ‘first-hand’ data, to the research so far produced on ritual
and trading drums in Alor and to the documentary effort of safeguard and preservation of
the cultures and languages of the Papuan peoples of Alor Island;
S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
3
• the data will allow to apply a comparative approach to the assessment and analysis of the
drum names, which is methodologically indispensable, both at the linguistic level and at the
typological (material culture) level.
2. Background
‘Moko’ is the widespread and generalized term for bronze kettle-drums commonly findable
across the entirety of the islands of Alor and Pantar (and neighboring areas). This denomination
could have originated from Alor and/or Pantar, possibly emanating from a local lingua franca,
‘Alor Malay’, already used across the Alor-Pantar Archipelago since the 14th century, after traders
settled in the place [1]. As briefly mentioned in the abstract, these bronze drums are greatly valued by the different local ethnic groups among the Alor peoples and are essential negotiation
tools in bride price practices. Indeed, they were and are used by the native populations not only
as ritual musical instruments and symbolic objects, but also as a sort of local currency and prestigious material elements in epichoric trade [2–5]. Moreover, the drums were utilized in public
religious ceremonies (still continued in local folklore and celebratory events) and represent a
valuable and unique form of currency in bride price negotiations, being also prestigious heirlooms in and for each community [2,3,6].
A magnificent collection of ‘Moko’ drums is hosted at the local Kalabahi Museum in Alor
Regency, which provides the visitors with exhaustive lists of names in three characteristic languages from the Alor-Pantar Archipelago, i.e., Abui and Kabola, from (Central and Northern) Alor,
and Pantar, from Pantar. However, all different ethnic groups in Alor and Pantar (and surrounding areas) have their own onomastic variants, for the different drums, with specific ritual and
trading characterizations.
Our data set focuses on Abui, Sawila, and Kula, because the three contexts are very indicative
of the patterns of similarities and individual divergences in the usage and perception of these
culturally significant items by the different peoples from the area. Indeed, Abui, Sawila, and Kula
are Papuan languages spoken in the Alor-Pantar Archipelago in Southeast Indonesia, specifically
in the Central and Eastern parts of Alor Island. The names of the languages also represent the
related ethnonyms (with some variants). The three languages are related (despite Sawila and
Kula show a higher degree of divergence from Abui and relatedness to each other) and are still
partly undocumented (especially Sawila and Kula). In the last twenty years, a relevant effort
was produced, by some Language Documentation teams, to safeguard them [7–13]. In particular,
recent research on Abui culture and Toponymy [14–15] contributes to the preservation of collective memories and legends [16–17] and linguistic and social elements among local inhabitants.
However, due to the limited number of speakers still fluent in their native languages in the
archipelago and the widespread use of Bahasa Indonesia as a common language, the Alor-Pantar
languages should, unfortunately, still be considered endangered.
Many questions inherent in the drums have not been answered yet, notwithstanding a respectable amount of research on their general contexts. For example, the geographical and cultural place or places of origin of the drums themselves have not been located yet [18]. The same
name ‘moko’, which, ideally, indicates all the different typologies and categories of these instruments, has, so far, eluded the attempts to reconstruct its etymology, and its original linguistic
context (and meaning) is still obscure. The paradox, indeed, lies in the fact that the term is
commonly used, in the everyday speech, by all the Alor-Pantar speakers, but, apparently, nobody, among them, can gloss it or guess its possible origins. This, with the sometimes confused
or overlapping beliefs of the indigenous peoples, directs the reconstruction efforts towards the
postulation of a non-local provenance of the drums and the related ‘all-embracing’ word indicating them. Hence, the documentation of specific sets and sub-sets of lexical items and specialized vocabulary from these languages is essential to enhance our chances to effectively preserve
them. Our paper, therefore, provides the current panorama of studies on the three languages
with a specific tri-lingual data set which can be analyzed not only at the linguistic level, but
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S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
also inherently in the Cultural Anthropology and material culture (and Archeology) of these indigenous peoples from Alor.
At the introductory level, it is necessary to spend some words on the distinction between
‘bronzes’ (bronze drums) and ‘gongs’ in Alor’s culture. The paper, indeed, presents additional
lists of names for several categories of another percussion musical instrument widely used in
the Alor-Pantar Archipelago, the ‘gong’. The ‘gongs’ are typologically and culturally linked to the
standard bronze drums and can be assimilated to them, but, in their specificity, they are round,
flat metal discs typically played by hitting them with a mallet. They vary in sizes, ranging from
small to large. Like the drums, the gongs seem to have a non-local origin and are used for ritual
music and trade in and to Alor (and neighboring areas). Over time, they were utilized by local
peoples not only for musical performances, but also for bride price negotiations and commercial
exchanges [2], and this makes them assimilated to the bronze drums also at the functional level.
3. Data Description
The data set includes:
• the original names of the different types of ‘moko’ drums from three ethnic groups in Alor
Island, i.e., Abui, Sawila, and Kula, highly representative of the mutual diversity and consistency of the culture in the island (Abui from Central Alor and Sawila and Kula from Eastern
Alor);
• the related glosses, name-by-name, with very synthetic notes (where available) on the possible etymology and lexical interpretation;
• a subdivision and grouping of the instruments, by typological categories, based on information collected from the local native speakers and direct observation of the related material
culture;
• the different linguistic layers of the ‘naming’ of the drums in the three respective languages;
• a set of pictures reproducing a small selection of drums according to their cultural significance.
3.1. Bronze drum (‘Moko’ drum) and gong name lists
Note: ‘moko’ is the lingua franca word used by local peoples, in Alor Island, to generically
indicate the ritual and trading bronze drums. Each ethnic group employs also different (local)
words (some of them are quite ‘cryptic’, in their meaning, and ‘obscure’, in their etymology)
to refer to the same drums. In our data, the label ‘bronze drum’ is equivalent to ‘moko drum’
(Tables 1–4).
The macro-categories of ‘bronzes’ and ‘gongs’ show a multi-layered degree of distinction and
differentiation, based not only on the perceived value, size, and the material features of the
instruments, but also on their possible ‘ideal’ provenance (Jawa vs Makasar and/or Jawa and
Makasar, transcribed here by following the consultants’ spelling), according to the beliefs of the
speakers, which, almost paradoxically, derive from the existing names. The geographical ‘coordinates’ of the original lands of production of these instruments relate to the initial stages of the
history of trade between Alor and Sulawesi [19], but their locations have been lost over time,
with the memories of the local peoples. The places of origins of the drums, indeed, have not
been confirmed at the current stage of the related research yet, and the local populations are
quite confused, when asked about the possible original territories of production of the instruments. What they seem to agree upon, however, is that the drums are not crafted locally, i.e., in
the Alor-Pantar Archipelago.
In the cases where a gloss is not included in the tables our native speakers, and even the
existing cataloguing documentation, are unsure about or incomplete inherently in the possible
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S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
Table 1
Names of the ‘moko’ drums in Sawila.
Bronze Names
(categorized by value,
and from smaller to
bigger)
Gloss
Gong Names
piku
lit. ‘small’
tatabung (tata-bung)
piku makeser
jawa piku
kaluma (kalu-ma)
maruko ulmale
lit.
lit.
lit.
lit.
maruko makeser
lit. ‘rotten (ancient)-Makasar’
makasar lotarmara
(lotar-mara)
lit. ‘Makasar-rattan-exist’
tabongala
tipawaline (tipa-waline)
empolo
lonamanakalala
(lona-manakalala)
serengmanakalala
(sereng-manakalala)
manakalala
(mana-kalala)
managung
wandaulmale
wanda
makasar
jawa makasar
jawa
yaulmale (ya-ulmale)
ulmale (ul-male)
malesaso
lit. ‘wanda-one down’
lit.
lit.
lit.
lit.
lit.
lit.
‘Makasar-small’
‘Jawa-small’
‘net-inside’
‘rotten (ancient)-one down’
kung giya
Gloss
lit. ‘lay down’; ‘put down
(
lit. ‘new-drop’ (‘one down’)
lit. ‘complete gong’
lit. ‘smooth’; ‘slippery-village
gong’
lit. ‘lower-village gong’
lit. ‘village-gong’ ‘kalala’ is the dialectal form
from Eastern Alor’s coastal area
for the word ‘gung’ in Sawila
lit. ‘gong-its mother’
‘Makasar’
‘Jawa-Makasar’
‘Jawa’
‘down-lower than-higher’
‘lower than-higher’
‘higher-bronze drum’
Table 2
Names of the ‘moko’ drums in Kula.
Bronze Names
(categorized by value, and
from smaller to bigger)
Gloss
Gong Names
saso piku
lit. ‘bronze drum-small’
kingkung (king-kung)
saso makesa (lawa)
lit. ‘bronze drum-Makasar’
(‘rotten’; ‘ancient’)
lit. ‘bronze drum-Jawa’
lit. ‘bronze drum’
lit. ‘bronze
drum-Makasar-candlenut’
lit. ‘bronze
drum-stamped-moon’
lit. ‘bronze
drum-candlenut-fruit’
lit. ‘bronze
drum-candlenut-flower’
lit. ‘bronze drum-highest’
tatabung
saso jawa
saso
saso waikik
saso pilawaka
saso waikik gigis
saso waikik gilaka
saso gulmalei
kung gia
kung gipa
Gloss
lit. ‘king kung’
(
lit. ‘gong-its mother’
lit. ‘gong-its father’
meanings of the names. We have decided, therefore, rather than attempting etymological reconstructions which cannot be proven, at this stage, to leave the related ‘pigeon-holes’ empty, to
provide the scholars interested in working on these names with a consistent list without any
additional interpretation bias.
‘Bronzes’ and ‘gongs’, despite the fact that their origins look ‘obscure’ and undocumented,
are accurately differentiated, catalogued, and valued by the indigenous communities – a sort of
multi-ethnic local council, in fact, gathers periodically to establish and officialize the different
categories and levels of social prestige and rarity of every single instrument.
The onomastic and onomasiological stratification of the names and the typological classification of ‘bronzes’ and ‘gongs’ indicate their high value and cultural pervasiveness among the
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S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
Table 3
Names of the ‘moko’ drums in Abui.
Bronze Names
(categorized by value, and
from smaller to bigger)
Gloss
Gong Names
piku
lit. ‘small’
keeng-keeng
faat tafaa
lasing tafaa
hawaa taq(k)a
lit. ‘corn-drum’
lit. ‘bracelet-drum’
lit. ‘its mouth-empty’
fuoqukung (fuoqu kung)
raai
hora-hora
teeng sama (tuang sama)
lit. ‘teeng sama’
(onomatopoeia + ‘sama’)
lit. ‘middle drum’
lit. ‘pig-mouth’
lit. ‘Makasara-e-hei’
lit. ‘female youth’,
‘man-belt’
lit. ‘moon-half’
lit. ‘candlenut-flower’
tama mia
fe hawa
aimaala (ai-mala)
maneeng (ma-neeng) maak
ia kasing
fiyaai futal
manei taka
namang wea
jawa (yaawa)
yawa hawei
bileeqwea (bileeq-wea)
kolmalei (kol-malei)
itkira (it-kira)
Gloss
lit. ‘keeng-keeng’
(onomatopoeia)
lit. ‘ankle-gong’
lit. ‘eucalyptus tree’
‘hora’ is a ‘mimetic’ word,
used to express the mood
of fear when one sees the
flames of a fire
lit. ‘clothes-bloody’
lit. ‘Jawa’
lit. ‘Jawa-with ears’
lit. ‘lizard-blood’
lit. ‘women name-maleei
(‘maleei’ = name of a liana)’
lit. ‘lay down-hard’
local aboriginal societies (the identitarian value in itself is intricately and intrinsically linked to
the affective and emotional onomastic perception among local peoples, in a parallel with, mutatis mutandis, a study on the effects of social naming and renaming [20]). This appears to be
in contradiction, somehow, with the speakers’ lack of knowledge and/or memory regarding the
origins of these ritual and trading objects, whose places of production, as mentioned, have not
been confirmed nor located yet.
4. Experimental Design, Materials, and Methods
Our data collection was developed according to a classic Language Documentation method
based on fieldwork and interviews with local native speakers in Alor Island. Specifically, we
were able to rely on the constant collaboration of three indigenous consultants, Mr Benidiktus
Delpada (born in Takalelang on September the 19th , 1984 – a multilingual local linguist and
researcher and Abui native speaker who constantly cooperates with the Universitas Tribuana
Kalabahi – Tribuana University of Kalabahi, Alor), who coordinated the consultations with Mr
Pak Otniel (born in Kaipera on October the 24th , 1965 – a teacher of secondary school and Kula
native speaker) and Mr Pak Aris (born on August the 24th , 1957 – a former teacher and Sawila
native speaker). Pak Otniel lives in Kaipera, Desa Tanglapui, Kecamatan Alor – Timur, while Pak
Aris lives in Kelurahan Nusa Kenari. Both native speakers are elders, in their communities, and
master their respective indigenous languages. The three consultants double-checked and verified
the collected data with their respective communities. While our Language Documentation work
with these indigenous native speakers is conducted on a larger and exhaustive scale (involving
grammar, lexicon, oral traditions, genealogies, and place names of and from their languages), for
this specific task inherent in the ‘moko’ drums we were able also to rely on the valuable help
S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
Table 4
Some images of ‘moko’ drums from the Kula ethnic group with Abui lexical correspondences.
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S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
of Ms Ibu Yanti, a Kabola speaker from the Kalabahi Museum in Alor Regency, who provided us
with specific details and information on the instruments which appear in our list.
All interviews and research work, as well as the direct interaction with local people, have
been conducted according to the highest standards of ethics in Field Linguistics. All the consultants were provided with an exhaustive informed consent form to read and sign, and extensive
information and details on our research, methodologies, ethical implications, data storage, and
personal data treatment were explained to them before our study began, while the works were
in progress, and in the end, when the collected data was already stored and processed. Each
consultant was duly and timely compensated for the work developed, and we also proceeded
to micro-donations aimed at the local communities through our collaborators, with the goal of
language preservation.
Being the aim of this paper to provide Language Documentarists and Cultural Anthropologists
with a linguistically well-organized, but essentially ‘raw’ set of ‘first-hand’ data inherent in the
‘moko’ drums, we kept the comparative (and contrastive) analysis to a minimum and we focused
on the development and rationalization of the data set. The hope is to offer a significant source
for historical and comparative studies, while we work on the drum names in the broader context
of our research on Alor-Pantar Lexicology and Documentary Lexicography.
As mentioned, our categorization of the relevant terms and the subsequent cataloguing operation are, indeed, aimed at producing a comprehensive list in the three different Papuan languages from Alor, useful not only to enhance and develop more in-depth linguistic, anthropological, and archeological research on the drums themselves and their cultural valency and significance, but also to produce comparative studies, at the onomastic / onomasiological level and at
the level of typology – in the context of material culture –, on these unique musical instruments.
The goal is to help scholars from around the world to further our understanding of the languages and social dynamics of the indigenous Papuan peoples living in Alor Island and in the
Alor-Pantar Archipelago.
Additionally, our paper would like to be a contribution to the Language Documentation efforts aimed at preserving and safeguarding the languages spoken in Alor and the related oral
traditions and intangible heritage of the local populations, among which the ‘moko’ drums are
of considerable importance both at the level of cultural identity and in the context of social
conventions and interactions.
Limitations
Despite the fact that our data set is, to date, the most comprehensive list of ‘moko’ drum
names from Alor, a natural limitation of our research is represented by the issue that it is not
possible, due to limits of manpower and established relationships with local speakers in the
communities of the islands, to collect and document in a timely manner analogous lexical lists
from other ethnic groups in the Alor-Pantar Archipelago. We feel, therefore, that the publication of our data set can be an important starting point in this documentary, etymological, and
archeological research, aimed, as mentioned, at encouraging other scholars to complete the related lexical lists through active fieldwork in the islands. At the personal level, we are planning
to eventually extend our research on the ‘moko’ drum names to other areas in Alor (e.g., the
Kabola and Kamang territories) and in Timor. In particular, the Kabola context looks promising,
also considering the partial list of drum denominations available at the Kalabahi Museum in
Alor Regency (we did not include it in our data set, because we have not been able to verify it
with a sufficient number of local native speakers yet).
Ethics Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all speakers and consultants involved in the study (for
in-person interviews, online interviews, data collection, personal data protection and publication,
S. Wu and F. Perono Cacciafoco / Data in Brief 54 (2024) 110354
9
data management and publication in general, and individual compensation) and all ethical and
technical aspects have been represented and listed in the informed consent forms.
Data Availability
Name List of ‘Moko’ Drums in Abui, Sawila, and Kula (Original data) (Mendeley Data).
CRediT Author Statement
Shiyue Wu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing; Francesco Perono Cacciafoco: Supervision, Methodology, Data curation,
Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank very much our local consultants and native speakers from the Abui,
Kula, and Sawila communities, in particular Mr Benidiktus Delpada (Benny), Mr Pak Otniel (Otniel Mokoni), and Mr Pak Aris (Aristarkus Malaikosa). We would also like to extend our deepest
gratitude to Miss Ibu Yanti, from the Kalabahi Museum in Alor Regency.
Part of this work was developed in the context of the research grant “Place Names and
Cultural Identity: Toponyms and Their Diachronic Evolution among the Kula People from Alor
Island” - Research Development Fund (RDF) Grant, Grant Number: RDF-23-01-014 (Principal
Investigator: Dr Francesco Perono Cacciafoco), funded by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou (Jiangsu), China, 20232025 (Funding Number: RDF-23-01-014 - Research Ethics Review Panel Protocol Code: ER-LRR110 0 0102420231202160 0 01).
Declaration of Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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