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Notulae Scientia Biologicae
Not Sci Biol 2 (3) 2010, 121-127
Awareness Towards Chain of Custody Certification
in Africa: the Case of Ghana
Alhassan ATTAH1) , Florin IORAS2) , Jegatheswaran RATNASINGAM3) , Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN4)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Timber Industry Development Division, P.O. Box 738, Takoradi, Ghana; anattah@yahoo.com
Buckinghamshire New University, Centre for Conservation and Sustainability, Queen Alexandra
Road, High Wycome, HP 11 2 JZ, England; florin.ioras@bucks.ac.uk
University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Forestry, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; jegaratnasingam@yahoo.com
Transilvania University, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Sirul Beethoven 1, Brasov, Romania; abrudan@unitbv.ro
Abstract
Forest certification was introduced in the early 1990s to address concerns of deforestation and forest degradation and to promote the
maintenance of biological diversity, especially in the tropics. Initially pushed by environmental groups, it quickly evolved as a potential
instrument to promote sustainable forest management (SFM). To date about 126,000 ha of forests have been certified by the different
certification schemes in Africa, despite Africa accounting for 17% of the World’s forest cover. This has been due to the lack of awareness
on forest certification and the low standards of forest management in the tropics. The authors conducted a survey of representative
stakeholders, in particular export timber firms in Ghana to identify why Chain of Custody certification in the Ghana Timber sector
remains undeveloped. A number of 103 stakeholders were consulted. Results collated indicate that the readiness to adopt chain of
custody certification among the sector was low. The lack of a national scheme was cited as the primary reasons deterring the sector from
adopting certification.
Keywords: Ghana, chain of custody, national scheme, government support
Introduction
Africa is characterised by extremely diverse ecological
conditions, ranging from humid forests to deserts and from
mountain temperate forests to coastal mangrove swamps.
Superimposed on this ecological diversity are varying degrees of human interaction, which are shaped by political
and institutional arrangements, economic conditions, social and cultural settings. This mix of factors results in a
dynamic landscape mosaic. Forests and woodlands, which
are estimated to occupy about 650 million ha or 22% of
the land area, form an integral part of this mosaic and undergo continued changes largely owing to anthropogenic
factors (FAO, 2003).
African forests have fulfilled and continue to fulfil critical economic, environmental, social and cultural
functions. Currently, forests and forestry in Africa are
confronted by a number of problems, including a rapid decline in the forest cover, loss of biodiversity and a variety of
unsustainable use that cast uncertainty on the future flow
of goods and services from the forests. Hence, stakeholders at various levels are confronted with various questions
relating to the current and future state of forest resources
and their ability to contribute to sustainable development
(FAO, 2003). This paper is intended to clarify for Ghana
the following:
Received 29 September 2009; accepted 10 December 2009
• the slow uptake of certification and the absence of an
endorsed national standard
• the question of awareness and government leadership
as against that of the NGOs
While much has been written about certification of
the forest for sound management practices, there has been
little examination of chain of custody certification for
wood products in Africa. The authors chose Ghana as a
representative case study based on Ghana’s advance approach on illegal logging and trade of timber products (eg.
Ghana has signed in September 2008 the Voluntary Partnership Agreement with the European Union). Voluntary
partnership agreement requires timber tracking and chain
of custody is one tool. Further as the timber sector is the
third largest export sector after the cocoa sector, an evaluation of the status of chain of custody certification within
industry was necessary. Therefore this study assessed the
current opinion within the timber sector of why in Ghana
the adoption of chain of custody certification among timber industry sector is low.
Development of forest certification in Ghana
Forest Certification and its associated product certification is taking a global dimension in the light of emerging issues at the various international fora such as meet-
Attah, A. et al. / Not Sci Biol 2 (3) 2010, 121-127
122
ings of the United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED), United Nations Forum on
Forests (UNFF) and the International Tropical Timber
Organisation (ITTO). The development of the ITTO criteria and indicators had provided a basis for SFM in the
tropics/member countries of ITTO in line with its Objective 2000 (Poore, 2003). ITTO Objective 2000 encouraged member countries to attain trade in wood products
from sustainably managed forest by the year 2000. This
led to a number of policy changes and the adoption of a
number of guidelines for achieving SFM in member countries of ITTO to achieve SFM. This was in reaction to the
alienation of governments from the FSC process that was
geared towards concerns of northern consumers (Forestry
Department, 1996).
Ghana signalled its intention to develop a national forest certification scheme in 1992. National standards have
been developed and field tested and the current standard
is the Ghana Forest Management Certification Standards
and Checklist (FMCSC Version 5), published in May
2005. The Standards (FMCSC) has harmonised the Ghana Standards with the Forest Stewardship Council’s (FSC)
Principles and Criteria and the African Timber Organisation (ATO)/ITTO Principles, Criteria and Indicators
(PCI’s) for the sustainable management of African natural
tropical forests (ProForest, 2005).
For Ghana a certification scheme introduction required
major policy changes and resulted in the introduction of
the Forest Policy of 1994 and the Forestry Development
Master Plan of 1996 (Donkor, 2003). These changes were
targeted at creating a balance between resource base and
industry while curbing the over-exploitation and destruction of forest resources, poor forest management and unsustainable utilization of timber resources that characterized the forestry sector in Ghana (MLFM, 1996). Factors
that have contributed to the unsustainable use of Ghana’s
forest have included a weak and outdated concession rules,
poor enforcement of forestry regulations due to resource
gaps and commitment of forestry personnel, inefficient
forest management policies and ineffective implementation of policies and management prescriptions (MLFM,
2005).
To address these problems the government took the
lead role and organised a national stakeholder forum in
1996. The forum agreed that certification should be embraced as an important tool in forest management and
accountability and certification was perceived as a means
of gaining access to Ghana’s major markets which are environmentally sensitive. Ghana therefore viewed certification as a strategic marketing policy that would impact on
Ghana’s future trade in wood products. This initiative was
government driven with the objective of implementing a
national certification scheme. However, given the resistance to government role and the availability of resources
the process became dormant.
The re-launch of the National Working Group (NWG)
in 2002 and the support received from the FSC reactivated
the forest certification process in Ghana. However, a constraint to this development was the perception by some
stakeholders that the regional office of FSC located in
Ghana and which provided office space for the NWG was
casting doubts on the neutrality of the NWG. The lack of
support from the central government to the NWG tends
to reflect the weak political commitment of the Ghana
government in advancing certification in Ghana (Teketay,
2005). Teketay (2005) identifies poor communication and
weak structures for disseminating information in Ghana as
a constraint to promoting forest certification.
Major progress has however been made in Ghana
with the establishment of the producers group under the
Global Forest Trade Network (GFTN). Four companies
that account for about 40% of Ghana’s timber exports are
members of the producers group. The GFTN - producers group in Ghana, have received technical support from
WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature and financial support from Department for International Development
(UK) (DFID). It is evident from the companies engaged
in the GFTN that this initiative has not targeted the small
and medium-sized forestry enterprises (SMFEs) for support and engagement. This initiative has involved only
the Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in the Ghana timber
industry.
Development of forest certification has focused on the
large scale enterprises. This is a reflection of the international attention in forestry that has been given to improving the conditions for large scale forest enterprises (Sun et
al., 2003). In support of this the Ghanaian Government
has procedures to monitor log movements through the use
of a Log Measurement Conveyance Certificate (LMCC).
This certificate is required to permit log haulage from
forest to mill gate (ITTO, 2001). However, it is a paperbased manual system, which has made reconciliation between forest output and timber export very difficult to
establish in practice. While the paper-based system, with
its accompanying procedures, has increased transaction
costs to industry, the Forestry Commission has had major
problems in monitoring and holding field staff to account.
The volume of illegal logging in the formal sector and the
loss of state revenue alluded to in preceding sections result
directly from these weaknesses.
Economic implications
Ghana is yet to sell any certified timber. Various interactions with buyers and distributors indicate certified timber could obtain a premium. For Ghana the issue of market access to its major market in the EU is critical. Ghana
has experienced a decrease in its sales to this market (Attah
et al., 2009).
There is currently no policy intervention to provide incentives for certification. However, it is envisaged that in
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123
the future companies that are certified could have exemptions in procedures for export of timber. At present, all
timber exports from Ghana must obtain an export permit
from the Timber Industry Development Division of the
Forestry Commission. Since September 2006 the process
has required companies to indicate their source of raw material. If companies are certified, they will not in the future
be required to provide evidence of source of raw material.
This can reduce the processing time of exports permits for
such companies.
Compared to other African countries, Ghana exports
a lot of processed wood products, but the level of value
added processing is still low (Attah et al., 2010). Ghanaian
companies are mainly exporters of commodity products
that are price sensitive. Hence any increases in production costs lower their profitability and competitiveness.
Although no studies have as yet quantified the additional
cost of certification, it is obvious that, unless companies
pursue value added processing, the additional cost of
meeting certification requirements will be a constraint.
Companies that are embarking on certification
through the GFTN and the Kumasi Wood Cluster receive
some external support for their certification related activities. The Kumasi Wood Cluster was established in Ghana
in November 2004. A key aim of the KWC is to pool resources together to achieve forest certification. However,
these companies can run into financial difficulties when
the support ends at the end of the project period. Abeney
(2007) has indicated that the slow pace of certification is
also attributed to the lack of a sustainable source of finance
to support the work of the National Working Group on
forest certification.
Constraints to Development of forest certification in
Ghana
Despite efforts towards certification achievement
within the last decade, Ghana is yet to see its forests certified. The following are constraints to Ghana developing
and implementing a certification scheme:
• Absence of political commitment - though Ghana’s
Forest Certification scheme was driven by the government
of Ghana in its desire to respond to its international commitments and SFM is contained in its forest policy and
forestry development plan it has neither provided resources nor guidance to forest owners or industrialists in Ghana. It has also kept the ENGOs at an arms length. ENGOs
have complained of lack of a consultative process on forest
certification related issues in Ghana (FERN, 2005)
• Lack of clarity in the objectives of certification - Ghana appears to have shifted from putting in place a system
for forest certification to a legal assurance/validation of
timber system which targets improved flow of revenues to
central government treasury from timber production and
exports. This could be its reaction to purchasing policies
being introduced by the EU and the call by donor com-
munity for improved governance in the forestry sector. It
is however sending out signals that could undermine Ghana’s progress to Forest Certification.
• Land tenure - Land tenure under the current legislation (Act 124 of 1962) continues to be a core issue. In
that land in Ghana is vested in the President. Bird et al.
(2006) recognise the complexity of land and tree tenure in
Ghana and report of the difficulty in gazetting the Dede
Forest reserve. This forest was first proposed for gazetting in 1935 but was only gazetted twenty years later due
to disputes of Land tenure. Bird et al., further cite Hawthorne et al. (1995) as stating that Dede Forest reserve has
since disappeared.
• Lack of capacity in the private sector to undertake
certification - the NGO community is poorly resourced
and without donor funding are unable to play their watchdog role and hence affecting governance structures in the
forestry sector in Ghana.
• Recognition of national schemes - Difficulty in getting national schemes to be recognised by the existing
international certification schemes. Although Ghana has
itself harmonised the standards with the FSC, Programme
for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes
(PEFC), ATO/ITTO PCI’s it is yet to get its standards
endorsed by the FSC and PEFC. These external agencies
have not been engaged in the process of harmonisation.
This reflects the poor flow and exchange of information in
respect of certification in Africa (Teketay, 2005).
• Lack of clarity in the type of scheme, i.e. national versus international to be used. FSC is supporting the national
initiative in Ghana. However the NWG is yet to communicate to industry its strategy for certification in Ghana.
The research will seek to establish industry’s knowledge
about forest certification, in particular of the existence and
role of the NWG and the FSC national initiative.
• Communication - Poor communication of progress
of forest certification in Ghana. For instance Abenney,
(2007) indicate that Ghana has embarked on a stepwise
approach to forest certification. He reports that two companies, namely Samartex and Ghana Primewood have developed Action Plans while three other companies, namely
John Bitar Co. Ltd., Suhuma, and Ehwia Wood Products
Ltd. have undertaken baseline studies. However present literature does not acknowledge Ghana as adopting a
phased approach and its standards do not indicate which
elements will form the phases and how many phases are
to be undertaken in the proposed phased approach. This
is a source of confusion in respect of communication to
the market and consumers. Abreu and Simula (2004) state
that clear communications, including commitment made
by producers are important. Producers are also not aware
that Ghana is adopting a phased approach (ITTO, 2008).
This apparent lack of awareness is one of four practical
challenges facing the adoption of forest certification by
forest owners (Ozanne et al., 1997; Rickenbach, 2002).
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124
• Differences in the types of forest in Ghana - Reserved forests and Outside reserves. These have differences in management schemes. The existing land ownership structures inherited from the colonial period do not
promote tenure security, which is a requirement for forest
certification. In Ghana this poses some problem in gaining acceptance by some international schemes that require
long-term ownership by the forest owner. This has legal
implications and calls for review of existing laws. Secondly reviewing the laws could also infringe on the rights of
the forest communities who have always had communal
ownership of the land and could be a possible source of
conflict unless they are effectively engaged in the reform
process. The challenge for certification would be the ability for various certification schemes and standards to balance this requirement. The management plans are the responsibility of the Forest Service Division (FSD) of the
Ghana Forestry Commission. Certification requires that
management plans are written by the forest owners (Proforest, 2005). In a review of forest practice and certification status in Ghana, Proforest (2005) found a wide gap
between current forest management (policy, planning and
implementation) and the requirements of FSC and for
which the writing of management plans by FSD, a public
sector agency, was identified as a major gap. This review
identifies the following issues:
• Financial resources to promote certification in Ghana are lacking. Forestry competes for resources with other
sectors of the economy such as health and education. The
private sector on the other hand prefers to invest in other
sectors of the economy that has higher returns. Timber
companies who may want to pursue certification will find
the extra costs prohibitive since most of the companies in
the Ghana forestry sector are SMEs.
• Low literacy levels in Ghana do not promote documentation, particularly for the small and medium sized
enterprises. Documentation is a requirement for certification, in particular FSC certification (Attah et al., 2009).
Despite early engagement in the forest certification
process in Ghana, the country is lagging behind in forest
certification. To date no forests have been certified nor has
Ghana traded in certified products. The slow progress in
forest certification is not unique to Ghana but to tropical
timber producer countries in general.
Fig. 1. Ghana administrative map
Companies were grouped into clusters based on geographic locations and sampled. Three geographic areas,
namely Ashanti, Brong Ahafo and Western regions in
Ghana were considered for the sample. These are part of
the High Forest Zone Area (Fig. 1). The three regions were
chosen because of the extent of forest concession holdings
in the regions coupled with the strong presence of timber
processing firms in these regions. The samples were further
classified into two groups, Small and Medium Forestry Enterprises and Large Service Enterprises. Data/information
was collected over a six month period in 2008.
Prior to the implementation of the survey each firm was
contacted by telephone to ensure that they are still operating businesses. The questionnaire was designed to collect
information on attitudes in respect of Chain of Custody
(CoC) certification within the Ghanaian timber sector.
Methodology
Questionnaire development - pilot test
In order to assess the current status of chain of custody
certification awareness in Ghana, a survey of a random
sample of various stakeholders, in particular timber firms
was conducted by mail post. The study population comprised of registered timber firms in Ghana that are engaged
in exports of wood products. A list of companies that hold
concessions, have processing mills or have exported timber at least once since 1986 was compiled. This formed the
study population.
A pilot test was carried out to assess the reliability of
the questions using correlation to establish the level of reliability based on a score of 0.8 and above to be considered as relevant (Armor, 1974). The reliability issue was
achieved with the help of multiple-item indicators.
These pilot test companies were sub- divided into SMFEs and LSEs. In the present study pilot group, the test for
reliability (internal consistency) for the entire scale yield-
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125
Tab. 1. Reliability Coefficient scores (Cronbach’s alpha value)
for the sub scale of the research questionnaire
#
Constructs/Sub Scales
Cronbach-α value
1
2
Stakeholder Consultations
Government support
0.621
0.758
ed a high Chronbach – α value (Tab1), implying that the
items in the questionnaire or study instrument measured
what they were supposed to measure.
The questionnaire design took onto account significant
chain of custody certification factors as reported in previous studies (Volsky et al., 1998; Vidal et al., 2005; Ratnasingam et al., 2008 a, b). Two parametric statistical tests
were used for inferential statistics analysis: the Standard
Multiple Regression and the Independent t-test. These
tests were used to test for significance among the scores
from the various groups of respondents.
The rationale for the use of the parametric tests (the
multiple regression and the Independent t-test) was based
on the fact that the dependent variable on which the test
for significance was computed was measured with interval
scale and the distribution of mean scores is normally distributed. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results
103 respondent firms who participated in this study
represented mainly the logging and sawmilling industries
that have an export activity. Sawmills accounted for 65%
of respondents while loggers accounted for 13.6% of respondents. The two groups collectively accounted for over
75% of the respondents.
Government support
Most developing tropical countries are of the view that
government should be involved within the certification
process hence this section of the questionnaire sought to
establish the role of government in the development of
forest certification in Ghana. A recent workshop held by
the UNECE, concluded that governments should remain
neutral to certification schemes and serve as a moderator
between schemes (FAO, 2005).
Although the extent of support from government in
existing certification schemes appears quite low, the survey indicated that the situation could be better if government introduces legislation for forest certification (Mean
= 4.67) (Tab. 2). It also emerged from the research that
NGOs for instance, appear to have little role to play in the
promotion of certification (Mean = 2.28) in Ghana. The
overall relationship between government support and the
pace of forest certification as well as the relationship between the defining variables of government support and
the pace of forest certification indicated that support from
Tab. 2. Descriptive statistics for government support and
for national scheme for forest certification and companies’
pursuance of forest certification (103 respondents)
Variables
Company engaged in developing
domestic policies
ENGO’s dominate debate on FC
Government has key role in FC
Government to introduce
legislation for FC
Government to facilitate FC
Forest certification
should be voluntary
Government must contribute
at least 30% for FC
Forest certification best
promoted by NGOs
National standards used
for forest certification
National standards accredited
to FSC/PEFC
Company awareness of
timber certification
FSC has best standards for
forest certification
Pan African Forest certification
standards used
Meeting certification
standards and added cost
awareness of ITTO Criteria
and Indicators
Mean
Std. Deviation
2.61
1.436
1.88
4.24
1.767
0.693
4.67
7.259
4.16
0.711
2.80
1.665
3.45
1.419
2.28
1.587
4.10
0.975
3.83
1.279
2.11
1.894
1.39
1.880
2.32
2.078
3.47
1.571
1.52
1.857
FC=Forest Certification, ENGO=Environmental NGOs
government for forest certification correlated positively
but insignificantly with the dependent variable (forest
certification in Ghana), [R2 =0.104; F (6, 102) = 1.849,
p=ns]. This implies that the forest certification advance in
Ghana is independent of the level or degree of government
support. Thus, the low support from government in promoting forest certification is not responsible for the slow
pace of forest certification in Ghana.
The analysis of the relationship between the various independent variables and the dependent variable (pace of
forest certification in Ghana) revealed that none of the independent variables could correlate significantly with the
dependent variable with the exception of the “Forest certification best promoted by NGOs” variable (r = -0.257,
p<05). The inverse relationship between NGOs’ promotion of forest certification and the pace of forest certification in Ghana means that intensified action by Non Governmental Organisations in promoting forest certification
reduces the slowness pace of forest certification in Ghana.
This could be responsible for the higher rate of awareness
in the Northern Countries where the work of the NGOs
is stronger than in the tropical timber producer regions. In
the tropics, NGOs are usually considered as opponents of
Attah, A. et al. / Not Sci Biol 2 (3) 2010, 121-127
126
governments and not engaged in the development of forest certification.
National Standard
This part of the questionnaire sought to establish if
implementing a national scheme would promote forest
certification in Ghana and encourage more companies to
pursue forest certification.
A cursory look at the various mean values in Tab. 2
indicate that “national standards used for forest certification” as a single variable had more impact (Mean = 4.10)
than the other variables in inducing or stimulating Ghanaian timber firms to pursue forest certification. The relationship between implementation of a national scheme
for forest certification and companies’ pursuance of forest
certification in Ghana correlated positively and significantly with timber companies’ pursuing forest certification
in Ghana [R2 = 0.187; F (7, 102) = 3.130, p <.05]. This
implies that the tendency for more timber companies to
pursue forest certification in Ghana is by far dependent on
the implementation of a national scheme for forest certification. The implementation of a national scheme for forest
certification will see somehow more companies pursuing
forest certification in Ghana is therefore supported.
In evaluating the relationship between the independent variables within the implementation of a national
scheme for forest certification model and the dependent
variable (companies’ pursuance of forest certification in
Ghana) revealed an insignificant relationship between all
the independent variables.
79.6% of respondents indicated that national standards
should be accredited to FSC or PEFC. This is a reflection
that respondents view the use of national standards as
means to achieving forest certification in Ghana.
Conclusion
The relatively low number of companies involved in the
Chain of Custody (CoC) process could be explained by
the weak awareness and fundamental economics despite
the international market demand. A high proportion of respondents purchased their raw material implying the need
for an effective chain of custody system if certification is
credible in Ghana. Respondents were of the view that the
national standard should be accredited to either FSC or
PEFC standards. This is the model that has been adopted
in the UK where the UK Wood Assurance Scheme was
developed and then used to seek endorsement from both
FSC and PEFC. This approach has enhanced the growth
of forest certification in the UK. This approach has also
been used in the Scandinavian region with PEFC where
national standards are used as a basis for promoting forest
certification. The study therefore supports the approach
to using national standards as a basis to seek endorsement
for implementation of Forest certification. This approach
would see the growth of forest certification in the tropics
also.
This study identified that NGOs would better promote forest certification than that of governments. This is
at variance with the current practice in the tropics where
governments are driving and promoting forest certification. However the slow pace of development in the tropics
under government guidance calls for a review in approach
to provide support to NGOs in promoting forest certification in the tropics. This will however require the provision
of support to develop the capacity of NGOs in Ghana and
the tropical timber producing countries in general to allow for the promotion and higher rate of development of
forest certification. The role of NGOs in promoting forest
certification needs to increase in order to quicken the rate
of growth of forest certification in Ghana and the tropical
timber countries in general. Presence of a national scheme
is apparent the key for CoC certification to be a success
story in Ghana.
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