Tetryonics [1] - Quantum Mechanics

Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 2 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved [TETRYONlCS] A fundamental re-interpretation of the v ............······················ v geometry of quantised angular momentum is required to complete the physics of 'The Standard model' ....... .................. ... ...···· ······ ....·.... ........·· ···•···•.. ..··· •. .... "" / ". \, .... Mathematics is the language ofPhysics, and Geometry is its grammar ｨｶｾ ｌ ｲＲＺＮ i Ｍｾ ｾ Ｒ＠ \.... EvetyQne J5entitl«I to 1helro-.vn opinion$ ,;' ·•.. but NO·O(\E isentitled to their own f.xts ..·•·· ··... ·.. ................... ｾＮ＠ ｾ＠ .·" ............······· ｾｯｮ､ｳ＠ /laving removed the impossible. anything that remains. however improbable. must be !he truth ''... rhe scientist makes use of a whole arsenal ofconcepts wNch he imbibed practically with his mother's milk; and seldom ifever is he aware of the eternally problematic character ofhis concepts. He uses this conceptual material, or, speaking more exactly, these conceptual toots of thought, as something obviously, immut., b/y given; something having an objective value of truth which is hardly even, and in any case not seriously, to be doubted.... in the interests of science it is necessary over and over again to engage in t/1e critique of these fundamental concepts, in order that we may mt unconsciously be ruled by them.· ﾷＭｾＲ＠ ...... ········· ｾｯｮ､ｳ＠ Science is horn from observation, a11d /he reasoning oflo1ownfacts in search of1111derlying trnths [Albert Einstein] In the following pages the true geometry of quantum mecha nics is revealed, lead ing scientific endeavour into new realms of understanding Tetryonics 00.01 - Introduction to Tetryonics 3 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ... mass-ENERGY-Matter '••., "·............... The a-priori revelation ofTetryonic theory is that all square mass-energies possess equilateral momenta geometries ｜ｾ＠ ' . ..... ·..···... ·s_ . . . ..• '·· v v ..··•··· ··· ········· . ······ hv ···"··-.................. _ ........ ......···" .... \ ... ······· ···.. " ｾ ＭＢｾ＠ ··............ ··... ...... \ ＶＧＭｾＮＬ \ ... "..... mass-ENERGY ··.. geometry . -......... ｣［ ｾ Ｌ＠ .·· __..... .-" ..· .......--· .... The quantum mechanics of velocity. quanta. EM fields and mass-Energy-Matter can be fully revealed through their equilateral geomerries w\ The equilateral Quantised Angular Momentum intrinsic to Planck mass-energy momenta produces charged geometries I Ｏ＠ \ ·. . ·- . . . . . . . . . . . . .］ ' .......ｾＭ n ｾ ｾ ｾ Ｍﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ＠ -· .... time A long hidden topology is revealed Equilateral Lriangles Jre the foundational geomelry for all mass-ENEflGY-Matter topologies and physical Force interactions Tetryonics 00.02 - A Hidden topology is revealed .....-······ .•· _ ..-···· ... ··-.... •.. "·..·.. _ 4 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved SQUARED energies in quantum mechanics are EQU11ATERAL geometries IOm .' '' ' E 0 ....... ' ..... ,-------...'---' ' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ｾ＠ .......... ' ' ' • -- -1- ---!----:- - -- 10 .........···.... ..' -- -,----·----·---' ' '' ' ' Equilateral Square area = s' = (100 ) Circles \jSquared Areas ｾ ［＠ ｲ ＧＬｾＭ｟＠ ｾ＠ I/ __//,·I f area = ＨｾＪ｢Ｉｨ＠ Triangles 15.197 .. can be created by a number of planar geometries For a long time ir lms bee11 assumed by scie111is1s (and mail1ema1icia11s) rl1a1 circular {a11d squared) geomerries are 1lie geomeiric fou11dari'" of all physics. /eadi11g w a serio11/sy flawed model of parlicles a11d forces i11 quo11ru111 111ecl1anics = pi *(5.642]z = 100 Tetryonic theory now reveals that quantised equilateral angular momenta creates the foundational geometry of all the mass-Energy-Matter &forces of physics Tetryonics 00.03 - Squared Areas b h (.5x15.197] x 13.160 = 100 5 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved lntegers The integers (from the Latin integer), literally "untouched': hence "whole" h Tetryonics it is the basis for the quantum Viewed as a subset of the real nu.men, they are numbers that can be wrttt..n without a ftactlonal or decimal component Tetryonics 00.04 - Integers 6 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ODD numbers An odd number is an integer which is not a multiple of two. 2n-1 n 2n+1 Bosons have ODD numbers in each level ODD number quanta 17 An odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction Tetryonics 00.05 - ODD numbers 7 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EVEN numbers An integer t hat is not an odd number is an even number. 6 Photons have EVEN number quanta 7 13 11 12 20 27 38 37 15 14 22 19 21 29 31 EM waves are comprised of EVEN numbered quanta 24 25 23 33 35 28 30 32 34 40 42 44 46 39 53 4 57 4 55 54 56 45 59 58 36 ｾＱ＠ 60 An even number is defined as a whole number that is a multiple of two. Ifan even number is divided by two, the result is another whole number. Tetryonics 00.06 - EVEN numbers 8 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Square num hers A square number, sometimes also called a perfect square, is the result of an integer multiplied by itself n-1 2n-1 SQUARE numbers are the sum of successive ODD numbers Quantutn levels have ODD number geometrics Square numbers In Tetryonics SQUARE numbers are EQUILATERAL geometries Tetryonics 00.07 - SQUARE Numbers 9 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Square roots A square root of a number is a number that, when it is multiplied by itself (sq uared), gives the first number again. -i Against Mathematical convention, square roots of negative numbers are real numbers and +i 3 9 In Physics every complex number except 0 has 2 square roots. 2nA whole number with a square root that is also a whole number is called a perfect square Tetryonics 00.08 - Square Roots 10 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Real Numbers A real number is c value that represents a quantity along a continuous line. The real numbers include all the rational numbers, -n +n -n to +n Tetryonics 00.09 - Real Numbers 11 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved lrrationa1 Numbers An irrational number is defined to be any real number that ca nnot be written as a complete ratio of two integers l· 2 = -1 i11 TeU')'Ottil's +·l and v'n the SQR (ffa n(1{fllil'{! n1u11her -z• Well known irrational & imanginary numbers in Math are 1t and ｲｾ＠ thl/ line"r nuJ11H n1111n uf.i 1 IU'g,tllil"l' charge F,\ffield Y- n Irrational numbers often occur in mathematics i -V-n Sin rc/3 Sin60 -y'3;2 Tetryonics 00.10 - Irrational numbers 12 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic Colour Code 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Aqua 6 Blue 7 lndigo Te1ryonics uses a colour code 1ha1 is based 011 the speetral colours of dispersed Wl1ite Light v ODD 8 Violet 9 Black Numbers A colour code is used to indicate the varying quantum levels of the numerous forms of mass-ENERGY-Matter and serves to illustrate relationships between various Physical properties. Tetryonics 00.11 - Tetryonic Colour code SQUARE Numbers 13 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Free Space E A contiguous volume or area of any regular geometry that is free, available, or unoccupied 0 in .1ny rorm (x.y,z} .. _ .. __ .... _ .......... .. .... _ _ ........ .... ................................. .. .. Ｍｾ＠ ......... ": •• •• .- ..- ......... : : ;' There is NO aetlrerfor the 1ra11smissio11 of Ligl1t : in empty space . • _. / : ''' '' '' '' '' ' '' : ;' : (x,y,zl ,::: ............... .. .................. .: ........ .. ..................................... .. ...... .," : '' (x,y,z) : ! <x,.y,z) : ' '' ' . :-.. '' ' '' ' ｾ ｳｰ｡｣･＠ ｾ＠ ＨｾＮ / ｹ ｾＩＬ＠ Ｚ .. .. - - -- ---- - -- - --- - - - .. ... - - - - - ｾ Ｍ - - - - - - -- - - .. .. .... -..-..· (x,y,z) ｾＯ＠ y······ ..?£7-fVd'C&'47..r ..87/c#d-d'//" fi!'67#7eU7er •/Ｎ｟ (0,0.0) ｾ :::::-. ＺﾻＪＧｾ ｾ Ｍﾷ＠ .. . ' / ｾＮ＠ ' :/ __... / / / , A Spatial region is defined so as to measure the physics of mass-ENERGY-Matter within its confines _. Energy moves through Space in various forms: radiant energies, Matter etc Space can be Cubic, Spherical or Tetrahedral as defined by the spatial co-ordinates used to define the region (x,y,Z) Empty Space is defined as a topology whose volume is devoid of Energy Tetryonics 01.01 - Free Space 14 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Space-Time co-ordinates Euclidean --- Vector forces ............···· Ollrvt--lllly ci>ll-Wllhlls llneormocnonb.m ·· .. ..· lnhwt!h1'1 &.\ ygl1t rad_ 1>1-1111..., Time in Physic$ is a measure of how long it takes for light to travel 299,792.458 metres from its source in a vacuum metre 3 2 299,792,458 sec 4 5 6 7 A metre in Physics is the distance light travels in 1/ 299,792,458 of a second from its source 8 299,792,458 m secona '·, \ . . . . .. . . ..c..3 ..............· . ··.. ······.. 2'. 094.400242 eZS. ··.. ﾷ ｾｵ｢ｩ＠ Cartesian rectilinear space time Ｂ ｭ･ｴｾＵ Ｎ＠ per ｳｾｴ＠ ··.. ··•.. .. ·... ·. ·... ··-... ....... . .. ······ ·· ···· ·· .. . . ... ... ... .. ··8 ..ＰＷＶＸＮＱｾ＠ .. Ｎ ｾｐｈｲｩ｣ · .· .......... c4 Ｎ ｡ｲｾ･Ｇｳ＠ .. · · per ｾ｣＠ ·cartesian and Curvilinear· ..· .. spatial ｾｏＺｯｲ､ｩｮ｡ｴ･ Ｎ ｾｹｳｴ･ｭ＠ ..... ·..... ·· both meas.ure.30 Matter ··· Tetryonics 01.02 - Mapping Space & Time ...........· e3S, Riemannian curvilinear space-time 15 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved vector lines Spatia1geometries Planar Circles .··•··· based on the vector speed of Light form distinct spatial co-ordinate systems for the measurement of physics .... ..···· .....· .. ... Cubic volumes linear metres \ 2 velocity squared z ﾷＭ［ｾ＠ ,',,,' ' , ,_________________________ , , ..... \ Forces ｾＭ / ·. .. ' ' '' ' / ···..• ···... ····· .... ·········· ...·· ..· ........ . mass-energies 20 ｰｬｾｮ｡ｲ＠ Spherical volumes 3 ｄｩｭ･ｮｾｯｳ＠ . velocity ｾｵ｢･､＠ ' ' ' ' ' ' radial seconds , t 3 . ｾ Ｍ Ｏ ｙ＠ ii{: ___ ----------------__ ;,-,.. x ri.iffoifs ........ \ Cartesian co-ordinates :>:i 4 1adlant geometry \.··..qtrarterni n ..veloci'fy..·/ E11ergy Jias a11 equilateral geometry and forms Tecraliedral copologies within any spatial region .... mass-Energy-Matter and all forces ..................... _ ····· .... ...· radial seconds 2 Tetryonics 01.03 - Spatial co-ordinates ' 16 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved c is the natural velocity of light v Energy has a 20 ..........·· ..···•· ......········ equilateral geometry ....··.. ... _... . ...·· /_..... ........ [Euclidian] Ｎｾ＠ ..····•·•··· ······. ... .. ····...... ··..···....... ··..... ﾷ ｾ＠ ....... ·····:·············....::······..............·.·.·•·..... .... .... . .Ii ······ ...······· ..···...... ·•. // ··.. ............. ·.... ｾ＠ .... ........... ! Time - as a measure of divergent energies has a radial geometry \\ ｾ＠ / ' ·. .. ｾＮ＠ ·. ·. ·. . / ｐｾｲｩｮ･｡｢ｬｴ＠ ;;;. _--...;;··.····_ ;.;. .· ＭＮＺ h'1c....---___:._....:·.__···.··...... Equilateral geometry is the inverse of radial geometry .. ·-;......,.. / ﾷ ｾ ﾷ＠ ｟［ｾ ﾷ ｶ Ｒ＠ -.. . . . • ·· .... · .......... ···. ··.......................................·· .......... .- ....... _./ ..............:·:. ......... ::.:.:-..-.:..·· ................................·.-.:·:........ＮＭＺﾷｾ＠ ····....... ......... .... .... ........ ........ ···... .............. ······ Ｍｾ .............· " 30 Matter has a tetrahedral mass-energy topology •' .... ····· ············ seconds The sea lar spa ti a1geometry of Energy Tetryonics 01.04 - Scalar energy geometry 17 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved V Velocity Velocity ........··················....ｾ＠ m . s sec ' J .: ···.........ｾ＠ ......... Velocity is the measureme11t of the rate and direction of change In the position of an object. v is a 20 RAO!Al SPACE-TIME co-ordinate system ············.............. ····..... ...... .... ··...... . ........... \\ Speed is the scalar value of the Distance traveled per unit ofTlme v= Velocity is the vector value of the Distance traveled per uni t ofTime )o m s Tetryonics 01.05 - Velocity 18 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ｾ＠ ..·" / ..Ｌ ｳ･｣ ........... ·····... Acceleration 2 \ ﾷＮ Ｎ｜ｾＱ＠ a \ .... c4 ...../ ··..........·· Is 3 30 SPHERICAL SPACE· TIME m sz acceleratio n <o·otdloate system In physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity (dv) 01er time (dtl In one dimeosion, acceferation is the rate at which something speeds up or slows do\•1n. However, since V!!locity is a vector, acceleration describes the rate of change of both the .............········· v ......... ............................ n'agnitude and the direction o( velocity. Acceleration has the dimensions [tengthJ/[Time Squared] .... .. In St units, acceleration Is measured in meters per second squared (m/sA2J . ····•... ..•··•············· _ ··......... D.1: D.y a=- = - . 6.x D.t ··..·.. "··.. ..·•··•····• .... .·•· .... In classlcal me<:hanks, for a body with const<int mclSS, the acceleration of the body Is p<oportlonat to the net f<.rce acting on It (Newton's second law) [2v]-1 Acceleration Deceleration f =m a [2v]+1 a=F/m \' ｾＭｩｦ＠ 2 ...... Force ....... Addition.airy, for a mass with constant veloc:ity. (ie in an inertial frame) the energy of motion Is exf)fessed as Its momentum {acceler3tion causes changes in Energy·momentJm) ················•·······... ······... . . . . . ｳ･｣ｾｮ､ﾷ ;4 ... Ｒ＠ ···· ............·•······ ......···· Tetryonics 01.06 - Acceleration p = kgm s 19 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantised Angular momentum As it is a physical (equikttet"alJ geomeuyQAM is conservative in any system where there are no extema1 Forces o.nd serve-s as the founda tional gtometri< s.our<e for all the <onservation laws of physics ............... ...... m ............................... ·············· ··..... ......· 1112 ····.•..• ... ..·· •' .• A major re-definition of quantised angular momenta in physics is revealed ··•........ ·. s 15 classical rotational angular momenta Tetryonic quantum mechanics In quantum mechanics. angvlar ｭｯｾｮｴ｡＠ is ｱｵ｡ｮｴｩｾ＠ -th<it I$, It cannot \lilry<::onhnuously, but only in OOD number 'quantum stepi.·between the 3110\\led SQUARE nlclear £ne<gy ｬｾｳ＠ ｾ＠ In physics, angular momentum. moment of momentum, er rotational moment\.lm is a conserved vector quan11ty that G3n be used to describe the overall state of a physical system. \' When applied 10 specific mass-energy·Matter systems QAM reveals the true quant1..1m geometry and nature of Energy In our universe · · ·. . Q1UltaJ111lltTI$!ftdl ｬＱｰｾＮ｡ｩｴｲ＠ａ .····............... ｍｾｭｬＱｴ｡ｩ＠ ·····........... ｌ Ｎｾ･｣＼＾ ........·· ...... . ｮ Ｎ､＠ ..... · · . . . . .· h kg rnr s ... Planck's Constant Conservation of Quantised Angular momenta In QFt angular momentum Is Is considered to be the rotational Mllog of Mnur momentum, In Tetiyonla It Is rwealed to be the equdattral gf!Ometry of maSHnergy within any defined spatial ｣ＺｯＭﾫｉｊｾ＠ system mass x QAM Normally viewed as an expression of rotational momentum Qtantised Angular Monlentum [QAMJ is in fact a resul: of tne equilateral geometric quantization of mass-energy Tetryonics 01.07 - Quantised Angular Momenta 20 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Pla11ck developed /1is Hem Law 11si11g q11a111ised mass h 1110. (P/mrd Co11s1a111) mass - Energy geometry Newro11 ､･ｶｬｯｰｾ＠ his laws 11si11g Force p=mv (/i11ear 1110111em11m) = v v Con}Yied Leib11iz jirsr described Scalar E11ergy as rl1e square of ve/ocily Pla11ck's eq11ario11 for heat e11ergy describes rra11sverse masses /Bosa11S/ E= nhv E= mv 2 Leibnitz mass·Ctle<gyeciulvalcnce Planck mass-energy equivalence mass velocity quantised mass per second squared Ptal\tk quttnta per ｾ･ｮ､＠ kgm s2 2 [kgmm2 l ] ｾ＠ s scalar energies can be related to velocity-momenta through mass geometries scalar mv 2 quantised Leibniz-Newton mass-Energy equivalence Tetryonic-Planck mass-Energy equivalence Tetryonics 01.08 - mass-Energy geometry hv 21 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass-Energy Forms Quantised form Scalar/Linear forms v ......····· v ... ···· .........·· "····.•.. ......... ·" ... v ··•··... ..•.. ·. •' ... // ... .ｾＭＮ ﾷＮ ······-.....ｾ＠ ......... ,..· ｾ ｾ Ｍ ＲＮ＠ . . . . · · ·'· · Planck Quant; ｾｲ＠ mass x velocity squared ｫｧ Ｎ ｊＲ＠ second Ｎ ｛ ｾ ｝ Ｒ＠ Energy momentum (mv E mass-Energy quanta 2 L.eibnlt (.and Newton) ｳｴｾＢＧＨＡ＠ that the Energy of a ｜ｾｴ･ｭ＠ <.an be vil>wed as a ptodvct of ｩｾ＠ Mass x velocity squ.lred Of Ｈ･ｱｾ ｡ｬｹ＠ as linear momentum squa1l>d), forever l1nkin9 Energy to velocity through the sc.alar ｰｲｯｾｴｹ＠ of mass The total Energy <:ontain«I In an obje<t is ld(>nlifif!(f with iU EN ma'i.S.. dnd ｬｮｾＱｧｹ＠ mv 2 E p2 (like l'n.>!>S). CJnnot be cr<!'3t<.'d or destroyed Tetryonic reveals mass to be a scalar measurement of quantised [equilateral] energy per unit of Time m [Q]v 2 Energy i s the ability t» do work in varying forms such as potential, kinHic, & mechanical cnetgtcs, work.. heat, and ct-emk;al or electrical energies. ｮｅ Max PlaneI\ rtve-ealt<f that ＧＢｾｓ＾＠ wa$ not <on1inuovs. it wou ｱｵ｡ｮｴｩｾ＠ OC'lly<ert.clin ene<91esare <lilOwe<i. Con1invous: eoer9y Is a scalar prcpenyo of m.iiss·('(lef9Y and Ｑｴｾｱｵ｡ｮｳｩｯ＠ Is the result of its equil,netal ｧ･ｯｭｾｴｲｹ＠ ｾ ｲｧｹ＠ is subject to the I.aw of co1lS<'tvation Tetryonics 01.09 - mass-Energy waveforms E hv 2 In q uantum mechanics energy i.s detined in ｴ＼ ｾ Ｑ ｭｳ＠ of the cneigy operator as a time derivative of the wave function 22 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v v v [nld\/]2 mass velooty linear momentum squared Energy is mass-velocity squared E mv 2 Everything in our Universe results from the equilateral geometry of quantised mass-energies Quantised Energy Pf.an<k quanta Energy is Planck-quanta squared E hv2 per second g m2 l sea lat m.ass kg mass m E vz s s wlocity S<{u.lr£!d Sca1ar Energy Note: Thcte Is a ditect cortesponde-ncc between Velocity and Planck quanti.l numbers (le as velocity\•aries, t he energy quanta varies as weU by the square of the linear cl\ange} Tetryonics 01.10 - Energy quanta quantised mass kg mt ｾ＠ h E y2 23 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved p ..···•· /ii ... ...··· ....· ......········· Momentum ·············· v Linear Momentum kg m s In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. mo111enca: SI unit kg·m/s, or, equivalently, N·s} is the p1oduct of the mass and velocity of an obje<t (p) Like velocity, momentum Is a vector quanuty, possessing a direction as well 3s a ma9nitude. .............. ··.. ... Momentum is a conserved quantity (la\"1 of conservation of linear n1omentum), meaning that if a closed system is not affe<ted by external forces, its total momentum cannot ch.1nge. ........ ···...·.. ··... ..·· Momenlum should be refe1ted to in ttS specific forms to distinguish it In it• various forms {Quantised Angular, linear, Rotational and quantumlnuclear mon1entumJ ··...... ...... ·. p / Although odgln.,lly ･ｸｰｲＵｯｾ＠ hv mv 2 v In Newton'" Second taw, the<onk'rwllon of montentum t9enerali1ed) momenlum quantum ｭ･｣ｨ｡ｮｩｾ＠ qu<1itum f.eld thoory, <1nd also holcls In spe<1a1 relattvity af)(f, with apptQPflaa• ､･ｦｩｮｴｯＤＮｾ＠ conservation l-av1 holds In ･ｊｾｴＱｯ､ｹｮ｡ｭｬ｣ｳＮ＠ g.<>nernt ｣ｾｬ｡ｴｷｩｹＮ＠ In rel<nlVtstH: mech.1n1cs, non·relalivls11c ｭｯｾｮ｜ｵ＠ ｉｾ＠ f1.1nhe1 multiphtd by the L0<enu factor. \ ..... ..._ ... •·.·. ··...... ··.......... Linear momentum is the vector square root of any equilateral mass-energy field ··... ···............. ..·•· / ..···•··· .· ................ .... ... .... ..1 second.......................· ............................. Tetryonics 01.11 - Linear Momentum Energy can be expressed as the square oflinear momentum kg m 2 sz 24 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Just as Tetyonic geometry distingushes between angular momenta and linear momentum it also distingushes between linear momentum and the vector velocities it produces Linear Momentum p = mv Ve1ocity v ..........·· .· ......······ ·······.. ...· ··. ·····...... ·.. •. .. ... ........ ·····....... ·.. ....... E = pv ........... 1 ;v: 2 ····...... E = p2 •.··· hv.\ ! 2 ·.····•·•··..... ····..................c.2........-··············· .. ...... / ......·· ··········· .....c.2....... ······ SCA LAR square root SeaIan. ae quantities ttwt are fully described by only 1he11 magnitudE ｾ＠ F .V E = mv 2 VECTOR square root Vectors fully describe both the magnitude and direction. linear momentum is a scalar component of all equilateral mass-energies that produce vector velocities Tetryonics 01.12 - Momentum-velocity relationship V 25 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Velocity-Quanta equivalence v ..........···· v ..·· ....··············· ... Classical y, the Energy of massive bodies was determined using the Newtonian mass-velocity relationship ../ but most recently Quantum mechanics was developed utilishg the Planck's quantised Energy relationship "·· ,...·· ····••·····... .... .. ...·•····•· i ...... ./ _ v v'2 .. ········... Planck quanta ····.......... classical vector force mv .. ····· ............... .... .- .......··... ....··· quantised energy momenta hv 2 2 mass angular momenta per second mass linear velocity squared The EM mass-Energy relationship can be revealed either by linear or angular momentum analysis Tetryonics 01.13 - Velocity-Quanta equivalence 26 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy-momentum relationship The total number of Planck quanta [mass-angu lar momenta) in any physical system is directly related to the square of its linear momenturi [mass-velocity) h E m v y2 v v hv2 mv 2 c' c' Quantised Energy-momentum Linear Energy-momentum c2 mass-energy momenta E = mn v 2 Quantised Angular Momenta is an equilateral geometry The omega geome1ry of Energy produces 1he direct rela1io11ships becween Planck's consca111-q11ama and mass-Energy-momenwm of any spa1io-1emporal co-ordinate system mQv 2 E mv 2 mass is a derived physica l property relating En ergy m omenta to Velocity Tetryonics 01.14 - Energy-momentum relationship E =pc Linear momentum is a vector Force 27 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved CHARGE Charge is a measure of mass.QAM/second [the equnateral geometry of Energy] tflat gives form to all physics ······ .. ··.. ... ElectroMagnetic Charge is a quantum property resulting from the equilateral QAM geometry of mass-Energy The two ElectroMagnetic charge ···... geometries possible can be modelled by the flux of electric.al energy In Ideal Inductive loops sec · .........cz . . It is a measure of the arrangment of Planck quanta geometries/topologies within any specific space-time co-ordinate system Clockwise inductive energy Aux q hv c2 Counter clockwise energy flux q l<gmnr ｾ＠ s m2 Positive charged mass-energy momenta kg.s 1.33518 e-20 s Tetryonics 01.15 - Charge [QAM] Negative charged mass-energy momenta 28 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Measuring charge geometries q Q Charge comes in two types, called Negative and Positive which create the Law of Interaction (historicatly, the Law of Att1action) quantised Charge nett Charge [v-v] [v] (v] ......·· .··· ... [v-v] .... ... '•. ···········......... ·. ....· ｾ｡ｲｧ･＠ All charged Ｑｊｩｾ･ｳ＠ seek ･ｱｵｩｾ｢ｲｭ＠ geometry is velocity invariant 1 1 [1-0] [0-1] i ' ｨ ＧｶｌＮｾＺ］Ａ Ａｉ ｾＺＮ＠ '•, "· Clockwise Energy flux ...................... .. EM forces ............. . .. c2 ·"set.... ··•······ ............··' anti-Clockwise Energy flux ...···· Historically defined as a physical property of mass-Matter that causes it to experience a force charge is actually the result of the equilateral geometry of qantised mass angular momenta which provides the physical mechanics of mass-ENERGY-Matter differentiation and interaction C : : : mass seconds - kg.s Tetryonics 01.16 - Measuring charge geometries 29 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM Fie1d Geometry v h\t. v 2 ".... •.• ｅｬ｣ｴｲｯｍ｡ｧｮｾｩ＠ ...: mass-cncrgH!S _.. ( ................c.:.......... .... ' /\ A mass-energies are 20 radiant EM field geometries ..... ....········· ···················· [299,792,458 mis] 'c 'forms a CONSTANT of proportionality for different spatio-temporal co-ordinate systems used to measure mass-ENERGY-Matter .....····· ······...... EM fields create 'interaction-at-a-distance' ........•···:······ ... ·-. ...... ·. .... .... ＾ ｋ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ .. .... ··· ....................c. =···············,...· .··· ... ｵ ｾ＠ ｟Ｌ Ｍ Ｌ ｾ Ｌ Ｍ Ｍ ＭＮｦ＠ ｾ ｮ＠ ... All Matter are 30 EM standing wave topologies ｨｾ Ｊ Ｇ＠ ··.....------.-.i ｍ｡ｾｴ･ｲ＠ __......··........... ¢'..........·· Tetryonics 01.17 - EM Field Geometries ｾ ｾｾ ＼Ｚ ＮｾＭﾷ ................................ ＼＠ .. ﾷ＠ ............. Electrostatic Matter has opposing 20 KEM fields 30 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy quantisation AU nass·Enc(gy-Mattef can only have <e<t.aln Integer En<-19y-morne1na, (mass·Enetgy in all its forms is QUANTISED] y Nel quanilised angu lar momenta [inductive energy flux) determines Charge q Q [v-v] [v-v) Nel quanitised angular momenta [inductive energy Aux) determines Charge ·. mv 2 Joules Bosons kg m • ＠ｾ s m2 2 seconds Transverse quanta create Quantum Levels Scalar (nett) quanta create Square Energies kgom2 ... The equ ilateral geometry of quantised angular momentum creates charged masses Planet's Constant isin fact mass x ｾＱＮｬｲ＼ＭＬｴ＠ Q,\M kg m2• ｾ＠ s m2 seconds m2 kg._ ｾ＠ s ... Plan ck's Constant Planck's Constant can be described in a number of differing ways S<alacEnergy)('Time n.Planck quanta per second is Energy m' kg·-· S' s kg•.!.!).. m s Tetryonics 01.18 - Energy quantisation 31 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic Mnemonics ........ v ..·············· ········...... ··.......... .................... •·····•·····•·•··.•. ·.. ·.. / ............ "..... ...•, Energy momentum ,/' Electrical flow ' c . / ......· / ... ··• .....•. ····...... ··........ .... ·····.........................ｃＮｾ＠ velocity of propagation . ..·· ..................········ Many physical relationships are can be represented with DELTA mnemonics Tetryonics 01.19 - Tetryonic Mnemonics lnertial Force 32 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved UNlTS OF PHYSlCS Wavelength v Velocity QuantiS<:d Angular Mo1nentuni I c2 20 radiant mass-energies m Nm c2 m k 1lif'D3 s So p m Momentum C4 52 nv 5 a kgm Planck's Constant h 30 standing-wave mass-Matter C4 54 52 space time G kg m Nm 2 ｐｨｹｾＱ｣ｳ＠ KG ts flUE'd wnh numf'rQus unns of ｭ･｡ｾｵｲｴＢｮ＠ Magnetic Constant m kg m 52 2 compnsPdof ·1.u1ous 1nter··el.11ed c°'nporwnaof physk.-.1 measuremcn1 1 A KG H m f c v2 F kg Acceleration m+ m- --1 5 mass-energy geomerries m ｾ＠ v kg Electric Constant Frequency 52 5 A c 1 s 2 KG Force mass-Marrer ropologies µo F M Ttuyo1dc gt"'Dmtll)' offers a oomplett.. goomettic 1111de.ma11di11g of pltys{c<Jl terms s"d1 as Chargt... mass goomcirits. E11ergy de11si1its. i\1a11e1 topologies oud spa rial impeda11ce alo,1g with ll1eir rcles i1t plrysical mocham·c.s Tetryonics 01.20- Physical Units 33 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Sea lar mass-energies v'3 2 a have an EQUILATERAL geometry (60°- 60°- 60") s The Area of an Equilateral triangle V2 base x height v a 2" s2 1T sin '3 9 = sin 60 = v'3 2 b 1 ｴ｡ ｮｾ s3 cos 1T 3 0 1 = cos60 = 2 Tetryonics 02.01 - Scalar mass-energy geometries 3 >l 1 ］＠ tan60° = J3 c 34 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Pythagorian geometry Energy geomerries within Physics including Special RelaLivtiy and Lorentz correclions have historically been incorrectly illuscrared as having the geometry of right angled triangles Physics is geometry, one cannot be separated from the other Tetryonic geometry Tl1e source of all 1lie physical relarionships of mass-Energy 1110111enca & cltelr conscams is che geometry of equilareral Planck Triangles (a11d all texts musl be correcced) A v hv 2 There are three ways to look at geometry - mathematically, verbally, and visually, Of the three, Visually will be shown to be superior leading to Intuitive understandings of Physics, Chemistry, Electrodyn.imics and Gravitation along with all their reloted physical attributes mot? E 2 = p1c2+ Ｑ ｮ ｾ｣ Ｔ＠ 6.629432672 e-34 J Gcn1X.llU:in9. we ｾ＠ th.lt ｴｨｾ＠ squ.lrt?-of 1he total tnass-encrg1es 1$ lhe tum of 1he component'S ｾｵ｡ｲ･､Ｎ＠ hhown in:1orectly formulatOO in this <1bove equ<itionJ We can see an ｯｲｩｾｮ＠ F of distilnee In sp.:icetune 1elating to velocity in pc In which Energy is subJe<t to locenti cortect1oos {v/cJ E=pc. Addltior.ally, EM mass CcJn be d!rectly 1elilted to the ('nt'r9y content of <1bodyby1hf> vellx11y of Energy E=mc2 c 7.376238634 e -51 kg mv = p Tetryonics 02.02 - Pythagoras vs Tetryonic geometry Nev11on's Second law of Motion is based oo changes to ｴ ｩｮｾ＼Ｑ＠ F =ma. ｭｯｾｮｴｵ＠ 35 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonics and Pi radians Althoulgh not hf5toncal/'yconskleted o phyfkot c0flstan1. n qppeqrs tOC1rlneJ1in equations dr'scr,'f>in9 fvnd<lmtlltOfprin<Ipkl of tht: Untvr-1;(', ｴＮｦｾ＠ if'I no JtM!lp()tt tOitJttf<Jfic>nV11p :o the norure ol 1he ｣［Ｑｦｾ＠ ()rid. couespondinqly, ｳｾｲ｣｡ｬ＠ coo.rd•no1e .systt•1n-s.- The quantised equilateral geometry of mass-energy momenta is measured In 1t radians Using unitS Su(h ;,s ｾＮ＾ｮ｣ｫ＠ ｈ･ｬｳｮ＾ｴｾ＠ .,.._.. ｾＨａｘＩ＠ uniis c,;,n ｳｯｭ･ｴｩｾ＠ ｾｬｲｭｩｮＮＧｴ＼＠ ii' from ｦｏｭｵｬｾ･Ｎ＠ uncertainty p1ndple. which shows 1hot tho unoenaJn<y., tho.............,."'• ｉｮ､ＢｾＩ＠ can nol boch bo lrl>iln<tly srnoll II tho _,.Um« n "R 1 7r A = r2 - · ｾ f2LY \ ; ; J }rr/ 5 3rr/5 2rr/3 sn r /4 Ｏ Ｓ＠ ｾ＠ 3rr/ 4 Pi radian mass-energy fascia geometries 0 " -ik - g;kR - - + Ag.,, = 2 8nG..,., Ｗ ｾ Ｑ ｫ＠ The CO>ncAoglool """""'Ahom B.-ln"> field equation k ..i....Stotho lnOtnsk:-densltyoldle-pYl<Whgn>llltloilll<IONllnlGIS- A = 8nG ｃｯｵｬｭ｢ｾ＠ P voc lowfo<tho-loroe. desaiblng thofixce betwoen --cllargts(q11ndq2)HP1rllldbydllllna!" F = lq1q2I 4ne 0 r 2 All Equilareral triangles ltave internal angles rl1at add up to 180° Equilateral Triangles can be 1essel/a red in mrn formil1g larger eq11ilaceral geometries Magrl0tlcp«me0bll1tyolm.. spoce reUtes tho production of a magnetklleld., 1 VOOJum by a n - amnt In unltsol-OOand Ampem 00: """'""slhlrd low"""""'-reloUng tho ori>l1al period (I') and tho stmlma)o<-(1) to tho.....,.. (Mand m) oftwo O>Olt>ftlng bodles: 271" 2 3 p) a (- = w2 a3 = G(!vl + m) 161t SQUARED numbers in physics are EQUILATERAL geometries Tetryonics 02.03 - Tetryonics and Pi radians 36 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 2it 360° arc length = radius ····........ ·······..• ... ...... 90 °\ 1>s / a 180° ........ n1t mass-energy geometries 'TT 1ao 0 '1.- An equilateral triangle of mass-energy .:::: rr momenta has a geometry of 7t radians 2n .•... ··········a·············· ··.. 5n 1 ,.... /a ( ' a / ＯﾷＲ ＢＭＮＦｾ＠ ·············· Ｍ ｾ＠ ··-·········· /.... ...··· n Tetryonics 02.04 - Pi radian geometries 180° n ..., . ｾ＠ 3 ...·..··· .·· 360° 37 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM Charge Tetryonic Cardinal Angles eq11Ua1era( rnass·euergy geon1e1ries for111 cerrahedral ,,rass·Mauer topologies 360° Equilateral • energzes ............................................. ................... 60° 1E Space Time m Matter topologies 1so 0 radiant 1ight i11 radial spacial co-ordi11ace sysiems defined by clie speed of liglu Tetryonics 02.05 - Tetryonic Cardinal Angles mass • geometrzes 38 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ＨｨｯＩｴｧｾ＠ EM fio'"ld PIJiOOI: qu.int• mass-energy geometries Ｈ Ｈ ｳ ｯ ｾｊ Ｎ Ｈ ｭ ｮ ｶ Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ ｾ＠ ｏ Ｎ ｄＡ＿ｾ＠ ﾣ ｫﾫ ｲｯＮ ｜ｾｮｴ ｴ ｩｴ＠ ｭＮﾻｾ＠ wlodty ｾＡＬｃ＠ 360° Kinetic Energtes t-'IHwia Plii•11." ,,,.,.,,,,. [[soµ.].[mnv 2] ] tltttro.\b,1:nctw tn.Wi vdcicity ........................... \ ....... 3D standing-wave Matter topologies 2D planar radiant mass-energies ..! ALL Matt.er topologies stem &om tesseTiated equilateral mass-eneTgies hv Matte·'s 4i'1: mass·Eneigies arf:!'S. Lotent:: Invariant to 3Ccereratloos Matter topologies Tetryonics 02.06 - Physical Angles 39 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic geometry Electric Flux Permittivity Field 1 Electric field Electric Flux Permittivity Field 1 [•·•l (1·0] Magnetic Permeability Dipole field Magnetic Permeability Dipole field Magnetic pole Magnetic pole equilateral quantised angular momenta is the foundational geometry of aH mass-ENERGY-Matter Tetryonics 02.07 - Tetryonic geometry 40 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved The Golden Triangle ｐ ｬ ｾｮ｣ｫＧｳ＠ PfaV\Ck ｱｵ｡ｾｗ｜＠ f0tmulation for Energy is impreci se for use in Tetryoni<s and does not reflect the veloc:ity·momenta relationship leve(s Sca(ar tMrgy qual'l.ta Inherent in the equilateral geometry of Energy Energy is gained or lost in Energy is gained or lost in equilateral geometries whole num b er multiples of the quantity hv as. whole number multip les. ·:>f the quantity hv2 E= n[hv] --• t ffanctc qu.111i.. E = nn ｛ ｾ ｾ 3 3.[1] 9=9.[1] 25=25.[1] hV The generalise f()tmuli.ltion of Plank's heat law E = nhv is now changed toa speci6c fotmulation o( E=- (000) hv fot ttansv1use qu.antull'I leve-!S {8osons] 3 h Ｎ ｾ｝ ｝＠ 3. [l 2] 9 = 1.[3 mass-energy momenta are geometrically related to velocity Tecryonic gecmecry [nn) redefines Planck's quanwm formulation for heat energies from a generalised equation for 20 energy momenw into a geometric formulation for all mass-energy momenta in Mauer [all equilateral [n] geometries contain square number qrwnw] Tetryonics 02.08 - The Golden Triangle 25 = 1.[5 2 ] 2 ] hv 2 The 9encrdl formulation of Plank's heat la\v is also changed to a specific formulation of E: hv2fof scalar £1-.'\ wavefo1ms (ENERGY) 41 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Scalar field geometries All scalar fields are comprised ofTransverse and Longitudrnal mass-energy momenta all of which are formed from equilateral quantum geometries Charge is a conserved force Energy is a conserved quantity v Energy is scalar SQUARE planck quanta Bosons are transverse ODD planck geometries E E n1t [[hv]] ﾷｾ＠ Planck quanta Energy ls9ained or loit In \Vhole number multiples of Che quanti1y hv y --• t Scalar energies Energy is ｧ｡Ｑｾ＠ or lost1n equilateral quanta containing whole number multiples of hvl Photons are 27t cz All energy is comprised of EM fields All squared energy geometries have component quantum levels Tetryonics 02.09 - Scalar field geometries 42 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Squared energy levels in quantum physics are in fact equilateral Planck mass-energy geometries ff6/lfJtJ/(§/lf ｾｬｩＡＱＯＷｦ＠ hv hv z ｾＢＧＪ＠ v ODD -number----------------+ ______ quanta _______________ 3 SQUARED ｾ Ｍ 1 -- - - - Ｍ ｩｾ ｮｵｭ｢･ｲ Ｍ 5 ·- - - - - - - 2n-.; t ------------- + 7 - - - - - - - _i)I)] .t [n: UJ _---------- 1 quan.ta _______ _ 4 ____ ______ 3 + Ｍ 9 1 13 n J [2n-1] 1 + 2 9----------------------+ S--------------------- -25 a.god _ _ ...,. _ _ Energy b die scalar lm.gral of Bosons 2 6 ------------------- 36 II - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + 13 + Ｗｾ --------------- Ｍ ·----------hv12 Cumulative D;stribuHon l 4 S E - -,(A- 1-)- 6 'J816S•l N Ｈ ａ ＭＱＩ Ｑ Ｍｾ 21 Ｍ NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ('Bell Curve'] Tetryonics 02.10 - Squared Energy Levels Ｇ＠ Prob• b111ty01Wibutlo<l 49 Energy levels 43 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy quanta defined Quantum levels Scalar Energies v Charge is gained or lost in odd number 11Ultiples of the quantity hv Energy is gained or lost In equilateral geometries containing whole nvmbef multiples of the ｾｶ｡ｮｲｯｴｹ＠ lw' nn([""""'h*v]] E= 111.1 .l transverse ｉｾ＠ ｾＱ ｏｄｾ＠ Ｑ＠ scalar ｓｑｕａｒｅｾ＠ 63 112 1 3/ 2 2 512 3 7/2 4 712 3 5/ 2 2 3/2 1 1/ 2 Quantum The number of Planck quanta in any physical system ｶ］ｾ＠ ｾ ＮＺ Ｔ ｾ ｶ Ｒ＠ Transverse ti. ｾ＠ -- ｴｩｾ＠ ,'ＮＭＺ＠ｾ v ,, Quantum Levels 0 _J The number of repeating waveform cvcles ina system 2v = Tetryonics 02.11 - Energy quanta defined f Frequency ｅｖｎｾ＠ 44 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy momenta geometry Tetryonic fie1d equation v E E ｾ＠ ＯＱｶ ＬＮ｟ ｾ ｟＠ ﾷ ｾ Ｍ Ｚｶ＠ Cnergy is the total Planck quanta per second ..-···..... ··...·.... m ｾ ｾ＠ [｛ ［ ｯ ｾ Ｚ ｝Ｎ ｛ ｾ ｲｩＡ Ｚｬ ｊ＠ ｅ ｬ ﾫｴｲｯ ｾｕＦ / ... E cz Ｑ ＢｴＧｫ＠ mass Is an Inertial <Xlf1'1lmt \ ... ,· "··..... Ｌ＼［Ｎｾ＠ lhatrelatesfon:eto- - ....·••· E1"' n1ass is scalar energy per unit ofl'imc v-v] Q cz v ｾ ｭ｛ KE l<EM fields masHne<VY geometJ1es ate Lortntz vorlant to aoc:ol...uons ｾ Ｚ ｝＠ Kinetic Energy is the Electric field mass-energy of Matter n1:>ving at v M ＭＤＴＧＱｾｴｯｰｬｧ･ｳ＠ ＴｮＷｴ｛ ｾ Ｎ ｝＠ are Lorentz tnvar1ant to accelenrtkN lS rnass-cncrgy gt'omelry Tetryonics 02.12 - Tetryonic Geometry 1\.l allcr topology 45 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass-Energy equivalence v kgm s ｫｧ ｾ Ｒ＠ ｾ＠ m m E y2 mv = hv 2 v h E 2 Tire relationsliip be1Wee11 scalar 111ass·e11ergy. li11ear 111ome11111111 a11d q11a111ised a 11g 11lcrr 1110111ai11a is 1/re result of equilarero/ geo111e1ry linear momentum mass velocity Tetryonics 02.13 - mass-Energy equivalance v vz quantised angular momenta 46 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass-Energy geometries v Leibniz - Newton Planck - Einstein p=mv mv 2 = E y2 EM mass v h y2 kg m mv = 2 52 h quanta y2 v 2 .• : y2 ｾ＠ v 0 E kgm2 velocity ﾷ ｾ＠ v Planck's Constant m=li y2 ·:: Energy cz v kg m 2 _1 ｾ＠ s =hv 2 ITD11 . • • ｾＧＮＺﾷ＠ j ·• . ｾ Ｎ＠ . . .l'-ｾＲ＠ .·." ' ,. velocity squared T/iere exi5tS {Hr i11tri11sic geo111etric relationship between 111ass-wlocity aud rl1e qua11tisalio11 of Energy 1110,,1e11ca Tetryonics 02.14 - mass-Energy geometries quanta squared 47 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved c EM mass-energy E = m c2 c EM mass is relared ro Mauer chroughc che square of the velocity of light of8.987551787 e16 m2/s2 [c•] EM mass-Matter E = Mc 4 Electro-Magnetic mass ....·· .....· E C4 0 ········· '•, ........... ·······•·.•. ......... scalar EM mass M ....········· ... \ \._ 30 Matter has 20 ｭ｡ｳｾｮ･ｲｧｬ＠ moving at c ../ In a 41t standing wave topology ..· ··.... ·........ creating a cl{>sed volume ,........···•· .....................ﾢＮ ｾ＠Ｚ ................ *2 Tetryonics 02.15 - EM mass-ENERGY-Matter quantised mass h E vz 48 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic Electro-Magnetic flelds v ..... ... ..... [The energies of Motion] ·············. ..····" KE ' \ ｍ ｾＺ ·.,·"· . , '··........ Ki11<>1ic ･ｮｾｲｧＬｩｴ＾ｓ＠ ... ·····... ｡ｲｩ､ Ｌ Ｑｾ Ｑ .......J2 ｾＺ［Ｎ Ｌｹ＠ . · · · · · · · · ·'/ A11 Matter in motion possess momenta and kinetic mass-energies in extrinsic KEM fie1ds ｾ ｯ＠ /l.fagnetic montcnr ....·· '4 ,.· , ··· ..... ····· C........ . ....·· .. . ,. ·········· ····. ······..... N > p 2 = E = Mv2 The Electric field energy in any EM field is equal and orthogonal to the Magnetic field energy Ey = 2mv 2 c2 ...... •. .... P 2 = KEM Mv 2 ./ <.., ···•···...... ··..··.. ..../· ....······ ····· ﾷＭｾ＠ . .. The<e 20 plonar fields ere sub)o<tll> Lor"1tz fO<IOr C011ecllol1S that lj)S)ly to the KEM field maswnergleSol Matter In motion Tetryonics 02.16 - KEM fields 49 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charge & Chargei> ｩｬｾ＠ Kinetic EM fields the ｾｳｵｩｴ＠ of quanttscd angular momenta N > ...s:: 11 w 11 N ｾ＠ 7\ E ｾ＠ m 7\ m 11 11 11 w N > E Kinetic Energies result from Matter in motion 3: II < N N 0- EM f16I energies externalised on the fascia of 30 Mattel' geometries folTil the ｾｩ＼［Ａｉ＠ ｰｾ＠ known ｡ｳ･ｬｭｮｴｩｹｾ＠ OOEM energies In amy region of free space are viewed as either a Kinetic energy field with an associated Magnetic moment or a neutral charge Photon of ElectroMagnetlc mass.energy Tetryonics 02.17 - Charge & KEM fields ｎｉｾ＠ 3: < N 50 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v .....·· ... .... ｭ｡ｾｳ Rest mass lsequlvai<!ntto the total q uantity of Energy In a body or systtm (dMded by c2) .•..···· c.... ... ··............. ...... .·... Matter ｴｯ Ｇ＠ geometrics kg/m2 _____ _.../;2 . .....··· "··..........ｾＮＺ＠ . 20 fi<'lds pvp.ig<•t" .it c m v2 cz tEJ - ... .. ..... Inscribed equia/teral triangles are the inverse ofany radial·circular ····•·····....ｾｰ｡ｴｩｬ＠ geometry circumscribing ｴｨｾ］ ····... ...... 2 ··· ............f . .. ...... ﾷ＠ ./ ./ _.. EM mass geometries an subject to Lorentz corrections ... ····· mass must be dlst/nglllshed from Mauer In plrysics. beaooe Mauer is a poorly-deflned concept in modem science. Qlld <tlthow&h QJl typc.1 of<IQUd·llJlOlt Mauer exhibit propertlt.s efmew, tr ls also rhe cast rlun there many types ｯｦｾ＠ that posses NO Mauer topology, such as potenticl energy, Jdnetic energies and electromagnetic radiation (photo11S) n7t mass inertial mdSS m=-F a c2 i2 Ql\1 velocity ｱｵ｡ｮｴｾ＠ Planck '1™"'111 EMf: old A hv 2 lllliiiilii- ---a.V .. <tl V ﾷ ﾷ＠ .....· energy d ensi:y per second ····•.... ,_ ..····· ﾷ［ｾ EM mass is a n1easure of planar per unit of tim-e i ｏｾｓ＠ p ｾ ｾ Ａ ｯｧｩ･ｳ＠ ｰｾ｜Ｒ＠ ¢/sec .... JO ,\IJ l\(Y ｬ ｬ mass ..... j ...... · ······ .... .. ... ....··· [[s.µ.].[mnv2] ] ｾ Ｑ ｲｯ｜ｾＱＬＮｴ ｲ＠ Ｂ ｾ＠ \vln..-ity 1.he term 'massless' must be re-termed 'MatterlEss• to reAect true physical attributes of mass-energy-momenta EM mass is a planar measurement of 20 energy per unit of time Thus, all 30 Matter topologies have (harged fascia comprised of 20 scalar or mass-energies, but dosed volume 30 toPOlogy is not a property of 20 EM mass· energy geometries Tetryonics 02.18 - EM mass Grc1vitational Matter g-- GM -r2 51 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ..·•·· v....... .... Electromagnetic mass-energy ····.... ·•·•.. In physics, EM mass energy equivafence is the concept rhat the EM mass of a body is a measure or its enecgy content l \ Using this concept EM mass is a property of all Energy, and Energy is a property of all EM mass, and the two properties are connected by a constant. rl Using Tetryonic geometry it can be shown that the constant is the equilateral geometry of QAM thus unifying Classical mechanics and Relativisic mechanics i v" /P •, E ENERGY 1norne:nturn 20 mass-ENERGY geometry is NOT 30 Matter topology E m ... .•._, .. ....··•··· ,....... .. .... v .... ··.... ··... ·...... .········· ...../ ...... v ····.............. ﾵｾ ｜＠ ... ..........·········· ···.............. \ hv.,....________......ｾ ｾＲ＠ · · ... · · ·. . . ＮＱ ｾ＠ .. · · · · . . . . .................... radiant 20 mass-energies are planar equilateral energy geometries C2 ...... c ＭＮ ｾ ＮＲ＠ Rel.-l1ivlstlc mls::> .. .... 1A,. __........__..-N2 ············....... . E m ···········...... Relativity ｾｨｯｷｳ＠ that rest mass and rest energy are essentially equivalent, via the v;ell·kno\vn relationship {E=mc') Tetryonics 02.19 - EM mass-Energy standing-wave 3d mass-Matter are tetrahedral energy momenta topologies 52 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM mass-Energy-Matter ..··•••···· ... ··....... .. ...... /.....·········· !. . { ·..·. CHARGE ......- ··.. ····· .c.>.........·· ···.... EM mass ·....... _...«;.:..........·· ｛ ｾ ｝＠ Charge is ii ｾ｡ｳｵｲ･＠ quantistd ｾｮｧｬＱｔ＠ ENERGY _....- Planck quanta Tetryonic Matter planar spatial Impedance Planck quanta 2 [mnv ] mass velocity Tn of ti. momentum of •"Y ph,s col S)'J1•m 3D topology 20 mass ElectroMagnetic Ｎ Ｌ Ｎ ｾＯﾷ / : '· ｾ＠ velocity ..•.... ····· . ········....... ",' n ,, v \: v '1 ":: ; ... ......·· ,.·· ........... ··•··•.. ··... .... 20 mass-e1J°et9ies 30 r:.,auer ....... .......................c;.'..................... ·.... ... ··.........ｾＮＭ＠ ODD quanta Ｇ＠ ....... ····-<11ｩ［ＮＭｾ ··.............<;.:..............· .......·· 4nn [ [soµo].[mnv2] ] TETRYONS Tetryonics 02.20 - EM mass-Energy-Matter EVEN quanta 53 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM mass-Energy momenta Energy quantised angular Planck's Constant momenta is the'quantum of Action' ,, ,. ,. , .- -· --- --- --- -. .. ' '' mass-Energy '' ' m2 \\ E 6.629432672 e -34 J ' ' ' s \. . •'' •• . ' • ' ' •• •• ' ' m [;2] mass ' m2/$ ' ' ' ' ' '' 7.376238634 e-51 kg 0 ' '' ' .' • ' • : ' rnn '' '' ', , ,, , 34 10- s [ｾ ,• X 1.33518 • ·20 s ,, ﾷＭｾ＠ 6.629432672 Charge-momenta ).s mass ＱｊＧｩｔｬＨｑＩｾｴ｡＠ Tetryonics 02.21 - EM mass-Energy momenta charge ｝＠ 54 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v v v v Ｈ ｾ＠ per square metre Energy density /,. . · 45·· ·. . . ｜ｾ Ｏ＠ m kg/• ·........c.:....../ v ··.......¢:•......... . ···...... c;:......../ v · ..........ｾＺ＠ ......... 30 Ａ＠ EM mass-Matter topology per cubic metre per spatial region rnass "·· ......¢•. .... p Ｈｾ v Tetryonics 02.22 - Energy density [Rho] ＨＯ ｾ Matter M ｾ . KG/s' v ｜＠ ···.......ﾢＮｾ＠ . .·· .. Ａ＠ 55 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Zero Point Fields [ZPFs J E IDEAL QUANTUM INDUCTORS (equilateral triangle Energy geometry) The EM FIELD Electric flux fields can propagate in any direction Magnetic fields are always at 90 degrees to Electric fields Magnetic dipole fields propagate in 2 directions at 180 degrees to each other {bi-directionally) forming North and South poles ZPFs are quant um inductive tank circuits (Short-circuited 'IDEAL: inductors with energy) ZPFs charge energies do NOT oscillate [The magnetic dipole vector determines charge] Electric flux field energy is directly proportional to the resultant Magnetic dipole field energy and vice versa M M The linear Electric field strength Is directly proportional to its associated transverse Magnetic field which propagates bi-directionally from & Into the b loch wall of the Zero point field h Positive Charge ZPF Neu positive Plan'k quanta with ｎｯＱｴｨ ｾ ｓｯｵｴｨ＠ ｭＮ､ｩｰｯ ｬ ｾ＠ vector Zero Point Fields consist of Electric and Mag neti' (EM) fields propagating at 90 degrees to each oth er Magnetic; MONOPLES do NOT exist Energy quanta always form charged Electric fields and dipole Magnetic fields h Negative Charge ZPF Nett negative Planck quanta with South·North m·dipole v(.>(tOr Tetryonics 03.01 - Zero Point Fields As localised energy q uanta increases (number of ZPFs per ti me unit) the charge geometry remains the same 56 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantised Angu1ar Momentum mv = E 2 m2 m s s mo v .·· ··········... •.. .•. ········ ....··· ＬＮ｟ .... ＧＭ ·.··.. Ｍ Ｌ ｾ Ｏ＠ if 2 ｳ ｾ＠ ·······•···...... vector linear momentum ··············· ﾷｩｳ･ ····· ﾷ｣ｯｾ､＠ ..·· p linear momentum .................. Normally perci ｡ｮｧｵｬｲｾ［Ｎ＠ ilJl ･ｱｬｾＧ｡ｩｲ＠ kgmnr s ...... m .· as ｶ･｣ｴｯｲｾ＠ ···..... ··., "·....... ..... _______ -' 2 ..r.:<:.:.:.:.::i;............................ V ..•·· ' ••·•·•••. •···••·•••• quont<sed En•tt}Y ·········........,Ｍｾ co about a point actually gauuian ｦｬｵｸ Ｇ ｾ＠ .:!::(there ia ｮｯｾ＠ '···... / mass ....·· ··.. ······ ..... 7.376238634 • ·51 kg lJl' v ... .·.· J.s ＳＴ＠ ...···· 2 ........·· mass-QAM 6.62 9432672 ｾ hv E is the equilateral geometry of scalar eneri,'Y momenta per unit of time rotation co1np.ment) Tetryonics 03.02 - Quantised Angular Momentum ""'"'°"'" ................../ ... .......·· ｾﾷ､＠ h Planck's Constant kglliTlf s 'r.' 57 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ... ... ....... Charged mass & Matter in motion ···..... ···....... .....····· produce differing but related measurments of EM fo·ce ......................·" v ··.. ··....... ·. ...... / .......... Charged ma>ses per second c :::: kg :::: A s Charged Matter in motion .... ..... / \ Amperes By definition in Tetryonics tlte quantised angular momenwm of mass in any defined spatial co-ordinate system provides tlte qua11111111 basis for Quantised angular momenta cTeates CH/.\RG'E .. ····...\ ...... .....ｾＭ m ............. Coulombs kg.s .......... .......... As Amp.sec .... ｾＮＱ ｾ＠ c .......... .......... .................... ＮｙＲ＠ CURRENT v .............. charged mass .. ... Ｍｾ＠ charged mass-energies '······... .·•········•··· ｾ＠ Vector linear momentum creates Charge, through its energy interactions, creates the geometric scaffolding for All 30 EM mass-Energy-Matter geometries Tetryonics 03.03 - Charged masses & Matter in motion 58 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charged mass geometry T he symmetry of Charge geometries provides a geometric foundation for all mass-Energy-Matter particles and physical forces v ｭ ｶ mnv 2 ｾ＠ v v Classical analysis of Energy (mass velocity) does not reveal the nature of ｃｨ｡ｲｧｾ＠ The Tetryonic geometry of Energy reveals'Charge as a product of quantised angular momentum [kgmt]_l s s or quanl it-l•d .1ognlar OHlOlC'f'll utr Chorgc is the.· ｲｾＢＧｵｬｴ＠ .uu-1 ca" .i1so he 1nudclkd L'lcctric.illy ｾＱ＠ 1ht> uni·dircction.1' rot.Jtio11 of inductive l."ncrglc:. .•.········· ·····..... / ...... "... ..__ _ __.o;a). " ··.... ....· ··..........｣ ｾ＠ ..........···· ·····..... ....｣ ｾ＠ ........··· 'a un-balanced {bt"Olcen) energy symmetry resulting &om the nett geometry of equilateral EM mass.-energy quanta' Tetryonics 03.04 - Charged mass geometry 59 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved electrically modelled as anti-clockwise inductive energy flux EleCttiC Field Ape> A Negative Charge Zero Point Field ｺｦｴ A@A Nonh MJgnPtic . . . ｾＭｲ＠ ＧｬＢｾ＠ Atf_ South N'lagnetic Apex Apex Ele<tric Flux Permittivity Field Electric Flux Apex A MagnetK Permeability 01pole field A®A Sou1h ｍ｡ＮｧＱＬｾｴｩ FiekJJ\pe): ｣＠ 1\lorlh ｴＮｾｊＹｮＱ＼＠ F1"'4dApC'lC Electric Flux -v Pefmlttivity Field 0 ｨ ｶ Ｎ｟ｾ ｾ ｦ＠ Positive Charge Zero Point Field electrically modelled as clockwise inductive energy flux Tetryonics 03.05 - Zero Point Fields [ZPFs] tl139oetic Permeabihty Dipole field 60 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved E1ementary and quantum Charges V (1--0} A Zero Point Fields .a ｾ＠ A V [0·1] "All kncwn Fermions hove charge ropofog1es that are integer 1/3 mu/rip/es of theefen1enrarycharge ltc:en bo shown that the •quan11r1 of chatge" Is the lnt!1nslc angular rnornentum d a Planck mass topology ｬ ｨｮｦｩｬｯｷｳＭｾ＠ ['T«lryl;ons aAd <Mlbl ...... datgit..., " .... nottdw;lol o(0,4 and 8 ···... ...··· ... ..·•· Tn[-tq] geomerry l<Jrtbol; Item bo_, lhlt Ibo •......, ltlfJ cbllgo' appljed IO IAptonsand ｾ＠ (12 tlft"5 quan111111 ｾ＠ ts reftl!!Cl!ve of fhWMtt charged Matlt-i top*>glE Opposites attract Simi/ors repel e ant i·down Ch;:rmed T•p down 0 Strange 8ottom quantised Charges q Ch.armed Bottom TOj) Tau anti·e ectron Tau neutrino Muon Tau (v) 8 [v] Proton Neutron Negatron [0·4] [io-z] down down 4 4 (S 4] [4-8) up 8 [2-10} 11ie elemouary dtargt. 1'SUGlly dotoltd as t. " the d.crrlc cJrmge carried by Q .tngle proton. [12.01 [6 6] [6-6 ] 0 12 [0•12] or eqldwlmrly, e ve ve e rhe ah!obttt Wlbie ofrhe tlearlc dtarge ca7Tkd by a sln&ft elearon a 0 [2 2] Quarks up 12 Baryons Proton Elementary charges 12 Elementary Charges [24·12] are the nett charge created by mass-energy-Matter topologies 0 Lepton s [v-v] Baryons 4 0 [4<0] quantum charges Strang.e neutrino 4 (EM energy flux rotation with in a ZPF geometry) ant i-up I Pf'l\t'ln<. Positro n All Cltarge.d panicles and rlte1r respecrne XBM ftelds am be modelled with ZPF field geomell"i.m nif1eatve of their .lleJl Ouuge r.op.ilogies Tetryons Quarks up charKe Neutron 0 ｻ Ｑ ｾ Ｍ Ｑ Ｘ ｝＠ Negat ron 12 [12-2-1} AJI Charges seek Equ;librium Tetryonics 03.06 - Elementary & quantum Charges 61 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Sit Issac Newton "°' ｌＮｴｆ ］ｏｾ＠ dv dt =0 Newton's first law of motion says: A body mointoins rhe current srate ofmotion unless ac1ed upon by or> external force. F =ma lll<1't1a I> tl>e mlstance ofanyphyslallobject 19a 0ahgc In llJSf<lteoftnQtiQn ｯｲｾ＠ or rht tMd<n<y ofan object to mistany change In Its motion. h Is propottlonal to an object's mass. (2.S0ectmbet1642-20Mardl 1727) Any changes to velocity result in changes to Energy-momenta within a charged geometry f (v-v]! + Ideal lnduct!Ve loops (ZPF quanta) wm oppose AtN changes to their energy '-ls and consequently, Inertia can be \llewed as an outaime of quantum ZPF self.Inductance lnertia The moment of inertia plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics, describing the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration, and several other quantities The difference between the impeding {inertial) linear momenta and the co-I inear (supportive) momenta is a result of the nett Planck mass·energy momenta within the charged geometries of Matter & its KEM fields Tetryonics 03.07 - Inertia ![v-v] f - 62 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved hv h Planck's Con stant Planck quanta per second kg m2 s The Planck constant (denoted h}, is a geometric constant resulting from QAM in quantum mechanics Ｈｾ \ ...... ··········· ...··. . Ｉ＠ Charge is a result of QAM geom.erry ｐｬ｡ｮ｣ .... v. ｾ ﾷ ｱＱＮ｡ｮｴ＠ y2 Planck's constant relates the energy in one quantum (photon} of electromagnetic radiation to the frequency of that radiation are the minimum energy geometry..:;:,ssible ﾷＮ ＢＨ ｾｱｵｩｬ｡ｴ･ｲ＠ mass-energy ｭｯ･ｮｾ ｦ＠ ﾷ Ｍｾ Ｍｾﾷ＠ .... ..········· ... qu\Jntised angular n1omcntum is the resuh. of cquilJteral gcomct ry rotational Angular rnon1cntu n'I - Tetryonics 03.08 - Planck quanta Phorons havl.....-· neutral quanta geomerry ' 63 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved E = n.hv v +s---·······. 1······················.... p-6.:.28] Planck Number ......... ........···· v ... ........... ....... .:::::8 Max Planck "·........ (28.:.36). I .....····•· ...... ··...... ..•··· ... ........ ..... .: 64 hv 64 \ hf longitudinJI ｴ ｲ ＬＩｮ｜＼ｾ＠ ｲｬＱ･ｴ l.•liO:lll<\ Ｑ ｯｮｾ＠ \ \.15 hv·. . , ｾ＠ c:::I !O 1: en ｾ ｯ＠ 9z .E en ｬｾﾷ＠ "' __ _,_ 1e19v = IJU.......... = Se18f ••• .in [ [e.µ.].[mnv ｜ｌｯｪ＠ ....,.. - -- (/) t l:o.1!: [(e,µ,].[mnv 2 ]] ( .....ＢＨ ｾ / V2 · ........ｾ Ｎ ･ Ｎ Ｑ ﾷ ＧＮ Ｎ Ｎ ･ｾＱ Ｎ Ｑｶ ﾷ ･ Ｍ Ｚ＠ｾ ［ ＧﾰＮ ｾ ｓ ｟ ﾷ ｟ ･ｬ Ｎ ｴｲｾＧ Ｎ ･ ＵＮ＠ ........· ,d.,. lly Ｇ Ｂ Equating ｾ ｭ｢･ｲ＠ of quanta is the source of a number ｾ ｾ＠ z 2 ]] ....It ..... ...... to photon £reguency of quantum misconceptions ｾ＠ Planck T'le PJ.ln<kconstant was ｦｩｲｾｴ＼ｬｳ｣｢･､＠ £hurein as the proportional ty ·:onst3nt bctwt-en the e"le1gy (EJ of a photon aod the frequency Iv) of its assoclilted Electromagnetic wave l•t In fa<t descrlbts rhe enctgyofbosonsl The zero-point energy for a simple harmonic oscillator offrequency f is Ui hf The relation between the energy 41nd frequency 1r.catled 1he Planet-Einstein re!ationshlp. Tetryonics 03.09 - Planck number 2v f ｾ0＠ at ｾ＠ al • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ a t ｾ＠ 64 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved +ZPF A posidve ZPF can be viewed as a quantun quoin or an quantum 'ideal' inductor with an intern.alised energy flux that is the opposite of a negative ZPF Clockwise current flow v [1-0) Quantum lnductors Au ··;deal i11</11cror" l1os i11</ir(1<111ce. b1<1 no re;i51011re or capacira11ce. aud wi/11101 cli55ipore ･Ｑｲｾﾷ＠ f1111ril i1imeracrs wirl1 oilier ZPFs or Ma11er) aud jorim rhe basis jor all Charge-J\1ri1y Time {CPT/ i111eractio11s A ZPF is fixed In either a + or ·state [Quai>tum Inductor circuit[ lrs energy flux direction as modelled electrically! is relative to the observer's view or the direction of measure"l'lent Charge polarlry ｾ＠ opposed 011 oppos!UJaus oftire .l1lllle qllllin (cpllJ1llll1ll coin] The direction of inherent energy Oux from the presective of the observer determines ZPF charge polarity The Quantum Inductor (L) circuit stores energy as BM mass in 1t geometries, it does not oscillate -ZPF A negative ZPF can be viewed as a quantum quoin or an quantum 'ideal' inductor with an internalised energy flux that is the opposite of a posidve ZPF Counter-Clockwise Current Flow v [0-1] ® ® Energy received is stored indefinitely until its release via weak interaction [Inductive Magnetic coupling) The quantum Inductive circuit is a SINGLE charge tri-lield inductive energy loop POSITIVE Quantum L circuit {qJantum inductive circuit] I! does 1101 osci/laie energy be1wee11 iwo opposi11g cliarges i1s differi11g energy fields arc 1he ｲ･ｵｾｬ＠ of i1s eq11ila1eral QAM geo111e1ry srorilfg Elecrric e11ergy i11 its Efield. 011d Mag11eric e11ergy in irs M field The direction of the QAM flux that models inertia is relative to the observer Tetryonics 03.10 - Quantum Inductors [ZPFs] NEGATIVE Quantum L circuit (quantum inductive circuit! 65 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantum lnductors and EM energy Levels ...············ / ... quantum Inductors Ｇｹ ＧＭＢ Scalar Energies ＧＡｾＭ Ｎ［ｾ ｖＧ Ｌ＠ ·................................... coupled ODD• mass-energies form SQUARE en<rgy geometries [1] Siugle Q11am11111 l11d11c1or [1+2] Coupled Q11011111111 Oscillaror [ZPFs] Quantum energy levels can be viewed as various combinations of: [1 +2] A Co11pled /11d11c1a11ce i11 Parallel wiclt E Two Seril!S l11d11c1ors [3+4] [Bosons] [1 +2] [3+5] Coupled Inductances ｾ＠ ｛ｾ｝＠ Tlrret coupled /11d11c1a11ces i11 Parallel wir/t ｔｨｾ･＠ Series /11d11c1ors Parallel Inductances [7+8+9] - I 1.., I I + - + ... 1.., L,, Series Inductances All quantum levelsform inductive magnetic dipole bases [Weak Force] Tetryonics 03.11 - Quantum Inductors and EM energy Levels 66 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charged mass-energy geometries The Golden Triangle v 7t ITU I 2 Number of ZPFs per quantum level All scalar mass-energies [integral quantum levels] have square number quanta in each radian spatial field 4 5 6 7 ZPFs 8 ｉｬｾ＠ Photons ODD NUMBER GEOMEl'RJES SQUARE NUMBER GEOMETRlES Bosons EM waves hv Probabilities NORMAL OJSfRJBUTIONS Wavefunctions Tetryonics 03.12 - The Golden triangle -- 67 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v n1 n4 1 ns c• lnd1v1dual equilateral Planck quanta combine to form larger EM mass-energy geometries with the nett Charge being determined by the scalar arrangement of Pasmve and Negative quanta within the resulting Tetryonic geometry or topology Quantum Energy Levels IVirhm 011) sparia. '' <Hclinart s1 ''"" ｲｾ｣＠ 1 'lO h "'' of a region can incrttlSe or decr,'ase gt0111rmu1flr <1t'<lll11g 1l1efomilrar sq11ortd q11unr11111 l'lltl'g}' ＯｾＱｳ＠ o) quon1unr pJrvsrcs v - 1 n6 2 Ill n7 4 5 6 7 8 Tetryonics 03.13 - Quantum Energy levels ns 68 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic Vectors External Magnetic fields are termed Bfields Intrinsic Magnetic vectors are transverse to Efields ｾ＠ Magnetic vecton can be modelled geometrically or electrically through energy field fluxes moment.a) (quantised ｾｬ｡ｲ＠ "'c0 -= .'>I. "' 8. 5 0 1:) 1:) 1:) ｾ＠ 0 ""'ｾ＠ "::r "' > .. \0 ｾ＠ N s N s ;o c c ·g ﾷ ｾ＠ ...e 2 .. .."' '8" E -6... Within ., M;ignctic dipole N Magnetic Vector A energy Ｇａｯｷｾﾷ＠ E s A I i "':::> "'"' "' 03 =· n < < -· "' :::> n '° 0 -· - South lo North ｾ＠ :J :;t "0 "'... 2' 1:) "' 'O 3 0ｾ＠ "' Q. v v ｾ＠ a. ｾ＠ a. c '" -6 ｾ＠ ｾｦ＠ ·; 0 g. a 5::> External to a M.-.gn<11c dipole energy Nonh to South :J ,.. ·no..,.· 0 s N A r< Tetryonics 04.01 - Magnetic Vectors '.:3 69 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charge Fields v (1OJ EM energy fluxes ir1 a Positive ZPF tlo\vS are electrically modelled as Clockwise (from North to South) Q [v-v] The EM flux directions of Charges can be modelled vectorially with Electric and Magnetic vectors All rotational planck energy fluxes can serve as models for the nett quantised angular momenta of any mass-energy geometry Polarised Electric and Magnetic fluxes in ElectroMagnetic fields arise from intrinsic quantised angular momentum Tetryonics 04.02 - Charge Fields 1 (0-1] EM energy nuxes in a Negative ZPF are electrically modelled as counter·Clock\vise (from North to South) Q [v-v) 70 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM fields a re the combined Elect1ic & Magnetic fields resulting ftom 1he qJJnllSf.l<l angulJr momentum or mass·enf'rgy n any re<Jion of free space ZPF EM Permittivity.Permeability is a measure of how much resistance is encountered when the quantised a ngular momenta of EM energies form an e lectro-magnetic field in a vacuum v ..·················•········ .... ·····•.. ···.... .·.. Celeritas = 299,792,458 ｾ＠ Co= l Jµoeo .......... . EM field Permittivity-Permeability s> m' l ·......... ,lIP c2 ··...... Til n7t mass charged Electric Constant =8.85418785 e- 12 F m 1 eo = - l'fl<? Magnetic Constant k I o - 41tSo Spatial geometry Equd.iter<ll Ｑｮ｡ｧｬｩｅ｟Ｎｾ＠ ti)(> Ｚ［ｲｾｦﾰｬＩＨ＾ｴｩＢ .........·· Ｌ＠ 2 ··.....······· c....... . ,.. .•• Energy density 2 s' kgm' A The perm1tt(Vrty of empty space. equal to 1 m cenumeter-grilm-w.cond eiectrostatJc uniU and rumericaUy, to 8.SS4 lC I 0.12 farad per me1er In lntemational ｓｹｾｴ･ｭ＠ units, whe,e c is the speed of light in meters pe, second ｓｹｭ｢ｯｨｩｾ＠ tO. = 1.2s6637c6 e-6 ..•.••/ H m A nw<1sure of the degree to which motecutesot some material polarize lc>ll9nl undC!r the ｭｮｵ･Ｍｯ｣ｾ＠ ot .Jn el«trlc ｦｵｾｬ､［＠ symbol kO, unrt:s FJm (f.lrcld.s per melt\'). Tetryonics 04.03 - Electro-Magnetic fields E=hf - 'H ><a = S ...,... S = E x H, The Energy-momenta of ZPfs form natural Poynting vectors 71 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM field Permittivity .·· .• The Electric constant, commonly called the vacuum permittivity, or pem11ttlvity of free space. relates the units for electric charge to mechanical quantities such as length and force The ｾＱＯﾥＮｵｭ＠ ... A2 F m Pe«NttlYty ｨ｡ｾ＠ • nd sh<Mlkl be repla«d \\'ith the <onttl ttn'ft EM l\tfd PftmtrtMty s' kg m3 •Ampere's Law st.it es th.lt fa< any dosed loop path, the sum of the quantities (8.ds) ror all path elements into which the complete loop has been d1v1ded 1s equal to the product of µO and the totol cu11ent enclosed by the loop. The strength of Electric fields is determined by the Electrical Permittivity Constant - l Q E - 41C€o r 2 8 .85418785 e-12 ·.... rv-v] Tht>penrut1'v tyof 'mpty,:pac f'CIU'll 10 1 WI Cenbrnttf'r-9f3JTH«ond l'Ctf0lo111bc uotts .-nd to 107 <tncl ｦ｡ｲＮ､ｾ＠ ｐｦｭｴｾｲ＠ ex. nutnrrK.111)' lo 1.154 x 1(>-12 ｦＭｩＮｾ､＠ P'f ""14.'• u I 1t ll'Wltion,,J Sy:>tem unlb. where c b. the s(')('t"d of J.lyht •11 ml I o pee ｾｯｮ､Ｎ＠ Gauss' Law: "The total of the electrfc flux out of a closed surface Is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permlttlvtty" This applies equally to any geometry chosen to tessellate a surface area Superpostioned I.! fields gives rise to Coulomb Forces Negative Charge Electric Field Positive Charge Electric Field Tetryonics 04.04 - EM field Permittivity 72 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electric permittivity Fields Negative externalised Planck Quanta (Countet·clockwise energy fluxs) Positive externalised Planck quanta (Clockwise energy fluxs) Coupled same charge ZPFs have neutralised Magnetic fields In Blear&-statlcs superposidoned Bfields with inreracdve energy momenta are the inwacdve mechanism for C.Oulombic foras Electrostatic Particles In motion have Klnetic energies resulting In Magnetic moments Polat view Polar view Negative E-fields Positive E-fields NEGAIM-Efields attract posl11ve <harges and ｲ･ｾ ｉ＠ negJtive<harges POSlllVE-Efields attract negatl\'e charges and repel ｾ ｩ ｬｩｶ･＠ <harges Opposites Attract Similars Repel Vectorial momenta forces in EM fields are bi·directional due to the energy·momel\ta quanta comprising them The curre1HI)' stated 'stilndard'premis.e of Electrical Erergy flowing from Positive 'o Negative is misleading fas Eneigy also t1ows from Negat1've to Positive at the same time) Tetryonics 04.05 - Electric Permittivity Fields 73 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved F EM field Permeability The magnetic field is most commonly defined in terms of v The permeability of free space, al so called absolute permeability. ..······ the Lo1ent-z. force it exerts on movhg electric charges. . ··············... ..········•··· ··... The name Vacuum Permeability is a misnomer and should be The magnetic field generated by a steady current la constant llow ot electric chargEs 1n which ct1arge isneither accumulating nor depleting at any point) is described by the Biot- Savart law "· ··..... replactd wlih the corre<t term EM fie!'ld Permc.)bi!lty ................ The magnetic constant has the value of 4n x 10-7 henry per meter. µ 0 -- 810 C ｾ［＠ 2 ·\. \ The strength of Magnetic fields is determined by the Magnetic Permeability Constant / ｨ ｙＭ ｾＭ [v-v] \ ｾ c ＭＮｯ｡ "·... Magnet ic Constant ".............ｾ Ｎ ｾ Ｎ ＲＵＶＳＷＰ＠ . 2 / ｾ Ｒ＠ .........- [v-v) ･Ｍ Ｍ ｾ＠ ..... .... ........... ....,<;;.............. ... A measure of lhe degree to which molecules of some matenal polarize (align) under the influence of an electric field. Measured in units of units Him (Henries per metre}. There are NO magnetic monopoles (not under any condition1 Positive Magnetic Moment Negative Magnetic Moment Tetryonics 04.06 - EM field Permeability 74 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic permeability Fields Coupled opposite charge ZPFs produce neutralised Electric fields bt MQ&llCfO ｾｴｩ｣ｳ＠ swpcrpositioncd M fields with bttero.ctive energy momenta an the btteractlve mechanl.sm for Lorentz forces Magneto-static Particles have enhanced Magnetic moments t Amperes law ｃｵｲ･Ｑｾ ｦｬ ｯｷｩＱｧ＠ tlirouglt a wire will ' ate a magnetic field magnetic field forces are ortltagonal 10 electric Omlomb forces Vectorial momenta rorces in EM fields are bi·directioral due to the energy·momenta quanta comprising them Opposites Attract Similars Repel NOR1ll M- fields attr.J·:t south ｍﾷｬｾ､ｳ＠ and upe:I north M -fields µ0 SOI/Ill M-fleldl anra<;t notth M·fi.eld; and 1epel :iouth M ｦＧｩｃ､ｾ＠ Magen tic fields can only exist in conj;ction with Electric fields & Electric fields <an only exist in conjunction with Magnetic fields Tetryonics 04.07 - Magnetic Permeability fields 75 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v v Electro-static fields Similar charge electric dipole pairings create 'neutralised' Magnetic dipoles There are 110 Sllch thiltgs as purely Blet:tric or Mognelic fields /I. /I. Fields of < Force otherwise know as EM tields N s All energy fields are Blectro-Magnetlc In llQllU'e a direct product of their eqldlaroal geomerry 'Neutralised' electric dipole pairings create Magnetic dipole fields Magneto-static fields Tetryonics 04.08 - Electro-Static & Magneto-static fields s N 76 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charged EM field geometries Electrostatic chaTged matter generate c.harg..d energy fielda an>und di.,, Opposite charge nelds can produce neutral E-nelds (with magnetic moments) z 0 Moving charged particles generate Kinetic energy & Magnetic moments {64-641 Charged electrostatic fields accelerate charged panicles vectorally dependent on their quantum charge mass-energy momenta field geometries 16 16 [72· 56] [56-72] Positive charge electrostatic fields attract Negative charges repel Positive charges Negative charge electrostatic fields attract Positive charges repel Negative charges Tetryonics 04.09 - Charged EM field geometries 77 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved E fleld acceleration of charged particles Electric fields tan accelerate charged partldes within their field geometry dependent on the particle's nett charged mass-Matter topology SimHars REPEL Nt'Rllli\'t £fields acctleraic ｎ｣ｾＧｏｬｩｶ･＠ :iv.tty from t Jidds acceter4(t Po.siliw chorgt$ oway from rilrir se>1utt /-'()S.jUvt Simi1ars REPEL c.l1orges 1'1tfr SOlll'Ce ,\'eg<JU\'C t Jield.s occl•Jerare ｐ＼＾ｳｩｬｴｾ＠ charge$ 1<W.t1rds rl1eir so1ute Opposites ATTRACT The charge quanta within Neutral particles are affected equally by Electric fields Tetryonics 04.10 - E field acceleration of charged particles 78 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ZPF.s can combine to form 'THE LAW OF 1NTERACTION' 4 distinct stalk EM fields ｾ ｆ ｬ ｵｸ＠ ｾ＠ ｭｯｾｮｴ｡＠ in opposition ..·· . Electro-static fields l/r 2 Flux momenta in t he same d irection Electro-static fields ElectroMagnetic fields 'FORCES OF lNTERACTlON' Magneto-static fields Parallel Flux momenta in Magneto-static fields the same direction 1/r 2 . • I l R I • . I .. •I 1i I' ; I ' ' Anti-parallel i I ' I ' ''' Tetryonics 04.11 - The Law of Interaction Flux momenta in opposition 79 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Positive e1ectrostatic fie1ds divergent ｣ｯｮｶ･ｲＹｾ Negative e1ectrostatic fie1ds coflvergent ｮｴ＠ positive negative momenta momenta Coulomb's Force Law F E- - -- q divergent neg<1tive PQ$itive moment3 ｭｯｾｮｴ｡＠ kQsourceq qr2 Forces of Interaction "The_/orce oj e1e<lrlcal 0Urd,1iv11 or rep11lslcn ｾｬ｜Ｇｙ＠ t"'\, pcl'1t ､ｲ｡ｧｾ＠ is difl'aly prt,pt1rlio11aJ 10 dtt' produce o) m,1g11/u1dc oj t•1.1t.11 d1lttgC' arid 111\'t'rSel\- pr<?pl1rtimral rp tire sq11are <1/ di-s1a11ce hetww11T1em" E = _ l_ Qf: 4ne0 r 2 attract Negative charged masses repel Positive charged masses attract Positive charged masses repel Negative charged masses --;? ｾ ｾ Ｍ --ｾ＠ +- - ..:- ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ - -+- ｾ＠ _.._ --+ - . _ . ｾ＠ ＮＭ ｾ Ｍ ｾ ｾ ＫＭ Ｍ ＭＫ ｾ ｾ ｾ ｾ ｾ＠ ｾ ｾ＠ - ---.. - ---.. Ｍ ｾ SimilJ rs l{epd Opposites 1\ttract -- -+ Ｎ｟ Tetryonics 04.12 - Forces of Interaction Sin1ilars Ropcl ｾ＠ ｾ ｾ＠ ＭＷ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ Ｍ ｾ -+ ｾ ｾＭ Ｍ ｾ＠ ｟Ｎ＠ ＭＫ ｾ ._,. __.. ｾ＠ ｟ＬＮ＠ ｾ 80 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electro-Magnetic field Lines The mdgnetit field at any given point as specified by both its direction and magnitude Magnetic dipoles can be produced by the coupling of opposite electric charge fields >·c:E: or by accelerating charged bodies of Matter which In tum produce associated Kinetic energies [Neutral Electric field and equal strength Magnetic moment] Magnetic South Pain ....... divaga1t eouth vec.tors .nd CDn'Tei ga i l north W!d:Ol"I -----' \I f ' . .,.- - - - /111eraclio11 between vecrorally opposed (co11vergem a11d diverge111) vecrors wi1l1i11 Eleciric c111cl Mag11e1ic fields produces rlie Jami/or lines offorce 011d Olld imerac1io11s of clecrro-Mag11elic jlelds Every particle of Matter In motion possesses Intrinsic Planck M-field dipoles becasue of their nett charged quanta ｷｨｬ｣ｯｭ｢ｮｾｴ＠ produce a nuclear magneton. 30 Mag11e1ic li11es of Force are made up of iO fields of Pla11ck e11ergy mo111e111a ·rhe magnetic held lines of permanent bar magnets ore the result of the equilateral charge [Qi\M] geometry of neutralised quanta that form their dco1 rostatic r.dds C011\'Ciga1l IO\Jth WICtOt'I Tetryonics 04.13 - ElectroMagnetic Field lines 81 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic fle1d Forces ! attractive magnetic forces MagneLic 1110111e111s of same charges moving in the same direction m2 ·kg s2 . A2 J = A2 \Vb =A s2 =F Y·s =A = J/C · s C/s ,J. s2 = C2 m2 ·kg = C2 In physics superpooltloned M fields with lnteractM? energy momenta p!Oduc::e Lorentz fon:es 4n e-7 Az N repu lsive magnetic forces Magnetic mo111e111s of same charges moving in opposire directions y Tetryonics 04.14 - Magnetic field forces 82 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic field lines Magnetic field lines were introduced by Michael Faraday (1791-1867) who named them "lines of force" Michael Faraday Magnetostatic Dipole M"8ft"k Sowth Polos Mw dlwrgml JOllJll WCIOlS and corrwJgetU north \ICUOrJ '' External to the dipole field lines run from ｾ＠ North to South • ' f , 1 / / / .I' (22Sepcemb<f 1791-2SAugust 1867) . .. . ' - - -·Negadve Blecrric jltlds ltaw Posttlw Bleco1c fltltb haw ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾｂｶ･｣ｲｭ｡ｮ､＠ posllMBYllCfanand ft1!811rN s - COIMIJ.Uf pos/1M B WCIOIS Tetryonic geometry reveals the true source of all EM field lines of force ,, r ,/I I I I ＧＢＱｾ＠ , II , It J' 1 N\ t \ t \ ﾷＧＮＢ｜ｾ＠ ., c ..... ' Internal to the dipole field lines run from South to North '' .Mfl&)l<dc Nortlt .l'ollr aP\:nnant'nl i\1.tgnct\ c:.tn l'xｶＱｾ＠ .. ｜Ｑｯｾｊ＠ ncut ·•1 ch.ugc Elcctro•t•lic ＬＱｾ＠ t/ivap llOfth '"'' ""1WJ2"U *'llfh 1llllCIOn E.\I fide!. Simil..lr lO convention.JI V5 electron curn;:nt M•gnwc field l\V() Tetryonics 04.15 - Magnetic Field lines ''<<IOI'"$ no..\IS can b<> rnoddlcd with directions of 'magnetic nux· 83 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Para11e1 Magnetic Dipoles Michael Faraday James Clerk Max\vell (22 September 1191-25 August 1861) (13Juoe 1831- S NO\<e:C16e< 1879) Maxwell had studied and commented on the field of electricity and magnetism as earty as 1855/ 6 when "On Far<iday's line-sof f0tcft was M<lgnetlc lines ofA>ro! are continuous and wt/Ialways fotm closed loops. rm to t he Cambridge Philosophical Society. Mogneticllnesof forCI! wlH IWlltaoss OMonolhtr. Paro/kl magnotk Jines offorCI! tmwJing In tfH! Tilepaper prese-nteq,;l simpli6ed model of Faraday's ｷｯｾ＠ and how the two ｰｨ･ｮｯｭｾ｡＠ \vtte related. He ｲ･､ｾＱ＼＠ all of the current koo....tedge Into a IInked set of .so""'diteetJon t.,,.i one anot#H!r. differential equations with 20 equations in 20 variables. (Quarte1ionsJ Paralklmagnetic /lnesof foroe rravdJng lnopposlted/teetJons tend to unlle with eodl odltland fotm Imo slngle lints tmwJlng /no dfm:tion dmtmln<d by the mar,inotkpelts aeollng the Ones of/oft%. This work was later published as "On physical lines of ｦｯﾫ･ｾ＠ In his 1864.,_-'/\dynomk:ol II*')' of theele<1romagnetlc field': M<lgnet!c /Ines offora tend to sharttn ｾ＠ ｾｴｨ･＠ - -"lheag-toftt>e...utsseemsto<howmat 111# and mogneUsm ore .--.S of the some subsUnce, and that light Is on electromagnetlcdlStllm.nc. propoga1IOd lllR><19h mag/Hflcllnts offorCl! eidsting belweet! twoun/llo! pelts cause the pales ｴｯｾ＠ wifed together. thefteld '""""111ng10 eieCVOmlgne<IC - M<lgnetlc lines offoroe pass through oil motttfols,, both magnotkandnonmagnetic. Magnetic /Ines offorce al"'1}'S entetorleavea ｭ｡ｧｮ･ｴｩ｣ｾ＠ in MJrch 1861 . Maxwell showed that the equations predkt the existence of waves of oscillatin.g el«tf'ic and magnetic fields that tavef through empty spa<e atrlghtongles to at a speed of 310,740,000mls. thesurfo« His famous ･ｱ I ｵ ｾｴｩｯｳ Ｎ＠ in their modern form of four J)artiC'll differenti.ll equitions, l\rsl appeared in fully devetol)«I form In his textbook A Tretitiseon ElectrKity and Magnetism in 1873. "3 TJ1e specific fea111res ofForoday'sfleld cot1cepr. in its fawJuri1e' and mos1 complete farm, ore tfl(Jr fort;,e is o s11bs1cu1ce. rha1 ii is 01e o"fy subs1<u1<e <1t1d d1a1 all forces ore in1ercon\'trtibte 1lirot1gl1 ｾｯｲｩＱｴｳ＠ mc.vions of dre li11e.s offorce. ｔＧＱ･ｾ＠ features cf Faraday's 'fawn1ritt 1101io11· v.-e:re1101carried on by Man't'l in ltis approocl1to1he probk111 offinding a 111a1hema1icar representation for !lit co111im1011s 1ra11s.mis.s.iou of electric a11d 111ag11e1icforces. M(l>'wtll considertd cJiese elec1ric arrd mag11ctlc/orcts 10 be sraies of Slfess a11d s1rai11 in a mecl1a11kal aedter. a 1101iou f 11r1liet adw111ctd by telarivi1y rlreory wf1h f1s 'srrts.s e11trgy' rt11sor .11arl1. TBlly-Onics reveals lilllls ofForce ro be a direct result of rhe varlollS $llperpostrloned BM.field geomerrles of equilateral ｾ＠ Tetryonics 04.16 - Parallel Magnetic dipoles momenra 84 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Anti-Para11e1 Magnetic Dipoles - ｾ＠ I I Tetryonics 04.17 - Anti-Parallel Magnetic dipoles I 85 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic Moments 1 Single ZPFs are 'ideal quantum inductor elements' Electro-static Energies Charges All Matter in modon possesses kinetic energies which are stored as Planck quanta in their KBM fields Each charge geometry has distinct Magnetic dipole alignments The c.harge geometry ofKBM fields are reflective ofthe interactive component ofthe charged r.opology ofthe particle in motion 2 Magneto-static Energies Kinetic Energies 11Z 3 µ/.. which in turn can only create 2 distinct orientations [spins] of magnetic moments ZPF sets can form inductively coupled quantum Harmonic Oscillators Tetryonics 04.18 - Magnetic moments 86 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ......······ ........./ v ............... .............. "· ·•····....... ....... "· "·. "··.. ........· / ... nl n2 11v.._,,___ " ". . . . . . EM field strengths . . . . . . . nS ri6 ···... "··- .... ...... "··-.....................c..2__,....................· · All Energies are 'square' quanta scalar fields made up of quantised Electric & Magnetic fields ATI FM fields have the same equilateral geometries [v'2) Electric fields are inverse squared fields [1/r"2) Magnetic dipoles are inverse cubed fields (1/r"3) As 1l1e mass-energy quarua in EM fields change 11reir geometries are s11bjec1 10 Loreruz con1rac1ions Tetryonics 04.19 - EM field Strength 87 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electrostatic particle modeling m EM mass-energy Tetryonic field geometry Tetryonic [411p) standing wave clwrge fields form elecrrostaric Particle topologies {Charged and Neutral Mateer) Matter tetryonic Matter topology 12 no Non-neutral nett Tetryonic quanta Q 3 4 12rc topologies Charge Particles 12rt LM Geld gcometr;es 0 •• Ｓ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Q 12 Neutral 3 12 -4 0" [0·4 ] 3 4 Q Charge Particles I 2n p.'lrt irl£> t o polngiPJo:: I 2n particle topologies Non·neutral nett Tetryonic quanta Positive l.2e20 121! CM field gcomclries Equal numbers of opposite Tetryonic quanta 12rc geometries M 12rc geometries Negative Charge 12rc topologies l.2e20 All particles in mo1io11 create secondary KEM field geometries {Ki11etic e11ergies and Magnetic momencs( Tetryonics 04.20 - Electrostatic Particle modelling Particles 88 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic EM Fields Electro-static Fields Motio11 in any ditec1ion produces Kine1ic & Mag11etic e11ergies Mo111e11ra acti11g i11 opoose direc1io11s results i11 zero velocity v The Kinetic 'Eledric & Magnetic enagiea are contained in an KFM field extending from a charged particle mmotion v Stationary Charge$ t>'.ovln-g Charge-s Nvt neutral KE lields and hJ;11(' ncutt<&liwd magnetic dipole\ ll;t.'19nC'11( moments Charged partides mmotion produce a Magnetic moment A Zero Velociry equotes 10 Zero 11e11 "'1omem11111 Tire $1Te11g1/i of1/ie Kinecic Eleciric field & Magnetic mome11c is direclly proporlicnal 10 tire square of tire parlicle sVelocily Tetryonics 04.21 - Electrostatic & Kinetic EM Fields 89 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electric & Kinetic Fields v [1·0) .·· ........ ···. ··.... ··..·. v [0·1] v P=Mv ... \. ·. ! ; < ·!··.. '-----------·/ ··.. Positive charge field ..../ ..... ······ .............ｾ＠ ...................... Th' combined Kinedc &Ma9netic moment energies tota.l l'l"'IVJ Kinetic Energy field KEM Jield created by a Positive charged body KEM field created by a Negative charged body v v hv · hv Positive charges repelled Negative charges attracted Neutralised Electric fields Enha nced Magnetic moments Tetryonics 04.22 - Electric & Kinetic Fields Negative charges repelled Positive charges attracted 90 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM& KEM force vectors Positive charge can be modelled Ncg<>tn'I? charge can be modelled electrically with anti-clockwise EM flux<S [omcg-.is] electrically with clockwise EM Auxea (omegas) All mass-energy quanta are ideal quantum Inductors The E&M force vectors create orthogonal equilateral EM Fields E'ecrric fields propo!me orrl1ogo1101/y 10 tlte M'1g11e1ic dipole_(leld dI - ----Positiw charge fidda of intttaction reault !Tom an - . of dMTgerrt positive energy momenta Eqv.al energy· momenta 1n 01>1>0siuon creile static flekfs \ ' • v ｾ＠ Negame charge fielda of intttaction of dMTgerrt negatM eneigy momenta reault fTom an - \t • Mag11e1ic flux exierual 10 1/ie Mogueric dipole Ｉｬｯｷｾ＠ from Norrlt ro So111l1 & l111enral 10 a Mag11e1ic dipole ir )lows So111l1 ro Norr Ii When ZWs ｾ＠ ..11> lotm • Ma9 ietostatlc dipole lheylotm o<thagonal !Ngnetlc- The opposing '&fidd The oppo&ing M-&ld energy momenta creates the Coulombic Law of Interaction energy momenta creatathe 'Lorentz Force When E field b a\ MMlmum • B field Is at Mlnlmum when 8 field is at Maximum· E field is at Minimum Tetryonics 04.23 - EM force vectors 91 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM Forces and ZPFs ZPF c ·nta can combine l 19 binations to produce 3 distinct charged sets Positive Charges A Negative Charges Magnetic dlpole momeol E ...t.. A .t..O a vov N v v v Neutral Charge All EM mass· Energy·Matter & forces can be modelled using Tetryonic geometries v 0 Zero Poiiu Field EM geometry 1s 1/rc fo1111dallc111 )Or all 1he EM forces comprising a11d acll11g betwe r par11c/es of Maller v I l.or(ntzforce. Len: s Law. Righi Ltfl llmrd mies etc ct111 t1ll be easily replaced wu/r 1/11s smrp.e geomeirit modd Negative ch.&19e P-'tUcte KE f\okt tnd n'agnetic moment Tetryonics 04.24 - EM Forces and ZPFs 92 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic EM fields 12 Q All Klnetl< EM fields resulllng from motion hcwe charge frekl geometries ｲｴｾｵｬｨｮｧ＠ from the <hargcd Matter ｾｭ･＠ try of the p.lfUdc In motion Q (12·0] KEM field charge geometries do not contribute to the nett charge Positive charge particle topologies produce positive KEM fields + + Negative KEM field geometries viewed from different angles Negative charge particle topologies produce negative KEM fields - are positive KEM fields As a direct result ofthe KEM field Positive KEM field geometries viewed from different angles are negative KEM fields being a BM field permeating free space the symmetry of BM fields results in KEM field geometries being viewed as having neutral KE fields with a magnetic moment Tetryonics 04.25 - Kinetic EM fields 93 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Point Particles and KEM fields e- e+ 12 12 Charged rest mass-Matter topology Quark$ T(8nl Leptons T(l2•1 velocity invariant rest mass-Matter has a standing wave topology Boson; "" :0001 Charged Leptons at rest are Electric field standing waves (with neutral Magnetic poles) KE from motion generates a Magnetic Moment Kinetic EM field geometry is divergent from a particle's rest Matter topology Photons n;; JEVENI Charge v Q [v-v] [n7t] Ｍｾ＠ + KindK Energ;.. < [12n] rest Matter topology [lfC] Kinetic Energy geometry Tetryonics 04.26 - Point particles & KEM fields A 94 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Relativistic mass KEM flelds of Matter in motion 2D charged EM field geometries create Matter topologies tetryons [4"'J quarks [121<] leptons [1211] Baryons [36n] Elements ｛ｾ｝＠ Electro-static partldes have neutralised Kinetic motion mc.gr'ledc dipoles Magl'letk moments produces Spherical point charges do NOT exist positron eleccron 12 [12 0) 12n ;D Mauer is a sra11di11g-w<ive ropology res11l1i11gfro111 radia111 2D EM geame1ries All lep1011s aud quarks borlr Ii ave 12 charged Jasica geomerries, /b111 differing mass-Ma11er-par1ic/e ropologies/ All EM fields resulting from Kinetic Energy (motion) radiate outwards (the Intrinsic KEM fields contain both Negative and Poslttve Energy momenta quanta) Elccuoo FSow + - Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor RE tetryons [4"] quarks [Sn] leptons [1211] Baryons [20nJ Elements [54n] Tlte mass energy co111en1 of all charged fascia co11s1itu1i11g massive parricles I.ave 1110111eu10 1/1ar is proporrio11al ro 1/re lurrlusic velociiy /cj of rlre sra11di11g wave ZPFs geometries can be used to model the KEM fields of charged particles KE rest Matter Magnetic field produced bya Solenoid Tetryonics 04.27 - KEM fields of Matter in motion 95 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Biot-Savart Law There is an inverse cube relollom.hlp between 'nagne!lc field strength and magnetic field lorce with 1esJ>Kt to d1>t.ln<e lrom the maqne! ｾ＠ ｮｾ＠ ｾ＠ Jflt!!'f.Xtion btitWf'tft M.lc)Mt0QIK r..lch ｯｾ＠ tot""••. ''-"be 1Ir2 c1opo1• .,.... tf'l.o l......1!'"4 CUl[O IJW of olUOl<.hOl'i and reopuh<>n 1/R' , , , , ,, , - - - - - ...... The Blot -Sa art law t. uwl to OOmpuk thit uwgndic fidd ls""ateil by a llady current, i.e. a continual flow of chars-. ｾ＠ • wire, whidi ls - - . n t In time end in which ｾ＠ 1a-ne1ttmbui1ding"" T\01' deplmrc at any point \ , ,, \ ' I , , \ ' ' I • I f I f f ' ' '' , , ,, \, \ \ '' '\ I : ' ', I he rddi.11 distdncc between , i\lagn,·1i,· dipoles is less than ｬｾ＼Ｚ＠ dist.me., bet wec1• Electric dipoles I I f ,' I \ \ \ \ \ ' 1/R' ' , ' ' ...... ___ The lnttr« tlon btl\\ttf'I Electrostatic l'ittds for which an E1'c.trlc field exists ｾ＠ tht ｦｮｶＮｲｾ＠ SCUARE law o( 3UrdCt)()(l CJ.nd repul!tOO -- -- --- J µo ldl x f d11 lrl2 , ,, , ,, , 31 .g• 5 E g ,, 1 u 2! ｾ＠ 1 "'ｾ＠ :a-"' 0 ....- O! "'er"' L z; '&:; c GI .s:: 0 GI ｾ＠ ;;• 0 L!! Ii "' GI , ,, I I \ ' B= ,'' , '' ｾ＠ GI • I I \ '\ I B - / µo ldl x r 47r lrl3 ' 'I \ 1/r2 •I "' .2 "' GI • f 0 E ｾ Ｒ＠ \ ' ' "' 0 c u \ '' , '1-f'bsm th.it describes the ｾ a. Ｓ＠ GI \ , I ttom; ｾ＠ , I 41 '"' ;c nt;6d ･ｾＮＬｴｹｮｲｩ｣ｷ＠ -"' z; .s:: E I ｩ Ｚ ｀ ｾ ｜＠ ﾷ｜ｾＬ［ＺＯＧ＠ , Clow IOOIW pol• of •• ft"'->9rw1. 8 liekl Wength Ｑｴｯｾｭ｢ｬ｜Ｇｩ＠ ｴｨｾ＠ ｉｮｾ＠ k!Wt" of Ekctnc for<e. Th!, h b<'C·IV\.C' I' ｾｨＮ｜ＱＧ＠ .n ,1 'ij.)lpolM M.)91'1COC Ｈｾﾷ＠ Tetryonics 04.28 - Biot-Savart "' it: 0 "' a. 2 ""o; "'u ｾ ﾣ＠ w ｾ＠ !> :J2 ｾ＠ • £i,. 96 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Its the equilateral geometry of quantised angular momenta that creates chlrality in physics Quantum Chira lity [ v-v ] ..... Mirror imaged Planck quanta are NOT identical to each other The cquila1era/ geome1ry of any EM field or Ma rter parric/e is derermi11ed by irs 11eu Co11lombic drar&e ------------x y A reflection of Horizontal or Vertical axis results in a changed EM dipole orientation in turn signifying an opposite charge ZPF Any nominal rotation about an axis results in a re-orientation of the electromagnetic vectors but does not affect any change to charge etc. Irrespective of orientation or rotation: Positive charge fields have clockwise inductive Aux geometries Negative charge fields have counter-clockwise inductive Aux geometries Tetryonics 04.29 - Quantum Chirality 97 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Pi radian - energy momenta geometries 1 [O·tJ mass-energy momenta Q nett charge [v-v] 1t quantised angular momentum pi radian energy geometries J • < N Planck quoo>t.> ] ｾ ･ ｾ＠ ＱＡ Ｇ｝ ｾ＠ [ 1t 2 radian geometries are comprised of equilateral mass momenta Tetryonics 04.30 - Pi radian - energy momenta geometries n 98 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ZPFs and Bosons ZPFs are Planck energy qua11tu111 e/e111ems Each 'squared' e11er&>y jfald is rlie Each Q11a11111111 /evel is au ODO 1111mber of q11a1110 (Roso11s) v Charge Boso11s are 1ra11sversc Q11a11w111 levels sum of r/1e /lreceedi11g Bosaus Energy Ｎ Ｑ ｾ＠ .......................................................-[K)].... [1-0) ... SQUARED..... [ 3-1-] ... [2-1] ODD 1l1l1!.llmben numbers i2[IDo 11 ｑｵ｡ｾ＠ angular momentum ia the fomidation for all Tetryonlc m398-'ENERGY-Matter geometries 2 3 2 6 ................ -· ｻ ｾﾷ Ｍ ﾷ ｬ＠ Ｗｾ 13 C J 1 LPFs are tire q11a111cr geometry for Cliarge. Bosons and Energy Ｎ＠ . ... . ｛ ｾｳ ﾷ ｴ ｝Ｍ N --i'n-n-t-'1)1---=::::i- (n 1) The charged quanta in all mass-Energy geometries create a NORMAL Distributions [v-v .v·v] tM flf'WI {0 1} Ｎ hv+ Basa11s are 1/1e excl.a11ge particles for rlie EM force 16 $ ................................[15·•0] ·· ... (6-5] [1-6] 4 ｾ Ｐ Ｖ ｝＠ [5·4] 0 Pi.1ondt qu.U•1.l ?,?7: [ (s.µ.).(mnv2] ] 0 ttM,.,\1-1$:""u..- m.bS \ "l'lod ty Bosons form the geometry of Quantum Levels Tetryonics 05.01 - ZPFs and Bosons 1 [6-3] [4·3] 3 Oil 25 · 36 . 49 99 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Force carrier for Positive charge particles W + Boson ＨｾＬＮｉ､＠ ｯｾＢ Ｚｲ＠ Pltlnck C(ll<l"l.i [[coµo).[mnv 2 ]] ｦｯ｣ｴｲ Ｎ｜ｾｮｩｨ｣Ｚ＠ ｭＮｩｾ＠ ｾ ｬ ＩＧ＠ CHllRGE carrier Bosons are ODD number quanta Bosons form ｵｮｾ＠ charge Quantum levels that facilitate EM induction between mass-Energy-Matter Neutral Z Bosons and Photons are EVEN quanta Bosons ｅｍｾ､＠ Planc:k Neutral charge parallelogram geometry EM force carriers f........................................................................................................................................... ｾ［ ｾ ﾷ ［ ＬＺｾ ﾷ ｾ ［ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷﾷ ﾷﾷ ﾷﾷ Z0 Boson IQ j [H I 2.(1] 2 ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷｩ＠ 3.(•'J : Newra/ Z Bosons ca11 be formed by combinii:g EV EN numbers of W Bosons ===. ﾷ 0 13-31: pos clmr&>e 3.(1') :, ··...................... .................. . .............. ············-··· .................. . .................................................. . .......· Photons are alternate (diamond) EM geometries formed from Z Bosons qtwnl..l ｅｾ Ｌ＿Ｎｴ＠ [ [€0µ0 ].[mnv2] ] w-Boson Force carrier for Negative charge particles 4·51 Tetryonics 05.02 - Bosons 100 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Bosons are charge carriers {the geometric foundation of quantum levels] v (1-0) W+ Positive charge carrier Negative charge carrier ､ｊ 1 [1-0) + + 3 m nv - W- ｾ ﾷ ｊ＠ - m ov ELECTRIC FIELDS MAGNETIC OIPOLE FIELDS Tetryonics 05.03 - Boson EM field geometry 3 c 101 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Boson Frequencies EM f1dd °a?.?::C [ [ｳ All Bosons are 1/2 wavelength EM fields with ODD number quanta They are the geometric basis for transverse EM field Quantum levels ｐｬｾ＠ ｯ ｾ｝Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ El«tro.\1,11tne1i.: 1n;au qu:mt,:1 Ｒ •'Clocity ｝ ｝＠ \\I fkt5ons ,.Jn.• .;on1priscd of 01)0 number quanta WBosons ODD• Q W+ ct 15 """* "'"'.... f =7.S nn [ [1!1ny ]] Photons EVEN:r Q ｾ＠ 2nn [ Neutral Z BOSONS and PHOTONS have differing EM geometries < ｾＢＱ＠ .......... [1!1n!:]] ....ｾｦｬ＠ (/1'Cr«IS.O Ql ｦｾｩｲ［ｹ＠ 16 •!l<"l<w:Ud . ··················.•.. .... y 0 •• ..... ,/' ·•··........ ,f;.i......... ········ Photons are LONGITUDINAL neutral EM fcrcc car1;ers resulting frocin Bosons ODD• Q_,_ nn [ ｛ ＱＡ ｦｩＡ ｾ ｝＠ f = 75 f i { 'n W- EM \vavcs are oorn priscd of EVEN number quanta (Photons J fM Fif>ld WBosons Tetryonics 05.04 - Boson Frequency ｾｅＡ＠ Planck qu.lnt.i [[soµo].[mnv 2] ] 102 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Boson Waveforms (v-v] All ODD 0 geometries (bosons] Qu.111tu n1 Ｑｾ f 1· 0 1 Ｑ Ｑ＠ create a quantum of charge W The Ele<tro-weak force is Positive charge earner the result of Bosons interacting along their edge of Permeability Qt .:tntum level 5 Quantum kvd 7 I Ｗ ﾷ ｾ＠ W+ Boson exchange is rhe basis of Elec1ro-Mag11eric lnd11crio11 & Cl1arge ｲ｡ｮｾｦ･＠ ODD number quanta Jntrgral W Boeom form &quaTe Energy geometri"8 Sepatat...i energy geometri.. cnm. m elect1 on totM! force All charges are comprised of odd numbered Bosons [each Boson is a Quantum leveO 9 <; I OJD number quanta s W- v 1w...•a uu11uvub ｾＢＧ £ s -1 The Strong Colour Force is the 1esult ::>f Bosons interacting v ia their their Electric charge Negative charge earner fascia Tetryonics 05.05 - Boson Waveforms E 7.- 1 t 1:t-..:t1 IUtlllll'llb I l 1-0 I 1 l.M..lf wn uu•nb ｉ＠ '""'""'b 103 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charge Bosons [v-v] Bosons are TRANSVERSE EM fields [levels] Positive Charges have nett positive quantised angular momenta Positive Bosons Positive Charge field ｾｉ＠ Fill"ld Planck <1u.m u ｯｾ ＿Ｌｴ＠ [ ｛ ｳ ｯ ｾ ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ Eltrtro\l.igneti< ntJIS>' Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ Each quC"antt11'1'! Lt'vCI is a unit of Charge V\'.llX"1Y Charge la a mealllft oF the nm qaantiRd iWJiidtbi -energy Fometry ofanypom region ｯｦｓｾ･＠ ••uLn (v-v] Negative Bosons Negative Charges have nett negative quantised angular momenta nett Charge isa SCALAR EM field property Negative Charge field Tetryonics 05.06 - Charged Bosons 104 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved bosons photon Q W+ [v-v] W- Q [v-v] ODD n Tetryonics 05.07 - Bosons vs. Photons 2n1t 105 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Q (•·v] 1E ·. 2.5 ｾ Ｎ＠ \ ••\ 36 "··... . 49 ｾ＠ 64 . • v2 ﾷ ｾＭＪＮＱｴ［Ｚ .... '······· ....c.2. ................ radiant 20 equilateral geornetries energy ｭｯ p mass-energy geom etries E c2 TI1 ··..• c1arged planar mass-energy momenta fo·m ｭ ･ｮｾ＠ negative :harge field ./ ..................c.2.................. per second M E m mass M atter p mass-Matter topologies C4 M kg!m 2 KG/m3 enerqv momenta per second squared charged mass-energy geometries form ......... standing-wave 30 tetrahedral topologies ··.. ···... ·.". Matter displacement tapologJes have Internalised strong foi<:e fascia partitions .··.·· mass-Matter \ m Ｔｾｴ＠ spatial field ｛ ｬｾ ｾ ｊ ｛ ｾ ｯ ｾ ［ｾ ｊ ｊ＠ Matter topologies Tetryonics 05.08 - geometric mass-ENERGY-Matter topologies ·. ··.-!'egative ｭ ｾ ｳ ﾷ ｍ｡ｴ ･ ｲ＠ ../ · . . · ·. . Ｔｾ＠ . . . . . . ... 4 7t 106 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 4 Matter [4-0] ........ EM ｭ｡ｳ ｾ ･ｮＨｧｾｳ＠ have 2:0 planar geomelrles E v .... ..... .···•···•·· ·..... Et.i Matte-r has a lDTetrahedral topology E = Mc4 mv 2 ﾷＭｾ＠ 20 20 EM mass·Energy 30Maner forms is comprised of 20 £1.i mass·Ene<gjes 30 Matter p/sec m kg/m2 (2-2) ........ ··· .... 30 2 EM mass-energy per cubic metre Matter is comprised of 4n1t mass-energy geometries forming a 30 standing wave topo1ogy EM mass geometries ..·... ....... ........··· p/sec EM mass-energy per square metre 0 0 ········... [2-2J Matter topologies M kg/m3 ·····' ........... ..·········· ········... ·...... 4 ··... [0-4] ..... ........ , . . Matter is anything that has a closed mass-energy topology and displaces a volume / ·······... ..···· ······ ..c:.:......•··· (the 30 massive building blocks of quantum part icles and atomic elements) The EM maj,5·ene1gyqu<lntaof M.lttef can be measured ｬｲ｡ｮｳｶｾ･ｹ＠ and longitudinally aUo-.•.w19 thenl to e.xhlbit a numbec of wave-like and paHiclc-ltke p•operhcs [de Brog lie wavetength & Compton frequency) Tetryonics 06.01 - 3D Matter topologies ·····... '• ........Ｌｻｾ＠ ..........·· .....· 107 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Tetryons - the quanta of Matter ···. .... ··········......... ··.. 'massless' is a physics mis-nomer as all energy exhibits mass equivalence ........... ｨ ｾ＠ ｾ Ｒ＠ '-. ... charged ｮｾｴＤ＠ eoergy ....··· ·•····.•....•...•.C::.2................. ZPF mass-Energy quanta m · · · · . ｾＺ＠ .ｾ ＭＮﾷ ｾＺ TBTRYONS Platonic tetrahedrons are the foundational topologies of all 3D Matter ｾｊ Tn [ .•.·· c .· /.... ; ｨｾ＠ ............ Tetryon Matter Quantun1 M 20 mass-energy geometries can be combined to form 30 mass-ENERGY-Matter particles Tetryonics 06.02 - Tetryons . .· · · · ' E11ergy ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾ Ｉ｝＠ ...-· ... M 1uo111e111a ...-········· ................····· ［ＭＮ ｾ Ｎ ｾ Ｎ･ Ｎ Ｇｾ Ｎ Ｚｾ＠ ··.. ·····... 108 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Standing wave mass-energy geometries and Matter topologies ......·················· ..··· ... As each charged fascia's In tum energised M fields supply energy to the E Fields creating a BM standing wave {the BM topology ofManer] Bfield tries to propagate our:wards it interacts with a M field dipole at each apex v Mauer s1ores EM mass-e11ergies geometries in i1s 30 Te1ral1edral wpology All mass-e11ergy propagme hv Tetryonics 06.03 - standing-wave Matter topology 01 1he speed of liglr1 creating linear energy ｭｾＱ･＠ 109 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Tetryonic charge topologies v TETRYONS [MATIER] Positive Tetryon Neutral Tetryon The 3D Tetryonic volume of Matter is what distingushes it from ill BM mass-energies A JD Tetryo11 can be 'collapsed' Into a 2D wavejonn radiQlttfow e1te7X)' momenta BM wavejonn that conserves all of its ill mass-energy-momenta The four EM mass-energy momenro produced by Tetryonic collapse must nor be confused with rt1ec1assrca14 tnergy·momenra (which refers to x,y,z co-ordinates & v) ｺ ａ ＮＭ Neutral Tetryon v 4pi radiant mass-energies A Four 20 tnau-61erg)' geometria can combine to funn vi. charge intu ik.tiOIW 3D t1tr.1hedral Matt.er topologiea Tetryonics 06.04 - Tetryon charge geometry A ａｾ＠ 110 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Tetryon Genesis [1 - 11 [1 - 1] 1. WEAK interaction Mutual Inductive Coupling [Magnetic dipoles interact] Electro-static field Electro-static field ODD7t A charged mass-energies Magneto-static neld No11·Zero 11err mass-Energy-momema resull in Linear momem 11111 Magneto-static neld Opposing momema result iu slatic EM fields (2- 0] [0- 2] EVEN7t radiant mass-enugies 2. 2D EM mass-energies ｩｮｴｾｲ｡｣＠ to form 3D Matter topologies EM wave momema can form srm1di11g waves (Mauer geomwiesj 3. STRONG interaction Electrostatic Matter a.ttract via Electric charges and Magnetic dipoles 4n1t mass-Matter geometries (2- 2] [4 - 0] Q Q NeutralTetryon Positive Tetryon Ｆ (0 - 4] [2 - 2] ｟Ｌ ｾ ｾ＠ Ａ ｾ＠ W ｾ ｾ｣ Ｍｾ＠ ｾ ｾ .... Q Neutral Tetryon Ｍｾ Negative Tetryon ＭＮＬ ｾ＠ ｾｎ Ｍ･ ｾ Ｍ ｗ＠ ..... All Tetryonic charges seek equilibrium Tetryonics 06.05 - Tetryon genesis 111 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Positive Tetryon [4-0] 4 4 charged boson geometry standing-wave Matter tof'Ology 4 (0-4] Negative Tetryon 4 (0-4] Tetryonics 06.06 - Charged Tetryons 4 radiant mass-energy geometries 112 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Neutral Tetryons charged boson geometry 0 standing-wave Matter topology 0 [2-2] Tetryonics 06.07 - Neutral Tetryons radiant mass-energy geometries 113 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy mass m = n7t [ ｛ ［ｩｾ ｝Ｎ ｛ ［Ｊ ｮｶ ＱＲ m ;:tSS ｾｬＨＧ＠ ! m.lU my Ｒ ｾｬｯｲﾷｹ＠ ｝ ｝＠ 4 [4-0) r1101ne111a radiant mass-energy geometries I fl E =m c 2 Energy per second 0 ····.......ｾ ＮＺ＠ .........·· energy Planck ｮ｛ n qua11la ｾ ｾ ｾ Ｎ ｾ ｝＠ Tetryons n / ..············ ...........,. Energy per second 2 E = Mc { ｾ＠ [2-2] 4 ·•····.......ｾ Ｚﾷ＠ ......···•·· n Energy Matter M =Tn [ ｛ ［ｩﾷｾ Ｔ ｊＮ mpl'd.\roct' Matter ｛ ｾ ｾ ｲ ｾ ｊ ｊ＠ • 1110111e11ra standing wave Matter topologies Tetryonics 06.08 - Tetryon family 4 (0-4] 114 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass-ENERGY-Matter ALL E.\4 111asss-e11ergies lia•-e equilarero/ geomell)' Tra11sverse EM moss-energies form bosons {Qumrwm levels{ c' Longiwdinal EIV. mass-E11ergies 20 111asH11etg)' geome1ries ore a properry of 30 i\larrer ropalogies farm Pho1011s 9 81 ｣ ｾ＠ ..·· massless is a sciemiftc 111i.sno1ner ｬＺｾ Tetryonlc Matter is the building block of all Ferrrions, elements and compou1ds Mitter ｾ＠ ｹ ｛ ｛ ･ ｯ ﾵ Ｎ｝ Ｈ ｭ ｮｶ llti:tm\1.iint1ic &sons combi11e ro form SQUARED sca1ar EM energies fN» iD /11011· Topalgical/ EM •ross-ENERGY is 'Marrerfess' qunu ｾｯ･ｩｬ Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ ALL Mauer /rm a 30 ropo/ogy ｹ＠ Tetryonics 06.09 - Tetryonic mass-Energy-Matter 115 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic Matter All quantum Matter has afoundational tetrahedral topology as a result of their equilateral mass-energy geometries area =pi • r' {not spherical a.s ha.s been a.ssumedfrom the math) Spherical Point Surface Area , ' Tetryonic mass geometries Surface Area Diameter area= V374 *a' ZPF fascia Altitude • • Charged fascia edges Side/Base Cos60 Sphere Centroid d=lr r Centre of mass-Matter topology d Area sphere= 4n r 2 Surface curvature= l;r2 Total curvature= 4n Spheres & Tetrahedra are both 3D Platonic solids with 41t scalar integral Gaussian topologies and physical displacement volumes {Gauss-Bonnet theorem] Tetryonics 06.10 - Spheres vs. Tetryons Area Tetryon A= 4 Ao = J3a2 Vertex curvature= n Total curvature= 4n 116 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved positron Dodecyons 12 - - (ti-o} Ｋｾ＠ whUe quarks & leptons are comprised of 3 +1 mass-energy geometries they have differingftnal Maner topologies 12n anti-strange quark Ｋｾ＠ anti-1 neutrino top quark 3 charmed quark anti-down quark 4 (8-4] W1 J( / ++ + .... electron neutrino ｡ｮｴｩＭｾＬ＠ neutrino 0 ')It tau (6 6) 0 anti-charmed quark quarks strange quark -1 ｾ＠ neutrinos muon 0 anti top quark muon neutrino (6-6) bottom quark tau neutrino anti-bottom quark positron neutrino down quark 12 (O·ll) -2 e ｾ＠ EM Field anti-up quark Quarks have octahedral topologies 121t -1 Planck quanta [[soµo).[mnv Elect1'01\i\agnclic n1ass 2 ]] velocity Tetryonics 07.01 - Dodecyons electron Leptons have dodecahedral topologies 117 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved -2/3 anti-up quark E F ｾ＠ fltinck moment• ts ｾ､･＠ 2 ]_ anti-up quark 2. anti-charmed quark 3. anti-top quark w!orit1 8 2- 10 rlmrg<d mcw·Mctutr 1opology 87t 2 Posit ive 10 Negative Quarks have octahedral mass-Matter topologies [-213 elementary charge) Tetryonics 07.02 - Anti-UP Quarks to of P¥t<ies ifE' crtatec:f I. ｱｕｍｉｾ＠ [[£oµ"].[m v Elrrou\Yp<t.: ...... I\"""' ｾＹｙ＠ Motlt< ｴｾＧｋｦｍｲＮｬ､ｳｯｭｩｮ＠ diltnMI ｾﾷｴＮｯｮｳ＠ 118 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved -1/3 down quark qua1k octahedfJI topoiogy as mass·energy momenta is added to Mattei topologies & KfAA fields of motion are <teated diffe1ent geoetations of ｰ｡ｲｴｩ､ｾ＠ 4 EM Field Planck quanta ､ Ａ Ｎｾｊ［ Ｂ ｛ ｛ ｅ ｯ ﾵ ｯ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮ ｶ ｝ ｝＠ Ｒ 2·2 0-4 Elect1-o..'v'l.,gn<:1ie 1nass 2-2 down quark 2. strange quark 3. bottom quark I. velocity 4 cl1orgtd mass·Mcucer 1opology 87t Quarks have 12 charged fascia - mass-energy geometries 4 Positive 8 Negative Quarks have octahedral mass-Matter topologies [-1{3 elementary charge] Tetryonics 07.03 - DOWN Quarks 0 119 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved anti-down quark +1/3 quark octahedral topotogy as mass-energy momenta is ｡､ｾ＠ to Matter topologies & KfM fields of motion dlffe1ent 9enetationsof pa1tides aft Cfeated 4 EM ｆｩｾｉｊ＠ ｅ･ｾ＠ 2-2 4-0 [[coµo].[mnv 2] ] ｅ ｬ ｣ｬｲｯ 2- 2 Pl:inck q u;tint;a Ｌ｜Ｑ｡ｧＮｲｾｴｫ＠ nl.-.SS vdority anti-down quark 2. anti-strange quark 3. anti-bottom quark 1. ntlf 1.:har1(': 4 (8-4] d1arged mass·Moller rop<>t"8)' 87t Quarks have i.2 charged fascia - mass-energy geomelries 8 Positive 4 Negative Quarks have octahedral mass-Maner topologies [+1/3 elementary charge] Tetryonics 07.04 - Anti-DOWN Quarks 0 120 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved up quark +2/3 as maS$·enetgy momenta is cdded to MiHttr topo&ogits & KEM fields of motion qvark octahedral topology different gener·atlons of ｰ｡ｮｬ｣･ｾ＠ 0 EM Fit>ld l21t dodecyon l -0 2-2 Planck quanta [[eoµ}1.[mnv 2] ] Elcetr<>1\<1.1gnclic rn.-ss ｾ Ｍ Ｐ＠ up quark 2. charmed quark 3. top quark I. ,.docity 8 [10-2) cliargtd mass·Mauer ropology 81t Quarks have 12 chargedfascia - mass-energy geometries 10 Positive 2 Negative Quarks have octahedral mass-Matter topologies [+2/3 eleme nta ry cha rge] Tetryonics 07.05 - UP Quarks are created 121 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charged mass geometries & Matter topologies DODECAHEDRALS are the physical basis for differentiating particles ldlfr•tt":"t;, .tcd by 11\-ir llnal OCTAHEDRAlS v 'I'EI 'RAHEDRAl.S l ttyons are the ＨＴｾ＠ tetrahedr•I qWtlta of Matter quark 8 Lepton 12 ... 1 ·• (Ml . BOSONS tetryon ZPFu v W- boson [Cl t) v. 4 (·• 8] ｶ ｾ＠ ＠ v. PHOTONS neutrino tetryon f ｾＭＪＢＬ 8 2Dmass .AB ll!llSHMIY"Mclztr r,wmetr""'-""lc:s 1111 W1¥ bed efBt=:ts c•+ r1 r&rfttg 4 Ct'" rhrtf qJdcU' •I ,l'•UMLI .. anti-quark 30 Matter Fermions bt>ndong ..... ._,,.., Tetryonics 07.06 - Bosons & Fermions Lepton 1212 (0- 1 1 122 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 0 12 divergent negative i -lields [6-6] [0-12] divergMt negorive E·fields v- electron electron neutrino <onvergenc posl11ve E·Mlds c011vergent negaliveE-lields 12n Leptons have u charged mass-energyfascia geometries Repulsive STRONGforce creates Lepton topologies 127t Tetryonic charged fascias creates the Matter topologies of aJI Leptons Repulsive STRONG force creates Neutrino topologies Leptons have dodecadeltahedral mass-Marter topologies 0 12 divergentpositiveE·fiel4s [6-6] [12-0] • pos1tron v+ positron neutrino convetgmt negative E·lields 12 12n Tetryonics 08.01 - Leptons 123 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charged Leptons positron ｊｬｾ＠ EM h Hcf Pl;Ml(t qu.int.1 [[eoµo].[mnv2] ] Cl«tto.\1.:lgnecic m .1ia w locity 12l [12- 0 e+ 1. 12 positron 2. anti-muon 3. anti-tau ch11rged IJIOSS·MOClff IOp¢10;g)• 12TC Leptons have 12 charged mass-energy fascia geometries t1:pub1vt.> dod«.yon ｧ｣ｯｲｮｴｬｩｾ ｓ＠ 12 positive charge fascia or 12 Negat ive charge fascia lepton 'opologies Charged Leptons have dodecadeltahedral mass-Matter topologies (I demenwry charge] i J re 12 e- 1. 12 3. electron muon tau 2. charS"d ma$$·Mauu 1"""1"81' 12TC as ｭ｡ｳ electron Tetryonics 08.02 - Charged Leptons ﾷ ｾｮ･ｲｧｹ＠ Mauer ｴｯｾ different ｧ･ｾ Ｑ ｲ ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠ ･ｳ＠ momenta is added to & KEM fields of motion or ｰｾｲｴｩ､･ｳ＠ <'Ire ｣ ｲ･ＮＧＺｬｴｾ＠ 124 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved positron 12 lepton mass·A\atter topology [12-0) +I 12n EM field Planck quanta 2 ｊ Ｐ ･ｦ Ｌ ｾ＠ [[Eaµo ).[mnv ]] ｅｬ｣ｴｲｵ ｊ｜ＧＱ ｾ ｮ ＨＧ ｴｩ｣＠ 1n Js.s vd0<ity 1. 2. 3. positron anti-muon anti-tau Tetryonics 08.03 - Positron 125 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Neutral Leptons •dt '!! cf>argtd 0 (6 6) ｊｾ＠ EM Neid PL'fltk qtw1\ l.l [[eoµo).[mnv £1«-tro \\agn<tit n»JS 2 ]] <t'(&!M:ity m O$S ·MOlrt1 lopoi"'1J' l2TC v0 l. 2. 3. electron neutrino muon neutrino tau neutrino Neucrittos have 12 charged mass-energy fasda geomeuies 6 Positive & 6 Neg ative k pton topologies Neucrittos have neurral dodecadeltahedral mass-Matter topologies [O elementory charge] 0 [6-6) v+ 0 l. positron neutrino 2. anti· muon neutrino 3. anti-tau neutrino d1argtd llf0$S ,\fal{o•r iopotORY 127t as ｭ｡Ｌｳﾷ･ｾｲＹＱ＠ mo1Y1e-ota Is added io Matter topologi?S & ｋｅｾａ＠ fields of motion diffc<enl g('nCt.)ti::ins of particles ｡ｵｾ＠ Tetryonics 08.04 - Neutral Leptons c<eatNt 126 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved electron 12 (0-12] 12n ］ｾｒ･ｩ､＠ Planck <1u,ull.1 ｊ Ｐ ｾ ｮ＠ coµo].[m QV [ [ Efectr0{\·\.lgn<'1ic 1nass 2 ]] velocity 1. 2. 3. electron muon tau Tetryonics 08.05 - Electron 127 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Cl ｉａｾ Ｎ ＯＺ［ｾ ﾷ＠ ·····, ·;;··· ﾷ ..... . ..... ,.,. • .. \ ｾ ｒｅ ｇ ｙ＠ • 1'ot11I q..;.tnu '·"'" ,_,, [KEM field mass-energy geometry) f hv\.\ .. • •• .. • • •-• .. •.. • ··... v2 Leptronic Quantum levels l?lt11 . ｬｾｊｉ＠ !·:v 2 <&.l1C!l1 .... S.a8t21 Quantum "· ........... c ...•.........··•·· 1,6&-21 Levels ﾷ ﾷﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷｾ｡ ..............ﾷ ............ﾷｾＶ ﾷﾷ ｾ ﾷＷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷﾷ ﾷ＠ ............ RE ﾷ ﾷ＠ ﾷ＠ M +KE ·······•... ........ \.\ < Compton : ! Photon f1equ•1><ie>\ \ 84 / ......... M ··.. ...... ·•·•........ uie : .l :" 132 :' .·'/ '""uendes ﾷ ｾＺＮ ...ＺＮ ｾ ＮＧ［ ·Ｚ Ｚｾ Ｏ＠ KE ··· .. ....... 769+ Leptronic KEM field mass-energies P2 = KEM = Mv2 Illustrative schema only: All Leptonic quantum levels have the same equilateral KEM geometry as the compton frequency of the KEM field increases the wavelengths of the quanta decrease Tetryonics 08.06 - Leptronic quantum levels ITU E\ect•on quat11um ｾＧ＠ ... ... . 0\ • CV " " " • "' 128 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved y A ｾ＠ nl ａ ｀ l 2n + v P a ｾ＠ ｾ＠ KtJ\<I - Mv E1e ctron ene rgy 1eve1s /!$the 1DCal Energy ClOnWll cl pw1ldes Ina-. !he Quantmn lewis old..tr KEM fields 1ncr.se as ..... In tum lhlsls 1dlecttd In tllS ｾ＠ ｾ＠ FttqUmdes Ind $ r g1e-•igtra n2 ¥ ,.e 12n+ v Relativistic 12 mass ｅｾ｣ｲｧＱｳ＠ ro 12) v KE l.2e20 Kinetic ｅｮ｣ rest Matter All Tctryonic geomcirle$ (EM field• & Maller) absorb and release energy exponentially in equilateral Quantum steps ,,_QM.............,.....,, A n4 = J•r2 =•ti'. 10 ,.. __ - the ArN GI• J ｾ＠ Lfop1ion t.Nopt A = 4 Ao ,. ..f:ia2 • Tetryonics 08.07 - Electron energy levels ｲ ｧ ｩ ｾｳ＠ ｾ＠ 129 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Leptronic Kinetic EM Fie1ds ---r-- • 5 + nl 12.5 •25 Airy l'nC\1"g dtarge_.·· ran Ir. mode/Id' 12 WtZlt u.. ｾｲ｡Ｃ＠ ZPFgrommy hv 2 t n2 12n 300 1211 432 v' lnvaria.nt res.t Maner EM fieiJs .a- "'"J spati.tl QN>mt"ttiP1. 25 P2 = KEM Relativistic mass-Energies Charge 12 (o-u ) 3 Mv2 '" 87.5% 48 12n 588 KE l.2e20 4 rest Matter 12n 192 l.l"pu«Nt K£.M Wei Mtfg)' Kinetic Energies The motiort ofG11 Blectrons Marur topology throllglt G1l)I arernal BM jlelds cnatl$ a proportiolllll KB jleld and Magnmc Momou as a dtna result ofdie 'qllGJIDOll btdlU:rlw loops' fanned by die Lept1'olllc BMjleld grom!OV.s Tetryonics 08.08 - Leptronic KEM fields I (J()<!(, 12n 768 130 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic field modelling Tetryonic Positive Charge KEM field geometry Tetryonic Negative Charge KEM field geometry Similar charges moving RE ! ａ ｡ ｾ＠ I M v1 I ,. .... . . . .. y... . .. .. .\. in the Ｚ［ｯｩｭｾ＠ direction produce atttactive magnetic dipoles RE Opposite charges moving in the same direction produce repulsive magnetic dipoles v 20 Klnetlc Energy Mv• 20 r Opposite charges moving indifferent directions field produce attractive magneticdipoles e (I e A - '..&,. Klnetlc Energy field ..j ............... E =mc' E =mc' 30 30 rest mass-Matter topology Similar charges moving in opposing directions rest mass-Matter topology produce repulsive magnetic dipoles Positron The KEM fields of all Matter particles in motion can be modelled using ZPF EM geometries Electr on Kinetic EM field geomerry determines the Magnetic Moments ofall particles in motion Tetryonics 08.09 - KEM field modelling The KEM E-field is reflective of the nett particle charge and forms a directional vector of motion 131 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v .......···· Lepton Families & Generations ·..... ant i-Lepton y2 ••. Neutrino 0 ..•...• !! ...•.••.. · 1 .. ｾ ｴ＠ 12 KE e ve Kinetic BM.field geometries 121t ''''''''''''"''''''''''''''''"'''"''''"''''''''''''''''" ｾ＠ 111111111111111111111111111111 ••• .................. ｩｾ ﾷ ｾ＠ 12 µ Muon ﾷｾ＠ Total relativisti<mass-energies 12 U ll UOOOOOUOIOU U I II I I I I II ltllliOllUllOltllltltlll II II I 10 vµ - lC2 µ (..) + vµ + + .. Generation 3 l!OlllOlllll l 111 1 11 Ill l llllUllllOIOllUllll ｯｾ＠ Ｈ ｾ Ｉ＠ All high mass-energy particles 'decay' inr.o low mass-energy particles by emitting photons Generation 2 • . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 KEM = Mvz (rest Matter+ KEM! Electron ve e in modon creates Charged ｭ｡ｳＮｾ＠ wergy geomerries form elememary panicle topologies Generation 1 ................,,,,,,,..................................."''' '''''''''''' '' '' ''' '''''' '' '''''' '''''''' ''' ' ''' '' '' '"'" ''' '''''' '' '''' '" '' '' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, rest M<1tter Is / ••••. inv<wia1H ,. •.-' Charged Matter iopologies Lepton 12 Tau -_lC2 Vt Note: Alt le pton 9eometrle1 a re the wme size· only the ene1gy densit'/ of the EM field changes Tetryonics 08.10 - Lepton Families & Generations 132 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Lepton Helicity and Chira lity Particle Chirality ｾ Particle Spin and Handedness is always referenced with respect to the direction of nett total system linear Momentum 12 Spin UP Particles and Anti-particles ----are mirror imi l is ｯｦ ｾ＠ ａｎｔ ｉ Ｍ ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ Spin DOWN ) Particle Spin Spin ) m,1qnctlc moment • 12 (fl.I!] Left handed particles < F,.., = q(v x B) , v 12 f•i·o] < Antl- Pal'*llel spin C1Ntttlowtf energy Po!lrallirl spin hlght-r t•nN9')' ｾ＠ Particle Helicity Sph> UP OOWN ｃＱＮＧｬｴｾ＠ ｑＺＧ ｾ＠ 6 2 -· 1 q> O ｾ＠ .. Right handed particles m.t.gnf'h( mou'l<·n1 Lorentz Force and 'Jhmsfunnation Particle Chirality Mavuig ch.ir9<'1 ｾｬ＠ Cftoltc ｾＧ｜｡ｧｮｴＮＱｉｃ＠ UP ｗＧﾰｭｾｴ＠ µDOWN _ _ - •\1111111111.111 ｷｭｾＺ＠ ＱｬＢ｜ＡｊｵｩｦｲｯｂｾＮﾷ＠ ｾｬ＠ UP + UP spin .ＨＢ ｾﾷ＠ ｾ＠ ; ) '" DOWN spin * Cha19ro p.lttides m.19:lc1J( Moment ｃｲ･＼ｩｾｳ＠ Parallel sp in higher en!'t9)' iswbie« to l0fet1U ｴｲｾｮＭＮｦｯｬＧ｜Ａ｡ｳ＠ \." Anti•Pa,..ll•I $pin ｃｬ･｡ｴｾ｣ｲＮｷ＠ ""nergy TheKlneucEM n.gdlarges ｦ･ｬ､ｯｭｾ＠ left handed moving in c:Xt('ro.tl E hclds .11c wbje<t lo Loicnu ｆｯｲ･ｾ＾＠ ma.gnetic mome1't Tetryonics 08.11 - Lepton Helicity and Chirality fbght handed ,_Nfl.PAAJICL[ 00\.... .. "''' ) Ｎ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ .&'IJ. , I !\ t ｾﾷ＠ UP Spill ;;:p; ' 133 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 'Point Charges' v v The only true 'point charges' are Zc1·0 Point Fields Negative Particles Positive Particles v Relativistic mass-energy Model 12 [0-12] v Relativistic Static charge particles have neutral M Fields Charges in motion have magnetic moments mass.energy Model Relativist ic mass·Energy Moj el RE KinetC < Energies vclodty relat<.>d v<.>lo city related KEM mass·energy ｾ ｍ＠ geometry M Magnetic moment Knetic Er1erg!es mass·energy geometry [Mv2 ) Magne:ic moment Invariant rest Mattt?r topology It is the Kinetic EM field geometry of charged Matter topologies in motion that produces Magnetic Moments fno1 a rtla1ivislic disronio11 ofspelierical charge ropologie;J Tetryonics 08.12 - Point Charges lnva1iant rest Matter topology 134 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved lop •>gy Generalion 1 Bn anti-quark Sn quark 87t oc1aliedral parric/e family ｴＱｕｈｯｵｮ -ｾ up up d• 8 ) Ｔ ｾ＠ ｈｴｕｦｬ＠ topologv up Ul+UUUUIUHHUHHllltltHllHUUIHHU 8 ｴ ｾ＠ A\l!h 0 ＱＲｾ＠ 6 ltttttt•:UtOHlflUUHlu;lfff:tUOUUHHUIUI Generation 1 electron 0 uo • + + e " llOllllHIOHUUttfHflt•lflllhHlllHIHHltHIHllfllOUlllOllHfllHHflHHHtttt charmed Genera1io11 J muon Ｚ ｾ ｬ ｾ＠ Ｈ Ｔ ＭＱ Ｉ ｾ＠ ｬ ｾ ｬ ｾ＠ stra nge Ge11eracio11 3 top - bottom gy down charmed channed - strange -- dodecahedral pnrticle family fflntt1H10·11Hn1nttnutn1nn1n11n1:.:.:.:,:unnuunun1of11u1t ttntu••IUIUIUUH••1111011u1uuouuu11u1111ttt11u1 down Ge11era1 io11 J ＧｾＢ＠ 12rr neu t rino lepton Ｔｾ ﾷ ｾ＠ｾ＠ ·Y 121t 121t , , , , , , , , , , , ••••••••••••••••••• ,,.,,,., . . 11 ••••• lop SM/.J\ ''* Ｑ ｾ＠ bottom strange ........,..............................,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,....................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, top 0 ｾ ｪ ｾ＠ , .. 6 ] ｾ ｾ＠ 0 6 bottom Chorgt ropoloilts tkrtrmints parilclt fomilits • Kint1ic Enng'es determine partide gmerotlons Tetryonics 08.13 - Quark & Lepton families Generarion 3 tau Meson s a1e 24:t subatomic mass·#.iatter pa.rticlescomposed of one quat1(.and ooe antiquar$t: ＱＲ ｾ "<'° ［＠ ++ ｴ｣ＺＮ｟［ ｾ ＺＮ［｟Ｌｩ I I ｛ ｛ ･Ｎ ﾵＮ ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｭ＠ ｕＬＮ ｾ＠ "/. + ｧ ｮ＠ ｾ ＴＷｴ ｾ＠ 'f...nb ";:v2] ] - .do.II) 16 20 4 ] 8n 12 ++ ＱＲ ｾ ++ Ｎ･［ ｾ ｟ＺｾＮ［ ［Ｎ｟ＬＺｩｧｮ＠ ［＠ lt ... ++ + + 12 18-6 +8 16-8 ..." .,c. Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ｾ＠ lVF Sn 2*'< charged ｾｮ･ｲｧｹ＠ ....................................................... .................................fMda ..............goometries ............................................................................. :' Tetryonics 09.01 - Mesons l ' 1t+ 1 +4 2,; 14-10 ' ｾ＠ c: -.. 0 Ill c ·0 0.. no 0 c :0 E (12-12] 0 v .,, -0 no 0 (12-12] > . t: 0 6i -4 rt- 10-14 •......,................,............... ....., ...,.. ,,............,... ,, ...,.,,,......................,.................................................................· • ｾ＠ ＱＲ 14" final mass-Matter topologies -8 8 -16 - 12 6 18) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 1 Sn -16 4 -20 135 136 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 241t dual-quark mass--energygeomeb1es PlON decay 12 (12·0) 4 rt+ > 8 [>+l] no Ve e+ (8·4] 121t ._.."'-_...., 12 lim>a8WNref"1/ttt9 LU lo,- particllls [12 oJ Ve e+ 0 [(2x)] ([4x)] 12 [24-24 0 !6·6] [0-12] e- no 241t Ve 2f1teuui11<t/+eleciro11+posi1ro11 2 {tltttrt,,1+pMitro11} 4 /tteinri11(1J 4 rt- ｻ Ｔ Ｘ ｝ ｾＱＰ 8 I I I ' ...; ""' ,,,,,. ...._ " ｝＠ 24'/t [Mft Id ｾ Ｑ ＡＺ＠ [[c.µo).[mnv fkelro\Us11ctot """"' Ｇｾ ｬ ＩＧ＠ (6-6J l lh'spu. l1.1virig Ve e- Planck qu.....i.. 2 ]] 0 12 {0·•2] >.flt)!l-'(1111 111es ,\h,..011'> t1i.1w: lioUmc lf(lJ ､ｲｷＺｾ｣＠ J6it ＦｬｴｾＧＨｕＮｓ＠ ru. 367t 1rklodecyon geometJ1es Tetryonics 09.02 - Pion decay ｛ ＱｾＡ＠ ｻ ｣ＮＱ ｝ Ｎ Ｈ ｮ ｾＱ ,_ - Leptof\ • ｎｾｵｩｮｯ＠ ｊ＠ 9e20e<atronal paiting p(odvc:ed is ､ｾｊＩＨＧｮ･ｴ＠ on the mass-Energy levef.s of the interacting Pions 137 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 36n 127t + 247t charged mass-energy geometries mesons Short•lived Particles Baryons St;able Particles All particles seek charge equilibrium 16 ｾ＠ '>--.1 p+ 12 (24·12] Proton 8 (10-2) +8 Neutron 4 10·8 [8-4) N" 0 (•8-18} .. 0 0 a: -4 10.14 Nuclear strong force fascia bonds create Baryon re Matter topologies quarks c 12·12] ｾ＠ 4 [..SJ -8 8 S.16 0 N" (2 tO} {tS IS] anti - Neutron anti-Proton - 12 b -18 -16 J-20 -- ｾ＠ = .. All Matter topologies have internalised mass-energy fascia mesons l47t 12 (12·24] + mass-Maner topologies Baryons Sn 207t Tetryonics 09.03 - Baryon Formation [Meson-Quark interactions] 138 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Plardr q\1.1nt,. EM ａｾ＠ Baryons Baryons are 36n mass-en ergy geometries Double Charmed Xi 36n [ [eoflo).[mnv2] ] Baryons , E&ttt..V.\l,1gnt"I" ｮｯＺｩＮｳｾ＠ Charmed Sigma La:nbda Double Bottom Xi Proton Bottom Xi vtlof11y -1 Charmed Bottom Omega Bottom Omega Bottom Lambda +1 -2 Bottom Sigma Charmed Omega Anti - Neutron Charmed Xi Prime 0 Charmed Lambda Double Charmed Omega 12 Anti-Proton Bottom Xi Prime Xi [12-24] Sigma Double Bottom Omega that result in 201t mass-Matter topologies Tetryonics 10.01 - Baryons 139 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Proton .. ll ct '1' cd] 12 [24-12] p+ ｫＺ｟ ｾ ﾥ ｋＮ｟ ｾ ｾ ｾ ｾ ＳＶｮ＠ Tri-quark mass-energy geometry EM Field Planck 36n [ [E oµo].[mnv2]] Ba·yons Elcctro,\1agnetic nlass qu.'"lnl .) . velocity Baryon mass-Matter topology dOWl"I down 12 + + + [24-12) + c " ＧＭｾ '/- + + + + Proton Tetryonics 10.02 - Proton 201t -/ )( 140 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Neutron ､ｴｯｲｾ＠ No Ｑ ＰＤＭｴ ｬｓｴＧｏｉｐ ｬ ｾ＠ ｲｬｾ＠ 36rr Tri-quark mass-energy geometry EM f ield Planck qu.lnta 36n [[co µo].[mnv 2] ] Baryons Elc-ctroA-1agnctic n1ass . V{•l0<:1ty Baryon mass-Matter topology up up 0 + + [18-18) + I ｾ＠ c ｾ ｾ 6 ｜ＮＭｾ ｾ＠ ｾ Ｍ Ｍﾷ＠ Neutron Tetryonics 10.03 - Neutron 201t moss-Mout1 topology ｾ Ｍｩｦｾ Ｉｾ＠ ｾ＠ 141 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved anti-Neutron No 367t Tri-quark mass-energy geometry EM r ｾ ｡ｾ PL\ncJc ｛ ｛ ･ ｯ ﾵ ｯ ｝Ｎ ｛ ｭ＠ ｦＮｬ ﾫｴｲｯ ｜Ｎｾ｡ｧｮＢｃｬﾷｦ＠ ｱｵＮＺｴｾ＠ v 2] ] tU,l,U '<ciOc.:1ty Baryon mass-Matter topology anti-up 0 (18-18] + +; ,_+__.__ _ _ _ +, 207r anti-Neutron Tetryonics 10.04 - anti-Neutron ｾ＠ -X- - -- \.g .. c 142 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved anti-Proton th If 'fo.1t <cl] 12 (1:.t- 24) Ｌ ｾＮＧｬ＼ｉ＠ pｬＧｴｵｕＮｓ ﾷ ｾＱ Ｑ ･ｩｧｹ＠ 8f'0111Clti/$ Tri-quark mass-energy geometry EM Flti!ld Planck qu.anta 36n [ [E oµo].[mnv2]] Baryons Elt<"l1-o.\.\,,gncti(' 1na$S • velocity Baryon mass-Matter topology anti-down 12 [12-24 ) Ｎ ｾ＠ c "' ｾ＠ ( ·g I ､ ｴｯｾ＠ 1WU .\f0m:r ropo{ogy anti-Proton Tetryonics 10.05 - anti-Proton 201t "' I ＼ Ｍ Ｍ +I ﾥＭ \ Ｉ Ｎ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' 143 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryon geometry Proton 12 Tetryonic Charge +1 [24-12] elemenl.tty charge Proton p+ P1 uto:ns are [36] GWMEralC MlRROR IMAGES of Neutrons No [18-18] 0 ell"men1ary ｣ｨ｡ｲｧｾ＠ Neutton Tetryonic Charge 0 Neutron Tetryonics 10.06 - Baryon geometry 144 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Chared partic1e fami1ies 1 1°·•1 4-:t 1\1autr ropcf<>gits [charged mass geometries & Matter topologies] 1 (•·•) 12"n mass geomerries Quarks 8ii Mauer (apologies Ｔ ｾ＠ 14-S) ｬ ｏ ﾷ ｚ ｾ Ｉ＠ Ｔ ｾ＠ 8 1•• ·2) Ｔ ｾ＠ 14-S) Le tons 12r. 1\1a11er topolqgies 1'fl't mass gromerries ｾ I down down :r charmed ｾ＠ . .... " strange Ｔ＠ ' !'to. J'f1t Mauer Ｑｯｰｬｧｾ＠ 14. 10 4 7t+ 0 no 12·12 0 1 47t 247t (6 •J 0 ll.·12' 16·• ) 4 8 charmed ,,, ,,, I I lt Jr l4-$l massgoome1ries up 8 l•O·Z) 8 flit 47t 47t no 7t- 1()-14 12-00) , . ,,,. ., 1 0 W74 strange (6 6) 7t 36n mass geometries 12 [24-12} ion Mauer ropofcgies p+ l6·•l top N• 8 7t I bottom ｾ bottom Ｔ＠ 16·4) 't V't 't V't N' 0 (6-6) 12 [12-24} Tetryonics 10.07 - Tetryonic Charged particle families 145 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved E = nn ｛ ｾ ｾ Pl.Mid< [ Ｎ ｾ＠ te19hv=n 1875 resc Mauer differe111ial 2 4 5 6 12 . E (!Hi.I) 120 e- . •C 12 RE 22,soon KE p+ ＱＧＴﾷ 7 y2 ｊＲ ｾｩｊ＠ ｾ＠ 768 ｾ＠ 588 Ｖｾ＠ ｾ＠ 432 Ｗ ｾ＠ 300 The total JY:ass·energy for any particle is Its rest mass·Matter + Kinetic Energies - - - - -8 charged field quantisation (equilateral ｅｦ｜ｾ＠ Ｘｾ＠ rm l Every charged fasr.la of a Field or ｐｾｲｴｯ｣ｬ･＠ Le,•el Energy levels v Ki11e1lc Energy Level Q11at1t11111 rest mass-Matter qu,,,., ] ] ｾｴ･｣ｲｯｵ＠ 1\'11clear Tetryonic Energy levels 192 The mass-energies of Its charge geometry determines its rest mass·Matter holds squared energy levels An electron's nudear kinetic et1er9y level is dete1mi1\ed by the Baryons it binds to mas.s-energy 9eonl'etries 8. Matter ｴｯｰｾｧｩ･ｳｬ＠ 108 (otby in<idenc photons) The Tetryonic KEM Colour code Ｒｾ ｾ＠ As the energy level) of atomic nuclei lncrecli.etdecreai.e the KE.M fields of leptons bound to them ch<109e accotd1n9ty e· 12 ｬｯＭ ＧＲ Ｇｾ 1 12n Ｍ •t I KE Electron + -, + 3 4 5 A A A A A A A A 1 4 16 25 49 1 2 6 36 7 8 64 Nuclei All energy levels are Tetryonic square number quantas ie 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 etc (1,2,3.4,5) Tetryonics 10.08 - Tetryonic Energy levels Ｑｾ ｾ＠ 48 ＱＲ＠ 146 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved tri-quark charged toplogy combinations The Particle Zoo Quarks seek :harge equilibrium by forming Baryonic Matter topologies as a result cf charge interactions 8 [11>-2] eli'mentary Ｈｓｔｒｏｾｇ＠ nuclear Force) tholtgt!' UP 213 CHARMED 8 STRANGE 4 [4·8] ] 9"" ' DOWN TOP BOTTOM 1/3 ] gen 2 ] gen3 8 [+8 +8+8] 24 <i>2 [+8 -4 +8] 12 0 1 (10.:l! 110.11110-21 8 [11>-2) ,2/3 4 113 8 [-4+8-4] 0 [-4 -4 -4] 12 (• ·83 110.1) f4-8J 16·8) t4·8J 1'14} 8 f:M f1t11J 11), 2/l l/} ＼Ｎﾷ ｾ ＾＠ I UJ in 1n Planck q,1.m1.- 36n [ [eoµ1].[mnv2]] 8 8 @o Twice 1he numbtrofcombir>oriOns ore possible with 1he inclusion ofontt·mauer topologies [1e>-2] 4 (4-8 ] m 113 1n The particle Zoo is the result of tri-quark mass-energy topologies 8 [·l·S] 110-l ) l'·8) 110-2:1 VJ lll UJ Baryons -1/3 Cl.-.:tm"aiN'tit M<'ISS . \'t'loc1t y Any combinations of inter-generational quarks results In d1Herkg final mass·energles in the created Baryonic Matter due to energy equalisation Quarks always form symmetrical {udu] or [dud} charged Saryonic topologies [same charges never combine except under high energy corditions] ie. Proton is a [udu] not [uud) as is commonly stated Tetryonics 10.09 - The Particle Zoo 147 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved q -z - 0 0ｾ＠ 0.. (/) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' ('-I ":: c::o ,, "' e l:! e ' I I - 0 '9 !. ]"' ... -0 E .D :;; E .:: u _J .. E "' _J ｅｾ＠ 2 N a ;: .D - E 0 "' I I / 0 -g" !. • 1 s o- .!. Tetryonics 10.10 - Proton to Sigma- ｾ＠ "' "' (/) - - ::i tj --- E .fl' v; ｾＧ＠ ｾ＠ "' "' E "' N t! • 0 !il' " ' _J ｾ＠ ｾ-＠- • E IO :-0 I ｯ I ｾ＠ !. I -·N ;I 148 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved I ｾ＠ l ｾ＠ ｾ ｾ＠ l ｜＠ t • • ｾ＠ [ ｾ＠ I( ' t " -"" J = \ j - ｾ＠ 'O ] "' "'Cll EE ｾ＠ ｾ＠ rn ｎ ｾ＠ s;:; " ' ｾ＠ Ｍ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ u I o-.!. ;;; gE "'g, .g Vi I ｾ＠ - -" ｎ "' E Cll .g Vi ｾ＠ I N " 2E u I t:J tj - ..ri E "' o E :::: Cll 0 VI ·CO "' ·- s;:; u ｾ＠ c ]E E "' ｾ＠ Cll "' VI- "' VI ·- s;:; i:: 0 "' E E ｾ＠ Cl u VJ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Tetryonics 10.11 - Charmed to Bottom Sigma I I o: N ;: Ｍ ｾ＠ l 12 '2 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryons ("·24] Xi Tetryonics 10.12 - Xi to Charmed Xi Prime 12 c,. ,,1ｰ［｜ Charmed X1 Prime ｳ ｾ＠ Charmed Xi Pri me 0 ['3-18] Doub le Charmed Xi ｵｾＮＬｴｫｬｦｗＧ＾＠ ·1 ｾｯ＠ "-0 Double Charmed Xi 149 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryons Bottom Xi (Cascade 8) Bottom Xi \Cascade Bl w Tetryonics 10.13 - Charmed Baryons ,. .,\_ -z.i J 12 1·n·1----\ _ ＭｺＮｾ＠ • Double Bottom Xi .\-----.... J Double Bottom Xi ..... ........ Charmed Bo11omX1 Charmed BouomXi 150 0 {'8-•8} Charmed Omega 2 2 -1 2 ·2 Bottom Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryons Omega Tetryonics 10.14 - Double Charmed Xi to Bottom Double Xi Prime -4 -2 1 ｕｾ＼ＱｫｈｩＧＰｙｐｴｗ､＠ ｴﾫｾｙ＠ t, ｾｬＡｙｦＧ､＠ Charmed Bottom Omega Double Bottom Omega 12 (24-12) ｾ ( + C｢ ｩ｜＠［ C Double + Charmed Bottom Omega Charmed..,---""""=-::: Double Bottom Omega 151 152 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Photons ZPF Bosons Tetryons n 7t charged mass-Energy-Matter geometries 4 Q ZPFs are the quantum of Bosons [4-0] 4n 0 [1-1] 3 l 2 l 4n 0 [2-2] 4n 3 l 1 [1-2J u All energies seek equilibrium Ａｾ Energy momenta ｛ ｾ ｝ Ｒ ｝＠ EM mass-Energies Q Charges ｾＮＬ Ｚｲ＠ ｕ Ｎｾｊ ｊＰＧ ｲｩ ｾ ｬｊ＠ Tetryonics 11.01 - Charged Energy-Matter geometries Matter 153 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved G1uons Ｇ ａｮｲＮ＾＼ｴｾＨｯｬｶＱ＠ (QI((' Opposite ctl.trgt Thi•)'Col'lf•sctas The gluon can be considered co be the fundamental exchange particle facilitating the strong interaction between protons and neutrons in a nucleus. I I I Gluons are the exchange particles for the 'colour' strong force between quarks. analogous to the exchange ofphotons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 Colour ｦｯｲｾ＠ f,nt ;i.> $.aNt ､ｦｾ＼ｴＮｉｏｬ＠ QAMftux 2-2 1:.1 Colour fOfCL' lnh!fil(.t1on ｾｯｧｴ･＠ The intetacuon bet1,veen neutral Tetryons (Gluons) and all :harged Tetryons is the Stron£ Colour force 0 [ 18-18) 0 Gluons are considered to l>e bl-coloured, carrying a unirofcolour and a unit ofantl·colour Q ＨＴ ＲＭＴ Gluons are the neutral Tetryons inside all fermionic Matter topologies 2-2 2-2 2-2 ｾ＠ No 9 neut ral ｾ Ｘ Ｍ ＱＸ ｝＠ e- 1e1ryons p• 45.012 2-2 12 Plett charge of G111ons is same as a Neutron p+ Elearons colllain no Gl11011s d They are the neutral charge [di-electric] Tetryons located between charged Tetryons in Matter topologies 0 [amaccive cou/ombic forces between tlieir opposite charged fascia creace the 'colour force[ (n] Tetryonics 11.02 - Gluons d e- p- u o p+ vo u N e+ Neuttal Tet·yons combine \vith chatged Teuyons to form all Parrlcles 154 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Gluons in Fermions 'Gluons' are neutral tetryons r01"J ndflOr 'Ctr ln1ht ｳＮｴｯｮ､ｭｇｬｵｦｨ｡ｾﾻＬ＠ Thcyc&myosp«;ol'colourchotge'propenythofholdQW01 -9ft ttlotc..mlb).... 1 f<lr)•ooi" ....,..,.Js that gluons are nculr•I ci..rge t<tryon• comrm<.I of .-qu•I pos1Liw & fl<'gatn.. mass_.,,,ergies & ｡ｾ＠ tkmentary \ i•tt<r p.anKk• Neutrinos are 3 Gluon sets 8 2 up Quarbhllve ve 4 ｾ＠ I I -·- 2Gluou 8 ｾ ｛ ｛･ ｯ ﾵ ｊＮ ｛ ｭ＠ fk<"•ro\1.ii111•1" ｾ＠ 12 ·2 ｾ "9n-\ '''""" .. v2]] "''""" 127t Glutb.1111 4 (4 R) ｴｦｩｬＮｗｾ＠ [[soµo).[mnv2]] 1 lrctro\\ •1·l.l\1ly ｉｴ＠ ＱﾷｾＮ＠ nwiu 1·2 ｾｴｲ＠ 0 [6-6] 8 ve 8 1lll IC> 8 -Tetryonics 11.03 - Gluons in Fermions 155 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryonic Gluons In 'the Standard Model: Gluons ore vector gauge boso11s that mediate strong ｩｮｴｾｲ｡｣ｯＩｓ＠ of quarks in quonturn chromodynamics IOCD}. Unlike the electrically neutral photon of quantum electrodynan1ics (QED), gluons thenlSelves carry colour charge and therefor? potliciparein the strong inreracrion in addirion 10 medlocing it, n14king QCO sigoi6contly harder co analyze than QED. Terryonics simplifies the current definition of Gluons and clearly identifies their geometric properties, along with their role in particle genesis They ore co11sldered t<> be elemtt'lrory p.qrti<les whi.:h <J< t <ts the <:N<lt<Jf1ge />(lrticles (orgovge bowns) for the coloCJr force betlveen quarks, anafogous to the exchange ofphotons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles Neutrons have 5 Gluons (Neutral Tetryons] No 0 0·4 4·0 lUl 4-0 0-4 [18-18) Deuterium nuclei (being the constituent quanta of all Elements) have 9 neutral Tetryons (Gluons) which in turn contribute 9 neutral ｾ Ｘ Ｍ Ｑ Ｘ ｝＠ tetryons to their gravitational mass along with the charged Tetryons 12 [24-12) Protons have 4 Gluons p+ [NeutralTetryons] Tetryonics 11.04 - Baryonic Gluons 156 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved OMEGA Particle koS<ihcdroi Glueball Ne111ri11os a11d some exo1ic newral charge Baryons can be considered IO be 'G/11011 copologies · 'Glueba11s' In particle p/1ys/cs,' glveboll ls o /Jyporhelicol composlteportlcle. It solely consists of gluon partides. w;thour valence quarks. 0 [6-6] Neutral Tetryons are the result of equal number charged EM fields combining to form neutral charge Tetryonic topologies " H '' » ,., 20 i\'cutral ·reryons .. •• It Is pp,sstble to create a family of Baryon.le particles comprised entirely ofnell!Tal Teayons ·• 0 ve 0 [18-18) .., " + - 0 (l-2} (2-2} It is conceivable that given the right conditions (ie a cloud of neutral Tetryons), that in the absence of charged Tetryons to interact with. a Glueba ll topology can be formed entirely from neutral Tetryons Note: Despite their total ne1.1tral charge Glueball topologies are polarised 0 [6-6) ve Neu1ro11s are 1101 considered IO be Glueballs as they comain charged Te1ryo11s Tetryonics 11.05 - Glueballs 'rhc 3 int('malii:«I pl.10<'$ fom1('d by Lhc ci.:tcmal .lpt.11 points <'OM'Cspond with thr 3 sp:11i.1l clirncn$io1u ofCartC"!l.i.m g1."0n1c1ry 157 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Non-gluonic Baryon formation 4 0 -4 Non-neutral 'UP' quark has +4 charge as opposed (4-8) -1{3 to +8 thdrye of UP 4udrk 4 4-0 0 -4 (S'4) ·O '?• +12 +4 0-4 1JJl Baryonic Particles can be formed with non-neutral dielectric Tetryons in lieu of the usual neutral Tetyrons [G luons] altering the nett charges of the quarks formed 4·0 +4 0.4 +4 +4 4·0 4·0 Non-neutral 'DOWN' quark has +4 charge as opposed to 4 diar9e of DOWN quark 0·4 '?• +4 -4 +4 0-4 0-4 U-4 0 -4 [24-12] [20-16] ·• 4 0 Resulting in another family of Baryons Un-stable form (rapidly decays into constituent Quarks] 0·4 0-4 36 4-0 40 40 4 0 Stable Form [possib ly mistakenly viewed os Bottom Quarks) [CHARGEBALts] 0 -4 0-4 4·0 ().4 -4 40 -4 -4 -4 Tetryonics 11.06 - Chargeballs +4 -4 36 158 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved The ch EM fi Quantised Charge is the nett (Jeomelry of ｭ｡ｳｾﾷｅｮ･ｲｧｹＭｍｬＱｕ＠ Electro-Magnetic fields formed by equilater(1f ｅｬｾ＼ｴｲｯｦＮＱ｡ＹＧ･｣＠ heJds !'.Ind C(ln be Photons n1odelled with classical vector flux rotations are lhc neutra1 quantJ or EM waves they dre ｣ｯｭｰｮｾ･ｬ＠ of t\•10 ｯｰｾｩ Ｑ ･＠ charge EM ft<lfd quanr;i The 'zero point' field has scalar EM energies velocity vector moA'ieOtum .....··' ....···... ...... ..........· Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ［ｾｬ･＠ Flux Magnetic Monopoles do NOT exist ".C - ·"" Ｎ｡ ........ ··... Magnetic Permedabillty ..........1 6e1 ······... Dipoe _... ··.. ...··.............. cz ........ The EM field is a equilateral waveform with the Magnetic field always orthogonal to the Electric can be modelled ｾ＠ using ZPFgeometries ｾ＠ Current The Magnetic fields propogate bi-directionally and the Electric field is responsible for producing linear momentum ｾ＠ /:) ｾ＠ bi.. Al .IC - ' ::I Ｚ ｾ＠ ::r·; n - · '< .,.; ｾ＠ ...· All mass-Energy-Matter ･ EM field interactions so\ :!:' anquJar ｾｯｲｮｴ＾Ｑ｡＠ ｾ＠ ::;' .... 0 ...... ·... ..... 0 .. "··. "' ;:;On ; Negative Charge ZPF Charge It> Permittivity Fleld Positive Charge ZPF ｾ＠ ··..... ...· / ...::r m ...········ ....... The Electric field and Magnetic fields are equal to each other and directly proportional to the velocity of propagation Tetryonics 12.01 - Electro-Magnetic Fields ··...···... ,..-.·· n· !!. Al c.. . . :;:; "' ...n0 ...,.,"" / .......·· .....··· 3: Zero Point fields are polarised and are the sources of • • Electro-static and Magneto-static fields and particles 159 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantum Inductive loops TheWeak Force QuJntum TJnkc1rcu1t v e- Energy received ts stored In quanu.. m inductive loops {until its release via weak interaction Boson exchange) All ElectroMagnetlc fields are Ideal quantum inductive loops of EM energy momenta Each has a Magnetic edge (base) 12 6 lr1duul"t which acts as a quantum inductor through which energy can be absorbed or released In EM quanta via electroMagnetlc induction [exchange Bosons] Wlun ｾ＠ ... i;.:s (3 nternahsed) (3 external sed) Quantum ｅｮ･ｲ ﾷ ｾｙ＠ Is stoced or released, and distributed throJghout Tetryonic geometries in ODD number quanta [Bosons) 8 Leptons and Quarks have the same Tetryonic numbers but differing Matter topologies up 12 (10-2] Proton P+ 36 6 Inductive 'Weak' edges 18 Inductive 'Weak' edges 36 12 4 (4-8} No 0 d own Ｑ ｾ ＱＸ ｝＠ Neutron Tetryonics 12.02 - The Weak Force 160 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved The Strong Force Tl1e farce resultingfrom r/Je i11reracrio11 of 2 Terryons alo11g 1heir parallel planar (Elecrric cl1arge) surfaces Leptons Repulsiv e colour Force lt'y\Ull) ､ｴｾＧｬＱＺＮｊ＠ Ｇａｬｲ､ｾｩｶｴｃ＠ \Vyl:.'lllt-1' Ｇ ｒｴＺＱＮｶｬ＾ｨｾＧ＠ f.;•c.l:.' Colour Force fascias , Leptons and Quarks result from the Strong 'colour' force interactions in dodeca-deltahedrons ' (In Quarb the attractive srrongforce produces Octahedral rcpologies) (In Leprcns the repulsive srrongforce produces Dodecahedral rcpologies) . ,_. , 4 Quarks 4 Fascia 'Colour' Attraction down 12 (24-12) 0 e . 00 . ' Colour force Interaction angle ｾ､ｬｲ･ｩｯｮ＠ QAMftux The Strong Colour Force is the bindingforce that holds Nuclei together Proton (•8·•8] . . . ' ' , , . . ' ' . , ' ' ' , . . . ' ' Opposing direCllon EJe<trlc flux rotation Strong Force strength is directly proportional to the nett mass-ener;y quanta involved (Increases/decreases as total Tetryon mass-energy quanta incre3ses/decreases) Quarks Attractive colour Force Baryons Attractive colour Forces ' , Cvlvv1 fuu••t: Same char91? Tetryon faS<ic.s Opposite charge Tet1yon fas.c:ias by a radial Weak Force axis Baryon formation 16 Fascia 'Colour' Attraction 12 (42·30] ﾣｾ Tetryonic Fascia (Planar Elecvlc Charge) interaction ｷｾ＠ It interacts through oppositely charged Tetryon Fascias in contact with each other in all Matter (save Leptons) Neutron Tetryonics 12.03 - The Strong Force P+ 161 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Strong Force lnteraction On the ｳｭ｡ｬｾ＠ S<ale (less thJn about 0.8 rm}. It ls the Cle<:ulc fof<C {med'4it00 bygluons in nudei} that holds Tetryons together in order to form ｑｵ｡ｲｫｾ＠ Protons and Neutrons Nuclei 0 (18-18) 12 ｾ｜ ＭＮ ｊｍ Neutron ＧｩＱｬ Ｌ＠ [42-30] _--_ 12 ｛ ＲＴ Ｍ Ｑ Ｒ ｝ ｾ 20lt Proton ＺＱｬＬ ｾ＠Ｑ + Ｑｾ＠ + 207! The residual Efectric field force produced by the Strong force is also facilitates the binding of Protons and Neutrons 1oge1her 10 form 1he nucleus of an atom Attractive Colour Charge Force holding Quarks and Nuclei together 0 No [ Ill· Ill] Atomic Nucleus 12 36 charged mass-energy fascia geometries [42-30] 12 p+ [24-12) creates an external Baryons topology with 20 charge fascia Tetryonics 12.04 - Strong Force interaction 162 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Proton - Hydrogen ion Proton Hydrogen ion 1 Proton 24-12 H+ 12 (24-12]( ; \ F+ n-25 36 Total Charge 24-12 ... 12 /+\ Q.19946 p• The Ptocon ts• e.ryon ,.,,t,, • Po\•hW" Tl!1J')CM'IC cNtge ｾ｣ｲｹ＠ of• 12 I24-U) l•nch hn.1 M.ou<t 1opology ol 20:tl IUnrocl> LheV ｯｰｳＬｾ､｜ＱＹｃ＠ elect"'"' (0- 12)ond N<'vuon> i 11·181 dvough f.x_, d\ Clf'dtol' to tf'Kh ｾ＠ n... Pmd"'"\ ｾｬﾷｲｨＮｩｯＬ｟＠ 22,500 If'' twnc:ts with ｾｏｦ＠ in ordff 10 ｡ｴｨｦＱｾ＠ t'Q'.1..,,IW'T'I f'M11tl• ' ' thto PlHfrnl"I ｭｯｴｾ＠ Nf'(.11ron,. 11 w1 I "S.t1114nr;x.1 ele<itons Tettyonlc ctw-qe eoqud1btlum. As a Hydrogen nuclM it i1" hl9hly tc-actNt- Neutral 1lydrogen 48 1 Proton 1 e lectron 24-12 0-12 Ho F+ t"l=2S (uuJEXtJ': 0 Ｑ ｾ＠ + .. n I Total Charge 24-24 (01 ｾ＠ + p Neutra I Hydrogen Hydr<>gcn IS tht Stc:ond ｎｾＱ｡ｬ＠ II IS• 12<-2•J NEUTRAL fb.>l...,.<d) Tetryon< ch.ltgeg<omelJ)' The ｎ･ｶｴｾ＠ 22,512 0 84 Tritium 84 H)'d'°9'f' A10ifft intffXU with Otutt<iUm and O(})ff tlitrMntt ¥1.1 il\t'!ltt!f'NI nudiPoe (asciachalges !mid"" Deuterium Te1tyonte )t'Ometry (Bar)'OnJ formed in the (tNttOO ot M.-nt-r 1 Proton 1 Neutron 1 e lectron 24- 12 18-18 0·12 D ｾ ﾷ＠ (42· 42) n:.25 f+ f\ :=2 S e· n= l Total Charge 1 Proton 1 Neutron 1 electron 42·42 101 24-12 18·18 0-12 Total Charge 42-42 [OJ ·- Deuterium e· It has an addition.JI 9Tt1ryons In u' nu<:k?us (due to the NeuttonJ No p• 45,012 0 B Ｂ ｾ＠ n•31 F+ n=31 to• n• 7 [ 42· 4 2) EM.,,.,..,_,, DeutNlum ｾ＠ tht Wmt" nl•lt ( ｬｵｲｾ＠ .!I\ Nfutr)I H)'drc>g(!'n bu1 hiH an 1.nc•Hs.rdlt1ryonlc mr.ss- MIHl't topology .\nd con::oqu<'l'ltty I•. l,u9a1 'ht.lt'I the Mvdro!JOI\ ｮｵ､･ｾ＠ It n.s a (42·421 NEUTRAl Ttlryook: <haf9e geometry Dcuterivm nudcl comblnt 10 f0tm ｾｉ＠ othtr eleme-nts Tritium 3.1)9968 (Radioacmc O..utttium) No Tnbw Ns &hilt Ml • r ti lC"tr)"OnlC (h.anjt as ｎ･ｵｬｲｾ＠ """°"'' ""'"IOI bot- Hydrogen 10•• ｨｾＭ It h'5 adc:t.bONJ n'\Mi if'f'M't'IJY quA!'tl tf'I tb dwcged geometry n7 -lsoo:>pe •t h.as thfo ｾ＠ M but •ti fn<re-•K"d ＮＬｾ｟＠ p+ 69,780 Tetryonics 13.01 - Hydrogen ｾＹＢ､＠ f.>1<1.1 in 1.n nodet.tsas. DeuteOom t'IW''OY h tQ1.11vaitnt 10 tha1of1 Netitron This txtt1 nuclt.'' Nit19Y I) tl\t wurct' or;-.,; f,)dioaCWity .lnd ongoing confusKm In ｣ｨｦＧｭｾｬｹ＠ wherr it h telof..tsed as a variety ol dt<Jyp.irtJcltsovt>1 tlmt' 163 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Hydrogen - Helium genesis 0 0 Hydrogen Deuterium 42-42] 24-24 ﾷｾ Ｑ＠ ., , ....> H '>U 1 18 )4-12 4 5,012 22,512 +12 2 +12 (tornsed) (ionised) Tetryonics 13.02 - Hydrogen-Helium genesis zH Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Hydrogen Family .. /MM + 12 22,500 22,512 electron ( Proton 36rc Hydrogen) 12rc 48rc Tetryonics 13.03 - Hydrogen family 0 0 ,,-----.:r---..,. (42·42) (18-1S) 22,500 22,512 45.012 Neutron Hydrogen Deuterium 36rc 481t n1 841t 0 (42-42] ｲＭＢＧＷＮｾｉＺ Ｍ ｾ＠ n? Tritium is Radioactive + 6 quantum level Energy increase (24,768 n quanta} 45.0 12 69.780 ( Deuterium 847t Tritium ] 84rc 164 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Hydrogen-Helium3 genesis Elemental Form Positive Ions 12 (U ·ll ) ＲｾＰ＠ ＳＶ ＱＰＮ ｾ ｐ Ｋ＠ Proton Hydrogen 12 72 (4.:..;)()} ｾ＠ I JJ NO + 1$.000 Tetryonics 13.04 - Hydrogen-Helium3 genesis 0 NO e- n7 P+ Tritium 0 ,....,! ｾ＠ ti "' .Q -0 a: "' + T1itiunl O Tritium 0 No ＮＬＭｾ＠ NO e- nl 120 P+ Oevterium Otuterium 4J 42 + 108 P+ P+ Tritium 0 is a non-radioactive allotrope of Tritium, it has the same Tetryonic charge and mass-Energy as Helium 3 (but is ionically 1 elemental charge less than Helium 3) 12 [6b-.wl +1 P+ P+ NO 120 e- nl i:....;..l)'.I:...;_..;, ｈｾ ｬ ｩｶｭｬ＠ +2 108 p+ P+ Helium 3 165 166 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantum Batteries Aromk nudel con bceositys.co1ed tonon·qoonrvm sT:zes rooffet <ff<Jn, sofeondpottable long term energy stotogedevices that con srore energy indelinitelyon<J ｴ･ｬ＼ｳｾ ｲ＠ｬ anti-Parallel Configuration (Atomic Nuclei) + ondemond<J,,ywhere in the Wodd 24 [84-60] - 12 Negative charge topology Quantum Rotor 12 loop quantum Inductive rotor The quantum battery is unique in that in addition to storing energy indefinitely, when the nuclei combine with a lepton it has the ability to release specific energies [photons] by way of its synchronous quantum convertor topology 45,000 - + 45.000 The non-neutral charge of atomic nuclei attract free leptons into 'bound' states within the various n levels of atomic shells releasing energy as spectral photons Series Configuration 24 (84-60) ＬＭ ＭｺＧｃ Ｍｾ＠ NO Quantum 12 Cathode [42-30] P+ P+ Quantum P+ Anode 90,000 Ene1gy stored in quantum baueries ismeasured as mass Tetryonics 13.05 - Quantum Batteries + 167 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantum synchronous Converters Quantum And just like the quantum battery, the quantum convertor can be scaled to any size in order to provide tailor-made energy efficient delivery devices Cathode - The elect·on can be viewed as a rotating inductor consisting of 3 negative Tetryons The elernon has a charged Matter topology that is ･ｬｾ｣ｴｲｩ｡ｹ＠ With the addition of a quantum rotor (lepton) a quantum battery can be converted from a storage device into a energy distribution device. IVltere varying levels rmdftequendes of'Ene.rg'j are ITa1LS1ttlmd lmtg distances rmd Pllld to be stored for later release 01t demand the 'ideal' medumical device Is the rouuing (or synchronou.s) convenor + equivalent to a quantum 6 loop inductive rotor Quantum Anode EM ｆｬｾ＠ ｾＺＧｦｃ＠ Changes in energy-momenta results in photon emission/absorpt on lines Pl.ln(I( qu.1nt.i [[e.µ.].[mnv Ck«ro\l;i;nt"tic 1n.1u 2 ]] vck•city photon ･ｭｩｾｳｯｮＮＯ｡｢ｲｰｴｬ＠ produces changes in lepuollic energy·QAM and resul:s in the quantum transition of electrons in atomic orbitals Ｚ＠ｾ Changes in Saryonic energy levels induces a directly proportional change in electron energy levels 3 forms of mass-energy momenta are possessed by quantum convertors Ｆｏｩｬ｀ｍｾＱｉｄＧ＠ Ａｐｬｵ｀ｾｏｩＶ＠ ｉａｊ｀ｬｩﾮｏｾｍ＠ of bound elecuoo (motional energy) photonle energy out ｀ｾｬＧ＼ｉｄ＠ linc-.tr momenu.im of 8aryO()S & ｬ･ｰＱｯｮｾ＠ ®Oil@ff'®6@@ (emission/absorption) K£M helds 9eom,1tr1L"s of photo-(:olectrons (stored energy quanta) st.inding wave mas.s.·energies of Matter topologies A change in any 1 of the 3 types of energy in a atom results in a proportional change in the other 2 QAM of KEM field creates angular mon,entum External EM fields and incident photons ca ti all affect the quantum energy levels of the atomic nuclei Tetryonics 13.06 - Quantum Synchronous Converters 168 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Mv 2 = KEM = hv 2 n8 ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ｾ n7 ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ｾ Ｎ ＢＺ Ｚ ＮｱＺｾｉ＠ ﾷ ﾷ ｾ＠ eV 768 Hydrogen lonisation Energies The Ionisation energy level for each quantum level Is proportional to the square of the quantum number Ionization Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ＢＺ Ｎ ｱ Ｚ ｾ＿･ｖ＠ 588 ｾ＠ ｮＭＳ ....ＡＮ Ｇ ｾ＠ Ｎ ｾ＠ ·1.SeV n.2 - - ·3AeV n6 ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ｾ Ｍ ｾＺ ＺＮ ｱ Ｚ ｾＡ･ｖ＠ 432 nS ﾷ ﾷ ｾ Ｍｾ ＺＮＭ ｯ＠ .ｾ･ｶ＠ 300 n4 ﾷ ﾷ ｾ Ｍ ｅｾ ＺＮ Ｍｾ Ｍ ｾ･ｖ＠ 192 ｾ＠ n3 n2 nl ﾷ En = -lSOeV ﾷﾷ ｾ 22,512 Hydrogen I n•l - - ·13.GeV The established model of electron orbitals having circular radii ofIncreasing size In proportion to their energies Is Incorrect Spin UP Par.lllcl magnetic moments 08 (higher energy) 48 En= · 13.6 eV / + / "o = 0.052911m • Bolutadus SplnOOWN Anti·parallcl m:ignetic mon,ents Ｍ ｾ ＧＺｬ Ｎ ＺＧ Ｎ Ｚ ｾ Ｚ Ｔ Ｎ ･ｖ＠ 0 .............. [24·24] + J In Hydrogen nuclei el ns remain In the same posltlo close to the Proton due to Coulomblc attraction. (lower energy) 12 T'hC" J...'l=.N Pl,lndi qu<1nt<l rrq vi l"('d 10 ｩ ｾ ｮ ｾ＠ a ph«lo·C'i«tron S The Intrinsic magnetic moment of the rotating electron couples wrt the nuclear magnetic moment to produce a split In the resulting spectral lines down produced by quantum level transitions Tetryonics 13.07 - Hydrogen Ionisation Energies ｾ＠ 169 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ....Ｑ Ｒｾ＠ Hydrogen Energy Levels 1 h2D KEW field energy in each electron's energy level 1°1M ,,_. tnW tnell) CCMitc:J4 olMatter llDfl oIo pa 1rl modon II INVAAIAHT to charp ｾ＠ n7 ｾ＠ n4 ｾ＠ n5 ｾ＠ n6 ｾ＠ ｉｾ＠ of n. n7 ｾ＠ n8 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Mvi = KEM = ｨ ｶ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ nl v 1'>e ｾ＠ i c nett• olaD IC£M fioldo .... •b;ect llO ,.i, eity-monoa1tum l.ottnta UN I w:do; • (1.901 e\t] [3.381 eV] \tattr I &rdrvra ｾ＠ "'f'lodt, - .. l.L ''WI.I •ICll) 13.6 eV Free Electron Tetryonics 13.08 - Hydrogen Energy Levels ｯｾｶ＠ 170 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinematics Deceleration Sir ISS3C Newton An inertial f·ame of reference is one in w hich the motion of a particle not subject to forces and resu Its in motion in a straight line at constant velocity ｗ｀ｦｾｩＡＢｊ＠ TWJl:J v 6' (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1727) /::,,,y Newton's First Law a= - /::,,,r F =ma t>i: = - -+ tit . a = F /m Ewrybodypttsins il1JtSscoce o-f btin901rtsc or of m()Vfng unlformlyiuoight lorwntd, eJu:epr Insofar os it Is compefred u>chonge Jtssrort by forcei.np1essed Acceleration ｬｮｾｲｴｗｉ＠ v PHILOSOPHI.tE N.A TU RA LIS PRINCIPIA hv Newton's Second Law '"" MA TR£MATICA. L., F = dp v2 dvcm cit = mdt = mllct, Force creates a <hange in Momentum over lime A U CiOlll ISAACO ｾｅｗＱＧＰｎｏＮ＠ £<i. Ava. t,f>NllNI• A,..aC.- 10..!r J•1!- ｬ ＺＮ ｾｓＮｃＧＱｦＢｬ ＱｦｍｯＮ＠ f r.niw rLU<> ,,Jtl qu.1111.1 A body of [m]ass subject to a net (FJorce undergoes an [a}cceleration that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass, i.e., F=ma. Alternatively, rhe total force opplied on o body isequal to rhe time derivative of linear nlomentum ofthe body. Tetryonics 14.01 - Kinematics 171 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved lnertia and Force momentum Any change to the energy-mommua content of a closed indw:tive loop requires a proportional c:fumge to the loops enagy density The classical definition of Momentum relates the mass of a material body at given velocity M to its Momentum (p); it is a proportionality factor in the formula p linear quanta forces mv divergent t [V- V] i This meaning of a body's inertia therefore is altered from the class:sicaf definition of "a tendency to maintain momentum" to a description of the measure of how difficult it is to change the momentum of a b<>dy F convergent v Transverse Ｘｯｾｳ＠ ma S<al<'!r mass·energy Any change to ･ｮｲｧｾＢｭｯｴ｡＠ v Force Inertia 1s resistance to change tevP.ls in Teuyonl<; 911?on,et1y requites specific number quanta o( energy monwnt.1 vectors within sparia1 geometrie.s v [411 lndw:tfve loops resist changes to their eiwgy /evel,s) lnea;o is the resisrooce ofanyphysical object to a change in iu .state of motion or 1esr, or che rendencyofan object ro resisc any change in its motion. t l inea r momentum is t he nett square root of mass-energy q uanta p The prit>ciple of inertia Is ooe ofthe funda1nenra1 principles ofclosslcol physics which is vsed to describe the motion ofn1atte1 and how it is offeaed by applied fo1ces E= mv 2 Any change in the energy-momenta content of a body of mass-Matter results in a proportional change in its momentum-velocity Tetryonics 14.02 - Inertia and Force Force is the sum of the linear mass-energy momenta quanta F 172 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Goufiiicd \Vil helm von Leibniz Sealar Energy Leibfliz's vis viva (Latin for living force) is mv 1, t\vice the modern kinetic energy. He teaHzed that the total energy would be consetved in certain mechanical systems, so he considered it an innate motive characteristic of Matter. His thinking gave rise to another regrettable nationalis.tic dispute. His vis viva was seen as rivaling the conservation of linea r momen1u1n championed by Newton in England and by Descartes In France; hence academics in those countries tended to neglect L.eibniz's idea. 1m In reality. both energy and momentum are conseived, so the hvo approaches ate equally valid. (July 1, 1646- Novenll>et 14, 1716) of force The nett dJrection of Fotce within. energy geometry is UNIDIRECTIONAL le the force exened Is the result of the neu linE>ar momenta iHespectlve '°'charge v v mass x velocity squared .·····•····••··•····•··· "·. ( Energy ....... J kg· m 2 s2 N·m ) kg·-m5 22 3 = Pa· m = W · s / . ... A Joule is equal to the energy expended (or work done) In applying a fofce of one newton th1ou9h a distance or one meue ( 1 nei.vt<>n mE-tre or N·m) ··. ··.. mon1entum x velocity ·· ........ 2 ... ·· ···-... ........................... C [Joule seconds}per second Pldnck's quanta per second ... [kg.1!!).1!! s s [kg.sm'] .s ...... ···•······•... ··.. ·... 1 Tetryonics 14.03 - Scalar Energy .... Ｎｃｾ＠ ..............········ Uoule seconds) per second .·• 173 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Linear Momentum ｰｨｾｩ｣ Linear momentum is the SQUARE ROOT of equilateral Planck mass-energy geometries and produces a u.ndirectional vector force The Energy· momentum relationship isa fundamen1al ｡ ｬ＠ property used to de tetminc the mass of a body Using the formula for mass-Energy equivalence as it relates to Photons movinq at"c' he A 2 E = h v = - = me mv p ..········· In classical mechanics, momentum is the produa of the mass and velocity of an object. .. ! ""'F = dp = m dv ..ve can derive a relationship ｾ＠ for Momentum· Energy- Wavelength showing that Thus momentun' in Photons is directly related to the EM energy content of the photon and h\.ｾ＠ Ｎ｣Ｍ［ｯＢＧｾ momttua /t1v/ ' 1' ｾ＠ ccmprire all EM fields ···..... massive 30 body + v dm dt 2 ..........c ....... i " ,• .•.. ··•···· E = mv 2 p = n1t [ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾ｝＠ v = mv h >. . Longitudinal [linear] momentum and morrentum in Particles is related to the total EM Energies an object (its rest Matter+ KE) E1tergy or and the ｷ｡ｶ･ｬｾｮｧｴｨｳ＠ associated with those distinct energy levels E hv h p= - =- = - c dt ｹ ［＠ ngitudiual momentum fmv} FOflCf S 011 "··........... the mass-energy content of any c dt In relativistic mechanics. this quantity Is multiplied by the LQrentz factor. p = E/c lw c mv •' EM fields (Eosons and Photons) p = fik = p E = pv v ........... Noting that the rest mass In the case of is ta equal Zero ...·· Linear Momentum is the intrinsic sqare root vector component of Force A. p nn[[Tilfiv]] niass velocity 1no1ne111u n1 Momentum is a conserved quantity, meaning that the total momentum of any closed system (one not affected by external forces) ccnnot change. Tetryonics 14.04 - Linear Momentum EM field momentum is a function of its energy density, and is di rectly proportional to the group velocity 174 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Vector linear momentum is the square root of the KEM field energies produced by Matter in motion nn ｕ ｃｾｩＧｦｬｴＭｏ＠ ｮｩ ｾ p = mv ｬ＠ E p f!M'WJ!E """ v Linear Momentum is the vector force of mass times its velocity v Linear Momentum is Energy dividec by the square root of its quanta Energy content ... v for a specific velocity v ....... y2 \. y2 ... ... ·.. ... ......... <; .... ................. E .v c2 n p = L m;v ; = m 1V1+fn2V2+1n3v 3 + · · · + Jnn Yn, i=1 The linear momentum of a EM field or system of particles Is the vector sum of the linear momenta in the KEM fields of individual particles In any spatial co-ordinate syrtem Tetryonics 14.05 - Vector Linear momentum hv 2 v 175 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic Energy 1-i is the Electric field energy of Matter in motion \' v 1/2 Rd•tivltoc Kinti.< Energy is 112 ol tile M.'<ondary KEM ｦｩ･ｬ､Ｍｾ＠ created when M.ltt« .,.rtocle$ are 1n motion ｭＮｊｕＭｅｾ＠ M+KE ,.IM) oit-""» ｛ Ｔｾ Ｎ Ｚ［ｴ＠ ｛ ｛ ･ Ｎ ﾵ ｊ ｛ ｾ ﾷ Ｎ ｾ Ｒ ｝ ｝ ＠ °"''"''" . , .,. . w 2n [ [1!1 ｾ＠ ..c2_ .., Klnelac Energy b tlw d•.imond el"ctrlC field oxtl'nd1ng ftom chMgt'd M4tte< topolog•!> 1s 1 re(ull of its motion. tl !()llow) Ttttyon1c omtga gc:-ometry •nd •s PfOpOll•Onal to an obJKl 's ｭ｡ｳ ｾ ｍ｡ｴ･ｲ＠ ｶ Ｎ ｾ｝ ｝＠ M'ld tt ｾｨｯｷｮ＠ •nd its v«tor velocity [n-n] 12n to br subpeoct to Lc11rntl COtff'CtlOM Kinetic Energies n'\l Matter v v2 vi 1 4 1 KE = 2Mv 2 Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. v6 16 9 'N2 Kinetic Energies create Magnetic Moments vs v4 v3 KuwtlC ｅｮｾｲＹＱ＠ .irt \ubtect to lOtH\tz COt, t ｾ＠ Ek = me' - moc2 • a.t.ttt...- If, t'IO( v8 V7 y ., an objectt Ile Kine\"''" which It pcs=s s due to its motion. 25 36 It const,ls ol N ul11I EIC!Ctroc fi Ids and an associated M gnet c moment Tetryonics 14.06 - Kinetic Energy 49 81 176 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic Energy and Magnetic moments v v Mv 2 = KEM = p2 Unlike charged fields KEM fields have neutralised Electric Fields hv KEM field geometry ofpositive cliorged Matter in 111011011 v2 KEM field geometry of negative cltarged Marrer i11 motion v ············· ...........·······' ... Often noted as being two distinct EM energies [Klnetic Energy and Magnetic moments) are shown to be orthogonal aspects of the same KEM field of motion As the velocity of a particle increases so does its Kinetic Energy and Magnetic moment creating Lorentz variable KEM fields ·.... '•, "·. . . .··.. Moment ..····· ·· ··.......................C:.2 ·········· .....······" Tetryonics 14.07 - Unified KEM fields 177 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Types of Momentum There are J forms of momenta In physics h (mlIsl The quantised 3ngular momentum' of each Planck mass energy geometry, gives ise to the two quantum Charges p m hv vector momentum Linear momentum mv (kg-mtsl The square root (v) of each Planck quanta's mass-energy geometry (v•) is vector Linear Momentum f Angular r1 hv [kg·m/sl p vector rotation about a point 1tum [kg·m2/sl The orbital angular or n in atoms associa .ed \ 'l°h a g ••• (rHJ m of electrons n quantum s:ate (nl (Ml) y Tetryonics 14.08 - Types of Momentum 178 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Kinetic Energy vs Momentum An important difference is tiat Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity- it has no direction in space momentum is a vector quantity - it has a direction in space, momenta combine like forces do. v Mv p v v hv v2 KEM field Energy m omenta p =-v'E In Tetryonic geometry, the square root maps the linear momenta {mv] of a field to its ENERGY KEM -- KE Mv2 In Tetryonic geometry, E-fieldgeometry maps the kinetic energy [1/2 mv] of a field to its ENERGY Linear momentum has a different geometric ENERGY relationship to that of Electric fields Tetryonics 14.09 - Kinetic Energy vs Momentum 179 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass-Energy-momentum ......Y...... F p.::-mv ··· .. ..m -: ·a . .. ···•· Like .· l J veclor 1o«e llneni.al mass] ··., ｶ･ｬｯ｣ｩｴｹＮＭｾ［Ｚ＠ ·· ... ｩｮﾷ［ｾ｣ｬＺＡＧ｡ｳｅ･ｲｧｹ＠ momentum is a..v&tor quantity, ｰＨＩｳｾ･ｩｮｧ＠ a direction _ft'- well as a magnitude The of a massive bod\! is a result of its nett Enemy per unit ofTinte Ｌ ｾ｣Ｚ＠ 4 E i= p 2c2+ 111!c . . . . . ..,1 KEM.: mv 2 KE=2mv {Kinetic EMrgy & 7•gnetic mom•ntJ Oftl.'n generalis.ed 3S having tM geometty of 2 TI1e ｋｩｮ･ｾ｣＠ energy of Matter in motion is directly re;iated to its ｶ･ｬｾ｣ｩｴｹ＠ The ｅｮ･ｲｧｾ＠ of a system is the *'uare of its linear ｾｯｭ･ｮｴｵ＠ ,./ E=p2 {scalar K£M field ene<.gic-s of Matter in motion) right <1n9led Ul<1n9lf>S the mass·ene<gy momenta 1eli1tionship is fully revt-alcd usang Equflateralgeome1ry is the energy content of a superpositioned EM field (Ene(gy momenta) \ •••. Ｌ ［ ﾷ ｾｨＬＤ ｱｵ ｡ ｲ ･＠ Linear momentum root of the Energy of a systeo:i. v .••·· .· a<celeration results in <hanges to momenta ...· ··.......... ...... Linear motnentum ls also a conserved quantity, meaning 'hat if ,..ctOSed ｾｴ･ｭ＠ l.s not affected b)' external ｦｯｲ･ｾ＠ its to1al Ｎ ｾｅＡ｡ ﾷ ｲ＠ me>mentum cannot ｣Ｎ ｨ ｡ｾ Ｎ＠ Ahllough orlgtnaltye-xpressed •• 1n Newton's .s«ond law, tht c00Sf;'rva1lon of llncarmQf'rloenu.1m atso hotels 1n special relatiV1ty and. wi1h Ｓｐ Ｑ ＾ｲｯｰｩＮｾｮ･＠ dtfin1tie>ns.. .J (9ener.lhzed• linl.'ar mom(!-ntum conse:rv.)tie>fl I.aw holds in cle<ttodyt'l3n"IKS, ｱｾ Ｑ ｡ｮｴｵｭ＠ mt<h<lnics, quan1um fickl theory. rCIJt1vity. In rtl3tlviSti<: me<h<lni<S. non rtlatwisttc and Ｙｾｮ｣ｵＱｉ＠ ｬｩｮｾＬＩｲ＠ momcntun\ is further ｭｵｬｴｩｰｾ､＠ by the Lorentz foctOr "· F= m a . . . . . . It is t he nett linear Force ............................ resulting from Matter in motion ...................... ··········· Newton's and was used by Newton Second lav1of Motion as the foundation for his Laws of motion Tetryonics 14.10 - mass-Energy momentum ｨｾ Ｍｾ＠ . ................ｾ＠ ﾷＭＮ ｾ ｲ Ｎ ｾ ＮＭ ｾ ｣ Ｍ ｾ Ｎ ﾰ Ｎ ｾ ﾷ｟ＮＧ＠ 180 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Lorentz velocity correction Factor The toreotz fclcto< or toreou term Is an expression which appears in several equatt)ns tn speda1relativlty. It arises Wavelength, momentum from d eriv ing the Lorentz transformat ions. The name originates from its earlier appearance in Lorentzian ･ｾ｣ｴｲｯ､ｹｮ｡ｭｩｳ＠ • named after the Outch physicist Hendti< Lorentz. mass-ENERGY ' 10 .....·•······ ····· ......... ····· ... 7 [ｾ｝＠ ····•···... ··...... .·" •• ｛ ｾ ｾ ｝＠ • ' ' ........ 2 1 ｜ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ Ｒ＠ ··.. ..................... . .......· < • ClassicaHy modelled as an i11jinire ｳ･ｲｩｾ＠ approaching c Tetryon1cs reveals it to be a physkal property ofeqllilateral energy-nwmenta geometries ""· -.................... ..·· ....." A vector measure of the "···.. "· Energy content of a waveform 1 = c - Jc2 - 1 ---.,:===;;:- 112 J l - {32 A scalar measure of a KEM waveform's energies dt dr \.. y ····· ....c.:... ｉｭｰｯｲｴ｡ｮｬｹ ｾ＠ Newton's classical velocity addition ,.···· fe.rnains correct. but the energy· momenta required ｾｯ Ｚ＠ accelE-'rat.e Mauer to higher veloci1ies ｩｬＧｾｃＭ･｡ｳ＠ expo.oeOti.::illy in line i,.-vith the.equilateral [Tetryonic) geometry of.m3Ss-cnergies .. ................ ....ｃＮｾ＠ .................. ·" Tetryonics 14.11 - Lorentz velocity correction Factor r 181 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Unified Energy momenta geometry m = • "" .... r ｾ＠ ｛ ｛｣Ｎｾ ｬ ｊ Ｈ ｭ Ｍ ｶ Ｒ ｝＠Ｉ 1-i..c... - Planck quanta ] p =n7t mb:V .. [ v energy mass c velocity v ..· mv mass p Energy c ｾ＠ = ｛ ｾ ｝＠ Linear Lorentz factor Scalar Lorentz factor c ·.. ! • .... ··. .• v 2 ｾ＠ . ·•. ··. t .. -;.,..;;o.a,.V' Collapred wavefotm ... J Photons £ 1 = ｽＷｴＨ｛ ｣Ｎｾｬ ｊ Ｎ ｛ ｭ＠ - \'latter Tetryonic's equilaceral geomecries model EM mass-ENERGY momenta in all ics forms v2]] c2 Tetryonics 15.01 - Unified Energy-momenta geometry .c m = Ｔ ｾＷｴ＠ ｛ ｣Ｎｾｈ °"""'""' . -- ｭ＠ r;..v 2]] - ....... 182 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Squared Energy distributions .·..······ ..·· lel9 EM mass-energy v "··.... v2 !JU Quantum numbers are not I TRI n = (n/2) x (n+1) 4 2 9 3 Quantum numbers are not TETRAHEDRAL NUMBERS 16 4 5 6 7 8 25 ·.. "·...........c ..... 36 ...... 49 64 TRIANGULARNUMBERS TETRA n = (n /6) (n+ 1) (n+2) Scalar energy levels have SQUARED quanta Bosons Odd number sequence Photons Number of quanta per geometry LongitudJnal EM ｭ｡ｳﾷｅＢ ｮ ｾ ｲ Ｙｬ･ｳ＠ Even number sequence n =(2n-1) Number of quanta per geometry n =(2n) ., hv ｾＹ ＧＱＭ ., ........................................................ｾ＠ , . y 2 [n- 1] Transverse Quanta Distributions [n -11 Tetryonics 15.02 - Squared Energy distributions 183 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic Energy and Charge relationships Scalar energies (are 'squared' numbers) IJi) v [0-1] 1 2 4 5 6 angular momenta ｾ､＠ 7 is the geomerric source of an mass-Bnogy-Maito relationships m - ---- 8 Charged mass-energy geometry & Matter topology determines a particle's physical characteristics (Type, Family, generation, mass etc) Charge Opposite nett elementary charge geometries 12 [0·12] ｾ＠ l.2 e20 12 (v-v) e8.851486 e-31 KG 1875x (2+ 12J M The Energy density of a particle's charged fascia geometry determines its mass mass-Matter electron -12 +12 . e' Proton (difkiential) /;+\ /+\\ differing Mauer topologies 1.65965 e-27 KG 2 .25 e23 P+ Tetryonics 15.03 - Tetryonic Energy and Charge ....._""""""_____ｾＭｏｩｯ ｾ ｬ＠ Planck mass-energy 184 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved uu ntly ti Planck's energy momenta quantum v E ｛ｾ c2 m ...... ....... ) ｾ ｾＲ Emrgy C •• 12 lq (Carbon) · 252·252 Tm (Carbon) · 270,072 *• • 270,072 / 12 22.506 • • E ｐｾｮ｣ｫ＠ Planck mass ｝＠ Al ml(, m n JI 12r.f 11 ｚｬｾｑ＠ ｾ＠ " ｏｵ ｾ ｾ＠ e- 00 P Hydrogoin Tctryonic mass (Hydrogen ] - 2.2512 e23 v Ultngltitr)onk flOIUIO) M mv ' = E = f1v 1 m n q E tor In "°""""' tolllt•-tilll--ond t..)Ol'd .... , , , , _ dlus-··••ogwtmolw---til- : ' ) - . . ldnetic..,.,... end.,.... <An end woklng\cdgtad"masses Dl!lilng !NI 1111\t number of,...,... ll'jdloge1- In lgrom ond mobtA"1igldnn rwmbttd\t irMnetilthlsnumber c Planck mass C8"I ICM ond-mcd)llotll wtComi*n ｾＢＧＭ __ ,. •• _ 111· '41'11 liltlt eaclly m · mass quantum Molar mass = H, Atomic mass Avagadro's No. v qu.1n1.t of Charge '' ｾ＠ I d t'1e 12 .001 massH...JAv = E· Energy quantum 6.0221 41 579 x 10 ,, rest mass Hydrogen = 1.660538841 x 10·"' g1mo1 .. 1 x10 _'"'__, 21 H .. I m [HJ= 1.660738412 x 16 22,512 4 2.99792458x 10 p H.........i..... me ... 2.21134 x 10 ' - n Planck mass = 7.376238634 x 10-32 Kc f1 lls rr \I I f'\hlb "' •• •.wit Tetryonics 15.04 - Planck's energy momenta quantum ... ... Ｂ Ｇ ｾ｜ｉ＠ V2 ..,..... ｾＮＬ＠ .. ｾＬＮ＠ . .,. . ＬＮｾ＠ • riLTlrUll 185 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Nuclear Energy levels Exponential energy levels Rad ioactive Decays .... r- 400000 300000 >-. c w detem1ined by the Tetryonic .-.. 350000 Ol .... QI follow exponential curves ""' topology of the particle families 250000 200000 le19v 150000 =ITU =Se18f ...····•···· 100000 ··.. 50000 12 (;t1.,l] .....\ ........ ,_- 1:: ..... ·-• 12 Particle families ﾣＮ Ｍ｜ ｾ＠ i2 ﾷＨｾ ＱＴ ｽ＠ antiNeutron antiProton Ｍ ｾ］ ｾ ····•·.........Cc'. ................ [Mftdd ｯｾ ｺｴ＠ Planck qu..nla [[€0µ0).[mov €lkll"(l.\\a! t1<tk Ｇｾ＠ ｾ Tn 2 ]] ｬＩ＠ Linear energy levels I·".. v ﾷ ｾ＠ Electron ｎ･ Quarks and leptons Increase and decrease in integer according to the 1' metries an e particles involved Tetryonics 15.05 - Nuclear energy levels = (.. <1) {M j Tetryons Ｚｾ［＠ ,,_ ,_ ｲ Ｍ ＱＺｾＵ＠ ) - "'" • ..... _______ ,.... i:= ==== 4 Up Down Charmed Ｚ ｾ Ｚ Ｑ＠ ］ ﾷ ］ Ｍ ］ ﾷ ］ ］ ﾷ ］ ﾷ ］ ﾷ ］ Ｌ ］ ﾷ ］ ﾷ ］ Ｎ［ Ｚ［Ｂ ｩｯ Ｂ ﾷ Ｂ ｾ ﾷ］ ﾷ］ ﾷ］ ﾷ］＠ 4 ｵ ｴｲｩｮｯ＠ Stret1ngo ] 8 wlocoty bsorption of Bosons d Photons within Atomic Nuclei Bosons t "' ,,. ------- - - - ----• .... ＠ ｾ ｾＭ 0 ｰ ｾ Ｎ｛＠ [ｳ Ｎｾ ＩＮ ｛ ｭ ｮ ｶ ｝ ｝＠ ｴｬＧｩｾ ｩ ｾ ﾷ ,... Ｒ ｅ ｬ ﾫ ｶ ｯＮ ｖＮ ＮＱ ｩ［ｾｬ｣＠ --- ｾ［ Positron Ｈ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾｊ Ｉ＠ Pl;i,.<:k qu:o..u CM rich.I Proton Neutron 1= 0 1"'-..l 0 Baryons ｾ＠ Top B om Positive Negative Neutral 186 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Energy momenta geometry m v ...············ .....·· All mass-energies have equilateral geometries ·······.... ······· ··......... Quantised angular momenta facilitates EM interactions ··.... v-v "·... ..·· ... "· m2 E Planck's Constant mass-Energy kgm h s kg inrir 2 s 52 v "·. .tn "··.., v ··... ··.... ···........... ... quantised ｡Ｎｮｧｵｾｴ＠ Tetryonics 15.06 - Energy momenta geometry momenta pet secOf\d 187 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Velocity .·· mass ...············ Square root ............... Momentum v .... ·············· ................... '·······... ..................... ....··' Energy ............. .... .· ....... ....... ./ Volts Charge /. "\ ...... \ Bosons are transverse EM masses Current Bosons Velo9ty squared hv...._.._--.........................................__........ｾ . ｶ ...... "·.. ··..... ...... ·.....····.. mass is a measure of Energy per spatial co-ordinate system qu.antised anguku momentum is the equilateral geometry of scalar mass-energies Ｒ＠ .....·· ......···'··/ .... ...··•···· ···.............................C.2 ........................ mass-Energy momenta Tetryonics 15.07 - EM mass-energy relationships Electromagnetic energy is a scalar measurement of mass 188 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v Photons are Longitudinal masses Bosons are 1\-ansverse ma88U ··. ···•.. ｶ ｾ＠ E m Planck ｾ＠ Photons mass . . ...........ｾ＠ ............. [',, ftekl ｾ Plllnck qwnta ｛ ｛ ･ ｯ ﾵ ｯ ｝Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ El«tro.\\1g.1._-1ic 12 mMS Ｒ ·· .........c............ EN fi.i:>ld ｝ ｝＠ mass-ENERGY-Matter equiva1ence LEPTONS <111;,nM [[eoµo].[mnv2]] ｅｾ ｊＺｃ＠ hv w lorily P$linck ELEMENTS 0 N" ｾ Ｍ (4242) D - no ＠ｾ • l"' • • - , 12n' • 84[fl) )6"',l 45,012 Tetryoni<: Matter ｾｦ＠ Electron - 8.SS143636 I x 10 ' ' mass·EnergyofElectron - 7.955319207x 10 ., . J Tettyonlc Maner of Oe-utetium - 3.320192534 x 1o·n Kg 10 mass·EnergyofOeuterium • 2.9S4040234.l( 10· ' Kq 12 [24·12} f\\f,..ld Ｎ Ａ Ｚ Ｑ ｾ＠ [[s,µo].[mnv2] ] Ek;,:1ro\Ut;nc«.r EM F"l<'ld Pl+lndt 'l"""l-' tiUiS.i Tetryonic Matter of Proton - 1.6S96S3693 x JO.u mass•Energyof Proton - 1.491622351x10 \doc-i1y EM fiekl ｬｾｔＬｴ＠ ｐｬｾｫ＠ J qu11nc.l [[eoµ.].[mnv Clcc1"t0<\\i1P"'!'<' 1nau I(() 10 2 ]] .-cloci1y Tetryonics 15.08 - mass-Energy-Matter equivalence ｾＮＱＷＺ＠ Pllnck <1u.t•-'• [[soµo].[mnv2] ] ｕｴ ｴ ｲｯ ｜ｾｮＧＮ ｨＨＧ＠ " "'" wl......-•I)' 189 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved kg KG EM mass quanta in Matter [M F"l«"d l'f.bf\d( qu.wt.. ｾ ｾ＠ ｛ ｛ ｳ ｯ ｾ ｊ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ lkrtro\\lgnctic 111..ss Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ "<l« •ty mass 1 f q tM fieid ｯｾＮ ｲ｣＠ ｾ＠ qu.ui.u [[s.µo].[mnv r.kdrc.\llj:nclk rrl.)$1i 2 ]] EVENn ODDre EVt:NTI: EMVt(IVt"S ｛ ｛ ［ Ｚｩ ｾ＠ Ｎ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾ ［ ﾷｾ｝ ｝＠ ｅｬ｣Ｑｲｯ｜ wloci1y ｾｮｴ Ｑｾ＠ m.U$ Ｇ＾ｾ ｬ ｹ＠ c a ............... ··.. M 4m 3m .............. 4 Matter tM fle«1 Ｔ ｾＬｔｴ＠ ｭ｜Ｎｾｬｴ＠ / \\ PI0111Ck qu11nl.l ｛ ｛ ｳ ｯｾｊ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ ｅ ｬ ｣ｲ ···--........... m;i,..,; ｾｬｯ･ｩｴｹ＠ Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ Tetryonics 15.09 - EM mass quanta in Matter ".........ｾＺ＾ＰＴＹＵＧＭＮﾷ Ｍ ｾﾷＢＯ＠ 190 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Lorentz velocity corrections (result from the measurement of EM mass-energyquant<i in a planar ｳｰＺｩ ｴｩ ｡ ｴＭＺ ｯ ﾷ ｯ ｲ ､ ｩ ｮ｡ｴｾ＠ systemJ [linear momentum cc rrectlons are linear] m (EM mass-Enerqycorrectlons are Scalar) ....., ｛ｾ ｾ E c2 Ｒ ｝＠ ＧＱｾａ＠ j!Lnd, f!!} [[e.µ.]. [mov2] ] c2 ｄｴｾＧＢｬｦｏ｜ｊｉｗｫ＠ ｾＱ＠ mi n EMlioik p E KE mv fl,l f. Id E - .v l'l.lrtcli.qwntt nn [[e.µ.].[mv]] - ｬＱｮｾＩｲ＠ tk«ro\t.s:ocllc ,...,_ ｷｾ ｉ ｊ＠ nomcritum y2 Olfll!fd mv mv 2 Ｔｾ Ｌｾ＠ 2 c2 (MOY [[e.µ.].[1nc 2 Ｈ ｬﾫｦＧ ｏＮ｜ｾｉＰＺＱＨＧ＠ ,,_ mass·energy In Matte, ｰ ]] <it\'Joris'.' ｲ ｯｰ｡ｧ at c ｴ ｾ＠ EM Field l/2M v 2 1/2[ Ｒ 4[ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾ ｝＠ p&.1,;:k ] ] - q11,.n1.1 ｾｚｊ Ｎ ｛ ｛ ｳ Ｎ ﾵ ｝Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｯ ｶ ｾｬｦＧｏ｜ＬｴＨ＠ c2 E¥r -!d Tetryonics 15.10 - Lorentz velocity corrections 1'11.ino, Ｒ .cloc•l)' ｝＠ Ev 191 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved The geometry of Constants Quantised angular momentum is the source of all physical Constants v .....····· ...······ ····· .....·· ,.,,.·· ....... ..... ····· ······· ····· ····... ..... c ...... \:a ·.·.. 4 ··············· ······· // . ·........ µo. . . ··.. .··· .....····· c / ｾｴｯ＠ ｶ ｾ＠ M t; ..... .M 'Tt. . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c.:. . . . . . . · ......... C ··············· "·· ... ·...................ｃＮ Ｎｾ＠ .................·" Aph)'Slcal constant Is a.physlcal quaintttytbal Is generally be bo1t1 untversa-1 In l'lltllie Ind c:onstsrrt In Unw. It can be c:on!rMled wlltl a malblmalk:al cons1ant. l!Ndl Is a fixed numettcal value but does not dJl'ealy lnYolvt any physlcB I me11surement v .....······ ······ (/ ....· "··.............. ｾ Ｎｾ＠ ...........·· .... Tetryonics 16.01 - The geometry of Constants ｾ()(Ｍ I...... 192 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Max Planck q q (0-1: (1-0) 'To 1nre1p.1tr rhev1bt(H1onol E =nhv enetgydN osollotors (/()[OS tCOlllinuOIJS, ｩｮｾｴ･ｬｹ､ｎｳＱ｢ｱｯｲＬ＠ '"Lttr us C•llltMl1 suchpo11 uf ｬｷｾｉｗｕｊｙ＠ t:W111ir111 h • bul OS 0 diSC1t'lt QUUllf1ty c.c.11upu'J<d ufu,1 intt:9ruf mJ111('" (,}( finJretquolpoth. (April 23, 1858 - 0ctober4. 1947) hv Planck's Constant 7,376238634 e-51 kg 7,376238634 e-5 1 kg [quantised mass-energy angular momenta J Solving for Planck's Constant using the inverse of Avogadros number & Tetryonic geometry we obtain an exact corrected value of: 1 mole of Hydrogen atoms has a rest-mass ofl gram + 6.629432672 X 34 10- ).s '1 .13766'15'16 x 10·15 eV.s ···. ................. 0 e- [24-24) /+ P+ ..... .. / \ .. h'v "·. 2.2512 e23 Hydrogen ＢＭＮＧｾＺ＠ ＭｾＮ｡Ｚ＠ AllMlluHwl'l\'fomuanbt .....ｾﾷ［ＺＮＯ＠ 2 .•·• .... Tetryonics 16.02 - Planck's Constant Ａｾ＠ 2 A r<'st mass Hydrogen atom has a Compton frequency of 2.2512 c23 Planck quanta EM Acid ··•···•···..• ....... mv = E = hv Planck qt.tanta [[Eoµo].[mnv 2]] Ele...'tro.\A3goctic 111:..ss velocity Planck's co11sra.111 is 1/re re/ario11Sl1ip between BM mass-energy a11d quamised angular mome11ra tlrat provides the basis for B.M c/1arge in Tetryonic geometries 193 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Avogadro's Number The number of rest mass Hydrogen atoms in 1 gram (and the rest molar mass of any element or compound) can be determined diTectly from tetryonic theory (exclusive of any measurement, blackbody or kinetic energies] (9 August 1776 - 9 Ju1y 1856) Using a Co111pto11freque11cy of 2.2512 e23 Pla11ck quanta for a rest mass-Mauer Hydrogen atom no atomic mass unit 1u= N: NI 24 = 1.660538782(83) x 10- g 0 1 mo/= g 1 Hydrogen = 1.660538841 x 10 ·71 1.00009 1 1110/ n1 .. = 1.000533 g Avogadro N = 6.022141579 x 10 23 2.2512 e23 v 1.660538841 x 10" ' g 1 n1 22,512 ｛ ［Ｌ Ｚ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｾ ｾ ［ Ｂ Ｒ Ｑ ｝＠ cctro:\.1agnctic mass mol = 11.996801 g Carbon 12 = 1.99211552 x 10 Hydrogen [Hydrogen m ass] Hydrogen's restTetryonic mass is 22,512 n Planck quanta [Proton - 22,SOOn +electron 12n] no 22,512 velocity Tetryonics 16.03 - Avagodro's Number 1 mol = 46 12 .. g -1 The inverse mass of Hydrogen is equal to Avogadro's number 194 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Coulomb's Constant I The proport1onal1ty<ons:ant ke, called ttH? Coulombcon-stant (somet1nle-s, <ailed ttle Coulomb force constant), k=- is. related to definl!d p<opertles of EM Energy·mc>mE!nt.) and I.. used to define Bee trle field forces 4 1rEo - 1 ] µo = - eo = µoc? eoc? Q [{}-12) - Similars repel Opposites attract >< >< Linear Coulombic force interactions are a result ot charged E held linear momenta Longitudinal E field forces between Charged particles are mediated by Photons F 1 E = --Qr 47re0 r 2 E= - Qt The Electric field can be defined as the longitudinal Force exerted by charged masses Similars repel h is a measure of the interactive (orcc produced by the.- Ek<tric fidd c:ntrgy•ntQmcnld of two ｳｵｰｾｲｯ ｩ ｴ ｩ ｯｮ･､＠ C'hargc KEi\.1 lields Tetryonics 16.04 - Coulomb's Constant The Electric field can also be derived from Coulomb's law 195 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved c T'h e Speed of ElectroMagnetic energies 'l'he speed of EM energies in a vacuum is defi1'led as 299,792,458 meters per second 11,e classk a l ｢ｾ ｨ ｡ｶｩｯ ＱＮ ｦ＠ of the e lecuomagnctic fie ld is described by M.3.x.\vell's <'Quations, which pfedict tMt th<' spce<t <\vith which etect romagnetk waves (such a.s light) propagate 1hrough the vacuum is related to the electric constant ( 0and the magne tic consiant µO by the equation c = 1/./tOµO. Celen1as is a Latin \VOrd for ·swiftness"' or ·speect. It is often given as the origin of the symbol c, the universal (l,079,252.848.8 km/h). v The equilateral ｧｾｯｭ･ｴｲｹ＠ of EM energy..is·fite inverse of the .$11citial geometry .......of I second notation for the speed of light In a vacuum EM v - ·The.square root of ･ｱｵｩｬ｡ｲ = 9e16 C" N s' KM 7' Ｎ ｾｮ･ｲｧｩｳ＠ C 2 = 9e16 m' [scalar speeClJ.ts a vector velocify"··. ... ... Nm ' Ke ········........... ·········· ···•····· s' c = 299.792.458 ｾ＠ ........... ... ... The natural velocity of EM energies : can be calculated from the field's ' / ...... speed is a scala·:\ . . .. ; velocity is a vector i direction of the property of the \ energies of motion EM permittivity & permeability and is affected by the medium il is propagating 1hrou9h EM waveforms are bidirectional radiant emissions of 20 enetgy energy travds I hi.' ､ｩｳＮｴｊｮ｣ｾ＠ in I second from it*' M:iur(-c c ·······.. ··............. EM waves and energy momenta \ can be measured as either Transverse or longitudinal waveforms with respect to their velocity vector ·.. ! h\t._..,_.....;;;._____ .&...._ _ _ _ _ _ ｾ Ｇ Ｒ＠ \"·. All EM waves and energy are symmetrical waveforms whose quanta contain ElectroMagnetic mass-energy and momenta Tlte maximum. velocity p=tble due to elea:rlcal acceleradons _./ ·······... or the impedance ofany spadal region that energy propagates through ,./ ·.. it is often. ｲ･ｦｮ｣ｾ､＠ in physics as 'the speed ofUght' ... •···· ... ··......... ········....... IT IS NCYf AN ABSOLUTB UMIT or BARRI.BR ..ﾷ ﾷ ﾷＺｾ･＠ velodty vectors of All EM waves radrate outwards in accord _.;ith·······... B1ot-Savart's law ······-...... c .....- 2 ........······· ...··········· ················ ............... . ....·•• ................. EM energies form the geometries of spatial co-ordinate systems Tetryonics 16.05 - The Speed of Electromagnetic energies with velocity [lorentt] vaciable energy contents 196 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Quantum masses m ass quanta 2 2 hv = E = mv kg m v kgm 2 ssl Tetryonic molar mass [Hydrogen) - 1 g 2 S' The quantum ofmass-energy can be derived with several methodolgies using Tetryonic Geometry hv Matter Quanta Ho 00 22,512 ·-b fl) EM mass-energy quanta quanlis.ed energy momenta E EM field planck quanta [Boµ.)] [ｾ ｾ Ｑ ｝＠ ｾＮＶＲＹＴＳＱ＠ ,.,lm-l 0 Ｒ § ｾ＠ t"•J4 log "'l ｾﾷｊ＠ :t:: ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ kg m ｾ＠ -51 mass = 7.376238634x 10 Planck· Einstein Ka ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ J:) Ｚ Ｑ＠ kgm s2 m ｾ＠ ｾ｣｡ｬＮｴ＠ .... ns ""t 0 ｭ｡ｳｾｮ･ｲｧｹ＠ --· ElcctroMagnclic 1nass .001 2} 6.022141579x 10 mass H...,/ Av - 1.660538841 X 10 ·27 !Jlmol "'O 0 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｔ Ｌｾ＠ ｛ ｛ ｾＺ Ｚ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｾ ｾ Ｒ｝ ｝＠ of Mauer Hydrogen (I:! 2 u :t:: 1 Proton 0 Neutron 1 electron Molar mass = H1Atomic mass Avagadro's No. ｾ＠ l'l.r1Kl qYo10W E ﾷ ］ ﾷ＠ Q.. 6.629432672 e ·34 J ｛ｾ ｾ I ｾ＠ 2 7.376238634 e·S1 kg Permittivity x Energy density ｾ＠ ｾ＠ s ｾ＠ • J:) h ｾ＠ I fM7i\l 9 ｾ＠ M<itte-r Is a KEM st.:indlng wave propagating at < ｾ 0 {i4-24 ) velocity Tetryonics 16.06 - Quantum masses 2 H.- I .A[H]= 1.660538841 x 10· ' 22,512 -32 mass = 7.376238634 x 1 O Avogadro - Mandeleev m 197 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 20 mass-Energy equivalence 'The Speed of Ught' is the Natural velocity of Enecgy propagauoo m v 2 = hv 2 Energy m v 2 .................. ..···... ······· ······· y2 ·•···· ... ··•···········...... cz/i/ cz EM mass m v2 \h \ 8.987551787 el6 cz 1.112650056 e-17 "·······.•.. rn h ·... m Photons hv 2 Tetryonics 16.07 - 2D mass-Energy equivalence Matter 198 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Zero Point Fields fM 1=,,.14 Photons radiant 47t mass-energy geometries Planck qw11til ｾ ＢＧ ＧＮｬ＠ [ [€0µ,].[mnv 2]] ｅｬ｣ＮＺｴｲｯ ｍＮＱｧｾｩ｣＠ '™"' ... ..ｾ ＨｍｦＱｾ､＠ ｾ＠ [[€0µ0].[mnv 2] ] ｴ ｹ＠ ..........· "··.. _..__...__.,...!m=ln ·. ·····...__mass-energY.......·...···........... ··········· in standing wave topologies are 3D MA1TER quanta ｭ ］ Ｒｾ＠ ....... Ｍ ｾｍ＠ ·······. ···... ....... ····.... ··... energy ｣｡ｾｲＮ .. ········ . ｩ ･ﾷｾ＠ (2, 8, 18, 32, so, 72, 98, 128......) (20 EM masses are planar energy momenta ) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ......) Pl11t1ck qw11t.1 The geometry of mass and Matter (1,3,5, 7,9, 11, 13,15, 17, 19.... - ..l [30 Matter has mass-energy momenta and volume] (4, 8,12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 84, 168......J ······•·... Cl:large Car.r.iers . . . . . ··· · · · · · \\ ············ · · · . ._m =3Tr ..... l \_ \. Ｐ ｾ ﾷ Ｍ ｛ Ｎ ｛［ ［｝ Ｎ ｛ ｲ［Ｎ Ｙ ［ ﾷ Ｒ ｬ ｊ＠ ｅ ｬＮＭＺｴｭ ｜Ｑ Ｌ ［ｾｬｃ＠ · ' in:.u Yl'lodt)' 3D Matter topologies are standing waves of 20 mass-energies propagating at c Bosons mass-Matter Tetryonics 17.01 - The geometry of mass and Matter 199 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved mass geometries & rest Matter topology 2D m M mass Matter Quanta number Matter is a three dimensional charged mass-energy topology le19v EM Field M Compton frequency v 4!,!;:r [[s,µ,].[mnv \. ｾ＠ ｾｯ＠ ｭ｡ｾ･ｳ＠ Nuclear level velociLy ·····... ······ ................. /.. \"·.• 2 ]] Energy density is mass - the term 'massless particle' is a misnomer ... ,• h' Quantum number Planck quanta ElectroMagnetic mass ... .......····· 3D f0<m KEM ｬ･ｫＺｉｾ ··..........｣ Ｎ ｾ＠ ..... .... ﾷ ﾷ ﾷＧ Ｏ＠ ｾ Ｒ＠ Kinetic Energies RE = Matter + KE Relativistic mass Is the total EM energy content of a massive body (or system) in motion The relativistic rest mass-energies of Matter are velocity invariant as 3D Matter is a EM standing wave with 2D mass- energy fascia whose velocity of propagation is the speed of Light Tetryonics 17.02 - mass geometries & rest Matter topology ｨｾﾷ ｾ Ｓｾ Ｂ Ｚｩ ｬ｜ Ｑ･ｵ｡ｨ､ｲｬ＠ ｳｨｾ＠ mas;.es ｾ［ｦｯｲ｟ｨＱ ·...............ﾢＺＮｾ＠ ..--......··· Matter ｴ･ｲ＠ Ｎｹ Ｒ＠ 200 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Charge topologies and rest mass-energies .., 1'm Electron • 12n 12 0.00000053 g •1.60221608hc 10 .. molar mass I US1"86361x 10 .. >f'.lO ＷＰｾ｜ｬ Electron ＱＰＷ ' ｶＱｮ ｾ＠ 19 Proton 12 o.000999g [2' u • l.6C2216081z10 molar mass , 0 · l-/ \-j Neutron ............................. .,., ... ---dm!ID Q o.000999g molar mass n-25' 1.6S96SJ69J x 10 •. U916UJSI x 10 9 • n.&. 1'm NftJtron • 22.soon Ht\ltton ttSt nwss Nwiron Ｑｾ｜Ｎｴ＠ '"''DY 0 1.659653693 x 10 .. l4916l2351x10 9)0 974 ,22 Hydrogen ｯ ｾ (.i• :14) Ｍ Ｌ＠ • .. • + Tm Hydrogen • ＲｾＱｮ＠ • L0005JJg molar mass Hydroq<-n I !otl)n i i•f ln1n I 11 H re>t ma)S 0 1.660538841x10 ".. 11 rt\l •n<1gy ... ti I 49l41788J x I0 -·· -·· 1'm Deuurium • 22.Sl2n L999f{i6g molar mass "-H ft'SI mlU Tetryonics 17.03 - Charge topologies and rest mass-energies 0 l )2019lS3'x IO '., 2 9'MM02J.& JI: 10 . ｾ＠ 565 201 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved In order to make an exacr 1kg reference mass-Matter topology ... 0 ·····... ··..... ""· ｦ｢ｚｍｊ ｩ ｴＮｉｊｾ＠ Piant ｾＮ｟ • ((14'1 ｨｾ ＧｦｩｴｃＮＭ ｉ Ｇ｜Ｎ＠ vit ｾＺＱＮ ｳＮＹｵﾷＱｲ｡ｾｴ "· ....... ｾｹ＠ ｊ＠ ＮＺＱ｜ · Ｚｖ｡＠ ••·••• ·· ..... C.4.............. ｾ＠ M•tte< [ [ ......... •""" " ] ] ｔＮ ｾ Ｎｾ＠ mass-energy Matter-energy Energy per second Energy per second squared [ mc 2 = E = hv 2 m = ] M = E/c4 E/c2 mass is the scalar integral sutface area of Matter topologies Matter topologies are standing-waves of mass-energy you need to create a standing-EM wave with a specific compton frequency Tetryonics 17.04 - Defining 1kg of Matter 202 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved .....•··•···· v .·· EM mass and Matter defined ·····.... ·.... { h｜［ＬＮ ﾣＭＬ［Ｎ｟ｾ ｴｾｉ＠ Ｔ ｾ Ｎ ｾ＠ There rel)>Oins a lot of confusion over the exact definition ofEM nlass and Matter resulting in the frequent interchanging of one term for the other ;n physical processes """"' ｾ＠ [[f..ｾ ｩＮ ｝Ｎ｛ ｭ ｮｶ r.k•io\\Atov•lo - Ｒ -.,,,, ｝＠ This must be clarified and che nvo ternu must be properly defined in a manner that explains theirderlvorion and physical propenies In detail. ｙ Ｎ Ｒ＠ v .··•·· . ｾ＠ 11.r ···· ...........c2_..........·· l'tN ｛ ｛ ｡ ＬｾＱ Ｌ ｝Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ ｾ｜＠ ....... .. - 20 30MaU>er11compriledof20 mw energia 20 TNN merg)I cannot contain 30 Matter Matter p = ｛ｾ｝＠ m.ui1 iJ the lonorit..:i.." ,,.Jodty ｾ ｣ｴ ｣､＠ c rt.t"S)' content of'1Ctryonic geometries Ｈ ＢＧ ··... .- ｩｾ＠ ｮ Ｑ ［ＱＤｾＭ＼ｦＢｬ｜＠ 0 ｗｾＧ＠ M m 12 1.2 e20 !.;2: ｛ｳ /.. ｾ［Ｌ｣＠ / ........ ...· ... ·•··... "······... ····· d l"'-'tk ｾ ＬＮ＠ ... ＬｾＱｊ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｯｶ Ｉ｝＠ Ｒ e- + m p= hv ］ＺＡ ｝ ｝＠ ｾＱＬ＠ ｦＺ＼ＭｏｮｾｴｬＧＩ＠ ｴＮＺｾ ｾ Ｂ＠ .............. ｩｦ＠ 2 Ｌｾｭ ｾ＠ """°" '"'.,""'"'-'...ｾ＠ - Photon n1ass c ｾ＠ [[s.µJ.[mnv2]] riwn. ｾＱ＠ [[s.µ.].[mnv2]] ｅｾ lM• ＿ｊ＠ oPljJ """"' tltttl'l)\t.,,'lott;. " ' - Tetryonics 17.05 - EM mass and Matter defined flU-.. w l<>t-il) Ｒ ｛ ｛ ｳ Ｎ ｾ Ｑ Ｎ ｛ Ｌ｝ ｭ ｯｶ ｅＡｴｦｾ｜ ｨｾ ｾＮＡ［ｬ ··.. Ｇ ｾ＠ - 1•ro1"'1t"lc M ,1 .. It ｍＮＺｉｾ＠ Photons ··.. ＧＢ Ｒ standingw.we 20 ｭｾ＠ ＱＮｾｉ＠ Bosons ｩＮｊ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮｶ ,\\M.tcr ｩｾ＠ t - l t irlY.,.-ia"I Bosons and Photons arc not 'massless' they arc 'Mattcrlcss' [ 2 D waveforms J C4 ..··· [[･ Ｎｾ Matter la the 30 topology of Allforms ofEM mass-Energy are subject to Lorentz factor relationships 4rcE .......··· ｾＱ Ｎ ｾ＠ ftlrd <l•- -/$ I _.,, mass-Energies EM mass is a measure of equilateral scalar energy per unit of Time EM mass M ｝ ｝＠ """"'If :...:.;;z;:;....:::;;t.Y• z E c2 m ..-u Ｒ 72 M ＢＧｲ＼ＬＮ＠ - ｾ ｝＠ ｲ＠ 203 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Any 111eas11re111e111 ofa system's mass is subject to velocity corrections Charged mass-Matter geometries Q 0 [•>61 12 ("'" ) mass = EM energy density Differing nett Charges T u l.2C'J0 = 121t quanta Same Tetryonic Numoer Same topology n [7.376238634 e-51] kg Macrer Topology is de1ermined by 1/ie geometry of charged Planck T(q) quanta ENERGY c2 20space Planck quanta n1t [ ｛ ｾ m EM mass is a measure of 20 planar energies comprising the fascia of charged topologies ｾ Ｍｾ ｙ ［ Ｌ ｾ ｝＠ M Ma11er and Charge are velocity invariant properties Differing Tetryonlc charge numbers produce differing partic e topologies ｔｨｾ＠ m\SSS fNERCtY MJU(lt .;onltnls of .lny phy>iC31ｾｹｮｭ＠ "'" AIJ ｲｾ ｉ ｍＬＮｬ＠ 1hn'lur11\ thl't -..,.:11!11l ,.n-nrriln 11tl!> 'S)''Stem vs.:-rl of light) (which tn 1vrn Is dc:termmt.od by the ｾｰ･､＠ 12 30 space 12 {ll 24 ) E l.2e20 The Energy content of any physical system retnains the same irrespective of che spalial co-ordinates used As tl1t ettergy amttnt /W.ils/ ofparud<"S ond fields incno;e thtir 1n1rin;/c Pla1k1' q11a11ta and EM mass intrMSt"S bm 1l1t1r chotgt 8t'>mttrlts rtnroln the saine Tetryonics 17.06 - Charged mass-Matter geometries 204 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ZPFs 1 Charged mass-Energies All 3D Matter particles are comprised of charged fascia whose energy content determines their 20 mass 4 Telryons ｾ ｗ ｗ＠ Ｆ Quarks ｾ＠ 12 ｾ ｾ Ｉ＠ +,.. + Matter 30 Matter geometries Tetryons 4 ｣ｨｊｴｧｾ＠ fai.da 4 Positive Tetryon 8 Quarks 12 chilrge fascia ｾ＠ C ntass 47t Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ velocity 3 2.651773069x10., J 50 2.950495454x 10 kg 127t 11 4.97207450xto28 J 5.532178976x 10- kg 7.5 x 10 2' quan:.1 down quark Neutrinos 12 chatge fasc:i<i 12 Oodecadeltahedrons ｛ｭ ｮ ｶ 4 q"'1nta Neutral Tetryon Negative Tetryon up qua rk ｔｾ｛ Plan<k quanta [0-12] 12Jt 7.955319207x10-» 1 50 8.851486361 )( 10- kg 12 quanta Leptons 12 cht)r9e fasd°' 121t 14 7.955319207x10- J 31 8.851486361x10- kg 1.2x 1010 quanw- Leptons Positron Electron 12 Baryons 36 charge fasc:ia N• 36 Baryons ｰ Ｋ ｾ＠ 2.25c23 1.491622351 x10 - J 1.659653693 x 10 2.2SOx 10 23 -27 kg qu«trta Neutron p+ Deuterium 71 chtlrge r.-.sc:i.-. 2.25c23 10 361t Proton ion 72Jt 3.320192534x 10· 4.5012 x 10" quanta Tetryonics 17.07 - Charged mass-Energies 10 2.984040234x10 - 1 27 kg 205 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved q v v In physics there exist9 2 form. of energy mommta [v-vj energy momenta ｾｴｯ､Ｇｦ･｣＠ (linear momenta & quantised angular) changes in ｾｯ｣ｩｴｹ＠ MOMENTA ENERGY hv inertial Net O\llgl! Is retlec:ttve of the rota! energy momelltl of any EM field or Matter subjected to llCCilferatlon inertial ma$-<.'ncrgy quttnta v '!lie nett scalar ｭ｡ｾｳＭｴｲｧｹ＠ quanld v Onerttll mass] v ...·····················"··············............_... // lnertial resistance to Force . ._ F .../ ｾ ｭ ｶ＠ li"ear w.01Me"ta 52 SC.liar ｾ ｅ＠ kg m 2 energies ·.._ q«a"t"""' W>echa"ics ｾ ｭ . · · · ····.................s..............······· ·. . Inertia Is the resistance of any physical object to a change In Its state of motion. classical 1Mtcha"ics kg m m ..... The inductive resistance of quanta 1n charged EM fields to any changes to their nett mass-energy geometry ls th" source ofwhat we term inertial mass ·•···.... . ····.............$ ..............········· [W= F.d = ma.d = E) / F=m a s), h\ v Ｎｾ ﾷ ﾷ＠ Any change in mohon tesults In changes to the Chatge 9(>ometries creating 1n tutn prop-0ttional changes to the neu KEM mass-energy momenta <ompooents \ ...········ ... ｮ ｶ＠ a"9ular- 1M01Me"ta 52 Changing an object's velocity results In a conespondlng energy momenta change which relate to each other through Its Inertial mass Tetryonics 17.08 - Inertial resistance to Force 206 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM fie1d densities v EM mass is a measure of the energy content of any spatial co-ordinate system 6.629432672 e-34 J 1 planck quantum has a EM mass-Energy of 1 Pl.ao<k quanta of 7 376238634 e-51 kg o n orgy momoou and Quantised Angular Momentum which creates Charge 133518e-20C and is subject to Lorentz velocity corrections in 20 EM fields v v mass-Energy equiva1ence Ｗ Ｎ ＳＷＶＲＸ ｾ ｶ Ｒ＠ =E 8.987551737e16 (m/sJ' 6.629432672•·34 J IS ..µ s.'. 6.629432572e-34 j.s (::) hv ｾ＠ ..::;£ <..) quan1a/sec s.'. <:s Matter is only mass-energy in Tetrahedral topologies [T4it+) [else it i! nit EM mass-energies that propagate away at c] If reduced to a flat Euclidean space geometry Matter topologies become radiant mass-energies 6.629432672 e-34 J .........c....... ............. '•·, ···... ...\ ｾ＠ _ . . .ｾ Ｒ＠ m mass [ ｾ Ｗ［＠ E P] [; ;(N·2] ENERGY rnaS$ M Mane' ｛ Ｔｾ Ｔ ｲｴ ｰ ｝＠ vcloe11y rad iant mass-energ ies The inertial properties of electromagnetic mass - ENERGY & Matter [can all be differentiated as energy densities per unit of time] in any spatial co-ordinate system Tetryonics 17.09 - EM field densities ｾ＠ y1 2984040234e-10 J .... ........ ....... ..•..... \ｾ e-v Ｍｾ＠ ··.... + ··•••• 7.376238634 e-51 kg ::s 2 ··.·... 0 ....... ;45,012 1 ···.....<:;:..........··· 3.320192534 e-27 kg rest mass-Matter 207 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved TTI Q EM F1Pld c!.! ｛ ｾ ｫ＠ q w ntil ｛ ｳＮ ｾＱ ｝ Ｎ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｡ ｶ ｝ ｝＠ Ｒ tk.:tro.\\ili;t'l<'tic [oddn]hv ll'lilli$ ｾＱｴ ｹ＠ 20 planar Euclidean electromagnetic mass-energies propagate through the vacuum energy aether without Interactlon Bosons EM F;eld Planck qlklllt.lo nn [ [eoµo].[mnv 2] ] 20 mass Photons .?.ZEJ [s.µ.].[mav 2]] [M F'l('ld TTI 0 [v-v) ｾｴｲｯ [evenn)hv ｜ＱＮｬｧｮ｣ｴｫ＠ Planclt qwnw m11ff vdo.:"r 20 Fields 30 Matter EM field geometries & Matter topologies Tetryonk charged geometries provides a dear mechanism for providing all particles with their distinct properties of20 Inertial EM mass-energy and 30 Matter. M {4nn]hv Leptons £!.IF ｾ＠ f'S.)t\(l 'f\•M l.l 36rc[[s.µ,].[mnv 2 ]] 22.5000 l\al)")l'I$ ｴｫｮＮ Ｎｯ ｜ ｾＢ＠ .,,_. Planck <1uant:i [[c:oµo].[mnv Elcct rQ1\'1.l&11t•tic 1n.1s$ Baryons (24-12] ｾＲＱ＠ ＧＡＺｾ＠ 30 12 M {4nn]hv EM f•ekl 2 ]] wloc-ity 30 standing wave topologies of electromagnetic mass-energies Interact with the vacuum energy aether at various angles through their charged Onductfve] fascia wlot.lr Tetryonics 17.10 - EM Field geometries and Matter topologies 208 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electrostatic charges have no Magnetic: Moments ......·..:········ 12 [0-12] ·•··......... Velocity invariant rest Matter /0 J... . . . . . ./ KE RE M ﾷｾ ﾷ ﾷ＠ .•... ·•···.•.. Etvt fields 1esullin9 from motion Kinetic mass-energies are divergent from invariant rest Matter topologies as a result of a particle's motion At 2£fO velocity the relativist le mass is equal to the Invariant mass. o·. ;r-.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1.20003268 e20 RE.. . .... [1.2 , 20.3.>68 <IS) 12. l•"'I "··. / RE. '-o J.26!\NS ... M. . . ｾ＠ ................... Ｍ ｾ rest Ｑ ｖ｜ｾｲ＠ ·•. KE hf ....s:. ········· .....·· Photoo:i. .:ire buflrec.tion.,1 Kmt1ic EMFie!ds E c2 m Moller in mo lion ｨｯｾ＠ o ｲ･ｾｯｬｮｴ＠ velocity related Energy field that posseses the physical properties of Kinetic energy and Magnetic moments 1.2 e2o resr mass-Matrer is composed of 4117t standing wave ropologies and is INVARIANT ro velociiy changes ,..······· ........... [o.i2J ｜ ｾ＠ E = Mc4 ..... ...........··... 0 ·... ... are subje(t to Lorentz <Or<e<tion E c4 .. Kinetic Energy field rest Matte;:·............... All M-"uer .ve 30 standh9 wa"e topologies to EM energy content The Relativistic EM mass-energies of a system In motion ls the sum of its Invariant rest Matter and Kinetic Energies Electron rest Mat ter 1.2 c20 \ Wavelengths areproporrional Ｏ Ｓ Ｎ Ｒ Ｖ Ｘ＠ e lS The energy which an object has due to Its motion wlll not add mass Into the Invariant rest Matter of the partlde ln motion (it Increases the total Planck quanta [EM mass-enegles] of its extended KEM field) Tetryonics 17.11 - Velocity invariant rest Matter KEM = Mv2 KEM field Energy is direcrly relaied 10 11Je Ve/ociry clmnges of massive particles 209 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved All 2D EM jlelds and 30 Matter particles have Elec1r0Magne1ic fields, ineriia/ mass-energies & momenta resultingfrom rheir consri111en1 eq11ilareral Planck quama wlricl1 possess 1/1e additional physical proper1ies of Complon Freq11ency and De Broglie ｗ｡ｶ･ｬｮｧＱｾ＠ mass geometries and Matter Topologies A/130 Matter topologies contain 20 EM mass-energy geometries not a/120 EM mass-energy geometries form 30 Matter topologies EM mass can be clearly defined as a measure of the energy density of any charged geometry 0 ...········· .. ·····... ······.................. Tetryons ｩｾＭ "·. ..ｾ I EM mass is a measure of the inertial ./ "· energy density ofany 20 (EM field] or ...··...... 30 {Matter] energy geometry .....·· ｾＮ＠ l:Mfoeld Ａｾ＠ Fermions \ Photons \ "\. ··........................ｃＮｾ＠ mnv 2 [[ｾ ｯ ﾵ ｯ ＩＮ ｛ ｭ P1ttll(k q11.11n1,1 ｅｴ Ｑｲｯ ｜ｾＱ･｣ｫ＠ ｯ ｶ Ｒ ｝ ｝＠ ｾ＠ wb:ity 3D Matter is any mass-energy geometry that creates a closed volume Topology (411n Tetryonic geometry) Ｒ＠ ..·· ·..... ..· EM waves [FIELDSJ are disringuisl>able from Material Parric/es [MATTER/ \ rhrough rheir non-Tetrahedral ropologies ......................... = E = mv 2 EM mass-energy momenta The EM mass of an obje<:1 is a fundamenrnl propeny of 1110 objec1; a nurrerical measure or its inertia; a fundamenral measure of the energy densl1y of an object. -cE2- m mass·energ)' is a <01lserved property Matter is not conserv.ltive M E c4 The rerm 'massless' is a misnomer and should be discontinued in irs use as all EM fields and Parricles have EM mass (Energy quanta per second] geometries [ocher aliernaiives could be 2D, EM field, or Mauerlessj Tetryonics 17.12 - mass geometries and Matter Topologies 210 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ..........· ...··.. ..···· v v '··.•. E M c4 f ｌＺＮ ｾ ｾ Ｍｦｩｴ Ｒ＠ measured Energy as a velocity ｾｬ｡ｴ･､＠ function of mass v ..... (6.629432672 e-34 kg.m•/s•] ·••····..•.......•...<:'.. ········•·• ..•.··• Newton and Lelllnlz ··....... -:v2 !tv ·... (7.376238634 e·SI kg).../ EM mass ............... ENERGY All attempts to ＼Ａｾ｡ ｲ ｴｹ＠ ､ｩｦ･ｲｮｴｾ ｴ ･＠ between plan<1r EM m.'.ISS·energy & 30 Matter Collapsed Matter l.n ph)'sks h.avt met whh limited success untll the lnttoduCIJO{I of charged 9eome1rit>s mass-ENERGY-Matter equivalence kg Energy momenta mv 2 E1\.i masses are subject to vdoc ty rdatcd l.orentt. cotrections E -• PllndcMCI Einstein Viewed mas111e1gles as 0 quantised pallldos wtth mon'Eiitl hv 2 1\t\attcr is a s:tanding-,vave of electromagcntic l"nergi('s '1nd is 1..orentz inr.1ri'1nt y2 c2 c4 FM mass quantum Matter quantum ｾ＠ Tetryonics 17.13 - EM mass-Energy-Matter equivalence [｛ ｾ ｶｮ Ｎ Ｒ ｝＠ J 211 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved m mass geometries Ｒ ｮ ｾ ｛ ｛ｭ ｮ ｶ ｭ ｾ＠ ｝ ｝＠ wlocity M All forms of mass-BNBRGY-Matter are defined by their charged geometries and the spatial co-ordinate systems used to measure their physics Matter (Opologies Unified Field Equation Tn[[mnv for Tetryonic EM ｭ｡ｳＭｅｮ･ｲｧｹｩ｜ｾｴ＠ c EM Field •tryon ic 4 2 ]] lo'(l0t•11y "'.)$$ Planck quanta E0 µ 0 • m """'12 y 1t ｾ＠ ometry ElectroMagnetic mass velocity v .....•········· ｾ＠ I.I" ｾ＠ [ [ＦＮｾｬ Ｎ ｝｛ ｭ ｮｶ＠ ........... fk.-1""'-'I,.-.>< - ｾ＠ ｯＬｾｺｴ＠ ﾰＢＧ ｾ＠ tMI,.. ｾＱｬ ..,.-.. - ｾＮｩ ｾ ＮＬ｟＠ ｾ］ＭＡ ｾ＠ Ｎ＠ [[s,µ.].[mov llNtfO\\OiJ....lt ..... ＷＺ＠ 1•• ｉＮｦＭｾ＠ 2 ]] •.......... Fermions bosons & photons Tn n1t Particles EM waveforms ""'°' ....... [[ｩ＾ ＬｾＱ Ｌ ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｶ＠ ｯ ﾷ ｾＧ / .... wlo.;11) [(s.µ.].[mov 2]] [Mlw'd ...·•···· 2]] .. _ 2]] wlo.>. ... ｾ ｛ ｛ ｳＮﾵ｝ spa1ial co-ordinate !>ystems Tetryonics 17.14 - Unified Field Equation Ｎ｛ｭ ｯ ｶ 24n ｛ｳ ｍｾ＠ ""'"' ｴｬＮｯＰ｜ Bil•)'OM ｾ＠ ......... Ｎ ｾ Ｑｴ｝ Ｎ ｛ ｭ ｮ ｶ＠ ｾｴ＾Ｈ＠ - Ｎ ｛［Ｇ ｾ °""''"\.!......;. - ｝＠ Ｒ wen.r.., ONt...\""""lt - 36n [ ｛［ＬＺｾｊ are defined by the velocity of energy """""q-.o (M 2 ]] ＮＬｾ＠ Ｒ｝ "'"""'"' ｝＠ 212 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v EM mass Matter ... ..········· ..·· M m . [ Pllnclt 'I"""'• ] 2 n1t tn ""'" V energy ,,.... ..toc.1y Tetryonic unified field Geometry v ｾ＠ p v 7.3762386344.'•$1 kg ｾ＠ mv2 = II\ ｾ＠ 8.9875Sl787l'16 lm/S)1 C'> & :v• E ｾ＠ 6.0290267l•·)4 µ :s <:!ｾ＠ quenu1 <.l s: h ..!! mass-Energy momenta eq uivalence l' s: <:s = hv 2 6,629432672 C·)AI j <:s li:l.. ( The equ ilatera l geometry of quantised angular momentum is the key to understanding Energy kg m s mv linear momentum mo charge kg m 2 s quantised angular momentum Tetryonics 17.15 - Unified field geometries 214 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved kgm 2 l.. s 8 v Classical ..-·· Field Theory Quantun1 ·················... ····•·····......... ..........· Ｎ ｾ ｝＠ m2 52 Theory _ ........ ... .... Energy kg m 2 / Bosons 52 Charge tM ＱＭｾ＠ ｜ ｾｴｫ＠ ｫ＠ M Pf,llndt qu.mt.a [[eoµo].[mnv2] ] ｴｬｍｮ＾ Ｑ ｜ｾＬＩＮＦﾻｍ h TI1 ｾ＠ ｛ ｣［ｯ ﾵ ｾ ｮ ｝＠ s ｅｬ･ｲｴ＼Ｑ Squared Energies Transverse m s2 Field ...········· Planck quan:a ｛ ｾ ｮｾ ·······• , ..·· m.us velocity AJI ･ｮｾｲｧｹ＠ ··....... ·.. kg In< squared spatial co-ordinates •.•· <ire defined as EM mass equivalt>nls ...............· ········... . ························ c 2 ········ ...· kg 1JifU2 s Unified Field Components ElectroMagnetic field The Unified field equarion can be re-arranged to reveai a multiwde of physicol properties and relationships previously poorly understood. 1riTD3 Highlightiug 1l1e fact that all of the constants and properties of both Classical aud Quantum Mechanics are in fact geometric properties of Energy I C1 y2 Velodty - qvanta velocity squared Tetryonics 17.16 - UFE components s y 2 quanta/sec 215 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved EM mass Relationships V m s m s2 Velocity a Acceleration TTI - -• t p Momentum F Force / ...........········ ··. ... \ Quantum Angular Momentum ｰｾｲ＠ "···... second ··-... kg ｾｴ Ｎｾ Ｚ＠ ..... _i_'2 ｡＠ 111 -• t ,. .•.... / / ,. J_ s s EM mass is revealed robe 1he scalar proper1y of 2D Energy waveforms 1ha1 is a1 1he core of many i111por1a111 physical processes and measuremenrs f Frequency s T Pcrio<I S 1 h E Planck's Constant t Current Charge ｾ＠ E/second2 -•- I c ｫｧ s kg m 2 s2 Energy 111 E/second s m2 s2 Celeritas squared h\-------· mass .-.rigul.Jr ｭｯ 1_ \ y 2 ".. kgm s kg m s2 n ···•·... ｾ＠ s ..······ .·· ······•···••·····...... _ \_ s kg 20 mass geometries should never be confused with 30 Matter topoplogies; nor should the t.enns be used in exchange for each other Tetryonics 17.17 - EM mass relationships Maher ··...............ｾＮ ｾＭﾷ ﾷ＠ .....· G 216 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Rest Matter Kinetic Energies Relativistic mass-Matter The property of Matter cannot be measured using a planar [c squared] spatial co-ordinate system 3D rest mass-Matter topolgy = closed volume of 2D mass-energies v ..···· .····· ······ ······ ··.. Matter-Energy ... Ｈ Ｎ Ｐ ｾ［＠ ····..... ................ 30 Etearos1a11cparticle ··..... .. No Magnetic Momenr ...... 12 [0·12) ••01 l Ｌ ｾＬ［＠ . ..... 12n ａ ｾ \• (1.z .ao) A 1 ｾ＠ ａ＠ el€ctron KEM model rest mass ofa f)'1rticle is dependent on its Energy level All Matter Is aTetryonlc standing-wave charged geometry occupying a volume In 30 spherical space ... ..... .........· Relativistic mass Energy = rest Matter+ Kinetic EM Energies Electron rest Matter Lepton A KEM field has Electr1c and Magnetic quanta whose total energy quanta Is directly related tothesquareofthe partlde'sveloclty 2 47t [Tiirivy J cz rest mass-Matter is velocity invariant (not subject to Lorentz corrections) All KEM fields are subject 10 Lorentz corrections Tetryonics 17.18 - Relativistic mass-Matter l::r ｛ ｾ ｛ Ｐ ｲ Ｚ ｾｊ ｊ＠ + Kinetic Energies KEM mass-energies are velocitf dependent (subject to Lorentz corrections) 217 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonic mass & Matter m mass is a measure of the 20 planar energy content of any physical system mass nI: [[mnv n1ass Planck quanta [mnv Tn [ C 4 mass ENERGY \ ........ ｭ｡ｾｳ＠ Matter velocity ·.. ··.... Matter is a measure of the 30 volumetric energy content of any physical system 2 ]] ····...... ...........· \ v Planck quanta ..··· M Historically interchanged due to the lack ofproper definitions the physical properties of EM mass & Matter can now be firmly defined with respect to their energy equivalence and spatial geometries . .-· ·/ kg ··........s: ....... .. E/second 20 radiant equilateral geometry of EM mass-ENERGY momenta EM mass ... EM mass should replace the generic term mass with reference to BlectroMagnetic energy densities MATTER is a geometric 4n1t standing wave topology of EM mass-energy geometries The electromagnetic energies ofrest Matter is never 'at rest' as the electromagnetic field energies creating mass-Matter topologies alway propagate at c Tetryonics 17.19 - Tetryonic mass & Matter 2 ] ] velocity ..········· // KG "··.. ｍ｡ｾ･ｲ＠ ........"·..........ﾢｾ＠ ..........·· E/second2 3D standing-wave topology of EM mass-ENERGY momenta rest Matter 218 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved The linear momenta produced as a result of energy momenta in KEM fields is converted into angular momentum when lept ons are bound to at omic nuclei Photoelectron KEM fields EM mass-energy-momenta The motion of leptons within atomic nuclei produces Magnetic moments at various orientations to the nuclear magneton Changes in the momenta of bound Leptons (linear' & quantised anqular) v SPIN DOWN v 5" c"' ｬｯｾｩｴ､ ::J IQ 0 ｩ ｮ｡ｬ＠ :::.c "' 0 photons .a l1v y> ｾ＠ .... ｾ＠ c: llJ Al/ "C iA ::r ... 0 0 ｾ＠ i= SPIN UP ::J '"""''of A "' The EM mass-i!nergy content of Baryons directly Influence the KEM fi•ld •n•rgy c.. :;· If an electron is 'ejected'from the Nucfei it will obey conservation of EM mass-energy momentum A prouducc!: spcctr;:,l linc!: of v:irying frequencies bound Laptons ie Its ejected energy-momentum equals the absorbed photo n's ･ｮｲｧｹｾｭｯｴ｡＠ (minus the work energy required to free itl and Spin are always conserved D UP DOWN spin spin £. ｾ ｡ ｾ＠ VIEJY v v P.n-aTid Antipmillel Magnetic Momenta Magnetic mome11ta Tetryonics 18.01- Photoelectron KEM fields D 219 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ｾ＠ ﾩ e+ EM energies re/eosed rhrough atomic level transitions are released os phatons ｾ＠ rio- negative Iii" v• 2 n8 ]] Lt'plON ,\.\A. ...... ..,._, ....... "'."··· b • ｾ＠ Amovlng ｾ＠ geiie<a!leSan addlllonal &1dll mogrll!'tic dipole (i) ｾ＠ ｾ｡ＭＮＺＱ＠ rnuh ol th.t S.ryon" f'Mrp' ｃｏｬｾｗ｜ｯｴＢｊ＠ llong ......... aic1so1..(due.., lhe'lnduCIM loops' d ...... I>': v• and momenta fNf!IY 12n [ [m --v t:'!: KEM fields ha¥e Emrgy In ｾ［ｊ｣Ｎｐｬ＠ _.lO:tntt' NKki \14" PlOtOn• ｾ｣ｍｉｊｬＡ､ｧ･｡＠ t> I>': e ･ ｾ＠ t> &.elgy aeated 17/ IMYlllg a lepcon though a ml9fietlc field Is stored as EM Mid enef'9Y within the lepton's Kinetic EM field Stationary leptons have neutraflsed ｾ､ｩｰｯｬ･ｳ＠ Creating the wrtous flavouJS (families) of leploos (&lJOStltk fields) v 1/2c c < n2 0 Neutrino osccflat1ons are the result of energy level changt'S of KEM fields produced by mot1c n within Neutnno families 0 KEM energy required to Ionise bound electron In Hydrogen atom Tetryonics 18.02 - accelerating electrons .,.. < 220 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v 1/2c c positron anti-muon anti-tau Leptronic Oscillations •I Q 12 µ+ I I I • • • µvo . I 0 Q ｾ I I I I ﾷ＠ ... ... ﾷｾ I ﾷ＠ • 0 qw•mt.J [[eol-lo].[mnv t k'<tf0.\t.1g1'¢1.: m.1» 2 ]] . w loc1cy 0 All Leptronic generations, oscillations and types can be accounted For through Tetryonic geometries & energy levels 12 Matter I µ 't 12 electron 127t Pl;)fl(k I I I I I I I I CMn"" leptons 0 Q Antimatter 12 I muon tau Tetryonics 18.03 - Leptronic oscillations 221 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Principa1 Quantum levels Eigenstate bound energy states v n8 Mv2 = KEM hv 2 n7 Bound electron Eigenstate values n6 nS 7 n4 In otd«to Ionise any photo eledlOC'i from Its bound posltk>n within • Hydrogen atom die KEM fietl energy of die elecll'on must be Increased from Its ｾｶ｡ｬｵ･＠ to more than 13.525ev 6 ｾ Ｌ＠ n2 L90leV nl no 2 rest Mane-r ｾ Ｑ＠ ( )M ___. . .,. .. _d>o_. d>o ___) 'f1M-• ...,,_of..,_mmprislslg_nudoldhdlyd111&u••IMIOnollc-nlowllofbo<lndWptonl(fotnllngquantumsJTl(hooi-C1011¥Wtuul ｾＭｬｦ､ｍｊ｟＾ｯ＠ Tetryonics 18.04 - Principal Quantum Levels 222 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ｭｾｴｨ＠ ｩｮ｣ｲ･｡ｳｾ＠ n8 • Bohr radius As the Elec1ton's angular velocity Increases the meaiu .able Bohr magnetic moment 11s associated KEM ｾｉ､＠ Pl.1ock wa11elengths decrease tdue 10 t>r incrHsed Planck ｾｮｴＮｬＩ＠ ﾷＺ ﾷ ＺｾＮ［ v RE ...ﾷｾ ﾷＮ＠ ｾ ﾷＵＢＧ＠ .........- --·4 ..... .... ...... Jl........... ..... n=3 ..... . n7 • 2 KE : : : KE 45,012 _;Mt ｾｮｴｵｭ＠ ｾ＼ｯ､ｵ｣･ｳ＠ ｾｴｏｭ＠ ｮｵｭｾ＠ \. the wonges1 M.lgnetic Momt-nt All massive particles asbsorb and release energy In discrete quantum steps according to their respective Tetryonlc geometries and changes In velocities f ! Atotfi ｡｢ｳ･ｦｲｾ＠ \ emit$ ..- ......ﾷＧ ｅｮｾｲｧｹ＠ ﾷ ｾＹＱ ﾷＮ＠ .... ··..... ··.... ....... .nrin-......-. ｾ＼ ｾＺＮ［＾Ｏ＠ KE / f n6 Modrl ｉｾ＠ faf ｏｬｵｾｈＭＧｙｉ＠ rurpO\\•'\ onty o>rtu,11«Ill1nt 1 lllu\1f.)lf<l oltfl UOti'd lrt rokh •I Kl.M ｾﾷ ｉ､ Ｂ＠ nS nl n2 • • n4 • Kinetic Energies Tetryonics 18.05 - Bohr radius 223 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Nuc1ear Magnetons are wea<er than Bohr magnetons due to differing mass-charge ratios and non-parallel Quark magnetons Baryons are tri-Dodecyon geometries Proton µd 12 (24 12) Q p+ 36 0 [IS 18) No µd Q 36 anti-Neutron Neutron 0 (18-18} No Q ｾ＠ 36 ..... ｾ U µN U ｾ＠ ｾｬ ｵ＠ anti-Proton µu 12 p- (12 24) Q 36 µd ｾ＠ Tetryonics 18.06 - Nuclear Magnetons ... _ l r y ｾ＠ Ｑ Ｐ !, ｾ＠ 224 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Baryonic Magnetic Moments 0 N (18-18] No p+ s A Baryon's Magnetic Moment is a result of the combined non-para11el Magnetic moments of its Quarks ｾ＠ ｾＭ t»12 [24-12] As a result of the 3 non-aligned Quark magnetic moments resulting from theirTetryonic geometry, the Nuclear Magneton is considerably weaker than the Bohr Magneton Tetryonics 18.07 - Baryonic Magnetic Moments 225 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Nuclear Quantum Energies (Principal Quantum Numbers) All electron energy levels are reflective of the KEM field of a electron in a specific quantum level (The rest Matter of each electron is invariant) v nl n8 n2 n7 n4 ｾ＠ !1' w ｾ＠ nS .2 c n6 ｾ＠ Sl ｲｴ n6 (low a:lditional KE} in orclei to be ejected n7 n8 Quantum level electrons ｈｾｨ･ｲ＠ cilret1dy have Mgh Kine:tic energies and thus require fo-.\ler frequency photons from ｾｉｲ＠ bound nuc.lear positions hv iOl'liSat)Oc'\ ｾ＠ cl1?<.1Joi) -5 .993 cV n5 Principal Quantum numbers reflect an ･ｬ｣ｴｲｯｮﾷｾ＠ -13.6 cV Hydroge n ionisat ion Energy An Ele<:tron's energy can only increase in steps that reflect the Tetryonic Matter geometry of Leptons and their square mass·energies -8.317 eV Energy may be absorbed or released n4 from any lepton in Quantum steps reflecting the energy difference between the electron 'orbitals' - 10.219 cV n3 En""ID' Nquired to ionise electron with an existing KFMfield -11.699 eV TI2 energy level ｾ＠ 1 = ｨｾ＠ l{ [ ｮ lｾ＠ - ｮ 'ｾ＠ ] Transitions between ･ｬ｣ｴｲｾｮ＠ is the basis ror emission and ｾ｢ｳｯｲｰｴｩｮ＠ n•S energy levels spectra -12.755 eV nl -13.389 cV rest Matter ｋｅｍ - 13.525 eV ］ ｾ ｾ＠ = n' Eigenstate energy levels Any clcctroo that has in excess of 13.525 cV of Kinetic Energy has sufficert KE to escape the Nucleus Tetryonics 18.08 - Nuclear Quantum Energies ................... .... ................. 226 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ｾ｡ｲ･ｨｩｳｴｯ｣ｬｹ､ｦ＠ 1SSpln 1/2 p1rtldes (by the spin-statistics theorem and the Paull exclusion principle) as dell!mlined by thelr magnetic moments Quantum Spin Numbers (rotations about an axis) Spin 1/2 720° ;>:; CTl Rotating a spin-1/2 pamcle by 360 degrees does not bring it back to the same ｱｵｾｮｴｭ＠ state it needs a 720 degree rotation ftl.1nck b.u Ｑｃａｴ･ｾ＠ S inO any 0 360° Rotating a spin-1 particle 360 degrees quJntum 11ate can bring it back to the ｳｾｭ･＠ Spin2 180° Rotating a spin-2 particle 180 <legrees can bnng it back to the s,ame quantum state Spin3 120° ｾ＠ SPIN ｾ＠ ._, Pholons are 1heir own anti f)llrtlclt ¢ ¢ elewo·st•tlC Mid ﾷｾ＠ ..0 must not to be confused with Chirality (reflections) I e· otating a sptn-3 particle 120 degrees can bring it back to the same quantum 1tate 10 lhf f lt<1ric field c<>ntent of KEM f1ctdi 1t\ul1Jr"WJ f!om M.lttCf In molk>n to the Nuclear rn.ogooton Ortlxtor1\oil M.-rtfll"llc. fh•ltll Spher cal 'pocnt particles' of charge do not exist A spin-zero particle can orily have a s1nale quantum state, even after torque is app! ed. Spin 1 (•H Ｑ ｾｦ｣ＮＧｈｮ･＠ .. • 12 ¢ ｾｬﾫｴｯＭｳ｡｣＠ magneto-static Ｚｦｬｴｾ＠ ｾ＠ 0 .. , 12 0 .:17£ ＡｦｲＧ ｾ＠ e· ll On a geometric basis all Leptons are in fact spin 3 ｰ｡ｲｴｩ Tetryonics 19.01 - Quantum spin numbers field 12 ｣ ｬ･ ｾ＠ < 227 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Magnetic moments are determined by the KEM fields created by vector linear momentum __s_ Nuclear Magnetic moments are complicated by the tri-quark magn.etons within all Matter topologies The KEM field ofany charged particle In motion is reflective ofthe particle's nett charge topology ｾ＠ Spin DOWN Spin UP 720° Parallel ｾｴ ｂ＠ Rotating a spin-1/2 particle by 360 degrees does not bring It back to the same quanu.1m state it needs a 720 degree rotation "' "' "' µB µN anti-Parallel electren 6pffis . anti-Parallel tLN Parallel µB )I 120° .. Rotating a spln-3 particle 120degrees can bring ir back to the same quanturn state µB Spin 3 Ｘ ｾ＠ Spin ｄｏｗｎ J((i)\ｾ ｾ＠ ｓｰｩｮ＠ ｧ ｴｩ ｾ＠ UP s, All atomic particles have a particular •spin" analogous to the Eartlis rotation on Its axis. ｾ＠ ｾＭ ｾ＠ - - = Q [2 mv ] /ie +;h An isolortd elecuon has onongulor momencvm and a magnetic nlOfllenc resul1ingf1on1 Its spin. While-on tlttuor't's spin ls sometimes visualize.I os alitf:fdrolotiQnoboutanaxi$.ltisinfactafundomenta/lydifferent, quonwm-1Techon•cotphenomenonwi1hnotni••n•/og••inclass''•'J!hr•''" Ttiequonrummed1onicotreollryunderlyln9spiniscomplexondstillpoorlyunders100d Consequen:ty, rhere is no reason ro expeer the ol>ove ctossicol relation ro hold. II t"i3 - g [ e2m v Tetryonic KEM field geometries reveals the source and orientation ofall atomic magnetic moments Tetryonics 19.02 - Electron spin Js 1 •2h -............ •• ••• . 228 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Generating Magnetons Astatic Eledron has a negative Tettyonk charge [0-121 topology with neutralised magnetic dipoles A moving Electron has a KEM field with an Elect11c field and a Magnetic Moment SOHR ･Ｍ ｾｾ ＱＲ＠ ｛ Ｐ ﾷ ＱＲ ｝＠ > Leptons are 12 looo inductive charge rotors µ Tetryonic geometry fully explains Leptronic 'spins' The 9y1¢t'l\ll9neik 141.iOOf 11 p;M1icie !Ir ｾＩＧｓｉｎｮ＠ ｲ｡ｴｩ･＾ｯｦｬ Ｑ ｾ＠ ｭ｡Ｙ Ｑ ｾｩ＼Ｚ＠ i(the dipole moment 10 itsat19ular tl'IOl't'lentum The term "electron spin" can now be taken ffteraf/y (when modelled with Terryonlc geometries} as an accurate description ofthe origin ofMagnetic moments fol' all Leptonle [BOHR] magnetons. > The prwtously held model ofthe electron as a spinning sphere ofcharge must be abandoned In fuvourofthe true Tetryonlcchargegeometr/es ofEM mass-Energy-Matter ｾｴｂ＠ Ampere Force Bnstelrfs Spedal RelatMty model of distorted moving charges piOOuclng magnetic moments blncorrect BOHR Magneion produced by Lo1en11ion d1srorlionofchotges due 10 relacivitisrlc velociries µ a= - eli 2m,, B RE.PEl = ｾＱＰＡ＠ 47T I de x f r2 ' F = 21kA I I I2 r F = q(E +(v x B)). Lorentz Force Tetryonics 19.03 - Generating Magnetons -- The KEM field energy of an Electron In motion Is subject to relatMstlc OJm!Ctlons due to ene.gy changes resultlng from Its accielemlon A. -- L'J1 - CJ- 112 WAVE·le1lgth cont1action of mass-energy quanta of KEM field Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Stern Gerlach Experiment ｾ＠ w Gedacb rre t ., _ _ _ _ t ...-. ＺＮｏｾｦｲｩＷＭ､＼｟ｖＬ＠ •h lMd h ＺＧ｣ｷ｡ｾｵｬ､ ﾷ ｭｮＮｲ｡ｴＧｬ､ｾｯＺ＠ 229 , , _111_ _.._ . ----- . .- " ' - The Stern-Gerlach experiment to determine electron SPIN Thfo I rt ｾＢ＠ d\M. ｾ＠ Ｌ ｾＭﾷ＠ 5 .cw m. ts most o1. c1......... ""'"""' <""'90d """"· ..... takes on only ＨｦＧｾＢｮ＠ qu..ntllfd v•"""• of •nf\l&M momtl\tum poun1 wa wwnn..ac: l/l'qAJJI mc clolffy_.,............................ < Tcuyonl() 'hOM lhtl tetiultJ ate 1 product of 1tw KEM Attkl p1oth.1<<'d by char9e P'l"lclts In ｭｯｾ［ｮＮ＠ with all d1drfJiKI p111 ｕ､ｴＢ ｾ＠ bolng • l>le to ;>roduce 2 distinct ｮｬ｡Ｙ Ｑ ｾｴｯｮ＠ 01IN1tlnlon't ｾ＠ ll !('$VII of Ｑｾ ･＠ (&JI nlotlon of their lnttln,lc <1u.1ntum lnduc1Wo loop (M.uter ｊｧ･ｯｭｴｩｾｳＮ＠ thtOV4Jh f:•Hi:1n,11 ( fttl<h &ｾ＠ 1tltt,nce!d coexttmal M moments. Beamol olive• ...· on Z.Ollold s-n - •• . . ｾ ｾﾷ＠ ··=· s.,.. ... 01"1 tw> °'"' *-···-)$ N Parallel Elect10ns bound In atomic nuclei Increase of decrease their energy levels dependent on the energy leYel of the nuclei In which ttiey are bound Bound and unbound decboos can roDle In one of two dlrec;Uo4 IS lnftuenc:ed only by external magnetic and el@ctrlc fields « lnddent Pholxx\s Th•s.llong w•th tM Loflrnu tOt<t prod":f<f by an extema.I M.1<jnoti< «Onq Clft IM K[M - ·podo>1:es ..,.,_......,.ol>,_ "'..--111- Nf/dwl!IO lllft I C l M - _,,,' Electron Spins based on the measured Bohr Magnetons of moving electrons are reflected with KEM field geometries The two separated beams of electron s produced magnetic are defined as havin g differing SPINS moment [UP or DOWN] s ... l Ｌ ｾ＠ Ｍ Ｍ •• .... . .·· plloo ｾ］［ＺＦﾷ＠ ｾﾷ - -::J_tz --- Ｍ ＺＮﾷ］ ﾷ＠ s °J: iJB. __... Andparallel mJg-n etic moment N Tho <Mle11tolloi1ollhe IOHA ｾｷｮｬｨ･＠ Tetryonics 19.04 - Stern Gerlach experiment NUCl£\R magneUJn --lhe'dlloctlon'ol tlecootl ｾ＠ ck 230 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Bohr Magnetons Energy created by moving a Lepton rhough an exrernal EM field is scored os Pla11<:k quanta wirhin rhe Lepron's exrended KEM field A moving electron is a 12 loop rotating inductor Leptronlc 'spin' Is always determined by the Leptronlc Magnetic moment as referenced against the Nuclear Magnetic Moment Bohr Magneton 12 ,.,.u•• Electra-static particles have neurralised Magnetic momenrs M;,gn•llc Mom•nls .- Anti•Parallt f Magn•tk Moments - Spin UP Velocity A moving Lepton creates a s«onda·y slfonger intrinsic magne:ic dipole moment within its KEM field which interacts with external magnetic fields creates Kinetic Energy and Magnetic moments Reversing the vecror direction of rhe parricle's lineor momentum creares o reveJsed dipole Mognerlc moment SplnOOWN Spin UP Anll ·Par.tll.i M.tgMUC Mo""1'tb Left handed and righr handed fermions are mtrroflmages of eoch other Leptons an: not point particles Bohr Magneton A/I ｌｾｴｲｯｮｩ｣＠ macro- l(fM fields and mreracr1ons wirh ezrema/ fields can be modelled using Terryonic geometries Tetryonics 19.05 - Bohr Magnetons Magnetic moment 'spin orientations' are reversed for opposite charge particles 231 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Electron Spin orientation The Bohr magneton dipole produced by Kinetic Energies is located axially about the centre of rotation Spin UP Spin DOWN 22,512 Higher energy Parallel spin "' 111 1 111111111111 Ill 111 1 11111111 11 11 Ill 1 111111111111111 Ill 1 11 111 111 1 11 11 1 1 111 I I I flC$:tlJ1ill!tf fikld I I I All Leptons have 12 intrinsic neutra lised dipole moments and a polarised KEM field Magnetic moment created by the energies of its motion Lepton Magnetic moment Spin UP I Anti-parallel spin Spin DOWN > < 1111111111111111 Ill 111 11 1111111 1 11 1 Ill 1 111111111 11 1 111 Ill 11111111111111 11 Ill Magnetic field is Parallel to Nuclear Magnetic moment or external Magentic H field [Bohr Magneton] µn = en - 2m0 Magnetic field is Antiparallel to Nuclear Magnetic moment or external Magnetic H field All l eptronic spin d irections are referenced to external Magnetic fields [either Nuclear Magnetons or H fields) Tetryonics 19.06 - Electron Spin orientation Nuc:ledr magn.etons .are weak('( than Bohr magnetons 232 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Nuclear Spins Electron are determined by the or11!1ltation or Bohr Magneton PAAAUEL Magnetic moments with respect to the Nuclear Magneton (or an "1emal Magnetic field) eltctron Matter geoemrries ｾ＠ thf'fr onentalions whlch create neutral intrinsic ANTIPARAua M"9""toc momorts ｾｬｯｮ＠ DOWN UP In o .uat1c elecuon tJll lntnnsfC dJpoieS are nruu of1(td through ore ntgatlve charged fasc;a 80HJI magnetic dipole configurations • ｾ＠ <::> ｾ＠ T ｾ＠ ｾ＠ > ｾ＠ ｾ＠ < T MAGNETIC MOMENT DOWN OUonllMll lndualvt Loop$ .. mollcn ptOdt.Q KJnfllc EMlgles o mov ng e.ecuor l'"rnll< M•ft}y p<odu<b • Spin UP ｾ＠ ＼ ｾ ｇ ｾ＠ ｾＡｉｃ＠ ti lllnl ｭｯＡｊｮｧｾｍｴｳ＠ an axtal Mognetsc moment ｾ＠ Al./TlPAA>UEl I 11111111 ll ltl! I Hlll 11 11 1111 111 11111 1 111 11111111111111111111 3! .!! "' I 111111 111 111111111 11 llltfl 11 111 1 11 1 111 If Spin DOWN is a lower energy state resulting in a (antlParallel} Bohr Magneton :E ;o p,.. c ｾ＠ K ＢＭ Spin LP Is a higher energy state resulting in a (Parallel) Bohr Magneton Ｍ ･ 0" .. ,, I II 11 11 I I 1111 11 11111 1111111 I I II ti II II I I I I t I I I II II llllll IJllf! 111111 ｾ＠ c 0 o; .."' c E :. .!i v :0 z moments i 111IIIt1111 It 1111 If 11 I I I I 11 I I I I II I I I I 11 ltlltllttlllllltllll ｾ＠ Spin DOWN T Tetryonics 19.07 - Nuclear spins ｾ＠ ﾩ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Ｐ µa Positron ｾ＠ UP ｾ＠ PAAAl.LEl Ma9ne11< momerts Lorentz Force When moving in an external magnetic field The axial d1pol< moment of an electron wdl ｣ｸｰ･ｵｮｾ＠ torq<re force proportiolldl to its velo<1ty ｾ＠ I I 11 I I I It t I I I I 11 1 11 I 1 I I I I I I II I I I I I 11 1 1 1 I I l f l t t l 111 1 11 l l l l l l l t ｾ ｉｩ＠ 111111111 111 II 111111 1 11 1 1111 1 " I llllllllUllllllll 1!•11 l l t l l l l l lt 't ll I ｾＧｦ＠ I 1I I fl I f I 1111 I <I I 1111 1111• ｉ II I• I I ! 11 rr I 111111Ill1111: q 11 11111111 1111 1 I I 11111111 1111 I I I Opposites attract Similars repel I • f ｾ＠ , I I I 11 ｾ＠ 111 llllllllllJlllllll 233 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Nuclear magnetic Moment 12 [Nuclear magneton] 12 l24·12] ｾｰＫ＠ > NUCl.EAR magnotom are much weaker than BOHR magnotona due to the higher charge to mass ratio of electron• 22,500 e- > Mp Me p+ + < 1 1875 The nuclear spins for lndivtdual protons and neutrons parallels the treatment of electron spin, with spin 1/2 and an associated magnetic moment e- < For the combination of e1ectroo, neutJons and protons In pellodlc elements. the situation Is even more complicated. Spin UP Spin DOWN Parallel Magnetons Antiparallel Magnetons Bohr Magnetons Nuclear Magnetons Bohr Magnetons 0 .4 2 42} .,..--'"7'i1,...--.,. No e· .. ｾ＠ Parallel Magnetons Antiparallel Magnetons Spin DOWN Oh«ltOlto!lot.11 ｬＧｉｙｃｾ＠ tl'IOmf'"I Vll'I Tetryonics 19.08 - Nuclear Magnetic moments Spin UP 234 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Spin orbital coupling mechanics The lndU<:ed magnetic moment of electrons In atomk nudeI combine 'll!Ctorally with the magnetk moment of lhe nudel ｾｮｴｩﾷｰ｡ｲｬ･＠ momen1s parallel moments µB Spin DOWN Spin UP Bohr magnetons > Proton momenta > < > < Proton momenta > The energy level differences created are manifested in Hyperfine-line splitting Zeeman effects etc. < ｾｴｚ＠ Pro1on momenta Nuclear magnetons Spin DOWN 1:ttll·!)at;)Ucl ｴｮｏｍｃｦｬｾ＠ < Proton momenta µZ The alignment of electron spins in nuclei results in diamagnetic, para-magnetic Matter Tetryonics 19.09 - Spin orbital Coupling Spin UP parallel moments 235 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Gyromagnetic Ratio The electron Is a 12 charge quantum rotor with a uniform charge to mass density ratio, the ratio of Its magnetic moment to Its orbital angular momentum, also known as gyromagnetic ratio ＱＬＲ＼ＢＰ 12 Ｐ ﾷＱ Ｒ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ This Implies that a more massive assembly of charges spinning with the same angular momentum will have a proportionately weaker magnetic moment. compared to Its lighter counterpart l The Bohr Magneton Is determined by the charged KEM field geomelly of Lept'ons electron 1875 22,550 Proton 361t charged mass-Matter differential 121t The oomblned Kinetic energy of Motion !KEM fiekO !At:\24-12 12 2.25 e23 and Electron Spin coupling with Nuclear Magnetons wtll effect any measured Gyromagnetic ratios In physics. th(' 9yroma9ne11c ra1io 41t (.llso sometimes known .ts the m.lgnetogyric ratio io other disciplines) Tetryonic q ua ntum mass to Charge ratio Qf" partlcleor system ls the riltloof its mi19netlc dipole mome-n1 to llS angul<"r momentum, and it iS often denoted by the symbol y,g<tmma. An electron Is NOT a sphet1c.al parUde 11 1.810109642x10 An isolated electron has an angular momentum and a n1agnetic n1oment resulting from its spin. Classical electron model 121t (rotating spheiel lli SI unttsaic radian pet se<ond pertesf.a (S- l ·T-1) or, equivalently, coulomb PE!' kilogram (C·kg-1). Tetryonic electron (rotating tri·tetf)'On topology) - et me The 2006 CODATA -1.758 820 150(44) x '0[ 11 Nuclear Magnetons e- Tetryonic elementary ｣ｨ｡ｲｱｾ＠ l.602216081 e 19coulon,bs Tetry.)ni< e lectron m<)SS 8.3S14S6361 e·31 12q 1.2 e20 ｾ ｩｮ＠ UP K.E. Electron Spin 12q K.E. 2.25 e23 [Orbital Angular Momentum] N > Spin DOWN [q/m] TE'tryonk elE>numt..iry charge .602216081 ·19<oulombs ｔｾｴｲｹｯｮｫ＠ Protonmass i.6S96S3693 e-27 [q/m] + 181,010,964,200 C/kg Lower energy s 96,539,180.9 C/kg Higher energy Tetryonics 19.10 - Gyromagnetic ratio e+ Pm 236 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved v v v < v " "' µZ DIA-magnetic [opposed SPINS] SPIN UP µB Bohr magnetons Nuclear magnetons > < SPINOO\VN PARA-magnetic [aligned SPINS] v v v v v A < Tetryonics 19.11 - DIA & PARA-magnetic fields 237 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 12 [12-0] ｬＮｾＲＰ＠ ｾ＠ e+ Leptons 12 l0 · 12 l.2c20 ｾ＠ m ass-charge ratios All ｭ｡ｳｾｍｴ･ｲ＠ have distinct charge geometries and once in motion ar& subject to EM forces as a result of their geometries & KEM field Positron .·· ｾ＠ 1,335180067 <-10 c .. -············· 1.81o109642 d1 ,•' 181,010,964,200 Clkg ...... ｛ ｾ ｝ ｉｔｕ＠ tt19V 7.37b238b34 e-51kg e· Electron are the basis for mass spectroscopy F = ma Lorentz force law axb a ff = qE + # xB! Proton J.'ffW14• ａＢＧｾ＠ c.\.Jf),"I,' wi,,.•.-., ｬｩ ｾＮｩ｣＠ fotw all Matter In motion is subject to Baryons NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION F =ma 0 LORENTZ FORCE .!:.- ｾｯｸ ｢＠ ｌ ｫ ｾ＠ a x b = «bsiu(J fi Combining Lorentz's force la\'' & Newton's Third Law \ve obt.:.in a EM mass-charge quotienr (18-18) Neutron for any partide of mass·Matter 1n motion 2.25c23 (M/Q)a Elements = E+vxB 48,256,721.99 Clkg Q 0 0 M A11y 1wo particles wi1h rhe same EM mass 1o·cl1arg; ra1io follow rlie same parli in a vacwm1 when subjected to rlre s11111e exiemal dwric jield Dependent on their generations {42-42) (24-24J Hydrogen = -axb M Deuterium Ｈ ｾ m, Ｉ＠ Charge/mass 181,010,964,200 Clkg Ｑｾ Ｚ Ｑ Ｒ＠ (-9!.) me 2 .2512e23 Tetryonic theory shows mass-charge ratios are a measure of mass-energy geometries in Matter topologies Tetryonics 20.01 - mass-Charge ratios 238 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Collider particle track physics E Q Acollidet Is a type of a patti<le acceletator involving dftected beams of pan kl-es. 4 ｛ Ｔ ﾷｾ ｬ Ｉ＠ ++ + Collid ers may eithct be ting acceletatOl'SOf linear accck'tJt04'S, ｡ｾ＠ 4 t may collide a single beam of elementary particles aga inst a stationary target or two beams head-on. [0·4 ) 4 [4·0) t ...ro<I> V'I c Tetryons have the same 1/'J elementary charge as some Quarks d 4 (8·4] 0 0 +" ..c d c ·;::: "O V'I QJ E c 0rn ro ...., rn ro +" QJ V'I QJ 0 0 <I> a. ..... 0 ...... >. ,_ V'I >. c ..... rn 0 QJ c E ,_ 0. Q.I c c2S <I> V'I c V't V't 0 ro V't 0 E .0 +" c 0 Q.I I N [4-8) 4 rn V't <I> QJ LL I V'I V'I ..... ro QJ ...... E ...., ro QJ :?! > ro 0 3:: .!!! "O ...ro CV') Tetryons can have the same mass-charge ratios as Leptons 12 Ａ＼＾ ＾ ｾ＠ e· ｬ ＮｕＭＲ ｾ＠ 181,010,964,200 C/Kg Analysis of the by1)loducts of these collisions without a dear definition of, and distinction between, EM ｭ ｡ﾻ Ｋ ･ｮｲｧｹｑｭ ｴｲ ｾｳ＠ & Matter topi>Jogies through the cha19ed geomt>tcics of Tetryonics cetites a misleading al\CI erroneous pkture of the particles created in h'gh energy collisions within partide physks accelera1or experiments 12 ｛ＱＲ ＭＰ ｝ ｾ＠ + 1.2 ....20 12 0 [12-0] [6· 6] m + e+ + M Tetryonics 20.02 - Collider particle track physics 239 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Radiant EM mass-energy geometries / "". ··.•. posfdYe charved ····..... ﾷＭ mass .. ..- ｾ ＮＧ＠ .................. ...,..······· \..... ······... ﾷ ＢＲｰＭ［｡ｴ･ｩｭＱｵｲＮＬｧｳｦ ·.. ··.. ･ｱｕｩｬＮｾｴｭ＠ .... _ / ··.·::.:· .. ··.., ＺＮﾷｾ＠ ..·•···•.•.·...:::.··............... .... " . '',\\<\\ .. ,. · ﾷ ｾ ﾷ＠ . . · · .· ... . ｾ＠ ＠ｾ of········ ...... .- ... .·energtes form. the geomeirtc J>a;its ........ ｅ ｬ ･｣ｴ＼ｯ＾Ｎｾ｡ｧｮ ｬ ＼Ｚ＠ •. "'9ldYe charged ·.• 20 Planar divergent EM mass-energies form radiant Electromagnetic waves ｩ ｮｧ＠ \ ﾷ ＱＭ ···..... . . ·····.fP.r ･ｲ｡ｔｯｭｧｮ､ ｾ＠ mass ..······ .......... ·······...... ..................................······ .......·· ··.... ··................ｾ Ｎ ｾ＠ ...... ··················· ｊｾ ' ' ··........... "······ .. ··... /// ﾷＮ＠ ·, ........... ........... .•...········ ..···· ···•· ......... ........········· ... ... ..· .....·· ..•·,• ..···" ... .......... ..··.· ...·····"....···· ........ h'v. . . ·. . ﾷ ｾ ·········•.. ..········· ｾ ｾ＠ ｛ ｛ ｾ ｮ ｾ Ｚｾ Ｑ Ｑ＠ ; ......······ ... ····· mau Is a property of Matter the energy content of its charged geometry per unit time) Tetryonics 20.03 - Radiant EM mass-energy geometries mass ····•···............ｾ ＮｾＭﾷ＠ Ｍ］ ｾ＠ •• ........... 240 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved ENERGY Q E 20 Equilateral scalar energy-momenta charge energy v Squared numbers in physics create equilateral geometries Quantised angular momenta are energy geometries Planck's constant of mass-energy momenta is the source of all physicaf constants and force relationships Separated fields of charge create electromotive forces accelerating Material bodies within them hv-- y2 ENIERGY Planck q uanta nn [ ｛ ｾ ｮ ｹ ｩ ｾ ｝ ｝＠ Equilateral energy-momenta form the foundation of all Forces, EM masses & Matter Posl\lve charge energy mQme<ita fields All energy seeks equillbrlum Tetryonics 20.04 - Scalar ENERGY geometries Negattve cl'lar9e energy m<>ment.a fields 241 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved 3D Matter topology is NOT a property of 2D ElectroMagnetic mass-energies it is a measure of the clased 3D standing-wave spatial topology of all fermionic particles created by their charged equilateral mass.energy momenta geometries 0 ......,....... Matter displaces vacuum energies to create convergent gravity fields around it .... .•.···· All Matter is comprised of (and radiates divergent] kEM mass-energies ... •., ·•·................... .•.·············' ··...... .·•· ..........· 0 4 2-42 1 .............. \\ Tetryons are the quantum of Matter Deuterium is the quantum of all Elements ./ ·........ second squared maS.s-energy topologies ...... .. ". & created clbsed volumes ...--" ...· .......... 3D Matter particlds are Z component "· ·... ................. _g_•....... Matter ｾ｛ .... ... , Planck quanta ｛ ｾ ｾ Ｎ ｾ ｝＠ The moss·ener91es ofMatter are Lorenr-z: invariant to velocity char>ges Tetryonics 20.05 - Standing-wave Matter topologies Nuclei 72n ｛ ｛ ｾ ｾ ｩ ｶ c.. mw. Ｌｾｬｯｲｩ Ｒ ｴ ｹ＠ ｝ ｊ＠ 242 Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - all rights reserved Tetryonics 20.06 - Quantum Mechanics