An Assestment on Conservation of Galata and Alfama City Walls

ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES 9. July 09-10, 2022 University of Jaén, Spain PROCEEDINGS BOOK EDITOR Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet KARDAŞLAR Merve KIDIRYÜZ ISBN: 978-625-8323-77-1 IKSAD GLOBAL Publications - 2022© ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 PROCEEDINGS BOOK EDITORS: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet KARDAŞLAR Merve KIDIRYÜZ All rights of this book belong to IKSAD Publishing House Authors are responsible both ethically and jurisdically IKSAD Publications - 2022© Issued: 04.08.2022 ISBN: 978-625-8323-77-1 CONGRESS ID CONGRESS TITLE ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS DATE AND PLACE July 09-10, 2022/ University of Jaén, SPAIN ORGANIZATION University of Jaén Economic Development and Social Research Institute ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Natalia LATIGINA Dr. İlkgül KAYA Dr. Ethem İ. ŞAHİN Dr. Ragif HUSEYNOV Strategic consultant Andrea Hanna Sólyomfi Prof. Dr. Mahire HÜSEYNOVA Prof. Dr. Hacer HÜSEYNOVA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gönül SAMEDOVA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruslan ABDULLAYEV Congress General Coordinator Merve KIDIRYUZ PARTICIPANTS COUNTRY (17country) Türkiye, Algeria, Malaysia, Romania, India, Vietnam, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Ukraine, Lithuania, Nigeria, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Brazil, Uganda Total Accepted Article: 97 Total Rejected Papers: 12 Accepted Article (Turkey): 47 Accepted Article (Other Countries):50 ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain CONTENT CONGRESS ID I PROGRAM II PHOTO GALLERY III CONTENT IV Author Döndü Özlem KANTARCI Selçuk TEMEL Hasan Eren ÇALIŞKAN Zeynep ÜSKÜL ENGİN Fatih YILMAZ Emrah KANBULAT Zafer GÜLSAR Veli BATDI Hülya Gizem AÇIKKOL Veli BATDI Mehtap YOKAK Fatih YILMAZ Umut Berkan TEMİZ Ayça KAYA Canan NAKİBOĞLU Ümran ÖLMEZ Canan NAKİBOĞLU Ümran ÖLMEZ Selman UTKU Fatma Şebnem AKAL İLKHAN Taner ATASOY Yunus ŞAHİNLER Nazlı ERSOY Edip ÖRÜCÜ Birol ALTUN Edip ÖRÜCÜ Neza EGE Rola Younis Masoud Muhammed Zafar Yaqub Title LEGAL DIMENSION OF ADVERTISING USE IN INTERNET NEWSPAPERS IN TURKEY USE OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS IN CREATION OF SUPERHEROES TRANSFORMATION BY DIGITALIZATION IN NEWS WRITING TECHNIQUES: PROBLEM OF FREE WRITTEN TECHNIQUE RECEPTION OF CIVIL LAW IN TURKEY AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN TEACHING TURKISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE USE OF PUBLIC SPOTS THE EFFECT OF HABITS ATTRACTED DURING THE PANDEMIC ON THE SUCCESS OF STUDENTS WHO STAYED IN SCHOOL PENSIONS No 1 3 5 7 21 23 EBA APPLICATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS 25 AN OVERVIEW OF BLENDED LEARNING 34 THE USE OF VIDEO-BASED ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING TURKISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN PATTERN AND CULTURE TRANSFER A RHETORICAL DISCOURSE ON TEACHER QUALITY IN TURKEY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOBILE PHONE RADIATION HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NON-IONISING RADIATION A NETWORK ANALYSIS APPLICATION USING 2021-2022 TURKISH FOOTBALL SUPER LEAGUE DATA: A DETAILED TEAM ANALYSIS ON PASSING FLOW AND GOAL POSITIONS MEASURING INNOVATION PERFORMANCE OF OECD COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MCDM METHODS THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION IN THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE PERCEPTION ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR THE EFFECT OF PATERNALISTIC LEADERSHIP ON INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING APPROPRIATE SERVICE QUALITY FOR PILGRIMAGES 46 57 59 68 75 82 94 106 120 ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Tatia DOLIDZE Tatia DOLIDZE Simmi AGNIHOTRI Vijay SINGH Marlene Neves STREY Rogério HORTA Suely Maria CABRAL Yurii LATYSH Zeynep AKKAYA Ufuk Eren VAPUR Burcu TAN Zeynep TANRIVERDİ Zeynep TANRIVERDİ Barihüda TANRIKORUR Fatih YILMAZ Seval SELVİ Zeki EDİS Rojev Ağıt SARİ Samet YÜCE Paicu Adina Maria Aliyeva Sakina Adil Vasyl PUZANOV Gulshan Fakhraddin Novruzova Hülya ÖZKAN RIGIDERAKHSHAN Olga UNTİLA KAPLAN Taner TOPALOĞLU Emil Raul oğlu Ağayev Cəmilə QULIYEVA A.T. Garayeva GREENLAND’S WITHDRAWAL FROM THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: CONSTRUCTIVIST ANALYSIS OF DECISIONMAKING ON GOVERNMENTAL AND SOCIETAL LEVELS US VS OTHER: BALTIC STATES’ AND GEORGIA’S PATHWAYS TO EUROPE (1991-2004) MIGRATION OF SKILLED TRIBES FROM HILLS TO PLAIN IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF PANGWALA TRIBE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH WOMEN IN ACADEMY: STILL SEARCHING FOR A PLACE ZELENSKYY`S USE OF HISTORY DURING THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR GASTRONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRAVEL MOTIVATION OF INDIVIDUALS: AN EXAMPLE OF THE AEGEAN REGION AN ASSESSMENT ON CONSERVATION OF GALATA AND ALFAMA CITY WALLS A TYPOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE HOUSES IN BONATZ’S ANKARA SARAÇOĞLU DISTRICT MASS HOUSING PROJECT TEACHING PROVERBS WITH EDUCATIONAL GAMES IN TEACHING TURKISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE EVALUATION OF JIM CROW LAWS & BLACK CODES A NEW GEO-SPOT FOR THE RIVALRY BETWEEN QATAR AND THE UAE FOR REGIONAL INFLUENCE: AFGHANISTAN VS NAIPAUL – A FREE SPIRIT GOYCHA DISTRICT DIALECTS AND COMMON LEXICAL ISSUES OF THE TURKISH LANGUAGE PROFESSIONAL AND NON-PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY THE NEED FOR MENTORING TRAININGS FOR TEACHERS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF NEW RESEARCH-BASED LESSONS AN EXAMINATION OF THE MURDER NEWS IN THE PRINTED MEDIA IN TERMS OF JOURNALISM ETHICS GREEK END VLACH PRESS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE CONTEXT OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OF PERFORMING TRADITIONAL TURKISH MUSIC WORKS WITH VIOLONCELLO VICTORY SYMPHONY IN THE WORKS OF AZERBAIJANI PAINTERS DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION IN AZERBAİJAN FEATURES INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN AZERBAIJAN MODERN TRENDS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION 213 214 215 224 230 231 233 245 256 275 281 288 289 293 295 299 301 303 314 315 316 ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain AN ASSESSMENT ON CONSERVATION OF GALATA AND ALFAMA CITY WALLS GALATA VE ALFAMA SUR KENTLERİNİN KORUNMASI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Burcu TAN Beykoz Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Zeynep TANRIVERDİ FSMVÜ Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi, Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım Bölümü ABSTRACT At the time that they were built, the city walls were designed to defend the city. However, with the developing technology, the city walls lost their purpose of protection and defense after the 19th century. In order to meet the increasing population demand in cities brought on by the industrial revolution, the existing city borders were expanded beyond the walls of the old city, therefore the old city walls lost their effectiveness. In the 20th century, due to the widespread use of automobiles and migration to the suburbs, city centers were abandoned and a new urbanization trend was born. This process has caused the destruction of historical city centers and city walls, especially in Europe. In developing countries such as Turkey, with the rapid urbanization process taking place over a short period of time, historical city centers have been recklessly destroyed. The heavily destroyed Istanbul-Galata and the largely preserved Lisbon-Alfama are both fortified cities that are similar in terms of size, layout and settlement in the area. In this study, it is intended to evaluate both of these fortified cities on their level of preservation and the effects they have on the cities that they surround. Preservation of the city walls of Alfama started with the movement of renovating the national heritage sites in Portugal between 1933 and 1974. As a result, the castle and city walls which are considered highly valued national treasures, were repaired, restored and renovated. In this context, by forming a border between the old city and the new city, Lisbon city walls were able the preserve the old city landscape. By reflecting the history of Lisbon, the Alfama district was distinguished from the rest of the city and turned into a center of attraction. On the other hand, with the influence of the westernization movement that followed the Tanzimat Reform Era, the demolition process was accelerated for the Galata region, in order to build modern structures around the city walls that no longer served a purpose, bring the appearance of a European city and ease the traffic in the area. In the era of former Prime Minister Menderes, some surviving bastions were also destroyed to open space for wide boulevards. Although the remaining parts of the walls were registered as landmarks between 1972-1989, no maintenance and restoration work has been done. Zoning plans for the Galata Region were prepared in different time periods, but a concrete approach for the city walls has not been developed. Through the comprehensive urban and structural analyses in this study of the Galata city walls and the surrounding area, it has been determined that 10% of the walls are only partially standing. Since the last remaining city walls could not go beyond being registered, it can be seen that the efforts to preserve, exhibit and transfer these heritages to the future generations are either absent or insufficient. As a result, it was concluded that the protection of the historic city walls is essential to the preservation of the physical and social texture of the city and transferring it to the future generations. Key Words: Conservation of City Walls, Alfama City Walls, Galata City Walls www.atlasconference.org Page 233 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain ÖZET Kent surları, inşa edildikleri ilk dönemlerde kenti savunmak amacı ile tasarlanmıştır. Ancak gelişen teknoloji ile 19. Yüzyıl sonrasında koruma ve savunma amacını yitirmiştir. Özellikle sanayi devrimi ile kentlerde artan nüfus talebini karşılamak amacı ile mevcut kent duvarlarının dışına çıkarak kent sınırları genişlemiştir ve eski kent surları etkinliğini yitirmiştir. 20. Yüzyılda otomobil kullanımının yaygınlaşması ve banliyölere göç nedeni ile kent merkezleri terkedilmiş ve yeni bir kentleşme akımı doğmuştur. Bu süreç özellikle Avrupa’da kentsel yenileme çalışmaları ile tarihi kent merkezleri ve kent surlarının tahrip olmasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise hızlı ve kısa dönemde gerçekleşen kentleşme süreci ile tarihi kent merkezleri bilinçsizce tahrip edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa sur kentleri içinde ölçek, kullanım ve yerleşim bağlamında benzerlik gösteren büyük ölçüde korunmuş Lizbon-Alfama ve büyük ölçüde tahrip olmuş İstanbul-Galata sur kentlerinin, korunma durumu açısından ele alarak sınırladığı kent dokusuna etkilerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Alfama surlarında koruma, Portekiz’deki 1933-1974 yılları arası hâkim olan ulusal yenileme düşüncesi ile başlamıştır. Bunun sonucunda milliyetçi bir değer olan kale ve kent surları yeniden yapma, restorasyon, onarım işlemlerini etkin kılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Lizbon’da kale ve çevresinde korunan ilk surlar yeni kent ile sınır oluşturarak eski kent dokusunun korunmasını sağlamıştır. Lizbon’un tarihini yansıtan Alfama Bölgesi, kentin bütününden farklılaşarak çekim merkezine dönüşmüştür. Galata surlarında ise Tanzimat sonrası batılılaşma hareketleriyle trafiği rahatlatmak, işlevsiz kalan surların ve hendeklerinin alanlarına modern yapılar yapmak, bu bölgeyi Avrupa’daki kentlerin görüntüsüne kavuşturmak için yıkım süreci hızlanmıştır. Menderes döneminde ise geniş caddeler açılması için ayakta kalan bazı burçlar da tahrip edilmiştir. Surların kalan kısımları 1972-1989 yılları arasında tescil edilmiş, fakat bu süreçte herhangi bir bakım ve restorasyon çalışması yapılmamıştır. Galata Bölgesi için farklı dönemlerde imar planları hazırlanmış ancak surlara yönelik somut bir yaklaşım ortaya konmamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında galata surları ve yakın çevresinde kentsel ve bina ölçeğinde yapılan analizlerde surların yaklaşık %10’luk bir bölümünün kısmen ayakta olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kalan son surların ise tescil edilmenin ötesine geçemediği gibi koruma, kullanma, yaşatma, sergileme ve gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması konularında yetersiz kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak tarihi kent surlarının korunmasının sınırladığı kentin fiziksel ve sosyal dokusunun korunması ve gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması bağlamında etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kent Surları Koruma, Alfama Kent Surları, Galata Kent Surları INTRODUCTION Today, the preservation of historical and cultural assets and transferring them to the use of future generations is adopted as the basic and common view on conservation. Settlements with a historical texture are able to maintain their identity to the extent that they can adapt to contemporary conditions while preserving their physical structure. In the historical process, the development and change process, which started with the Industrial Revolution in the urban fabric and accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries, caused very important differentiations in the physical and social structure of the cities. The rapid population growth and economic pressures observed after the Second World War, especially towards big cities, affected urban development and land use decisions and values. The fact that the concept of conservation has expanded from a single building scale to historical urban areas in the development process has led to an increase in the importance of historical urban textures. With the addition of the city walls, religious buildings, public buildings, which are supposed to be preserved as a single structure, as well as the urban texture formed by squares, streets and civil architecture examples, these single works have gained a wider meaning as elements that determine and emphasize the identity of cities. The city walls, which are one of the most important parts of the historical urban texture, have often formed a physical border between the modern urban texture and the historical urban texture, as long as they can survive. www.atlasconference.org Page 234 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain In this context, revealing the historical city walls, specifying their traces if they have been lost, expressing them in an emphatic way in its surroundings will contribute to that environment socially and spatially, and will help strengthen the urban memory. However, unearthing these works; It will provide new opportunities for architectural and urban design creativity that will contribute to the continuity, understanding and creation of the local cultural identity of the city, and will play a role in the revitalization and renewal of the city center. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the effects of the partially preserved Lisbon-Alfama and largely destroyed Istanbul-Galata city walls, which are similar in scale, use and settlement among the European fortification cities by considering their protection status. THE CITY WALLS IN THE HISTORICAL PROCESS Cities have been shaped as centers of management, storage, trade and manufacturing functions since the first days of their establishment. Cities also continued to develop around marketplaces where goods from distant places could be exchanged for local products. Throughout history, cities have been established at the intersections of transportation routes or areas where goods change their means of transportation. Wherever they are established, the defense factor has always been important. Therefore, it has been surrounded by walls for defense purposes. (Mumford, 1961). The city walls have served this purpose for centuries until the developing technology. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the city walls continued this function despite new technological developments (Bacon, 1962; Gallion and Eisner, 1957). From the earliest times to modern times, city walls have played an important role in the formation of the cities they belong to, and have been one of the functional or visual elements of cities according to their periods. In the Middle Ages, the settlements were surrounded by walls and ditches as a defensive element established on hill tops or islands for protective measures. (Pounds, 2005) The discovery of gunpowder and the development of cannon and catapult caused the emphasis to be given to defense, so high bastions and outposts were built in addition to the walls. During the Renaissance, the Wall Cities were designed as stronger engineering structures in parallel with the developments in firearm technology in the 15th century. (Bacon, 1962). Cities began to take shape with the systematic work of architects, and the city walls, which were strengthened by using new construction techniques, maintained their importance with aesthetic concerns as well as functional necessity (Rossi, 1984). Along with the Industrial Revolution, technological developments and inventions affected the type of production and worker-employer relations (Osborn, 1942). Rooted and rapid developments have begun to bring about changes in the physical structure of cities. Cities and their social structure have been shaped mostly under the influence of economic and technological factors. Cities have changed more in the Industrial Revolution than when they were founded. Technological inventions have changed the defense systems, the defense factor has disappeared for the cities, the walls have begun to lose their defensive function (Kostof, 1993). The railroad and automobile, which are symbols of the Industrial Revolution, became easier for cities to go beyond the walls with the prominence of the function of transporting passengers as well as goods transport. In this period, the defense function of the city walls in the previous periods decreased to the lowest level and started to turn into a symbolic element separating the old city and the new settlements (Morris, 2013). During the Second World War, the city walls faced the first large-scale physical destruction after the functional obsolescence and related partial demolition in the previous period. In the post-war period, the destruction of the city walls continued with the policies of economic change, and with the "bulldozing" demolition and rebuilding movement that started in these periods, urban renewal programs were implemented to make room for new structures in the city centers (Lozano, 2003). www.atlasconference.org Page 235 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Urban centers began to spread to the suburbs, which gained momentum with the spread of the automobile, and this situation gave birth to a new urbanization movement beyond the metropolis. Many big cities gave up focusing on traditional city centers, and this situation caused the historical urban centers to become obsolete. The zoning movements and regulations developed in Europe started to focus on the cleaning of these outdated parts of the city. The city walls in or near the city centers were also destroyed due to the fact that they had experienced this process. Reactions to these adverse conditions caused issues such as the preservation of the remaining historical artifacts and their transfer to future generations. Many historical and cultural artifacts, in which it is located, have been lost (Hall, 2011). ALFAMA DISTRICT and WALLS OF ALFAMA IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Location Alfama District is the oldest area of settlement in central Lisbon. It is located on the slope that sits between the Sao Horge Castle and the Targus River. The area is known to accommodate fishermen and lower income groups. The narrow lanes and the compact, organic structural fabric of Alfama largely protected the district from damage during the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, which has inflicted great damage to the capital city. Historical Development The oldest wall dated A.C. 419 had covered a district which contained Baixia Neighborhood of 35 ha. Those walls are thought to have been built by Visigots during Islamic Periods, using modern construction methods and materials. Invasions of Visigots (A.C. 500~) and Arabs (A.C. 700~) have changed the demographic structure: landlords and merchants have been relocated inside the city walls. Prosperity of the city have been increased due to the trade activities with ports from Africa and Asia. The city has been occupied by Castile cerca 1000 A.C. (Associacao Arquitectos Portugueses; 1987; Byrne, Gonçalo, 1987; Joel; 1979), which had required the King of Portugal D. Fernando to build Cerca Nova (New Wall) between the years of 1373-75. The new walls have been built to cover 254 ha of area. It has been stated that, covered by the walls with 38 doors and 77 towers, the area had accommodated 25 churches and 240 towns (Figure 1) (Gutkind, 1969; Associacao Arquitectos Portugueses; 1987; Byrne and Gonçalo, 1987). Figure 1. Alfama District and the city walls -1761 (Lisbon Municipal Archive, 2011) The city, including the Baixa neighborhood, Castle District and Carmo, has been harmed by the earthquakes and fires: While 2/3 of the streets have been damaged, 3.000 of 20.000 houses have been demolished. The city walls have also been affected by the 1755 earthquake and the following tsunami (Kozak, 1998). After 1755 a pragmatic and scientific development process begins watched closely on the global scale. www.atlasconference.org Page 236 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Led by the Pompal Marquise, the Prime Minister of King D. José, the process have been maintained with the support of architects and engineers between 1755-1776 (Mullin, 1992). A plan has been developed embracing an innovative approach: Aligned streets, design-related concerns, construction guidelines durable to seismic activities, symmetry on urban fabric. The remaining walls have been substantially destroyed during the implication of the plan (Figure 2) (Associacao Arquitectos Portugueses,1987, Dos Santos, 2010). Figure 2. Planned Development Area in Lisbon After the Earthquake - Destroyed Historic City Walls and Preserved Historic Texture (Lisbon Municipal Archive, 2011). Change In The Study Area Through The 20th Century With the new government regime (ruled by Oliver Salza) a thought movement regarding urgent intervention to historical artifacts have emerged between 1933-1974: Phrases such as “Material restoration”, “National renewal” have been constructed as new mottos of a movement of conservation and emphasize of historical and ideological artifacts(Mullin, 1992).This have resulted in renewal, restoration, refurbishment and promoting of the defence structures (castle and city walls) which have been accepted as a national value (Figure 3). Sao Jorge Castle and surrounding ruins have been restored, renewed and cleaned. Increasing the visibility of the walls have remained the limiting elements of the urban planning process. The urban fabric surrounding Sao Jorge Castle have been conserved until the exterior limits of the remaining city walls (Pais, 2009). www.atlasconference.org Page 237 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Figure 3. S. Jorge Castle and the Surrounding Walls (Tan, 2014). The organic urban fabric has been emphasized as a denser and more visible core with its 2-3 storeyed stone buildings and narrow streets, compared to the new and planned fabric. Although the exterior parts have been demolished completely, the parts surrounding the castle and covering historical urban texture have been substantially conserved (Pais, 2009). São Jorge Castle and the remaining walls have been recognized as Special Conservation Area in 2006 by Conselho Nacional de Cultura (Council of National Culture) and the related studies have been started in 2011 with the support of IGESPAR. Studies related to the city walls and surroundings remain today in form of renewal and maintenance (Figure 4) (JLCG architecture, 2013). www.atlasconference.org Page 238 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Figure 4. Example of the Works Carried out in and Around the City Walls. GALATA DISTRICT AND WALLS OF GALATA IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Location Accommodating Galata Walls, Galata District is located between Azapkapı on the east, Tophane on the west, Galata Tower on the north, and Karakoy on the south. Located in Beyoglu mostly accommodates trade functions, public institutions and housing areas.The districts has coasts with halic and marmara and has a slope level of 12% elevating from the sea towards north until 50 m. where galata tower is located (Figure 5). Figure 5. Galata District (https://maps.google, 2014; Tan, 2014) www.atlasconference.org Page 239 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Historical Development Located on the entrance of Halic, Galata District has been named as Sykai at first. Sykai had been surrounded with a wall by Constantine I. (324-337), while under the rule of Theodisius II. (408-450) the city has covered Sykai as the districts of the city have been arranged (Eyice, 1994). The walls have surrounded the city at Halic and Bosphorus coasts.The land wall has joined with the coastal walls to correspond the possible threats from the land. Starting from the 10th century, the Genoese, Venetians and colonies from Pisa and Amalfi have started to have privileges on the city resulting in relocation of them to the area (Çelik, 1996). When the city has been reclaimed from the Latins (13th century) Genoese, Venetians and Pisans have been relocated in Galata (İncicyan, 1956). In 1260 Galata has been reclaimed by the Byzantian, which then have the city walls demolished (Müller-Wiener, 2001). As a result of a treaty with Genoese, Genoese have gained the right to relocate in Galata in 1261 and Galata has become an independent city state while also becoming the trade colony of Genoa as it has the privilege of free trade (Kuban, 1994). Therefore the Genoese has constructed the city walls in order to protect their territory (Eyice, 1994). In 1315, the walls have been renewed on the sea-facing side after a fire (Müller-Wiener, 2001). Following another fire occurred in 1335, the walls have been rebuilt.The Galata Tower of today has been dated to 1349 (Kuban, 1994). During the 5th period of development in 1397, the part of the structure that lies toward Azapkapı Mosque in the west was added to the region (Genim, 2004) (Figure 6). www.atlasconference.org Page 240 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Figure 6. The Construction of the Wall was Completed in Six Stages; It took its final shape in the 15th century (Tan, 2014) The first destruction period: Following the great earthquake on 1766, the damaged walls were demolished. The second destruction period: The westernization movement of the Ottomans led to the planning of the Karakoy Sqare, expropriation of the district and implementation of the project which included building modern buildings, improving the traffic and renewing the district as a European city. Change In The Study Area Through The 20th Century The Republic Era: Very few ruins have remained from Galata Walls. Expropriation and road enlargement projects during the 1950s have resulted in damaging of a bastion on Kemeralti Street. Following the destruction during this era, the consciousness towards conservation has started to develop and the remaining ruins were left untouched for a long time (Okur, 2011). During the latest destruction era that lasted from the second half of the 20th century to today, the latest intervention to the remaining ruins in the district were formed by the completion of the Halic Metro www.atlasconference.org Page 241 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain Station, which prevented the use of Harup Gate of the walls. While the original length was 4200 meters, only a 395 meter-long area of the walls has been partly conserved (Figure 7). Figure 7. The Arched Wall Piece on Tersane Street is under the Metro Golden Horn Crossing. (https://hayalleme.com, 2022) Parts of ruins of the demolished walls have been registered between 1972-89, however there have been no maintenance and restoration studies relating to the area (Akın, 2004). Figure 8. The Demolition Process of the Galata Walls (Tan, 2014). During different periods many construction plans have been prepared relating to the district: The most comprehensive plan relating to the district has been the one by the Municipality of Beyoglu in 2009, covering the city walls (Beyoğlu Belediyesi, 2009). According to the approved plan, Galata Walls are to be refurbished through an archaeological study and landscape arrangement, therefore conserved as a whole. The city walls are to be used in cultural purposes. The city walls, dungeons, gates are to be approached as a whole and gain cultural functions, while become integrated with the surrounding functions. The lost parts of the wallsare to be handled accorging to the Urban Design Projects approved by the District Council (Beyoğlu Belediyesi, 2010). www.atlasconference.org Page 242 Proceedings Book ATLAS 9th INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES CONGRESS July 09-10, 2022 / University of Jaén, Spain On the other hand, 14 Jan 2011 dated 1/5000 Beyoğlu Perşembe Pazarı Urban Conservation Archeological Site Conversation Construction Plan has not given any decisions regarding the city walls (Beyoğlu Belediyesi, 2011). CONCLUSION Although the urban texture have completely changed due to the effects of the earthquakes and demolished exterior walls, the boundary constructed with the preserved first walls have helped the historical urban texture to be conserved in Lisbon – Alfama. As a disctint district, Alfama has remained as a center of attraction w-ith its ability to reflect the history of the city. On the other hand, the urban and building scaled analyses conducted on the district have shown that only 10% of Galata walls and surrounding area remains today, indicating the insufficiency in terms of conservation, use, exhibition and heritage. It has been observed that the existing studies regarding planning and design have not been proceed further than the registration of the existing buildings. It has been observed that there has been a lack in integrating the walls to the urban life.The lack in preserving the walls as a whole has caused damage in the urban texture and change in the urban identity. The city walls contribute in revival of the historical urban textures. In the case of preserved walled cities, an interaction between the historical urban texture and historical city walls is visible: the level of preservation of the walls constitute an indicator of the level of preservation of the historical urban fabric. 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