Zero Force Evolutionary Law

Before publishing On the Origin of Species, Darwin held the view that well adapted organisms were optimally designed to meet the specific challenges of an environment, and populations were not expected to change except from an
environmental disturbance. Darwin later recognized the prevalence of environmental variation and employed a concept of relative adaptedness. I argue, against Don Ospovat, that Darwin did not entirely abandon his prior idea of “limited perfect adaptedness” when writing the Origin. In order to understand completely the diagram that Darwin presents in connection to the principle of divergence, a notion of limited perfect adaptedness is necessary.

This paper presents a modified random network
model to illustrate how groups can form in the absence of
evolutionary forces, assuming groups are collections of
entities at any level of organization. This model is inspired
by the Zero Force Evolutionary Law, which states that
there is always a tendency for diversity and complexity to
increase in any evolutionary system containing variation
and heredity. That is, in the absence of evolutionary forces,
the expectation is a continual increase in diversity and
complexity at any level of biological hierarchy. I show that,
when modeled, this expectation of increasing variation
results not only in the formation of groups, but also in a
higher probability of group formation than is found in a
model that is purely random.

It is without doubt that mathematics, the science of numbers, today owes a huge debt to the outstanding contributions made by Indian mathematicians over many hundreds of years. From zero to geometry, Indian mathematicians made some  great historical achievements. Frankly speaking, without the Indian numerals, mathematics, as we know it today, would simply not exist. This article is to focus on some of these achievements and to show that mathematics was not only very much rooted in Indian soil but also that ancient Indians had great romance with mathematics.