Tourism in protected areas/World Heritage

In order to assess environmental impacts from tourism in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area, China more thoroughly, this study complemented conventional environmental impact assessments (EIAs) with ecosystem service valuation (ESV). It did so by assessing changes in ecosystem services (ESs) and their values, based on changes in environmental components already assessed by existing conventional EIAs. The ESV method was benefit transfer. Tourism can enhance aesthetic and recreational ESs, but some existing damage to vegetation reduced ES value by $1.2 million/yr in the worst situations. While reforestation that generates ES value at $1.8 million/ yr can offset the damage, the cost of existing population decline of macaque monkeys was $728 million in 2010. Potential land encroachment would cause permanent and temporary environmental costs at $0.5 million/yr and $0.09 million/yr, respectively. Nevertheless, potentially artificial soil treatment system would increase ES values by $0.25 million/yr. Surface runoff and waste gas have negligible impacts. While complementing conventional EIAs with ESV has limitations, doing so can assess environmental impacts more comprehensively, link environmental impacts to human wellbeing, and improve information. Sustainable tourism requires conserving biodiversity and culturally valuable ecosystems.

Australia has 14 areas inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, on the basis of their globally outstanding natural and in some cases also cultural values. Many regard listing as prestigious and believe that it acts as a signalling device like a brand name. But to what extent and in what ways does the extra prestige bestowed by this listing translate into increased economic value for listed properties? This article deals with two main aspects of World Heritage listing. First, examines the hypothesis that World Heritage listing increases tourist visitation numbers, and available international visitor time-series data are examined to provide empirical evidence. It is found that although visitor numbers are likely to increase as a result of World Heritage listing, the increase is not as large as is often perceived. Some properties continue to experience low visitation rates despite World Heritage listing, and reasons for this phenomenon are advanced. Likely reasons for the inequalities in growth patterns of visits to different World Heritage properties are highlighted. Secondly, the article considers how the economic value of the tourism stimulus provided by World Heritage listing can be measured in principle and relates this to economic impact analysis and total economic valuation. Important and new limitations to the use of the travel cost method in this context are identified.

Abstract
“States Parties are encouraged to make resources available to
undertake research, since knowledge and understanding are fundamental to the identification, management, and monitoring of World Heritage properties.” (Unesco 2012b, § 215). This paper will discuss the framework for research following the inscription of a site, or group of sites to the World Heritage List. For the purposes of their management key personnel must have access to active research knowledge on an on-going basis. Continuing research lies at the very heart of all good heritage management and presentation. The dissemination and sharing of knowledge on protection
and conservation measures is essential and research, including
interpretative narratives must be shared also. Past research provides the foundation for understanding the significance of sites. But continuing research, with new research and monitoring methodologies and methods of knowledge-sharing, have the capacity to enliven, improve and advance conservation and management discourse, it methods and its on-site and museum interpretation.
For serial sites in particular co-management must include: 1) a
critical analysis of research undertaken historically and the extent of its dissemination; 2) the strengths and weaknesses of past research conclusions; and 3) the identification of gaps in knowledge. In the case of the Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps, it also requires consideration of the implications of potential knowledge gaps for all six states parties.
This paper will examine some of the changing conceptual frameworks that may now require consideration (for example, more integrated studies on the contexts of the pile dwelling sites and their associated cultural landscapes). It will examine how effectively new and improved technical methods of investigation, monitoring, protection and conservation are being applied and how widely knowledge of these methods is being disseminated across the serial and among its managers. Comparison of research traditions and perspectives in different states may also be a necessary element of continuing research management while re-examination of the existing theoretical framework within which management takes place will always be beneficial.

This research paper is an account and analysis of English media reporting on wildlife conservation and protected areas (PAs) in Maharashtra, India, between 1994 and 2015.  It is based on 269 articles that first appeared in the media and were then edited for publication in the ‘Protected Area Update’.  The analysis attempts to draw out significant themes that the media deems important in matters of wildlife conservation.  Themes that emerge prominently are related to issues of land, displacement of people, development projects, and tourism.  We also discovered that some PAs like the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve receive disproportionately large media space, while a third of the PAs were not reported on at all.  This does not imply that these areas were not reported in the larger media that the newsletter draws upon, but points to the skewed coverage and (limited) importance these PAs get.  We argue that media content analysis is a useful tool because the media is the first interface for the general public on issues of wildlife conservation and plays an important role in shaping public opinion.  To our knowledge, this is the first such state-wide study of media reporting of wildlife conservation issues; it provides important insights into the wildlife conservation discourse in the country as well as the concerns, priorities, and challenges of the media.

The Hospice St. Catherine built in 1391-92 and re-build in 1516 is "first class" monument of the 1st and 2nd Hospitaller Period in the Medieval Town of Rhodes Greece, with particular historic and artistic importance:
The unique position of the Hospice in a key place of the Lower Town and its proximity to the Commercial Port and its High Street Architectural Design, dictated by its use as a guest house for the prominent guests of the Order of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes, as it is laid by its foundation charter in 1392.
The two-storey Hospice is distinguished by the developed masonry technique of the late 15thearly 16th century, the deliberate use of stone of variable resistance for different parts of the structure and perfect stereotomy in the openings. The Renaissance Arcade of the south face, aesthetically the most important part of the building, demonstrates the style of early Renaissance being is a proof of western architects working in Rhodes. The north face is particularly interesting because it is a survival of the original building phase and, at the same time, a commercial façade. The faithful reconstruction of the Hospitaller shops was assisted by traces left on the doorsteps and doorposts of the openings of all five shops. Interior decorations and functionalities of the Hospitaller period like fireplaces and doorways, painted ceilings and pebble mosaics, are brought to light during restoration.
The restoration of the Hospice is a pioneering act social act that solved different the social problems besetting the historic center and a master act in regards to technical solutions, all of which follow the Charter of Venice, the Declaration of Amsterdam and the Convention of Granada.

Aboriginal people of the Wet Tropics have long identified tourism as one of the most obvious economic development opportunities for their people, and over the years there have been many plans and strategies on the subjects of environmental and cultural tourism in North Queensland. Some Aboriginal communities and individuals have carried out and continue to carry out tourism operations within the Wet Tropics. Many Aboriginal people view tourism as a way to create employment
and to develop economic activity for their people, whilst many see tourism as a vehicle for cultural education and maintenance, and a means to gain recognition of and display pride in their distinct cultures and identities as the original peoples of the rainforest.
This Strategic Overview has been developed for the benefit of Aboriginal people and groups interested in developing tourism enterprises, or who are currently operating tourism products within the Wet Tropics Area. It provides a brief overview of some indigenous tourism operations, identifies key critical factors which are essential for enterprise development, and recommends key elements of a strategy for government departments and indigenous organisations to assist
Rainforest Bama to establish and operate tourism businesses.
This Strategic Overview was developed through a series of community consultations with Aboriginal people involved in tourism or who are interested in tourism enterprises.

Tourism is important factor of sustainable development in a positive and negative way. Mountain areas are extremely appropriate for establishing tourism based on natural resources. According to the current spatial plan, the National Park Kopaonik is strictly protected area. There are three zones of protection. The aim of paper is to analyze the positive and negative effects of tourism on the environment, with an emphasis on actions for improving protection, as well as education of employees and visitors about the importance of environment preservation.

Resumen: Aunque el Patrimonio Cultural es fuente reconocida de bienestar, su sobreexplotación turística
genera fuertes impactos negativos, agravados en las grandes ciudades por la concentración de efectos en el
espacio. Este trabajo aborda el caso de Madrid, ciudad que cuenta en su periferia metropolitana con activos
patrimoniales de primer nivel, cuyo mejor aprovechamiento turístico ayudaría a mitigar el impacto negativo
en la capital, a la vez que contribuiría al desarrollo económico y social de la periferia. En la investigación se
aplicó un planteamiento metodológico dinámico con cuatro planos de análisis complementarios: documental
y de redes, cualitativo, cuantitativo y procesos participativos. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de
adoptar estrategias de gestión cultural y de planificación turística orientadas al reequilibrio de los flujos
de visitantes. La activación de los propios vecinos se revela como un recurso especialmente valioso para
fortalecer un turismo de proximidad, experiencial y más sostenible. El impacto de la Covid‑19, por una parte,
y la declaración del Paseo del Prado y el Retiro como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, por otra, han puesto aún
más de actualidad esta situación.
Palabras Clave: Turismo cultural; Patrimonio Cultural; Ciudadanía; Turistificación; Sostenibilidad.
The activation of citizenship as a strategy for tourism sustainability in heritage sites near the
big city. The case of Madrid region.
Abstract: Although Cultural Heritage is a recognized source of well‑being, its touristic overexploitation gen‑
erates strong negative impacts, aggravated in large cities due to the concentration of effects in space. This
work addresses the case of Madrid, a city that has first‑rate heritage assets in its metropolitan periphery,
whose better touristic use would help to mitigate the negative impact on the capital, while contributing to
the economic and social development of the periphery. In the research, a dynamic methodological approach
was applied with four complementary analysis planes: documentary and networks, qualitative, quantitative
and participatory processes. The results show the need to adopt cultural management and tourism planning
strategies aimed at rebalancing visitor flows. The activation of the neighbors themselves is revealed as an
especially valuable resource to strengthen proximity, experiential and more sustainable tourism. The The
impact of Covid‑19, on the one hand, and the declaration of Paseo del Prado and El Retiro as World Heritage
Sites, on the other, have made this situation even more topical.
Keywords: Cultural tourism; Cultural Heritage Management; Citizenship; Touristification; Sustainability

I och i närheten av världsarvet Örlogsstaden Karlskrona ligger uppskattningsvis runt 60 avsiktligt sänkta vrak. De har sänkts som en del av stadens försvar och stadsplanering. Vraken har länge varit kända och utritade på gamla kartor, men omfattningen och hur det ser ut i verkligheten har varit oklar. Flera arkeologiska utredningar visar att det finns ett omfattande bevarat kulturarv på havets botten eller i utfyllnader. Vrakens identitet och deras historia är i flera fall kända. Berättelser om skeppsbyggeri, fred och krig, äventyrliga seglatser och människoöden möter den intresserade. Artikeln ger exempel på en projektidé om hur detta kulturarv ska kunna användas och åskådliggöras.

Wine is an integral part of life on the Croatian island of Hvar. Its significance is multivalent, from the importance of home production and consumption to its functions as a trade commodity and symbol of community and identity. Much of Hvar’s wine grapes are grown in the Stari Grad Plain, a UNESCO World Heritage-listed cultural landscape. Economic factors mean grape and wine production can be a precarious pursuit, and although wine retains a central cultural position many farmers on the Plain are abandoning agriculture in favour of tourism industries. To increase value of their product, grape and wine producers seek to tap into discourses of ‘heritage’ that are understood locally and shaped by globalised discourses of authenticity and quality. Wine producers have identified autochthonous grape varieties, particularly bogdanuša, as important elements in the promotion of Hvar wine. These grapes are able to simultaneously access multiple registers of value due to their uniqueness, perceived quality, heritage significance, emplaced ‘belonging’ on the island, and relationship to cultural practices and other important elements of cultural patrimony, and producers are optimistic about their role in the future success of the wine industry on Hvar.

As Unidades de Conservação (UC) são globalmente consideradas como uma estratégia chave para a conservação da biodiversidade e a prestação de serviços ambientais. O turismo é um serviço ambiental cultural que pode apoiar a gestão das UC e também oferecer benefícios econômicos para as comunidades locais. As análises de impacto econômico geram estimativas monetárias das interdependências do turismo proporcionando uma compreensão tangível das economias locais e regionais. As Unidades de Conservação Federais do Brasil são o objeto da pesquisa por meio de metodologia baseada no Modelo de Geração de Dinheiro (MGM2) (Stynes et al., 2000) com modificações para abordar questões específicas de países em desenvolvimento. Os resultados visam informar formuladores de políticas públicas, conservacionistas, atores comerciais, comunidades locais e o público em geral do valor das UC ao servir não apenas aos fins de conservação, mas também como mecanismos de distribuição de benefícios. A pesquisa demonstrou que cada R$ 1 investido no sistema de UC produziu R$ 7 em benefícios econômicos. O estudo reforçou a visão de que, além de as contribuições econômicas do turismo afetarem diretamente a gestão das UC e o setor turístico, elas ainda impactam indiretamente outros tipos de
negócios e as comunidades locais, gerando emprego, renda e valor agregado.

Several resolutions were recorded in the meetings of the Chhattisgarh Biodiversity Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, in March 2021, to nurture and protect the connection between cultural diversity and biological diversity nurtured trans generationally by tribal communities of Chhattisgarh. It was decided to showcase the collaborative efforts of the State Government, with the participation of tribal communities, to locate and conserve heritage sites and landscapes all over the state, that have outstanding examples of bio cultural diversity; to evolve a sui generis community intellectual property right regime, for excluding exploitation and ensuring sustainable harvesting practices; to promote, as World Heritage, sites that demonstrate the tangible and intangible heritage of strategies and features of the community management of human and natural resources; and, to formulate a Working Plan to incorporate and disseminate the innovative conservation practices, undertaken with tribal participation. The field initiatives would be exhibited, and discussed on national and international platforms.

The Hibiscus Coast Municipality assumed it had the authority to issue or amend by-laws to formalise an existing nudist friendly beach within the Mpenjati Nature Reserve. Following a complaint, the Public Protector concluded the same when she investigated the legality of the Municipality's actions. Two immediate questions arise. The first, whether the Municipality and the Public Protector were correct in their view that the Municipality has the authority over the beach irrespective of the presence of a protected area, and the second, whether nudism is a legal activity therein. Both the Municipality and the Public Protector overlooked the relevance of the nudist friendly beach being located within a protected area and the power of the management authority to determine the nature of the tourism that takes place therein. Nudism within a protected area appears not to be in conflict with the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1969 and hence may be a legitimate activity within such area. The National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 and the Regulations thereunder appear not to contain provisions that prohibit nudism or other niche nature based tourism activities. Provided that the activity conforms to the purpose of the Act and protected area management plan and zonation and does not pose a significant physical risk to the integrity of the protected area, the conservation agency may be hard-pressed to refuse a request for a niche nature based tourism activity, such as nudism, to be included in the zonation-should one be received.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of my explorative research at the two UNESCO  World Heritage Sites (WHS) in Cape Town, South Africa and present some of my findings. I focused on the problems and potentials regarding the implementation of UNESCO's policies and guidelines, that promote the concept of a tourism-based commercialization of World Heritage as basis for holistic sustainable development of the site and its stakeholders.
I found that the mandates and the management strategies of both WHS are in-line with UNESCO's objectives and that both are implementing and promoting the '5 E's of Sustainability' to a high degree. As clearly outlined by the UNESCO Operational Guidelines, both WHS incorporate tourism-based commercialization strategies to generate local income opportunities and (re-)invest in education, empowerment and ecological resilience.
At the same time, the heritage managers of the WHS encounter various problems and complications, especially with regards to stakeholder management, as well as inconsistencies and shortcomings with regards to the constitutive heritage legislations, policies and operational guidelines.

https://www.routledge.com/Emotion-Affective-Practices-and-the-Past-in-the-Present/Smith-Wetherell-Campbell/p/book/9781138579293

Emotion, Affective Practices, and the Past in the Present is a response to debates in the humanities and social sciences about the use of emotion. This timely and unique book explores the ways emotion is embroiled and used in contemporary engagements with the past, particularly in contexts such as heritage sites, museums, commemorations, political rhetoric and ideology, debates over issues of social memory, and touristic uses of heritage sites.

Including contributions from academics and practitioners in a range of countries, the book reviews significant and conflicting academic debates on the nature and expression of affect and emotion. As a whole, the book makes an argument for a pragmatic understanding of affect and, in doing so, outlines Wetherell’s concept of affective practice, a concept utilised in most of the chapters in this book. Since debates about affect and emotion can often be confusing and abstract, the book aims to clarify these debates and, through the use of case studies, draw out their implications for theory and practice within heritage and museum studies.

Emotion, Affective Practices, and the Past in the Present should be essential reading for students, academics, and professionals in the fields of heritage and museum studies. The book will also be of interest to those in other disciplines, such as social psychology, education, archaeology, tourism studies, cultural studies, media studies, anthropology, sociology, and history.

The introduction to this book of essays about the human history of a national park discusses the history of native presence in Jasper National Park, the largest of Canada's montane parks, larger than Prince Edward Island, larger than nine USAmerican states. As well, the Introduction surveys the essayists' contributions to this comprehensive volume and discusses several of the volume's themes, including the argument that wilderness is built, not found; the understanding that the upper Athabasca River valley serves as a thoroughfare for railways, a transcontinental highway, power lines, an oil pipeline, and internet cable; that there exists a contradiction/paradox inherent in parks, generally, of a protected area yet one exploited as a hotbed for scenery and thus tourism (always larger in potential than in fact), and thus rich sports such as alpinism; that although it serves in some ways as a refuge, it has been a mecca for railways and resource development in the course of its history. The roles played by Mary Schäffer, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Marilyn Monroe in advancing the aims of national parks bureaucrat James Harkin and his successors are noted, as is the understanding that the creation of the park adumbrated nationalistic ambitions that would capitalize "virgin" heritage, and, doing so, produced a playground for the rich, symbolized by a costly resort, complete with golf course.

Em décadas recentes, uma nova temática vem adquirindo uma visibilidade crescente em fóruns mundiais sobre políticas de conservação da natureza – os sítios naturais sagrados (SNS). Reconhecidos em diversas partes do planeta, esses lugares encantados expressam valores espirituais ancestrais e a visão de sacralidade da natureza de vários grupos sociais, sendo considerados elos entre a diversidade biológica e cultural. O conhecimento sobre esse tema no Brasil, entretanto, é ainda limitado e as iniciativas de salvaguarda de SNS em políticas públicas nacionais são incipientes, especialmente considerando a expressiva riqueza natural, cultural e religiosa do país. Também são raras as referências ao contexto brasileiro na literatura especializada sobre o tema. Esse quadro instigou a formulação desta tese, delineada com o objetivo de compreender como os SNS e seus valores culturais e espirituais podem contribuir para inspirar a reconexão entre sociedade e natureza e o papel das áreas protegidas em contribuir nessa direção. Inserida no campo das Ciências Sociais e delineada como uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, a investigação foi conduzida a partir da compilação e análise de um vasto referencial bibliográfico - impulsionada por uma estratégia de rede colaborativa de conhecimento - e da interpretação da percepção de interlocutores da gestão pública sobre o tema, complementada, ainda, por observação direta em eventos acadêmicos, vivências de campo e no exercício profissional da autora. Pautada em um referencial teórico interdisciplinar ancorado nos pressupostos da Psicossociologia e na Ecologia Social, a tese se baseia na noção de reencantamento do mundo para lançar um olhar sobre os SNS como elementos centrais para a construção de um novo paradigma de conservação da natureza. Ao longo dos capítulos, percorre-se um caminho que parte do panorama internacional de debate sobre o tema, passa por um levantamento exploratório dos SNS no Brasil e chega até a discussão das perspectivas de reconhecimento dessas áreas no contexto das políticas públicas nacionais e na gestão das áreas protegidas. Os resultados revelam que a recorrência desse fenômeno no território nacional e sua relevância social contrastam com a invisibilidade da problemática na gestão pública. Dentre as razões para esse quadro estão a visão positivista, cientificista e fragmentada da realidade que predomina na modernidade – que separa a razão da emoção, a cultura da natureza e a ciência da espiritualidade – e a colonialidade do pensamento estatal. Comprometida com uma abordagem crítica, ética e politicamente engajada, a tese busca compreender os conflitos socioambientais nas áreas protegidas como oportunidades para a emergência de novas estratégias de gestão criativas, integradoras e transformadoras, a partir da promoção da espiritualidade ecológica e de uma conservação com coração. Defende-se que nos significados ancestrais dos SNS podem estar as chaves para uma renovação de alianças que levem à implementação de políticas capazes de inspirar a reconexão entre sociedade e natureza, trilhando caminhos mais justos, belos e – por que não? – mais mágicos.

Azores are a group of 9 volcanic oceanic islands located remotely in the North Atlantic Ocean, part of the Portuguese territory, and an Ultra-periphery region of the EU. The Azores have been experiencing an increase on the number of ecotourists, with obvious ecological implications (e.g. littering, habitat disturbance). To guarantee the tourist’s safety is also very important. During a week on July 2009, we surveyed the 3 oficial trails located on Sta. Maria Island, on an extension of approximately 30 km. Two of these cross protected areas included in Natura 2000 network. In general, the ecosystems containing the trails appeared well preserved, probably due to the low population density and lower tourist demand, when compared to its neighbor island of S. Miguel. Though some problems were identified along the way, such as lack of appropriate information or absence of safety infrastructures, the overall evaluation of the trails was good.

Nga: Arlis Alikaj (Librazhd) ''Rajoni për të cilin po dedikojmë sot këtë artikull, është Parku Kombëtar i Shebenikut pranë qytetit të Librazhdit. Është quajtur si mushkëria e Shqipërisë së Mesme. Është një zonë e mbrojtur dhe ofron larmirshmëri turizmi, sidomos atë malor. Ka varietete të mrekullueshme për tu vizituar që mund të linin pafjalë këdo vizitor ngado që të vinte, saqë do ishte ''ziliqar'' që nuk kishte një bukuri të tillë në vendin e tij''

Although gentrification has been mostly understood as an urban phenomenon, the permanent establishment of urban dwellers in rural areas is becoming a widespread trend across the world. Despite its relevance to postindustrial societies, rural gentrification has been largely overlooked by heritage scholars, and has been explored very little in the context of Spain. In this article, I examine the relationship between heritage and rural gentrification through the case study of Santiago Millas, a village located in the Maragatería region of Spain. Based on long-term ethnographic engagement with different actors (newcomers, local residents, and public officials), I examine a specific instance of the globalizing phenomenon of rural gentrification, highlighting the key role heritage plays in this phenomenon, including (1) the impact on local governmentalities based on heritage discourse; (2) the refurbishing of houses and changes in the social spaces of villages; and (3) the transformation of social life and rituals into metacultural discourses of heritage. I emphasize the urgency to carry out more research in order to improve our understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of rural gentrification from a heritage perspective.