Theoretical Morphology (in Biology)

Abstract—Surface crack detection is useful in structural engineering. Early detection of surface crack can prevent damages and disasters. If the surface cracks are detected early, we can avoid costly repairs to the structures and damages to structures and human life. Regular curve tracing methods fail to detect cracks because cracks are non-continuous. We need to explore different technique to detect cracks in the surface. Cracks can be in concrete walls or in the asphalted roads. In this paper, we propose to use morphological techniques to detect surface cracks, along with regular edge detection techniques. Morphological operations can be used to enhance discontinuities in image and join the missing pixels. Combination of edge detection as pre-processing and filtering as post-processing seems to be an effective way to detect the surface cracks effectively.

The goal of this paper is to offer a unified analysis of the morphological structure of spatial adpositions and spatial case markers in three languages: English, Spanish, and Finnish. This analysis combines Distributed Morphology assumptions with a Type-Logical formal treatment. Two key results emerge from this unified morpho-syntactic analysis. First, spatial adpositions (behind, encima, laelta) can be accounted as the result of merging different “types” of spatial morphemes, including spatial case markers and particles. Second, cross-linguistic syntactic phenomena involving these categories (e.g. argument demotion) can also be accounted for straightforwardly, via our analysis. We suggest that these results also support a “morphology all the way up” view of Distributed Morphology.

We report on the crystal improvement of semi-polar (112¯2) gallium nitride epitaxy layer on m-plane (101¯0) sapphire substrate by changing the flux rate at a fixed V/III ratio. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) analysis showed that lower flux rate enhanced the crystal quality of GaN epitaxy with the lowest FWHM values of 394 and 1173 arc seconds at [11¯23] and [11¯00] planes, respectively. In addition, Raman spectroscopy showed that flux rate did not affect the stress state of the GaN crystal. However, atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrograph depicted an anomalous trend where the lowest flux rate produces roughest surface with RMS roughness of 40.41 nm. Further analysis of AFM results on the undulation period length along [11¯23] and [11¯00] directions is carried out. It shows that as the growth rate decreases, the average undulation period along [11¯23] and [11¯00] directions increases from 2.59 µm and 1.90 µm to 3.52 µm and 3.52 µm, respectively. The mechanism for the...

Fraxinus L. is one of the 24 genera in Oleaceae family and comprises 43 species that are distributed in northern hemisphere. Two species: F. excelsior L. and F. angustifolia Vahl. are reported from Iran. These species are very similar on the basis of morphological characteristics which make their identification difficult. In order to overcome the ambiguity of these two species and their subspecific ranks, morphological and micromorphological traits of the species in 55 populations were studied. Forty nine qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics were studied. Phenetic analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 16 software and phenogram of the species considering morphological characters were plotted. Furthermore, PCA analysis was carried out and the most variable characters were determined. Factor analysis revealed the color of adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaflets, color of winter buds, type of inflorescence, shape of fruit and its tip, and margin of leaflets are...

This volume presents nine chapters dealing with emotionally loaded morphology over four continents. The collection is the result of a workshop on “morphology and emotions” (MorphEm) held by the first author at Dynamique du Langage (CNRS) in Lyon on 29–30 April 2015. In this introduction, we first discuss our definitions of the terms “emotions”, “morphology”, and the intersection between the two ( Section 1 ). In Section 2 , we contextualize the study of the morphological encoding of emotions within semantic typology and semantic ecology, and spell out some of the cross-linguistic generalizations that can be made about the morphological encoding of emotions on the basis of the contributions in this volume. In Section 3 , we summarize the findings of the volume on the more specific topic of evaluative morphology, the most widespread type of emotionally loaded morphology. Finally, Section 4 offers a chapter-by-chapter outline of the volume.

Loanwords are very influential in language learning because learners have a tendency to pronounce or write target language’s words based on the corresponding loanwords in their first languages. For that reason, research on English loanwords in both Thai and Indonesian is a potential source for Thai and Indonesian language learning, and even English as a foreign language (EFL) learning in Thailand and Indonesia. The objective of this research is to find out the differences and similarities between English loanwords in Thai and those in Indonesian in terms of their phonological and morphological adaptation. Since not all suprasegmental features, such as tone, exist in both languages, the phonological analysis pays more attention on vowel and consonant changes. The morphological analysis on the other hand focuses on morphological changes of polymorphemic words. The data of this research were collected from previous studies and interviews with native speakers of each language. The findi...

Mukesh Kumar, Yuvana S. Priya, Virendra Mathur, Harendra Kumar, and Vadamalai Elangovan (2016) The ultrastructural hair morphology of 09 insectivorous bats such as Pipistrellus coromandra, P. ceylonicus, Scotophilus kuhlii, S. heathii, Hipposideros fulvus, H. lankadiva, Megaderma lyra, Rhinopoma micorphyllum and R. hardwickii were examined through scanning electron microscope to validate the use of hair characteristics as supplemental taxonomic tools for species recognition. The results suggest that the hair characteristics such as scale cuticle, divergence from the shaft and degree of hastateness varied among different species of bats. The coronal divergent scale was found in P. coromandra, P. ceylonicus, H. fulvus, and H. lankadiva while coronal divaricate scale was found in R. micorphyllum and R. hardwickii. However, imbricate type of scale was found in S. kuhlii, S. heathii and M. lyra with different degree of hastateness among them. The different types of hastateness found amon...

In this study the kinship terms of Kurmali has been explored from both linguistic and anthropological point of view. Kurmali is an Indo-Aryan language which has not been studied to a great extent. This paper explores the area of kinship terms in kurmali language, and its outlines the standard kinship relations, associated set of terms in the language. The formations of such terms are also elaborated with grammatical analysis. Kurmali is a morphologically rich language and Kinship terms form an important aspect in morphology of Kurmali Language. There is less number of morphological studies in Kurmali kinship terms also. The study also showed that that the prefixes and suffixes play a major role in formation of the kinship terms in Kurmali language. Moreover for the formation of kinship terms, it follows a unified pattern or paradigm in Kurmali language.

Some structural similarities between English and the Polynesian language Tokelau are investigated, especially regarding the multifunctionality of linguistic forms. Observations are made with respect to the relative distribution of overt processes and conversion, and it is argued that conversion should be regarded as a negatively defined cover notion for all cross-categorial lexical processes that do not involve formal modification of the input. The similarities with respect to the inventory and patterning of word-formational processes are motivated by certain similarities in the morphological type of the two languages.

Tarsonemus caucasicus Sharonov & Mitrofanov (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is re-described and illustrated, on the base of newly recorded material from Apulia (Italy), where it was found affecting laboratory cultures of fungi. The morphology and systematic position of the species are briefly discussed. Key words: morphology, systematics, taxonomy, T. bilobatus, lab fungi cultures. T. caucasicus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) viene ridescritto sulla base di un nuovo ritrovamento in Puglia (Italia) su colture di laboratorio di Verticillum dahliae e Armillaria mellea. Segue una discussione sulla morfologia e posizione sistematica di questa specie. Parole chiave: morfologia, sistematica, tassonomia, T. bilobatus, funghi in colture di laboratorio.

Nanocrystalline nickel coatings deposited on a copper base material from DES made of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in 1:2 molar ratio containing 1 mol dm−3 NiCl2⋅6H2O were modified through post-deposition heat treatment at the temperatures from 100 to 400 °C. As-deposited coatings were composed of spheroidal agglomerates with the size of several hundred nanometers interspersed with lamellar crystals, but after annealing at 300 °C and 400 °C only single nano-sized plates embedded in a granular and porous layer remained. As the temperature of the heat treatment increased from 100 °C to 400 °C, the mean crystallite size increased from 13 to 35 nm. The change in crystallite size was accompanied by a change in microhardness, the maximum value of which was measured for the annealed coating at 200 °C. As a result of heat treatment, coatings were gradually covered by a layer of oxidized nickel species. XPS analyses showed that NiOOH and Ni(OH)2 dominated among them. Above 200 °C the ...

A three-dimensional (3D) theoretical morphospace of gomphonemoid and cymbelloid
diatoms was skeletonized using concepts from extended Reeb graph analysis and Morse
theory. The resultant skeleton tree was matched to a cladogram of the same group of
related taxa using adjacency matrices of the trees and ordinated with multidimensional
scaling (MDS) of leaf nodes. From this, an unweighted path matrix based on the number
of branches between leaf nodes was ordinated to determine degree of matched tree
structures. A constrained MDS of the path matrix, weighted by ranked MDS leaf node
groups as facets, was used to interpret taxon environmental tolerances and habitat preferences
with respect to adaptive value. The methods developed herein provided a way
to combine results from morphological and phylogenetic analyses and interpret those
results with respect to an aspect of evolutionary process, namely, adaptation.

A number of basic forms in the gomphonemoid–cymbelloid diatom lineages were generated
using three-dimensional (3D) parametric equations. The same boundary intervals
and differentials for the parameters were used for all forms. From this, the absolute
value of the Riemann sum of differences was determined for each variable between
pairs of forms. The results were coordinate triplets, and they were plotted in 3D morphospace.
Naviculoid forms occupied lower-valued morphospace in contrast to gomphonemoid
and cymbelloid morphospaces. However, gomphonemoid and cymbelloid
forms occupied different morphospaces. Forms representing Brebissonia occupied morphospace
at the base of gomphonemoid forms, but occupied high-valued morphospace
with respect to cymbelloid forms. Forms representing Encyonema had lower-valued
coordinates compared to other cymbelloid forms. These results support hypotheses of
Kociolek and Stoermer that state that naviculoid forms (and in particular, Placoneis)
are ancestral to gomphonemoid and cymbelloid forms, Brebissonia is basal to gomphonemoid
(but not cymbelloid) forms, and Encyonema is more primitive than other
cymbelloid forms. This approach was useful in inferring the relation between theoretical
morphospace and hypothesized phylogenies in the gomphonemoid–cymbelloid diatom
lineages.