Support

Two still-life paintings were scientifically examined in order to gain insights about Dutch painter Jan van Huysum's (1682-1749) purportedly secretive paintings techniques, comparing the actual works to information obtained in the few available historical technical sources. Surface investigations included macroscopic and microscopic examination, infrared reflectography and x-radiography, while material characterization of the ground, organic and inorganic pigments and binding media was carried out with a range of non-destructive and destructive analytical techniques. The belief that the two works were an original pair of pendant paintings was disproved due to substantial technical differences in the wood support, ground layers and use of yellow pigment. It was also found that Van Huysum's use of newly developed pigments (Prussian blue, Naples yellow) had lead to changes in his painting technique, which no longer corresponded to those described in the period's manuals, an...

Children’s unwillingness to report abuse places them at risk for re-victimization, and interviewers who do not respond sensitively to that unwillingness may increase the likelihood that victims will not disclose abuse. Interviewer support and children’s reluctance were examined on a turn-by-turn basis using sequential analyses in 199 forensic interviews of 3-to-13-year-olds who alleged maltreatment. Half of the children were interviewed using the Revised Protocol that emphasized rapport-building (RP), the others using the Standard NICHD Protocol (SP). When using the RP, interviewers provided proportionally more support than when using the SP, but even when using the RP they did not specifically provide support when children expressed reluctance. The RP promoted immediate cooperation when reluctant utterances were met with support, however, suggesting that supportive statements were valuable. The findings enhance our understanding of children’s willingness to participate in investiga...

PurposeAlthough organizations change on a regular basis, much of what we know about the impacts of organizational change can best be described as macro‐level information. Only recently have scholars begun to examine the impact of organizational change at the level of the individual employee (i.e. micro level). The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of a supervisor's support for a change initiative in relation to employee job satisfaction and job involvement.Design/methodology/approachThis research made use of archival data. Police officers (n=88) were randomly selected from across the USA to complete phone interviews meant to assess, in part, supervisor support for a change from traditional policing to community policing, job satisfaction, and job involvement.FindingsWhile supervisor support for the change initiative was found to be related to job satisfaction and job involvement, job satisfaction mediated the supervisor support‐job involvement relationship.Resear...

Salah satu metode data mining yang cukup popular untuk mendapatkan hubungan antar sebuah item dengan item tertentu adalah metode aturan asosiasi dengan menggunakan algoritma APriori, metode ini cukup tepat untuk menghasilkan pola aturan hubungan antar jenis item yang terjual berdasarkan data penjualan. Nilai support pada frequent item dan confidence pada rules yang didapat bisa memberikan wawasan yang dapat ditindaklanjuti oleh pengelola minimarket, koperasi dan lain sebagainya. Pengkategorian jenis produk pada minimarket cukup banyak sementara jumlah keseluruhan transaksi dalam satu tahun juga sangat banyak, sedangkan jumlah jenis item terjual dalam suatu transaksi sangat sedikit, dengan demikian nilai threshold tidak bisa terlampau tinggi. Pada penelitian ini metode aturan asosiasi dilakukan per event atau periode tertentu yang berkaitan dengan hari besar umat Islam, didapatkan rule tertinggi yaitu makanan ringan => sembako dengan confidence sebesar 46% dan support sebesar 16% yang terjadi pada bulan Ramadhan.

Le contexte de crise économique, financière, fiscale et sociale présente de nouveaux enjeux pour la jeunesse tant en Europe qu’en Amérique du Nord. De nombreuses études au cours des dernières décennies ont montré de profondes transformations dans la situation des jeunes, notamment au regard de leur passage à la vie d’adulte autonome. L’allongement de la jeunesse, le temps passé aux études, l’entrée plus tardive et précaire sur le marché du travail, la constitution reportée d’une nouvelle famille, etc., sont autant de seuils, d’étapes, d’expériences jalonnant le devenir adulte des jeunes (Galland, 2004 ; Walther,
2006). Pourtant, la crise actuelle semble faire de ce devenir une impasse, l’injonction à l’autonomie comme
vecteur de l’inscription sociale devenant de plus en plus paradoxale. En effet, quel sens peut prendre la notion d’autonomie lorsque la structuration sociale ne
parvient plus à intégrer les individus, accroissant jour après jour les difficultés des jeunes (Loncle, 2012)
?

This paper is of diagnostic-cognitive and partially verifying2 nature. The paper consists of introduction and two parts. In the first part, entitled Family, work, education – areas of women’s life. Conceptualization of own researches, the author refers to family and its assessment, which has been undergoing in Poland at the time of system transformation,
presents a description and functions of contemporary family, defines family social roles showing at the same time evaluation of the female roles – from mother, wife, to woman who is educationally and professionally active respectively. Harmonization and conflicts
connected with adopting by women numerous roles simultaneously are subsequent issues discussed in this part of the paper. The author also draws attention to relations between these women and other family members – their course, condition, and “quality.” The issues
concerning free time, analyzed in the context of ways in which it is spent by particular family members, close the part devoted to family issues.
Theoretical considerations include also issues concerning education and work undertaken by women. The author presents selected contexts of development of female education showing a kind of struggle for access of women to institutional education, to higher education in particular. The author concentrates also on motives make women
decide to take up education and, particularly, on the barriers encountered by women while trying to access it. The second part of this chapter concerns professional activities of women. The author provides a general outline of women’s entry into the labour market, presenting the woman as a discriminated employee (especially in terms of payment) and an employee of low value, whose low pay was only a supportive income for the family (the man was the main breadwinner of the family). Women’s position at the labour market in Poland (with particular consideration of analysis of chosen sectors) and in selected
countries of the European Union are the next issues discussed in this part of the paper. The author also analyses in detail barriers and obstacles in the access to work encountered by women, emphasizing the constant lack of institutional forms of childcare. Chosen Polish
documents and legal regulations as well as the European Union guidelines referring to disproportions at the labour market constitute subsequent issues discussed within the area of problems related to women’s professional activity. It is also essential to emphasize that flexible forms of employment are still rarely used in Poland, although, as in other countries, they might turn out to be a ”golden mean” in the
search for balance between professional work and house duties and the other side way round. The author presents two well known forms of ”flexible” employment (selfemployment and telework), which are perfect for women who fulfil numerous roles at the same time, both of which are, unfortunately, rarely used in Poland. The third chapter in the theoretical part refers to methodological and analytical research
assumptions (chosen model of research, object, aim and research tasks, problems and research hypotheses, quantitative-qualitative analysis of empirical factors, methods, techniques and tools applied in the research). This chapter ends with the description of the area and the group of respondents, as well as details concerning organization and schedule of research.
Part Two of the publication consists of description and analysis of results of conducted research, arranged and presented in three chapters, which refer to particular areas of women’s lives, pointing at experienced problems, conflicts and successes achieved by respondents. This part of the paper ends with verification of adopted hypotheses and
conclusions from research.
The author also presents her reflections on practical implications of reconciling family, professional and educational life. These reflections, connected with experienced conflicts and problems related to adopting numerous roles simultaneously, are based on literature survey, selected regulations and, particularly, on the results of conducted research. The
author is certain that such a brief presentation of practical solutions is not perfect as it constitutes only ”a small part of the whole” of what could be introduced. However, if appropriate improvements were made and some changes in respective provisions were introduced and at the same time tested in practice, they could turn out to be useful for not
only contemporary women, but also for men, who, at the times of constant social and economical changes, have to adopt numerous roles as well.