Socio Economic History

Gaja or elephants has been an integral part of Indian Arts, crafts, culture and heritage since time immemorial. Elephants has been represented repeatedly in Indian Art and sculpture. Sculptures in India are lavishly ornamented. The richness and exuberance of temple sculptures are largely due to depiction of animate and inanimate world. Animal carvings especially elephants and their various combinations are largely depicted on the walls of caves and temples. The preponderance of elephant motifs on the railings of caves and temples shows cultural association of people with elephants and their availability in plenty both in the wild and in captivity. This particular paper on the basis of literary accounts, sculptural evidences and paintings would focus on the myriad aspects of Indian arts and crafts pertaining to the use of Gaja or elephant as a symbol and motif. The paper will start its survey from the remains from one of the earliest civilizations of mankind, the Indus Valley Civilization which provides the earliest and careful representation of elephant on seals and amulets. If we look into the lexicons, the hymns of the Rgveda mentions that a white elephant as the carrier or vahana of lord Indra, the warrior God of the heaven. The Jatakas refers to the stories of lord Buddha descended on the Earth in the form of an elephant and so on. Elephants has been also repeatedly depicted as symbols and motifs. Initially lord Buddha was symbolised in various forms including the symbol of elephant. There are several myths relating to elephants in Indian culture and society. The most popular belief indicating the sign of conception in womanhood with the visit of an elephant in her dreams. Religio-mythical tales of India associate mother goddess with elephant, not primarily as her Vahana, but as the symbolic source of fecundation by representing two or more elephants

Developmental capitalism is not only a question of a shared vision of economic nationalism and a shared strategy of national growth among economic and political elites, and their cooperation. Its success also depends on the degree of mobilization and integration in the population. Post-war Japan saw little continuity in the social basis of developmental capitalism, which was institutionalized in two steps following the socio-political crisis of 1960. In the first period of 1960–1973, national economic growth was redefined from a project for national greatness depending on individual sacrifice into a path of shared growth towards general well-being. Then, during the late 1970s and 1980s, the social basis was strengthened through the institutionalization of the Japanese way of life. The social basis of developmental capitalism in Japan is showing symptoms of stress. Provided that the current return to growth is not a short-term interlude, these symptoms may be overcome and an adapted version of developmental capitalism reestablished. However, in the medium term, demographic development and the end of general social upward mobility may well lead to a disintegration of the social basis of developmental capitalism.

The Yoruba people of South Western Nigeria started inter-group relations with people of Northern Nigeria well before the British colonial rule began in 1900. In different historical countries, the shifting ethnic interaction was characterized by warfare, commerce mobility and religions (especially around the old Oyo, Nupe, Borno and Hausa city-states) The British colonial rule transformed the pattern of interactions. Between 1948 and 1966, the activities of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa constituted a turning point in the Hausa/Fulani-Yoruba relations. 
Minna been a railway town, and also commercial centers of different tribes, race and culture. Minna is a town dominated by the Gbagis.
Yoruba also formed part of the teeming population of Minna. The history of Yoruba settlement in Minna could be dated back to the colonial period. This set of people came from Kwara, Oyo, Ondo, Ogun, Ekiti and Osun State in search for labour or greener pasture. The Yoruba mainly engaged in activities such as trade, taxi driving, mechanics, tailoring, clothe weaving, and other economic activities.
To this end, this research examines the contribution of the Yorubas in Minna to her economy up to 21st century.

Mass tourism started late and declined early in Morecambe,
Lancashire. The seaside resort developed in the late nineteenth
century, tourism soared in the early twentieth century and peaked
in the inter-war and post-war years. However, by the 1970s
Morecambe was nicknamed The Costa Geriatrica – where seagulls
don’t land anymore. It had become the unfashionable subject of
jokes on national television. This transformation in reputation and
fortune was rapid; the trend since the mid-twentieth century was
one of decline. Most attractions struggled to survive past the mid-
1970s and the 1980s were a low point. The visitor numbers had
fallen away; few resorts have experienced such a pronounced
boom and bust. This article will consider the various micro and
macro factors which contributed to Morecambe’s unusually
turbulent history as a mass tourism destination. In doing so it
reveals that many of the acutest challenges facing the resort were
resort specific or regional and not limited to the second half of
the twentieth century – the period most often associated with the
decline of traditional British seaside resorts. This account of the
failure of mass tourism provides an important historical context,
as the resort considers its future and attempts regeneration.

Methodological paper presented during the European Association for Urban History (Rome, 2018). The European Association for Urban History (EAUH) provides a multidisciplinary forum for historians, geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, art and architectural historians, planners and other scholars working on various aspects of urban history from the middle ages until the present.

Historical-archaeological research has argued that waterways were the most efficient means of transporting goods. Nevertheless, little systematic research has been done on the use of waterways in northern Gaul. This study assesses the potential of the river Scheldt as a transport corridor. It starts with a general characterisation of the river basin and a reconstruction of the Roman-era transport network, arguing that the necessary investments in fluvial transport were made. Both the settlement pattern, the level of economic activity, and the epigraphical evidence displays a peak in riverine and maritime trade during the second and the beginning of the third century. The results of the GIS-based cost-distance and accessibility analysis reveal a well-connected region, strategically situated between northern France, the North Sea coast, and the Rhine frontier. Although seasonal rivers were essential in minimizing transport costs, the accessibility of sites primarily depended on access to the road network.

This Is My Undergraduate Dissertation  - I looked at the British Indian Capital, Calcutta, in the years 1835 to 1875, through the lens of social, economic, political, religious and technological development, to see what changed and what was constant.