River Engineering Modeling

Analysis of changing channel pattern of flood prone Damodar River of West Bengal is very much essential for the investigation of surface expression of hidden hydrogeomorphic changes. It provides a sound basis for predicting future changes of river dynamics, especially those taking place after dam constructions by Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC). Using toposheets, satellite images and Geographic Information System (GIS), we have measured temporal pattern (1943 – 2006) of river plan-form with the help of Mueller’s Sinuosity Indexes to unfold the magnitude of river instability, contributing factors of sinuosity and the chances of flood with a probability of changing course.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

Two multi-storied occupied apartment buildings and a clinic of 'Red-Cross Society' in Chandernagore-a former French colony, located very close to the banks of tidal river 'Hooghly' (the southernmost part of River Ganges-the major hydrodynamic system that formed the world's largest delta) are standing precariously, following some recurrent slides of high riverbank during the last year's monsoons. The area where the ground caved in, is on the end of the famous Strand Bank Road (in Hooghly district of West Bengal in India); which is supposed to be the best decorated bank of the river 'Ganges' along its entire length of 2500 km. The opposite river bank is an official sand mining site. The river over considerable stretch at both upstream and downstream apparently seemed stable when analyzed over an extensive temporal domain from old Survey of India toposheets, recent satellite imagery, digital elevation model, field hydrographical survey synthesized in Geographical Information System (GIS) platform. A closer look into the geotechnical aspects supported by subsurface exploration, post failure on-site exposures and stability analysis revealed certain startling facts when considered in association with the hydro-meteorological factors and fluvial dynamics. An in-depth study of the factors responsible for the localized erosion is presented based on site observations and evidences, analyzed in association with real time hydrological and meteorological data.

Inter basin water transfer is viewed as an useful approach to correct the natural imbalance due to inequitable distribution of water resources from a surplus water area to a water deficit area. A simulation model is developed to analyze different promising cases of an intra-basin water transfer proposal linking Parbati, Kalisindh and Chambal rivers in Chambal basin (India). The model is applied to a system of five-reservoirs, where water is to be transferred from three proposed reservoirs to the two existing reservoirs. The initial estimates for the model is taken from the results of three optimization models, namely, improved general purpose yield model (IGPYM), controlled input model (CIM) and procurement problem model (PPM). Two alternative water transfer link proposals are studied. The consequences of the adoption of a case in terms of meeting demands and increase or decrease in design parameters are presented.

This blog article is based on Riverfront development projects are gaining momentum all over India after the path setting feat of Sabarmati Riverfront project (SRP) in Ahmedabad, which is considered as the so called pioneer city in urban transformation. Kharun Riverfront Development Project (KRDP) was initiated by the Government of Chhattisgarh (GoCG) in association with Raipur Development Authority (RDA) on lines of SRP in early 2015. It is primarily and largely meant for recreational, housing, tourism and ecological purposes, as conceded by the authorities. However, conflict over KRDP raised serious questions about riverfront projects in India. Conflict over Kharun Riverfront Development Project (KRDP) near Raipur city, started conceiving when the consultancy firm WAPCOS, which was appointed to do the preliminary feasibility assessment for the project, had begun its survey between mid and late 2015. Survey of villages upstream of Mahadev Ghat, which was out of purview of proposed area, became another immediate reason for emergence of the conflict. Some Gram Panchayats were informed about the survey while some weren't. Series of protests began in Amleshwar, Bhothali and Khudmuda villages, situated in Durg district, in early 2016. Protests involved Gheraos, Jal Satyagraha, FIR, marches and sloganeering. 1 People from affected villages, mostly land owning farmers, and otherwise, were mobilised under the banner of a Chhattisgarh based Civil Society Organisation named, Rashtriya Kisan Kranti Morcha headed by Priya Sharan Tripathi. The conflict was covered by print and electronic media at regional level. In late January 2016, as protests intensified, the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Raman Singh, assured in one of the zero hours of the state's legislative assembly, that the government won't acquire private land; the project will only be developed on government owned lands. This assurance dissipated the protests. However, when I interviewed Chhattisgarh's Minister for Environment and Housing, Rajesh Munat, he conceded that the government is strongly willing to proceed with the project, as it is important for Raipur city and Kharun River. Presently, the project is suspended because the plan for formation of SADA has been scrapped. 1 A Gherao is a way of protesting where protestors encircle buildings or individual(s) and protest by sloganeering; putting forth their arguments and demands and giving ultimatum for demands at times.

Bangladesh is a great delta formed by the alluvial deposits of the three mighty Himalayan Rivers: the Ganges,
the Brahmaputra and the Meghna. And these river systems carries probably the largest sediment discharge of
all the world's rivers. The recent increase in bed levels due to the huge sediment inflow on the major river
system of Bangladesh is introducing problems like widening of rivers, increased flood propensity, river bank
erosion, reduction in navigability, closure of off-takes etc. Capital Dredging can play a key role in solving these
problems. This study mainly applies mathematical modeling techniques to assess the impact of capital dredging
in selected reaches of the Ganges river. A 116km long one-dimensional model has been set up for the river
using HEC-RAS. A rating curve was developed using the observed discharge and water level data at Hardinge
Bridge to generate the flow boundary of the model. The model has been hydrodynamically and morphologically
calibrated using the latest availale data. The design storm event was determined by carrying out frequency
analysis of the observed data. It is seen from the simulated model that although the velocity at the vicinity of the
capital dredging has increased, it has negligible impact on the important structures in the river. Also very little
backfilling is seen in the dredged channel with the passage of design storm event.

The huge river of human history also has its irresistible and threatening swellings. When the wave rises, it washes against the two retaining embankments: on the right the conformist one, of Conservation of existing and traditional forces; along it priests chant in procession, policemen and gendarmes patrol, the teachers and cantors of official lies and state-schooling prate.
The left bank is that of the reformists, hedged with "people's" representatives, the dealers in opportunism, the parliamentarians and progressive organisers. Exchanging insults across the stream, both processions claim to have the recipe to maintain the fast-flowing river in its restrained and enforced channel.
But at great turning points, the current breaks free and leaves its course, "shifting" like the Po at Guastalla and Volano onto an unexpected course, sweeping the two sordid bands into the irresistible flood of the revolution which subverts all old forms of restraint, moulding a new face on society like on the land.

This paper describes a total of 122 sediment data obtained from May 2000 until October 2002 at Kinta River Catchment in the river sediment collection and analysis project. Data collection including suspended load, bed load, bed material and flow discharge have been carried out at six study sites consisting of four rivers which are situated at Kinta River Catchment, namely Kinta River, Pari River, Raia River and Kampar River. The sediment transport equation assessments have been carried out using Yang, Engelund & Hansen, Ackers & White and Graf equations. The results of Yahaya (1999) and Ariffin (2004) studies for Kerayong River, Kulim River and Langat River catchment (224 sets of data) are also included in this present study.

Keywords: Sediment transport; alluvial river; flood mitigation; erosion; deposition.

A three-dimensional numerical model was applied to study the bed morphology and bedload transport of the junction of Ara and Kurau rivers in Perak in Malaysia. SSIIM2 a 3D k-ɜ turbulence CFD model with an adaptive, non-orthogonal and unstructured grid has been used for modeling the hydrodynamic of confluence. The numerical model was tested against field data from Ara-Kurau confluence. Satisfactory agreement was found between computed and measured bedload and bed elevation in the field. The study indicates that numerical models might become a useful tool for predicting the bedload transport rate and bed morphology changes in river confluences.

Hydrology plays a vital role in protection and management of water above and below the ground surface. Rainfall runoff is important component contributing significantly to the hydrological cycle. In India, the availability of accurate information on runoff is scarcely available at few selected sites. Therefore, estimation of runoff is needed for water resource planning, environmental impact analysis and for effective management of a watershed. In this present study, integration of remote sensing data of Sudha watershed area of Indrayani Sub-basin and application of the SCS CN model in a GIS environment has helped us to provide a powerful tool for estimation of runoff at the selected site. RS and GIS were effectively used to manage spatial and non-spatial data base that represent the hydrologic characteristics of a watershed. The land use and land cover map, soil map, rainfall data were collected from different sources and processes. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method were used to estimate runoff. It is simple, predictable and stable conceptual method. It combines the watershed parameters and climatic factor in one entity called the curve number P. The present study were successfully demonstrated an integrated remote sensing and GIS technique to suggest the suitable zone for future artificial recharge structures in the Sudha River sub watershed in Indrayani river basin.

Flood analysis requires accurate topographic data to obtain a good overview of flood inundation. At this time, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is the best technology of remote sensing for collecting elevation data from earth surface. This elevation data can be used to create relief of the earth’s surface in three-dimensional format which is often referred to as a digital elevation model (DEM).

This paper dealt with the utilization of LIDAR technology in analysis of flood inundation due to overflowing river based on simulation of hydrodynamic model. The creation of DEM from elevation data was done by geographic information system technique using Global Mapper software. The river geometry model was established by using HEC-GeoRAS installed in ArcGIS which then water surface profiles of flood were simulated using HEC-RAS.

The result of flood profiles simulation were imported into HEC-GeoRAS in order to obtain flood inundation map. The utilization of LIDAR technology is very helpful within  analysis of flood inundation, so that the availability and its access need to be improved.

During the construction works for an extension of an existing bridge pier severe scouring occurred after the placement of a sheet pile cofferdam. A
detailed investigation of the situationwas conducted at the Bundesanstalt fürWasserbau (Federal Hydraulic Research Institute) in Karlsruhe, Germany.
For the measurement of the scour development without protective layer, an optical measurement method - out-of-plane projection Moiré -was employed
in order to investigate its suitability. This technique uses the Moiré effect to map surface contours which are indicated by superposition lines or fringes.
The Moiré fringe patterns generated by the measurements were then digitised for further analysis. The contour model revealed that, although the
scouring depth did not increase significantly with time after the initial scour had formed, scour size did in fact do so. In addition, the contour model
allows to map the scour extension and to determine the maximum deposition height. A 3D model of bridge pier and scour showed, in combination with
photographs, the validity of the measurement technique and pointed towards the generation of a virtual environment for the representation of experimental
results.

Nile River is the main source of water for Egypt to the scarcity of rainfall as a result of Egypt's position in the desert belt in subtropical region.This study utilize multivariate statistical technique as well Meteorological variable to make probabilistic Seasonal forecast of Nile flood before its occurrence by suitable lead time. monthly rainfall data from dense network from Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency and Monthly High-Dam Nile Flood discharge at Aswan from Egyptian National Hydrology Agency are used to examine the inter-annual and inter-seasonal variability and their linkage with dominated tropical and extra-tropical oscillation like El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Projected pattern at sea Surface Temperature SST dataset are not enough to illustrate satisfaction predictability skill. Cluster Analysis statistical techniques used to determine which Geographical zones have a major contribution of main amount Nile flood. EL Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictability was stand as a great barrier in our target but we enhance statistical techniques to overcome that obstacle .Finally, we combine Nile Flood Discharge anomaly to Rainfall from dense Ethiopian network to enhance predictability and to Reflect natural fluctuation of Nile River. It is suggested that Canonical correlation Analysis (CCA) Method with Appropriate techniques which combine Wind Field and SST Modes at One month lead time to improve Nile River predictability signal by more than 60%.So,Nile Flood anomaly pattern can predicted with a good skill within a short lead time based on Wind Field and SST to overcome late evolution of ENSO.

Reaeration in combined wind/stream driven flows was experimentally studied in a laboratory wind-water tunnel. Wind velocities, stream flow properties, and oxygen transfer rates were measured under a variety of cocurrent and countercurrent flow conditions. For pure open channel flows and pure wind-driven flows, respectively, the results of oxygen transfer measurement can be scaled by the simple forcing parameters and show good agreement with other laboratory studies.

The National Weather Service (NWS) maintains a collection of computer models used to perform various functions for managing
the rivers of the United States. One function of the NWS's river forecast centers is to provide long-term resource forecasts for the main river
basins in the United States. By using singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, the research presented here identifies a new sea surface
temperature (SST) index which demonstrates significant, long-lead covariance with streamflow in the Colorado River Basin. This index is
compared with other existing climate indices by using the nonparametric rank sum test and by also using the index in a forecasting scenario.

Bio-Engineering is gaining popularity in the Philippines. It is now a common in road construction as slope countermeasures. However, in river works, bio-engineering is rarely applied due to insufficient knowledge of the characteristics local plant species as slope stabilization measures and lack of contextual procedural guidelines. Through hydraulic flume experiment, covercrop, carabao grass and coconet were probed to determine their capacity to withstand different hydraulic conditions with the aim of applying the results in river bank protection. The covercrop grown in soil with coconet overlaid stood out to withstand the flow velocity bordering 2 m/s. More experiments are required to establish the applicability of vegetative cover as bank protections in a river stretch.

One of the most important issues related to the rivers is the river erosion in meander location, especially the river beach erosion in the outer bend, that the main reason for that is the existence of secondary streams. The existence of this issue affects the morphology of the river. In this research, using the CCHE2D numerical model, the sediment hydraulic simulation of the Maroon River has been performed and the effect of water speed in the river on the erosion of the river bend, especially the outer bend, and, the utilization of groin on the Maroon River has been investigated as a proposal. The results of this research show that, during the seasonal floodwater and increase of the discharge, the outer beach of the river bend will be eroded and destroyed that this phenomenon could be controlled by the installation of the groin. The installation of groin in the outer bend decreases the shear stress of the river bed by decreasing the flow discharge; therefore, results in the erosion prevention in the outer bend and as a result the beach fixation.

Water and sediment interactions shape hillslopes, regulate soil erosion and sedimentation, and organize river networks. Landscape evolution and river organization occur at various spatial and temporal scale and the understanding and modelling of them is highly complex. The idea of a least action principle governing river networks evolution has been proposed many times as a simpler approach among the ones existing in the literature. These theories assume that river networks, as observed in nature, self-organize and act on soil transportation in order to satisfy a particular "optimality" criterion. Accordingly, river and landscape weathering can be simulated by solving an optimization problem, where the choice of the criterion to be optimized becomes the initial assumption. The comparison between natural river networks and optimized ones verifies the correctness of this initial assumption. Yet, various criteria have been proposed in literature and there is no consensus on wh...

"Sediment transporting capacity, curvature effects as well as composition of channel bed and bank materials need
to be considered by the engineer during the design process of natural channels. Neglecting these effects would
normally result in instability problems because channel morphology usually changes with time.

Mathematical model (FLUVIAL-12) has gradually become popular in designing stable sections because it is more
economical compared to physical model. The model is capable of predicting instability effects such as riverbed
changes due to erosion and sedimentation during flood, thereby providing the necessary information for the
design or bank protection work.

In this paper, the application of FLUVIAL-12 for Raia River shows that the study reach can be preserved to its natural characteristics provided that the river bank should be covered with natural protection which produce the flow resistance to the value of Manning’s n = 0.045."

Numerous time-consuming equations, based on the relationship between the reliability and representativeness of the data utilized in defining variables and constants, require complex parameters to estimate bedload transport. In this study the easily accessible data including flow discharge, water depth, water surface slope, and surface grain diameter
(d50) from small rivers in Malaysia were used to estimate bedload transport. Genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural network (ANN) models are applied as complementary tools to estimate bed load transport  based on a balance between simplicity and accuracy in small rivers. The developed models demonstrate higher  performance with an overall accuracy of 97% and 93% for ANN and GP, respectively compared with other traditional methods and empirical equations

Rivers are a major component of sediment routing systems that control the transfer of terrig-
enous sediments from source to sink. Although it is widely accepted that rivers are perturbed by millennial-scale climatic variability, the extent to which these signals are buffered or trans- ferred down river systems to be recorded in sediments at or beyond the river mouth remains debated. Here, we employ a physically based numerical model to address this outstanding issue. Our model shows that river transport strongly amplifies high-frequency sediment flux variations arising from changing water discharge, due to positive feedback between discharge and the channel gradient. This behavior is distinctly different from short-period sediment flux signals (with constant water discharge) where the output sediment flux is strongly dampened within the river, due to negative feedback between the channel gradient and sediment concen- tration. We conclude that marine sedimentary basins may record sediment flux cycles result- ing from discharge (and ultimately climate) variability, whereas they may be relatively insen- sitive to pure sediment flux perturbations (such as for example those induced by tectonics).

The methodological and practical issues in respect of assessment of the flood-plain and stream-way complex of<br> the Berezhnytsya river are presented in the article. Researched river is one of the Ukrainian Carpathians minor rivers and<br> constituted the right-bank tributary of the Dniester river. The presented study typify the stream-way segments. Furthermore<br> were shown identification of the reasons of decreasing the qualitative characteristics of the Berezhnytsya flood-plain<br> and stream-way complex. The set of works to stop processes that are destructive for the river and its ecosystem should be<br> made.

Episodic Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) discharges effectively control the ecological status of receiving water bodies. Hydrodynamic models like the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) are often used to model the CSO events. However, such detailed models are computationally demanding especially when a long-term simulation of a complex system is required. Considering this, we developed an alternative simple continuous simulation model (COSIMAT) using the SIMULINKTM module in MATLABTM as a means of solving the issue of computational time associated with the detailed models. The COSIMAT model was tested against a detailed model set up on the SWMM. The Paruck collector – one of the major Collector of the Brussels’ sewer system was used as an example case. Results showed that the accuracy of the simplified COSIMAT model was comparable to that of the detailed hydrodynamic model (SWMM) with a significant reduction of computational time by a factor of 8. We believe such alternative approache...