Rice Processing

Rice, which is among the most widely produced grain products worldwide, has many genetic varieties. These varieties are separated from each other due to some of their features. These are usually features such as texture, shape, and color. With these features that distinguish rice varieties, it is possible to classify and evaluate the quality of seeds. In this study, Arborio, Basmati, Ipsala, Jasmine and Karacadag, which are five different varieties of rice often grown in Turkey, were used. A total of 75,000 grain images, 15,000 from each of these varieties, are included in the dataset. A second dataset with 106 features including 12 morphological, 4 shape and 90 color features obtained from these images was used. Models were created by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithms for the feature dataset and by using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm for the image dataset, and classification processes were performed. Statistical results of sensitivity, specificity, prediction, F1 score, accuracy, false positive rate and false negative rate were calculated using the confusion matrix values of the models and the results of each model were given in tables. Classification successes from the models were achieved as 99.87% for ANN, 99.95% for DNN and 100% for CNN. With the results, it is seen that the models used in the study in the classification of rice varieties can be applied successfully in this field.

Rice syrup was produced from ten varieties of locally available rice in Nigeria. Flours of malted and unmalted rice from different varieties were treated with a combination of starch hydrolyzing enzymes (Amyloglucosidase, Bacterial α-amylase and Fungal α-amylase); and the starch hydrolysates were either filtered and/or centrifuged at the end of hydrolysis. The resulting rice syrup was evaluated for sugar compositions (maltose, glucose, maltotriose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) using HPLC. The results showed that syrups from malted rice had significantly higher (p<0.05) maltose and maltotriose concentration than syrups from unmalted rice. The resultant syrup is a „High Maltose Syrup‟ since maltose was found to be the predominant sugar in the rice syrup with concentration of above 50% especially for malted samples. Rice syrup can be widely applied as a potential raw material in beverage and confectionery industries as well as a good adjunct for brewing since the sugar profile ...

The cultivated rice (Oryza Sativa L.) belongs to the tribe, Oryzeae under the sub family Pooideae, in the grass family Gramineae (Poaceae). It is classified into two broad species; the Asian (sativa L.) and African (glabberima Steud) rice. The crop is considered the world’s most diverse and versatile with reference to its wide adaptability to variable ecologies. The plant usually takes 3–6 months from germination to maturity, depending on the variety and the environment under which it is grown. Rice has been cultivated world-wide for more than 10,000 years. FAO in 2000 classified it as the most important food crop depended on by over 50% of the world population for about 80% of their food need.
Consequently, rapid population growth and economic development are creating high pressures on food production, and to meet the global food demands, rice yield is expected to increase at a minimum rate of 1.2% annually over the next 10 years. In limited cultivated farmland, it is critical to ensure food security through continuous grain yield improvements, thus intensive rice breeding over the past 50 years has dramatically increased productivity especially in the indica sub species. A number of breeding programs have since developed ambitious strategies to increase grain yield; one of such being the manipulation of tiller numbers.
The present study sought to determine and compare tiller productivity and survival dynamics, relative to grain yield. A set of 12 genotypes was used; ten (10) lowland hybrid lines (16KH09010053, 16KH09010003, AFRUG6020041, 16KH09010044, DU 363-2, 16KH09010005, 16KH09010022, 16KH09010072, AFRUG6020058 and KIMNY), and two (2) upland inbred lines (NAMCHE 5 and ENTRY 20). The experiment was set up in one of the agronomy fields based at the NaCRRI Irrigation Facilities (Trial Farms), a typical irrigated lowland ecosystem. Sowing was done on 15th February, 2017, in a nursery bed. 21 day old seedlings were then transplanted to well-prepared experimental plots on 8th March, 2017. DAP was applied at transplanting, and Urea 7 WAT, both as top dressings.
The field was well managed for weeds and water distribution. Data was collected on various aspects, including numbers of tillers, productive and surviving tillers for 10 random plants per plot, at weekly, and fortnight intervals on some occasions. The data was then processed using MS Excel, while ANOVA and Correlations were performed using Genstat.
The results showed that the genotypes varied appreciably for both productive and surviving tillers. Maximum tillers ranged from 9 (NAMCHE 5) to 18 tillers hill-1 (16KH09010044) with 1, 9 and 2 genotypes attaining ceiling number of tillers at 10, 11 and 12 WAT respectively. Productive tillers hill-1 varied from 7 (DU 363-2) to 16 (16KH09010022), whilst surviving tillers hill-1 ranged from 7 (NAMCHE 5) to 18 surviving tillers hill-1 (16KH09010022). The highest percent of productive and surviving tillers was recorded for the genotype 16KH09010022 (91.03 and 101.12% respectively) and the lowest for DU 363-2 (51.62%) and ENTRY 20 (71.48%) respectively.
Panicles m-2 were highest in 16KH09010022 (256.3) and lowest in 16KH09010072 (153.3). The highest grain yield was produced by DU 363-2 (6.04 tha-1) and the lowest by AFRUG6020041 (3.75 tha-1). The maximum tillers were positively correlated with the productive tillers (0.793), and panicles m-2 (r=0.689) which Panicles m-2 also showed strong correlation with surviving tillers (r=0.739), though weak and insignificant with grain yield (r=0.254). In the correlation matrix it was observed that neither the maximum tillers, nor productive tillers had positive influence on grain yield.

An investigation survey was carried out to examine factors affecting processing and quality of rice in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Nine major towns were selected from six Local Government Areas involved in rice production in the State. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from three hundred (300) rice processors. Findings revealed that 47% of the processors were males and 53% are females, 66.7% of the processors have family size ranged within 4 to 7 persons, 63.78% of them have only primary education and 22.67% have no formal education, 70% of rice is gotten from middle men and 80% of the processors used their personal savings as capitals. 70% of the milling machines used was obsolete being single pass type characterized with high broken grains and 90% of the processors depend on diesel engines to power the mills while 7% had access to good storage facilities. None of the processors had accesses to a rice de-stoner. The result obtained is used to improve the processing deficiency of rice in Ekiti State.

Rice availability and affordability are the key determinants of food security in Bangladesh. Therefore, it becomes the most important crop for the social and political economy of the country. Although a tremendous technological advancement contributed to the increasing trend of rice production, its affordability threatened due to the increasing price at the consumers’ level. The recent natural calamities and COVID-19 have worsened the food security status across the world.
This research has estimated the demand and supply of rice in the pandemic era and figured out the drivers of recent price hike both in the producers’ and consumers’ levels using empirical and cognitive approaches. Based on the findings, some actionable policy options have been suggested to address the price level of rice in Bangladesh towards sustaining food security

Rice, which is among the most widely produced grain products worldwide, has many genetic varieties. These varieties are separated from each other due to some of their features. These are usually features such as texture, shape, and color. With these features that distinguish rice varieties, it is possible to classify and evaluate the quality of seeds. In this study, Arborio, Basmati, Ipsala, Jasmine and Karacadag, which are five different varieties of rice often grown in Turkey, were used. A total of 75,000 grain images, 15,000 from each of these varieties, are included in the dataset. A second dataset with 106 features including 12 morphological, 4 shape and 90 color features obtained from these images was used. Models were created by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithms for the feature dataset and by using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm for the image dataset, and classification processes were performed. Statistical results of sensitivity, specificity, prediction, F1 score, accuracy, false positive rate and false negative rate were calculated using the confusion matrix values of the models and the results of each model were given in tables. Classification successes from the models were achieved as 99.87% for ANN, 99.95% for DNN and 100% for CNN. With the results, it is seen that the models used in the study in the classification of rice varieties can be applied successfully in this field.

Milled rice grade is diminished as the quantity of discolored kernels increases. This study evaluated the magnitude of kernel discoloration and relationship to fungal growth for long-grain hybrid (XL 753), long-grain pureline (Roy J.) and medium-grain (Titan) rice, exposed to storage moisture contents (MCs) of 16 and 21%, wet basis, temperatures of 20, 30, 40 C, and durations up to 16 weeks. Impact of postharvest treatments with the antifungal agents, natamycin and sodium chloride, on rice discoloration and fungal growth was compared with untreated (control) samples. Subsamples were taken every four weeks to determine total fungal counts, discoloration, and water activity. Rice stored at 40 C had six-to eleven-times more discoloration than at 20 C. Increased storage duration significantly increased discoloration. Discoloration was not different between MC levels. Discoloration was significantly lower by sodium chloride treatment, while natamycin was not effective compared to control. Rice samples treated with sodium chloride also had significantly less water activity (mean a w ¼ 0.73) compared to samples treated with natamycin (mean ¼ 0.84) and control samples (mean ¼ 0.83). Hybrid rice had significantly less discoloration compared to pureline and medium-grain. Fungal counts were similar across all cultivars. Increasing temperature and duration decreased fungal count. An inverse relation between fungi and discoloration suggests microbe activities did not explain discoloration. The findings provide important information to growers and processors on conditions necessary to maintain rice quality.

A review of the quality assurance programme in the rice processing industry in Nigeria has been carried out and reported in this work. Drawing inferences from reviewed activities, three identified critical factors influencing rice quality include rice physical appearance before and after processing, its cooking qualities, and eating qualities. The patterns of rice consumption in Nigeria are not influenced significantly by the price but its quality in terms of appearance, taste, and cooking characteristics. Appearance has a direct influence on the marketability and success of commercial varieties. Cooking and eating quality are determined by its easiness in cooking, texture, springiness, stickiness, and chewiness of cooked rice. The Nigerian government and institutional agencies' intervention in rice production has significantly increased rice production activities more than its efforts towards ensuring quality assurance of the products during processing. Enforcement of rice quality standards has been left dormant without strong controls for implementation unlike the production and ban on importation policies. Other identified challenges faced in the processing sector include; processing equipment constraints such as the use of outdated milling technology, poor product branding, coupled with evident political interests on agriculture.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder with established, well-defined precursors. Obesity and insulin resistance are amongst most important factors in predisposition to diabetes. Rice is a staple for about half the global population and its consumption has been strongly linked with diabetogenesis. We assert that tackling the prevalence of predisposing factors by modifying certain rice cultivars could reduce the global burden of obesity and insulin resistance, and by extension type 2 diabetes. Several rice cultivars with various properties were fed to nulliparous rats (five weeks old at the start of the experiment) for 90 days. They were then returned to a diet of standard pellets and mated with males raised on a standard diet. The resulting pups and dams were investigated for obesity and insulin resistance markers. We found that germination did more to reduce predisposition to obesity and insulin resistance than high amylose content. The combined reducing effect of germination and high amylose content on predisposition to obesity and insulin resistance was greater than the sum of their independent effects. Polished (white) rice with a low amylose content pre-disposed dams on a high-fat diet to markers of insulin resistance and obesity and this predisposition was inherited (in biochemical terms) by their F1 offspring. Overall, the results suggest that harnessing the beneficial properties of germination and amylose in rice would reduce the burden of obesity and insulin resistance, which are known to be key risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes.

The in vivo glycemic response of selected four red-pigmented traditional rice cultivars was assessed by determining the glycemic index (GI) using 12 healthy human subjects. Four cultivars of brown rice were kaluheenati, Wedaheenati, Rathkaral and Madathawalu. According to the amylose content, rice cultivars studied were classified as high amylose rice. The highest amylose and available carbohydrate contents were observed in Kaluheenati (28.5±0.5%) and Rathkaral (74.2±0.6%)
respectively. The amylose content of Wedaheenati was the lowest (26.1±0.2%) while Rathkaral showed the highest (28±0.2%). The GI of rice cultivars ranged from 52.5±1.5 to 64.0±2.5%. The Wedaheenati variety exhibited the lowest GI while Madathawalu exhibited the highest GI value.

Rice syrup was produced from ten varieties of locally available rice in Nigeria. Flours of malted and unmalted
rice from different varieties were treated with a combination of starch hydrolyzing enzymes (Amyloglucosidase, Bacterial α amylase and Fungal α amylase); and the starch hydrolysates were either filtered and/or centrifuged at the end of hydrolysis. The resulting rice syrup was evaluated for sugar compositions (maltose, glucose, maltotriose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) using HPLC. The results showed that syrups from malted rice had significantly higher (p<0.05) maltose and maltotriose concentrati on than syrups from unmalted rice. The resultant syrup is a ‘High Maltose Syrup’ since maltose was found to be the predominant sugar in the rice syrup with concentration of above 50% especially for malted samples. Rice syrup can be widely applied as a potential raw material in beverage and confectionery industries as well as a good adjunct for bre wing since the sugar profile of the rice syrup was similar to that of barley wort.

Rice is a new crop to Ethiopia and substantial production of the crop has been started during the late 1990s. Cognizant of the existing production potential, growing import demand, and prospects for ensuring food security, the number of actors posed due emphasis to enhance the rice value chain. The research aims to document the current farm power uses, farmers&#39; mechanization needs, and awareness about the application of mechanical power.

Recently, the quality-by-design concept has been widely implemented in the optimization of pharmaceutical processes to improve batch-to-batch consistency. As flavonoid compounds in pigmented rice bran may provide natural antioxidants, extraction of flavonoid components from red and brown rice bran was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Among the solvents tested, ethanol was most efficient for extracting flavonoids from rice bran. The examined parameters were temperature, solvent percentage, extraction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio. The highest total flavonoid content (TFC) in red rice bran was predicted as 958.14 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g dry matter (DM) at 58.5 • C, 71.5% (v/v), 36.2 min, and 7.94 mL/g, respectively, whereas the highest TFC in brown rice bran was predicted as 782.52 mg QE/100 g DM at 56.7 • C, 74.4% (v/v), 36.9 min, and 7.18 mL/g, respectively. Verification experiment results under these optimized conditions showed that the TFC values for red and brown rice bran were 962.38 and 788.21 mg QE/100 g DM, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the predicted and experimental TFC values, indicating that the developed models are accurate. Analysis of the extracts showed that apigenin and p-coumaric acid are abundant in red and brown rice bran. Further, red rice bran with its higher flavonoid content exhibited higher nitric oxide and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities (EC 50 values of 41.3 and 33.6 µg/mL, respectively) than brown rice bran. In this study, an extraction process for flavonoid compounds from red and brown rice bran was successfully optimized. The accuracy of the developed models indicated that the approach is applicable to larger-scale extraction processes.

Rice (Oryza Sativa) is a grass and highly stipulated cereal crop. Water stress is an existing and future trauma to rice production. It severely manipulates plant growth and production that ultimately results in yield loss. Cell size, molecular activities, tissue formation, organ establishment, flower formation, reproduction mechanism, grain fabrication, and seed maturation are partially or fully interrupted. Flowering stage is more susceptible to water stress. Reproductive organs are structurally and functionally influenced. Fertilization failure or grain filling loss and immature seed formation could result. Yield loss happens less severely when water stress occurs during vegetative phases but is more severe during panicle growth. Water stress and its tolerance to rice crop are therefore considered the critical issue under study and research. Various institutes and scientists worldwide are trying to explore new ways and schemes to overcome this strain. New ways are being investigated by providing suitable alternative rice harvesting strategies than traditional ways of cropping. Most of the Asian countries are still habitually grown rice in abundance water as they are doing so from over the years. In different agro-ecosystems, water is going to scarce, but it is provided by the farmer by fetching through different sources. Because farmers are in fear of crop loss and yield loss in case water is unavailable to their routine cropping, they must be encouraged by introducing water efficient use and water stress-tolerant practices in rice cropping. Scientific exertions in this contemplate still in progress to achieve free of yield loss adopted policies and approaches. This assessment is a part of scientific advancement to examine and inspect rice crop effects under water stress.

Keywords
Rice crop Rice production Rice augmentation Rice yield Water stress

Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research http://www.ejournal.sedinst.com Abstract More than 70% of the working adult population of Nigeria is employed in the agricultural sector directly and indirectly. Over 90% of Nigeria's agricultural output comes from peasant farmers who dwell in the rural areas where 60% of the population live. The vast majority of these farmers has limited access to modern inputs and other productive resources and is unlikely to have access to pesticides, fertilizers, hybrid seeds and irrigation. The successful development of farm mechanization is determined primarily by the transition process from manual tools through animal-drawn implements and finally to the application of mechanical power technologies, which will improve efficiency time, labour and productivity of peasant farmers and thereby enhance food security of a Nigeria. This study investigates constraints to agricultural mechanization in Irepodun Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara State, Nigeria. This study employed a multi stage sampling techniques to collect information on the socioeconomic characteristics, agricultural machines available and equipment used for specific farm operations. Analysis revealed that farmers in the study area are middle-aged and are relatively uneducated. Most of the farm sizes in the study area range from 1-5 ha and many of the farm operations were carried out manually; land clearing (93%), tillage (83%), planting (88.54%), fertilizer application (97.5%), weeding (98.7%) and harvesting (97.5%). This study also shows that majority of respondents were smallholder farmers who are often too poor to employ modern tools, such as tractors and plows even though over 80% of the foods consumed in this country come from these peasant farmers in rural areas. This confirms that agricultural mechanization is still beyond the reach of the peasant farmers in rural areas.

Rice syrup was produced from ten varieties of locally available rice in Nigeria. Flours of malted and unmalted rice from different varieties were treated with a combination of starch hydrolyzing enzymes (Amyloglucosidase, Bacterial &alpha;-amylase and Fungal &alpha;-amylase); and the starch hydrolysates were either filtered and/or centrifuged at the end of hydrolysis. The resulting rice syrup was evaluated for sugar compositions (maltose, glucose, maltotriose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) using HPLC. The results showed that syrups from malted rice had significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) maltose and maltotriose concentration than syrups from unmalted rice. The resultant syrup is a &lsquo;High Maltose Syrup&rsquo; since maltose was found to be the predominant sugar in the rice syrup with concentration of above 50% especially for malted samples. Rice syrup can be widely applied as a potential raw material in beverage and confectionery industries as well as a good adjunct for brewing ...

Background and objectives: Rice kernel discoloration during storage results in significant economic losses to rice growers and processors. This study aimed to elucidate the extent of chemical changes and microbial involvement on discoloration of rice kernels during storage. To segregate and/or diminish the effects of microbes, one lot of hybrid long‐grain rice (XL753) samples was irradiated with nonthermal electron beam (EB) dose of 14 kGy. The irradiated and nonirradiated control samples of rice at a moisture content (MC) of 21% on a wet basis were stored at three temperatures (20, 30, and 40°C) for 8 weeks. Samples were taken every 2 weeks for microbial and chemical analyses. Findings: A negative relationship was noted between discoloration and microbial load. The trend of increasing discoloration and chemical properties such as free sugars, free fatty acid, and free 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF), especially at higher storage temperatures and durations, suggested that biochemical changes were major drivers of the observed rice discoloration. The higher HMF in highly discolored rice (≥20%) explained nonenzymatic browning in the rice matrix during storage. Conclusions: From this study, it was drawn that the rice kernel discoloration was not directly related to the microbial load; the discoloration was seen in EBI rice even with 99% reduction in microbial load. However, it was clarified that the rice discoloration especially in EBI rice samples was related to the observed chemical changes, which were also storage temperature dependent. Significance and novelty: Milled rice discoloration during storage of rough rice is insufficiently understood. There is no information correlating changes in chemical attributes and microbial activity to discoloration of contemporary hybrid rice during storage. Therefore, the results of the current study provide important fundamental information and also suggest storage conditions required to arrest discoloration and maintain quality of contemporary milled hybrid rice.

081 937 818 085 Jual Beras Organik Malang l Beras Putih Organik Malang l Beras Coklat Organik Malang l Beras Merah Organik Malang l Beras Hitam Organik Malang l Sereal Beras Merah organik Malang l Sereal Beras Hitam Organik Malang l

Produsen Aneka Beras Organik TERLENGKAP sejak 2010, merek N790, dari Malang, Jawa Timur.

Daftar Harga Beras Organik N790 per Januari 2019:
1. BERAS HITAM (BLACK RICE) Harga BERAS Hitam ORGANIK adalah Rp 25.000/kg
2. BERAS MERAH (RED RICE) Harga BERAS MERAH ORGANIK adalah Rp 20.000/ kg
3. BERAS COKLAT (BROWN RICE) Harga BERAS COKLAT ORGANIK adalah Rp 18.000 /kg
4. BERAS PUTIH (WHITE RICE) Harga BERAS PUTIH ORGANIK adalah Rp 16.000 /kg
5. Sereal BERAS HITAM Organik N790 Harga Sereal Beras HITAM Organik ( 225 gram) adalah Rp 22.000
6. Sereal BERAS MERAH Organik N790 Harga Sereal Beras MERAH Organik ( 225 gram) adalah Rp 20.000
7. Sereal BERAS HITAM Organik N790 Harga Sereal Beras HITAM Organik ( 425 gram) adalah Rp 28.000
8. Sereal BERAS MERAH Organik N790 Harga Sereal Beras MERAH Organik ( 425 gram) adalah Rp 24.000

Bpk. Muh. Sulam Muhib Tohiri
Tsel : 085 788 018 200
WhatsApp : 081 937 818 085