Public Policy Development

Immigration is a contentious topic in most liberal democracies. Anti-immigrant politicians and parties have used nativism to generate electoral support and roll back immigration policies. In marked contrast, Canadian governments have continued to pursue an expansionary immigration program, with the support of the public. Explanations of Canadian exceptionalism point to Canada’s isolated geography and distinctive immigration and multiculturalism policies. We highlight the importance of three additional factors: the distribution of immigrants in Canada, Canada’s citizenship policy, and its Single Member Plurality electoral system. The interaction of these forces enhances the electoral weight of new Canadian voters. This, in turn, moderates Canadian political parties’ positions, helping shore up a robust cross-party political consensus. The portability of the “Canadian model” is therefore limited. While other countries may adopt Canadian policy approaches, given the contingent factors shaping the politics of immigration in Canada, generating similar degrees of political consensus will be difficult.

This book has been written out of a need to provide a material that can be used for training counselors and lay counselors from a biblical perspective. There are a lot of misconceptions concerning counseling. Most people believe that all you need to do counseling is a Bible and a desire to help people. Other people think it is because someone comes to them for counseling. I have done so several years ago when I hadn’t any formal training in counseling.

All these are noble feelings about counseling. But good counseling goes beyond these feelings. Just like no one becomes a Doctor by feeling that he/she can help others; or a Pastor becomes one just by feeling a need to preach; in the same way, no one becomes a good counselor by just feeling like being so. To do effective counseling, you need to be trained in counseling because counseling is a profession just like any other which operates from a professional code of ethics.

This book is tailored to give you some basic ideas about counseling. Reading this book does not qualify you to be a professional counselor but it will stimulate you to seek professional training in counseling. If you are humble, it will help improve your counseling skills. Reading it will give you some first aid skills to do some interventions. It will help you to be better off than those who just feel they can do counseling without any training or basic knowledge.

The first four chapters provide you with some basic information about what counseling is, the qualities and skills a counselor must have and the ethics involved in counseling. Chapters five to sixteen highlights the most common areas people often seek counseling. A selected bibliography for further reading is provided. Lastly, there are some good appendices you can use as references for further discussion as you counsel people.

All rights reserved. According to the law, you may not copy, modify, reproduce, republish or circulate in any way the content from this publication. Any other uses require the prior written permission of Fundación Alternativas. This work is published under the responsibility of Fundación Alternativas. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the view of Fundación Alternativas as an institution.

Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne prace poświęcone mu koncentrują się na jego celach, czynnikach, stymulowaniu go i na jego pomiarze. Mimo to, jak dotąd niewiele uwagi poświęcono pojęciu polityki rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonej przez władze lokalne. Kategorii polityk rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonych przez władze ponadlokalne w ogóle nie formułowano i nie omawiano. Polityki takie są jednak prowadzone w Polsce i za granicą, a ich znaczenie rośnie. Istnieje zatem potrzeba ich definiowania i charakteryzowania dla budowy aparatu pojęciowego wykorzystywanego w dyskursie naukowym, w praktyce projektowania i aplikacji tych polityk oraz w dydaktyce.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.

[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]

Настоятельно требуется внедрить риск-ориентированный подход в управление национальными проектами Российской Федерации, как минимум в целях управления риском существенного перерасхода финансовых средств в мегапроектах (национальные проекты Российской Федерации приравниваются к мегапроектам) в связи с известным парадоксом эффективности мегапроектов, а также перейти на концептуально новую национальную модель контроля в условиях повышенного уровня глобальных и наднациональных рисков. Принципиально важно при этом выстроить и национальную архитектуру эффективного управления политикой развития. К сожалению, хроническое отставание модели национальной системы контроля от общего процесса государственных преобразований в РФ и, по большому счету, неприменение или ошибочное применение современных концептов, механизмов и практик современного государственного управления наглядно свидетельствуют о достаточно низком качестве государственного управления в Российской Федерации. Закономерно, что по ряду ключевых государствоведческих показателей Российская Федерация заметно отстает от международных партнеров и, что особенно критично, в сфере управленческих инноваций.

L’égalité entre homme et femme est inscrite dans la Constitution béninoise et le Bénin a adhéré à la plupart des conventions, pactes et cadres d’action de promotion de l’égalité de genre aux niveaux international et régional. Depuis le début des années 2000, le Bénin a progressivement mis en place un arsenal juridique et institutionnel de promotion de l’égalité de genre visant particulièrement la protection des droits des femmes et des filles. Les efforts du Bénin pour la promotion de l’égalité entre les sexes sont cadrés par la Politique Nationale de promotion du Genre adoptée en 2009 qui a été déclinée en plan d’actions pour la période 2010-2015. Le pays est soutenu dans ses efforts de lutte contre les inégalités de genre par plusieurs Partenaires Techniques et Financiers (PTF) qui accompagnent le Gouvernement et de nombreuses organisations de la société civile (OSC) qui sont engagées sur la question.
L’Indice de la Condition de la Femme (ICF)1 est passé de 0,596 en 2011 à 0,607 en 2015 au Bénin, ce qui dénote d’un progrès en termes de réalisation de l’Egalite entre les sexes2. Toutefois, l’application de l’arsenal juridique en faveur des droits des femmes reste confrontée aux facteurs socioculturels qui la défient à bien des égards et qui remettent en cause la jouissance effective et équitable des droits reconnus à la femme. De nombreuses discriminations subsistent donc dans les rapports hommes/femmes. Ces discriminations s’observent au niveau du mariage, de l’accès à l’éducation, à l’emploi, à la propriété, aux soins de santé (y compris la santé de la reproduction), à la participation au processus décisionnel au sein des ménages et dans la sphère publique3.

Public choice theory constitutes a second branch of rational choice theory. Analysis of political phenomena such as voting, electoral competition, and legislator behaviour is the focus of public choice theory. While public choice theorists have appropriated economic principles to study decision-making in political contexts, public choice differs from neoclassical economics in its focuses on institutions and on the nature of goods. The focus on collective action in pursuits of collective goods has emphasized the analytical role of the nature of goods. Public choice theorists have focused on two characteristics of goods that influence resource allocation; the extent to which goods may be jointly consumed and the ease with which others may be excluded from their use. Economists have traditionally used the attributes of jointness of consumption to define a public good. Public choice theorists argue that public goods are defined by both joint consumption and costly exclusion. Furthermore, it is the attribute of costly exclusion that creates collective action problems. The public choice analysis of goods facilitate identification of the conditions under which particular goods will be optimally provide and suggest institutional arrangement appropriate for provision of each type of goal THEORY OF RATIONAL CHOICE Rational choice theory employs the individual as the basis unit of analysis and postulates that individual behave purposely. At the most general level, rational choice theory may be characterized by methodological individualism, a focus on the individual decision maker. The premise underlying this focus is that firms and bureaucracies do not make decision, only individuals do. Organisations and other social institutions provide incentives that guide individual's choices as well as rules for aggregating those choices. But all collective actions may be reduced to a set of individual's decisions. Thus the appropriate unit of analysis for rational choice theory is the individual decision maker The second defining element of rational choice theory is the presumption that institutions matters. Rules and norms that define procedures for making collective choices favour some interest over others and some outcomes over others. Whether it be public versus private ownership or unanimity versus majority voting rules, the nature of institutional arrangements affects individual behaviour and subsequent collective action. This rational choice theorist devotes considerate effort to analysis of social institutions. POLICY ANALYSIS The field of policy analysis focuses on why, how and with what consequences collective choices are made. Policy analysis examine the interplay of historical and contextual factors with political actors; the institutions and procedures that structure choice; and the effects of particular choices and individuals, groups, and the political economy.

The synthesis of decision-making and behavioural theories and models was conducted with the support of the University of Pennsylvania, Social Norms Group (PENN SoNG), under the leadership of Andrés Casas Casas and with contributions by Tung Bui, Douglas Paletta and Peter McNally.
Interactions with The Learning Collaborative to Advance Research and Practice on Normative Change for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health were instrumental in identifying and discussing improvements.
We are grateful to all the participants from UNICEF country offices and their partners
in government agencies, non-governmental organizations and other United Nations and international aid agencies that shared their expert feedback during the pre-testing exercises in Egypt, Lebanon, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zimbabwe, as well as contributions from Malawi.

This paper describes and analyzes, from a historical perspective, the role that one of the central institutions of modernity, the media, has played in the development models and policies promoted by the actors of the international aid system since the 1950s. In addition, it presents and discusses the critiques to these models and policies made by intellectuals, governments, and civil society organizations from Southern countries, which have led to questioning the role of media in development processes and to redefining their inclusion in the development policies from the 1970s. Finally, the paper contributes some elements to reflect on the relationship between media, good government and development under the framework of the current governance reform strategies.

Este artículo describe y analiza en perspectiva histórica el rol que una de las instituciones centrales de la modernidad, los medios de comunicación, han desempeñado en los modelos y en las políticas de desarrollo impulsadas desde los años cincuenta por los actores del sistema internacional de cooperación al desarrollo. Presenta y discute, también, las críticas planteadas a esos modelos de desarrollo por intelectuales, gobiernos y organizaciones sociales de los países del Sur, que han llevado aparejadas el cuestionamiento del rol de los medios en los procesos de desarrollo y el replanteamiento de su inserción en las políticas de desarrollo a partir de los años setenta. Finalmente, aporta elementos para reflexionar sobre la articulación entre medios, buen gobierno y desarrollo en el marco de las actuales estrategias de reforma de la gobernanza.

Corrupt exchanges are often brokered by a third party, but this phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explored by researchers of corruption. Literature on brokerage in general provides interesting models but they have not previously been applied to corrupt exchanges. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with respondents who participated in actual corrupt transactions, this paper identifies several distinct brokerage types in low-level corruption in contemporary Hungary. The paper also provides explanation of variation in corruption brokerage in terms of actors' group affiliations, forms of the corrupt exchanges, brokerage mechanisms, as well as neutrality, benefit and motivation, risk distribution, and stability of the brokerage structure. Finally, we discuss some policy implications of corruption brokerage.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are accounting for 25 percent of GDP, 80 percent of industrial jobs, and 25 percent of the total labour force in Bangladesh even though the prospective sector gets negligible facilitation from different support service providers. There are various constraints that hinder the development of SMEs in Bangladesh, such as lack of medium to long-term credit, limited access to market opportunities, technology, and expertise and business information. Lack of suitable incentives, inefficient and limited services from relevant government agencies as well as poor capacity of entrepreneurs are other reasons for the slow growth of SMEs. Obviously, the government has many things to do to flourish the SMEs because, if they flourish, SMEs will create new entrepreneurs, generate more jobs and contribute to a great extent to the national economy. This paper is an academic analysis toward policy formulation in respect of SME financing.

Malaysia is one of the most successful developing countries in term of economic growth and stable politic conditions. Rapid economic transition and increasing of urban population will reflect the escalation of solid waste generation. In fact, it has become a threatened to human habitat nowadays as well as one of the critical challenges in sustainable development. Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia has experiencing a transition since 1960 until official solid waste management legislation is fully implemented in 2011. This transition shows the Malaysian government is committed to strive towards effective municipal solid waste management. The objective of this concept paper is to give an insight towards sustainable municipal solid waste management in Malaysia through brief discussion of municipal solid waste definition, characteristic, practices and policies.

Ecology simply implies the study of economy of nature. It is also described as the study of organisms and the environment: the study of the relationships between living organisms and their interactions with their natural or developed environment. The ecology of administration can therefore be examined or discussed through a combination of the process or cycle discussed in this paper.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

Complete conference proceedings for the II Brazilian Congress of Leisure Studies that took place September 2016 in the city of Belém, Brazil.
Anais completos do II Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos do Lazer, realizado em setembro de 2016 na cidade de Belém-PA.

A large number of the street children in Dhaka city are addicted to drugs. Various socioeconomic factors contribute to drug usage among street children. Drug abuse directly influences the physical and socio-behaviourial problem of children and affects the economic and social aspects of a society as well as a country. This paper examines whether there is any relation between social bonding and drug addiction. The role of the state and society are also analyzed. In this paper primary data are collected by interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary sources are UN publications, Government documents and reports, review of newspaper reports as well as related books and journal articles. This paper progresses with content analysis through contemporary literature review analysis and finally conclusion. Role of social bonding in controlling of drug abuse and reason of drug addiction are also discussed here in the light of interview. This paper also argues that about 53 percent street children of Dhaka city are addicted to drugs as they are separated from family and social bondage. This asserts that, the children separated from social bondage are vulnerable to drug addiction than the children who are in social bondage.

Every individual in community wants to live in a safe, comfortable, healthy and high standard of living. If an individual wants to use all the opportunities of society, it is important to have a spirited economy and perfect public services. In general, the concepts of social service and social worker support society by educating individuals, creating employment opportunities through their efforts, and helping people improve their life quality. This paper is an important contribution to understanding the effective role of social workers in the development of public. Powerful social work services provide some of our most unguarded community units by promoting self-determination and sustainability. The present research is attempting to determine how successful social workers' positions are in the creation of public advancement.

Covid-19 has dealt a devastating economic blow around the world. From individuals who can no longer afford to pay for food, to SMEs unable to cover their rent, to national governments struggling with their balance of payments and skyrocketing health expenditures, the economic impacts of Covid-19 have been sweeping in scope and depth. Although little discussed in the mainstream media, public banks have been on the front lines of dealing with this economic and health crisis, playing a critical role in stemming financial collapse, supporting households and communities, and channeling resources towards essential health and public services. Public banks provide supportive credit, fiscal assistance, expert advice and macro-economic stability in ways that private financial institutions are often unable or unwilling to do. This book offers detailed case studies of public bank actions from around the world, critically examining their policy responses to Covid-19. We identify ‘best practices’ in dealing with the current crisis as well as highlighting the changes needed to make public banks more equitable, democratic and sustainable in the future.

This article presents the findings related to the analysis of education systems of Finland, South Korea, Japan, Cuba, the United States, China, France and Bologna Project of High Education of European Union taking as a basis articles: Finlândia: paradigma da educação no mundo (Finland: paradigm of education in the world), Finlândia: paradigma da educação no mundo (2) (Finland: paradigm of education in the world - 2), Bases do sucesso da educação na Coreia do Sul e no Japão (Bases of success of the education in South Korea and Japan), Os fatores de sucesso das políticas de educação na Finlândia e na Coreia do Sul (The success factors of education policies in Finland and South Korea), O sistema de educação em Cuba (The education system in Cuba), O sistema de educação dos Estados Unidos (The US education system), O sistema de educação da China (The education system in China), O sistema de educação da França (The education system in France) and the Projeto Bolonha de ensino superior da União Europeia e da Universidade Nova no Brasil (The Bologna project of higher education of the European Union and the project of New University in Brazil) published in Falcoforado Blog (http: // fernando.alcoforado.zip.net).

The Preamble of the Constitution of India proudly began with the words, “We the people of India…”. Nevertheless, this phrase `we the people’ has layers to it. In a classified, divided, hierarchical society this phrase has lost its luster because even today this country is divided and fragmented on the basis of gender, caste, class, economic status, religion, literacy, social background and rural-urban divide. The gap between `haves’ and `have-nots’ has been widening. The unequal distribution of resources, assets and wealth in a free market economy is creating a segregated society where those who work hard are deprived and denied of the benefits of their hard labour and are being exploited while those who are powerful are looting and scooting the fruits of growth and progress. What is prevailing is injustice – social, economic and political.  Those subalterns at the `lower end of pyramid’  are being deprived of their constitutional and legal entitlements, denied of their rights as citizens and are being dispossessed of their dignity as human beings in their daily lives. The freedom of expressions and thoughts is being denied  and what prevails is inequality in income, opportunities and dignity.  Instead of harmony and unity, what is professed is disunity on the basis of social and economic background.  Market fundamentalism and capture of power by economically elite sections of society is breeding inequality and impeding the way towards an equal world.

In this chapter, I describe the adoption of a liberalised economy for the investment of private capital in West Bengal. Paradoxically, implementation of the liberalisation policy rested on a colonial and/ or post-independence state acquisition law. The upshot of the execution of this policy was while the government assumed that there will be a creation of employment, just the opposite kind of outcomes occurred, namely, landlessness, food insecurity and political disempowerment of the peasantry along with dampening of the empowering process of land reform. The peasants resisted and bargained but finally, were defeated. Accordingly, I depicted and assessed this process of land management by a pro-peasant leftist government in the wider context of a liberalised economic order with the aid of a multisite ethnography, which emerged in anthropology in the recent past.

According to data from the Colorado Department of Revenue, the state has managed to amass ~$75 million dollars in marijuana tax revenue in 2015, while Uruguay has yet to produce any financial gains from its regulation of marijuana. This thesis places a specific interest in pointing out the origins of each regulatory framework and the implementation procedures entailed by them, in order to determine their overall efficiency. In order to conduct the research, data sets were acquired via internet and data was also collected from studies already conducted on the matter. The variety of sources from which the data was collected is wide-ranging, from institutions such as The World Bank, UNICEF, The UNODC, the Colorado Department of Revenue, Junta Nacional des Drogas, the IRCCA and many others. The thesis proves that a more liberal regulation framework in case of regulating marijuana tends to give the best results, when implemented in a more developed state.

The paper develops a framework for understanding property regimes with reference to land. The paper identifies the classification for property regimes, primarily inspired by economic theory since Coase (1960), as ‘private vs collective’, to be strait jacketed for comprehending the dynamic nature of the relationship between property rights and socio-economic rights. The framework that the paper develops is that of a two pillar model: 1) how planning, market activities, and societal undertakings change property values. All three dimensions of change - economic, social and ecological – are considered in this pillar. 2) Institutional space for enforcing property rights. The legal and knowledge spaces are considered prominent here along with value orientations in society.

The paper is structured into four sections. After stating the problem, the paper undertakes a conceptual tour of property. Then, the relationship between property rights and socio-economic rights is delineated.  The second section of the paper presents 15 archetypical land conflicts occurring in the post-reform period.  These conflicts show how the property context in India is changing rapidly and new land regimes are emerging indicating a transformation. The third section of the paper presents how, across the world, the question of property has been addressed in the context of transformation. The fourth section builds on this foregone discussion and develops a framework to understand property regimes.

Kajian ini akan mendalami mengenai hubungan kerja digital yang terjadi antara mi-tra pengemudi dengan PT. Gojek Indonesia se-bagai konsekuensi dari pengeloaan usaha ber-dasarkan platform aplikasi. Penggunaan ap-likasi dalam mengukur kinerja mitra pengemudi dan pemberian "upah" berdasar penilaian kon-sumen menyebabkan relasi kerja yang berbeda dibandingkan pekerja konvensional-sistem upah maupun pekerja kontrak dengan beban kerja tertentu. Sistem aplikasi yang mengger-akkan kinerja mitra pengemudi perlu dipelajari lebih lanjut untuk memahami relasi kerja digital yang muncul, sehingga dapat digali mengenai pemenuhan kesejahteraan bagi mitra penge-mudi. Pengkajian terhadap relasi kerja digital yang muncul dalam pengelolaan usaha Gojek perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan bahwa mitra pengemudi benar-benar mendapatkan pemenu-han kesejahteraan yang layak. Apalagi peker-jaan untuk menjadi pengendara ojek daring mu-lai digeluti angkatan kerja muda. Gojek menjadi primadona bagi angkatan kerja terutama di kalangan muda. Berdasarkan riset yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Kajian Komuni-kasi Universitas Indonesia bekerjasama dengan PT. Gojek Indonesia (2017) ditemukan bahwa pasca menjadi mitra Gojek, 83% dari pengemudi ABSTRACT This study will examine digital work relations that occur between driver partners with PT. Gojek Indonesia which happened because of business management based on digital platforms in the form of applications. The use of this platform has caused a change to existing work relations, especially in terms of existing contracts and wage systems. Gojek as a platform-based business is in great demand by the younger generation of workers because it's working hour's flexibility, higher wages, and bonuses offered. However, in fact, there are many workers' rights that are not fulfilled by Gojek to their driving partners. By using data collection methods in the form of documentation studies and data analysis carried out through the stages of reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusion, it was found that Gojek partners experienced vulnerabilities due to the use of a partner system that eliminated some workers' rights such as social security, overtime salaries, absence of severance pay, and partner relations patterns that were more subordinated. In addition, the welfare promised, in the end, is only an illusion because partners must experience exploitation in the form of unreasonable hours of work, incompatibility with income as promised, and business relationship gaps.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

The content, curriculum and complexion of mainstream public policy teaching and learning is predominantly white, masculine, hetero-normative, and universally applicable. All non-Western knowledge is denigrated as backward and pre-/un-scientific. When Africa appears in public administration and policy curriculums and courses, it is 'little more than a version of the continent offered by apartheid's Bantu education system' of darkness and negatives and with 'no intelligentsia worth reading'. But the global protests against systematic racism, poverty, institutional exclusion, and structural violence-alongside the belated and grudging recognition by establishment academe of 'many stories mattering' (versus the 'white gaze') is challenging the hegemony of white history, white knowledge, and northern prescriptions and actions. Disassembling and reassembling public policy teaching and learning, rooted in the concrete and lived realities of developing southern societies, is however no easy undertaking as we are without pictures and without tools. But messy realities, heterodox rescue packages, the global assertion of personhood-the demand of black people from around the world to be present-and the pandemic furnishes clues for a reorientation and reconfiguration of the subject and discipline of public policy to serve the majority excluded from grand white papers, grey strategy documents, deadening guidelines, and dusty hetero-normative dusty textbooks; and to be an actor in the play of history both past and present. Focussing on the social construction and reproduction of knowledge-public administration public policy knowledge-the paper argues for cultivating and nurturing a pluriverse of relational ontologies and histories; a multiplicity of worldviews; and the urgent elevation and prioritization of the human and epistemic rights of the weakest. In contrast to the dominant decontextualised, western pedagogy of public policy, a situated and action-based pedagogy for public policy is proposed comprising deliberative dialogue, community engagement and democratic education to deliver the classroom and school to society, and to put society and the street (back) into our lecture halls, curriculums, teaching and research.

Most organization in Kenya does not have an autonomous safety department that strictly handles safety policies development. This task has however been heaped on the backs of the human resource management office with the human resource manager as the chief safety champion. The task of drafting a workplace fire safety policy is now a tendered service and the beneficiaries are the service providers who in most instances are not authorities in formulating workplace fire safety policy documents and the submitted document remains a copied-write one instead of a copyright. With this in mind therefore it is important for every workplace officer in charge of safety and by-extension fire safety to have a basic knowledge on the development of a fire safety policy. The Kenyan fire risks regulations rules legal notice no. 59 of 2007 in its section 34 requires every organization to have a written fire policy that outlines fire safety organization and its implementation. The Lango Procedure for fire safety policy development process 1. Identify the issue necessitating the requirement of the policy, in this case fire safety. By now you must have read that it is also a requirement to have a written fire safety policy. 2. Form a committee or identify a person to steer the fire safety policy development process. As a safety officer representative you are not an epitome of knowledge but a leader to guide the process. Develop a policy on your own and it will remain the " safety officer's document ". 3. Establish a framework for the fire safety policy development process. This is developing a plan for the fire safety policy development process. The plan simply entails: research, consultation & preparing a discussion paper. 4. Research: Look intelligently at other fire safety policies and take notes especially from the same organizations and businesses that profess the same faith and belief like yours. This is mainly with a view to coming up with simple policy statements to form a discussion. 5. Prepare Fire Safety Policy Discussion Paper: This paper is to explain to your staff and colleagues that the intention is not measure their livelihood and or restrict their activities further but to ensure they are safe. This paper should contain simple statements intended to form part of the policy that will either change the behavior or the activities within the workplace. The statements in the fire safety policy discussion paper form the basis for consultations. 6. First Consultation: At this stage, circulate the discussion paper to all the staff formally and informally and let them give their views on the statements. At this particular stage it is much important to gain as many feedbacks as possible as one of the main intensions is to create a sense of ownership that is brought about through participation personally. Do not be in a hurry, you are only developing a safety policy and your level of patience should not even be thought of as the Romans were way more. 7. Prepare a draft fire safety policy. Taking into consideration the consultative process above and their feedback prepare a draft fire safety policy document. This document is supposed to have a format and there is no definite format that is mandatory to be followed. But if following the Lango process then the most appropriate standard format for fire safety policy document should have the following: i. Fire safety policy purpose statement. Should point why the policy is existing and what it intends to address. ii. Policy Scope. Include all the people to be affected by the policy and those that it excludes. This section is supposed to direct this particular policy to only fire safety at the workplace premises in particular and the desired targets. iii. Effective date. Indicate when the policy comes into force and possibly when a review is to be done.

In Norway, as in other western countries, the public sector has been facing administrative reforms influenced by New Public Management, NPM. The ideological foundation behind
NPM asserts that public sector organizations can improve their overall performance by introducing managerialism, technology and values emanating from the private sector. The NPM-influenced reforms have taken different trajectories in  different
countries, but their purposes and approaches are rather similar, namely: 1) increased efficiency, 2) enhanced accessibility for clients/users, 3) reduce public consumption, and 4) increase managerial accountability. This chapter focuses on the
last aspect, i.e. on how public sector managers are dealing with new institutional frameworks introduced by the aforementioned reforms. Management, or the lack of it, is both seen as one of the problems but also as a solution to the different problems facing the sector.

Background:
Standardised packaging (SP) of tobacco products is an innovative tobacco control measure opposed by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) whose responses to the UK government’s public consultation on SP argued that evidence was inadequate to support implementing the measure. The government’s initial decision, announced 11 months after the consultation closed, was to wait for ‘more evidence’, but four months later a second ‘independent review’ was launched. In view of the centrality of evidence to debates over SP and TTCs’ history of denying harms and manufacturing uncertainty about scientific evidence, we analysed their submissions to examine how they used evidence to oppose SP.

Methods and Findings:
We purposively selected and analysed two TTC submissions using a verification-oriented cross-documentary method to ascertain how published studies were used and interpretive analysis with a constructivist grounded theory approach to examine the conceptual significance of TTC critiques. The companies’ overall argument was that the SP evidence base was seriously flawed and did not warrant the introduction of SP. However, this argument was
underpinned by three complementary techniques that misrepresented the evidence base. First, published studies were
repeatedly misquoted, distorting the main messages. Second, ‘mimicked scientific critique’ was used to undermine evidence; this form of critique insisted on methodological perfection, rejected methodological pluralism, adopted a litigation (not scientific) model, and was not rigorous. Third, TTCs engaged in ‘evidential landscaping’, promoting a parallel evidence base to deflect attention from SP and excluding company-held evidence relevant to SP. The study’s sample was limited to sub-sections of two out of four submissions, but leaked industry documents suggest at least one other company used a similar approach.

Conclusions:
The TTCs’ claim that SP will not lead to public health benefits is largely without foundation. The tools of Better Regulation, particularly stakeholder consultation, provide an opportunity for highly resourced corporations to slow, weaken, or prevent public health policies."

This paper examines Nigerian Women Participation in Politics between 1999 and 2008. It is shown that women in Nigeria face several forces of traditional, religious, financial and others which hinder women participation in politics in Nigeria. It is observed that Nigerian women since the colonial time could creditably perform in politics if given the opportunity to participate equally with the men. The paper shows that Shagari administration gave women new hope to participate in politics and hold high public office in 1979. The military administration of Babangida also recognized women and appointed them into public offices. From 1999, the Olusegun Obasanjo civilian administration gave women more hope, they vote and occupy public offices. However it has all been cosmetic as women participation generally is less than expectation. It is recommended that women should try to acquire more education and build up more confidence to compete with their male counterparts.

Abstrak Artikel ini mendeskripsikan tentang kebutuhan terhadap kepemimpinan transformasional di negara Indonesia. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh terjadinya degradasi moral bangsa yang menggerogoti sendi-sendi kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Berkembangnya korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme sebagai bukti begitu parahnya degradasi moral bangsa Indonesia, yang hampir menjerumuskan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) ke dalam jurang kehancuran. Hadirnya beberapa tokoh pemimpin yang reformis yang mencirikan kepemimpinan transformasional pada era roformasi ini, khususnya di sektor publik memberi angin segar bagi permasalahan krisis kepemimpinan dan ketidakpercayaan masyarakat (distrust) kepada pemimpinnya. Para pemimpin transformasional ini memiliki jiwa altruisme dan filantropi yang tinggi. Mereka mampu menunjukkan kepeduliannya kepada masyarakat yang dipimpinnya, meskipun menghadapi tantangan dan ancaman dari berbagai pihak yang berseberangan dengan haluan politiknya. Dalam penelitian...