Porosity

""FOR CITATIONS: Salem, H.S., 2001. Determination of Porosity, Formation Resistivity Factor, Archie Cementation Factor, and Pore Geometry Factor for a Glacial Aquifer. Energy Sources, 23(6) July: 589-596. 

Abstract: Porosity, formation resistivity factor (F), Archie cementation factor (m), and pore geometry factor (a) have strong influences on the processes of electric-current conduction through saturated porous media. In the present study, these parameters were determined from electric resistivity measurements, along with grain size and water analyses, for a fresh-water aquifer in northern Germany. The aquifer is composed of glacial deposits consisting of silts, sands, and gravels, with a majority of sands and a small amount of clays. The porisuty and F exhibit, respectively, values ranging from 25% to 51% and from 4 to 16, for which a range of 1.64± 2.05 was obtained for m, and a value of 1.25 was obtained for a. An inverse relationship between porosity and F, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.95, was also obtained.

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A comprehensive study was carried out to establish the effects of controlled stirring during solidification on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys, in comparison to conventionally gravity chill cast material. A novel device comprising a grooved reaction bonded silicon nitride rod rotating in a tube-like crucible was used to process aluminium alloys in the mushy state. The stir casting device was specially designed to also enable rheometric study of the alloys in this condition. A factorial design of experiments was used to determine the effect of the process variables shear rate (), shear time (ts), and volume fraction solid during shear (fs) on microstructure and both static and dynamic mechanical properties of the stir cast alloy. Investigation of the microstructure consisted of computer-aided image analysis of the primary phase morphology. A more globular primary phase was achieved at low values of fs, but this was not the optimum morphology for mechanical properties. In all cases, improved mechanical properties and reduced porosity were obtained in the stir cast condition in comparison with conventional casting and in comparison with previous work on stir casting. Comparison with alloy commercially rheocast via electromagnetic stirring, however, showed that the latter had superior mechanical properties. It is proposed that the mechanical stir casting process be considered as an alternative to gravity die casting in cases where very simple and thick walled shapes are required.

In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow of a pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian nanofluid over permeable surface has been solved in presence of injection and suction. Similarity solution method is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, which then is solved numerically using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth order (RKF45) method. The Cu, CuO, TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles are considered in this study along with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/water as base fluid. Validation has been done with former numerical results. The influence of power-law index, volume fraction of nanoparticles, nanoparticles type, and permeability parameter on nanofluid flow and heat transfer was investigated. The results of the study illustrated that the flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid in presence of suction and injection has different behaviors. For injection and the

FOR CITATIONS:
Salem, Hilmi S. "A Budget of the Surface and Underground Water in Northern Jordan (Pages: 135-162)" in "Water and Peace in the Middle East", Studies in Environmental Science 58., J. Isaac & H. Shuval (Eds.), 1992, Elsevier.

ABSTRACT:
The motivation for this study is the great requirement for water expected in the future to satisfy the increasing demands of accelerated growth, and development programs in Jordan. This fact, in addition to the recent migration of hundreds of thousands of people after the Gulf War, should encourage more intensive studies of the quality and quantity of water
resources in Jordan. The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive assessment and evaluation of the water resources-potential of the northern area of Jordan. This work required hydrological,
hydrogeological, hydrodynamical and hydrochemical analyses and interpretations. The rates of precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff and infiltration were calculated. The regional recharge sources and directions of the groundwater movements were mapped. The recharge-discharge mechanisms should provide an improved understanding of the water resources in the study area, which covers about 6,000 km of northern Jordan.

This paper is an assessment of the links urban activist movements create between the city, protest and art. The common ground between the city, protest and art is the imagination of a social space and public sphere which is best described by urban porosity. Urban porosity describes the movements or stasis to be revealed or created in the social space. In this imagination, fiction plays an important part. Counter memory and counter culture also incorporate fictional elements. Urban movements want to keep counter memory and counter culture vivid. In order to achieve this, critical thinking, counteraction and organization emerge as criteria. For the urban movements to keep their resistance against new oppression and control techniques and forms, audio visual recording is not only indispensable in terms of keeping track of their activities but also analyzing and synthesis. Montage is made in other areas than the audio-visual field as well. The links imagined between the convergent and divergent series created during the montage become important. What is resisted and how depend upon such an imagination.

Bioturbation is a typically small scale yet potentially significant geological process altering rock properties by reworking. For many years, bioturbation studies found application in exploration geology to estimate paleobathymetry, interpreting depositional environment and identifying key stratigraphic surfaces. These act as vital inputs to the geological models, for determination of source rock potential, reservoir quality and modeling of petroleum systems. Recently geologists extended the application of bioturbation studies to address production related challenges. Recognizing the bioturbation effects and incorporating them in reservoir simulation models can improve production predictions and enhanced oil recovery operations. This paper discusses bioturbation and its effects on reservoir quality, its performance and production.

The lithological and mineralogical characteristics of mudstones and siltstones—and their stress–strain behavior at the meter to nanometer scale—can play a critical role in the exploitation of unconventional shale reservoirs. Shale fabrics that result from bioturbation can produce extensive interconnected networks of biologically redistributed sediment grains within reservoir mudstone facies. The presence of biologically generated heterogeneities may substantially affect reservoir stimulation and thus production from shale facies. This study presents volumetric evaluation of ichnofabrics dominated by Phycosiphon-like and aff. Chondrites, and provides insights into the im-pact of trace fossils on the rheological and petrophysical characteristics of mudstones. It is calculated that, in ad-dition to creating significant volumes of silty (clay-poor) zones of enhanced porosity and permeability, trace fossils create interpenetrating frameworks of brittle material that reduce communication distances from the low-permeability matrix to the higher permeability silt-rich burrows. Reducing communication distances to less than 1 cm increases the potential for diffusive transport of hydrocarbon molecules from the “tight” matrix to the wellbore-connected volumes. This is because shale ichnofabrics create abundant fracture-prone planes of weakness, and increase the surface area of the interface between the hydrocarbon-rich matrix and porous burrow fills, thereby promoting fluid exchange. Understanding of the three-dimensional characteristics of ichnofabrics may form the basis of future modeling of fracture spacing and complexity that is critical to shale gas reservoir characterization.