Patent

University atmosphere attached very closely to intellectual culture. Under the principle three pillars higher educations (teaching, research, contribution to society) the connection can be identified very clearly in Indonesia. The concept of three pillars drives lecturers to highly in teaching, research, and contribution to the society. These activities potentially offer intellectual products such as research result, books, and journals. From statistical point of view, we can see the picture. For the academic year 2014, lecturers all over Indonesia reached 230,915; if we combined with the obligation to do research minimum 1 research per semester, there are as much as 461,830 research results per year that can be processed for patents, copyrights, and other intellectual properties. However, the application of patent from Indonesian citizen in Indonesia Patent Office for example is very poor. Until February 2017, it was noted that from around 34 thousand patent’s application, only 5% came from Indonesian while the other 95% was from foreigner’s application. The smaller number was occurred when it came to international application. According to the WIPO data for the year 2016 period, it was only 15 application came from Indonesian. The number was doubled compared to the previous year that was only 6 applications though. When we compare to other ASEAN countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, this number fell far behind. Singapore for the same period applied 879 patents to the WIPO and Malaysia applied 190 patents, and Thailand registered 155 patents for the same period. This huge gap shows that university in Indonesia has not produced equivalent intellectual product yet which can be assumed that intellectual culture in this education institution has not optimal. The other issue is how to manage those intellectual products or commonly referred as intellectual property for the community. When the right cycles of intellectual property management in university take place then the welfare of the community and nation will parallel increase in the end. Therefore, it is necessary to ‘waking up’ the management of university in Indonesia to change its way of thinking in managing higher education activities. The mechanism for it is to maximize the management its intellectual property that link closely to the three pillars higher educations. At the same time, the role of the Government is vital for nurturing the intellectual culture in university that can make a good contribution to the society for better Indonesia’s citizen life. 

Keyword: three pillars higher education, intellectual property, patent

ÖZ

Bu çalışmada güncel coğrafya bazında, uluslararası çapta buluşların ve buna bağlı olarak patentlerin nasıl dağılım gösterdiğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Aynı zamanda ülkeler için bir gösterge olarak değerlendirilen patentlerin o ülkelerin ürettiği makale sayıları, ar-ge harcama oranları, yüksek teknoloji ihracatları, kişi başı milli gelir göstergeleri ile nasıl bir ilişki içinde olduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu göstergelerin birbirleriyle de aralarında ilişkiler olup olmadığı incelenmiş, değerlendirme ve yorumlarda bulunulmuştur.

Genel olarak, günümüz coğrafyasında makale ve patentler doğu ve batı iki uçta ağırlık kazanmış ve ABD’nin bu anlamda diğer ülkelerin açık ara önünde gittiği görülmüştür. ABD ile beraber Japonya, Çin, Güney Kore ve Almanya ilk sıraları paylaşmıştır. Buna karşın özellikle Afrika, Arap Yarımadası, Türki Devletler bölgesi ile Doğu Avrupa bölgesi bu anlamda çok gerilerde kalmıştır.

Ayrıca patent çalışmalarının yoğun olduğu bölgelerin özellikle yüksek teknoloji ihracatında bir adım önde olduğu görülmüş ve ar-ge harcamaları, paten sayıları ve teknoloji ihracatının genel olarak pozitif bir bağlantı içinde olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Buluş, Patent, Dünyada Buluşlar



ABSTRACT

In this study, on the basis of current geography, it is aimed to examine how inventions and correspondingly patents distribute internationally. Also, it is tried to understand how patents which is considered as an indicator for countries are in association with number of articles those countries produced, R&D expense rates, high technology exportations, individual earnings. It is examined that whether these indicators are also associated with each, evaluated and speculated.

Generally, in current geography, articles and patents gained importance on east and west sides and it is clearly seen that USA, in this context, is well ahead of other countries. Besides USA, Japan, China, South Korea and Germany take place near the top. In spite of this, especially Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Turkic Republics Region and Eastern Europe Region fell even further behind.

It is seen that regions that patent studies are made densely, especially in exportation of high technology and it is also seen that R&D expenses, number of patents and high technology exportation are in a positive association.

Keywords: Invention, Patent, Inventions in the World

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

Patents and patent portfolios are valuable assets. Companies need a conceptual structure to assess the value of their patent portfolio. This paper develops a practical and reproducible framework that can support scholars and practitioners to leverage the value of patents and to extract all possible strategic information from patent portfolio. The patent assessment process aims at comparing and contrasting the management of patents to the company’s technologic and innovative strategy. The framework employs determinants of patent value that are elicited from patent databases, such as claims, citations, and market coverage, and that are expressed in terms of judgments achieved by interviewing involved managers, such as strategic relevance and economic relevance. The paper examines the main methodological issues in assessing patent portfolio value then, it describes the characteristics of the framework; subsequently, it illustrates the implementation of the proposed framework into two companies which operate in the aerospace and defense sector. The two implementations show that the framework can be used for strategic planning and strategic technology management.

In the era of the 21st century, the best higher education institutions have more than one role. Not only do they educate and train students but they also create new ideas and knowledge for the short-term contemporary issues as well as long-term complex problems. In the strategic goals, five aspects are critical in higher education: the democratization of knowledge and access, the contestability of the market and funding, the research technologies, the global mobility and the integration with the industry. Universities should have strategic plans including strategic goals. In this study, the strategic models and plans of the public (5) and private (5) universities are analysed from the five different aspects. In order to deeply understand the dynamics at these universities, the phenomenological interpretive analysis is preferred. University leaders
and managerial departments should consider market needs and do strategic plan accordingly. Hence, they should develop the strategic thinking capacity of both their academic staff and researchers for short and long terms need of the industry. Results have shown that most universities have wrong perception regarding the strategic model and plan. Neither private nor public universities possess enough knowledge on the subject.
Keywords: Higher education, university and industry partnership, strategic model and planning, higher education management, financing of higher education.

This article sheds light on the pressing issue of software patents by giving an account of the approaches followed in Europe, the US and India. The occasion of this study is the adoption in 2016 of the final version of the Indian guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions, which have been surprisingly overlooked in the legal literature. The main idea is that the Internet of Things will lead to a dramatic increase of applications for software patents and if examiners, courts, and legislators are not careful, there is a concrete risk of a surreptitious generalised grant of patents for computer programs as such (in Europe) and for abstract ideas without inventive concept (in the US). The clarity provided by the Indian guidelines, following a lively public debate, can constitute good practice that Europe and the US should take into account. Conversely, the sea of patent software looks very stormy in the US, where, after some reversals of the leading case Alice Corp v CLS Bank International, there seems to be the risk of swelling the ranks of speculative schemers who make it their business to watch the advancing wave of improvement, and gather its foam in the form of patented monopolies. Some good news, however, comes from a dissenting opinion that innovatively suggests bringing free speech into the reasoning on patents.

PLEASE CITE AS: Guido NOTO LA DIEGA, Software patents and the Internet of Things in Europe, the United States, and India, in European Intellectual Property Review, 2017, 39(3), 173-184.

Traditional Knowledge (TK) is a central component for the daily life of millions of people in developing countries, including India where access to “modern” health care services and medicine is limited due to economic and cultural constraints. Some TK is codified, that is, formalized in some way (eg Ayurveda) however, a great part of it is non-codified, such as, “folk”, “tribal” or “indigenous” medicine which is based on traditional beliefs, norms and practices accumulated during centuries old experiences of trial and error, and passed to successive generations through oral tradition. The protection under Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) of traditional and indigenous knowledge has received growing attention since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. However, the concept of Protection in case of TK is understood and interpreted in different ways by different groups; hence there exist two schools of thought-as per one belief protection essentially means to exclude the unauthorized use by third parties; whereas others regard protection as a tool to preserve traditional knowledge from uses that may erode it or negatively affect the life or culture of the communities who are in possession of such knowledge and have developed / applied it.

The law of patents in India is governed by the patent Act 1970 as
amended by the patent Act 1990. A bill named patent bill 1999 which
had proposed substantial changes in the law was introduced in the
parliament  in  December  1999,  and  was  passed  as  the  patent  Act
2002.A  patent  is  monopoly  right  granted  to  a  person  who  has
invented a new and useful or an improvement of an existing article or
a new process of making an article. After the expiry of the duration
of patent, anybody can make use of the invention. A patent is a form
of industrial property or as it is now called intellectual property. The
owner of the patent can sell this property. A patent being a creation
of statute is territorial in extent. A patent granted in one stated cannot
be enforced in another state unless the invention concerned is also
patented in that state. A patent is not granted for an idea or principal
as such, but for some  article or the process of  making some article
applying the idea.
The object of granting a patent is to encourage and develop new
technology and industry. An inventor may disclose the new invention
only  if  he  is  rewarded;  otherwise  he  may  work  it  secretly.  In
consideration  of  the  grant  of  monopoly  for  a  limited  period,  the
inventor discloses the details of the new invention and the method
working it so that after the expiry of monopoly period others can use
the invention or improve upon it.

This study aims to investigate interactional metadiscourse markers (IMDMs) in 60 patent abstracts written in Arabic by Arabic-native drafters within the field of human necessity. Specifically, the objectives are to identify which categories of IMDMs are predominant in Arabic patent abstract and to explain how metadiscourse markers function in these abstracts. To achieve these objectives, data were analyzed quantitatively to count the frequency of IMDMs, and qualitatively to examine the functions of these markers within Arabic patent abstracts based on Hyland's model (2005). The results indicate that boosters, hedges and attitude markers are the most frequently employed markers while the remaining categories show a low frequency of occurrence. Moreover, the analysis also reveals that IMDMs fulfill different functions, such as providing data in a truthful manner, avoiding commitment to precise figures and persuasion among others. The findings of this research are useful for Arabic-speaking drafters and novice inventors for a better understanding of IMDMs commonly applied in their patent abstracts. A better understanding of the pragmatic functions of IMDMs can improve not only patent drafting skills, but also the chance for successful patent grants. It is recommended that future research investigate IMDMs within other patent sections such as claims, description, and background among different disciplines in order to achieve better insights of the use of such rhetorical metadiscourse features.

Yalın girişimciliğin ve startup'ların gelişimi, vizyon ve inovatif düşünme yeteneğine sahip bireylere bağlıdır. Girişimcilerin kazancı, yüksek büyümeyi hızlandırmaları için verileri kullanmayı öğrenerek müşteri etkileşimini artırması bakımından çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla, yalın girişimcilik alanında önemli danışmanlardan olan Brant Cooper ve Patrick Vlaskovits, bu kitabı kaleme alarak girişimciliğin inovatif yönüne vurgu yapmış ve alana katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Yazarlar bu kitapta, teknolojinin içinde ve dışında faaliyet gösteren onlarca girişimci ve startup fitma sahipleri ile görüşerek çeşitli vaka incelemelerini paylaşmışlardır.
Yeni bir girişimin oluşumunun ilk aşamalarında belirsizlik vardır. Ancak bu belirsizlik karşısında tahmin ve planlama gibi geleneksel müdahaleler artık yeterli gelmemektedir. İşte Yalın Girişim, tam da bu noktada devreye girmektedir. Bu kitapla Yalın Girişimcilere inovasyon odaklı, bilimsel verilere dayanan, test ve deneylerle ölçümlenebilir yeni bir yönetim anlayışı aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kitap vasıtasıyla girişimciler; müşterilerle nasıl iletişim kurulacağını, denemelerin nasıl gerçekleştirileceğini ve iş girişimlerinde elverişli verilerin nasıl kullanılması gerektiğini öğrenip bu doğrultuda girişimlerine inovasyon katabileceklerdir.
Bu kitap, kurumların işletme modellerine ilişkin zorlukların belirlenip bunlar üzerinde çalışılmasını sağlayacak yeni düşünme biçimleri, araçlar ve aktiviteler sunmaktadır. Startup'ın ne olduğu, bu doğrultuda vizyon, değerler ve kültürün etkileri üzerinde yeni bir vizyon vermektedir. Ayrıca inovatif bir vizyon için müşteri etkileşimi ve yalınlık, uygulanan gerçek vaka incelemeleriyle detaylandırılmıştır. Bu bakımdan Yalın Girişimci kitabının, sistemli ve inovatif bir girişimin oluşmasına rehberlik etmesi açısından okunması gerekir. Kitap sadece yeni girişimciler için değil, aynı zamanda üniversitelerde girişimcilik kültürü kapsamında da değerlendirilmesi gereken bir kaynaktır. Ayrıca, işletmelerde özellikle araştırma ve inovasyon odaklı çalışmalara önem veren şirket sahiplerinin ve yöneticilerin başvuru kitabı olarak değerlendirebilecekleri bir referans niteliği de taşımaktadır.

The process of globalization and the emergence of a rules-based multilateral trading system pose significant challenges to local pharmaceutical industries in developing countries. With the advent of global patent protection for pharmaceuticals, developing countries are facing a significant dilemma. It is necessary for these countries to comply with international intellectual property standards while simultaneously protecting their local industries and, thus, ensuring an affordable supply of drugs.
A better understanding of the nature of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement) and its components could help to raise awareness of the need for a comprehensive innovation policy. It is widely accepted that intellectual property rights (IPRs) are economic assets. Furthermore, they are necessary to develop world-class standards of innovation and creativity. Designing policies for the promotion of R&D and the building up of innovation capacities in developing countries requires a well constructed patent regime. To this end, this thesis investigates the concept of Pharmaceutical Patent Protection in developing countries, its issues and prospects and illustrates the crucial role that patent strategies may play within processes of pharmaceutical innovation in favor of countries’ own national interest in perspective of public health.
The thesis examines an underlying research question:

Using the experience of India and Brazil, what are available options to incorporate in the current national Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime of Pakistan for transforming it from a mere TRIPS-compliant mechanism into an effective instrument for Pakistan in order to survive successfully in this Post-Trips era?
This thesis combines doctrinal analysis & comparative reviews research approach to answer the research question as identified for the study.
Brazil and India were in a similar position prior to becoming TRIPS compliant, so those countries’ experiences become an important basis for the analysis of the strategies for reforming TRIPS-compliant patent law in Pakistan with a focus on pharmaceutical patents from the public health perspective by utilizing permitted TRIPS Flexibilities effectively. Presently, the key policies, strategies and practices adopted by Brazil, India & certain other developing countries related to the pharmaceutical patent protection & key issues relevant to the revival of their local pharmaceutical industries are identified. For each of the various issues, this document presents key principles and options for the development of provisions in national patent laws of the developing countries like Pakistan. These principles aim to provide the basic concept on which more detailed provisions could be fashioned, after careful deliberation and consideration of the characteristics of the national legal system and patent law.
Moreover; this thesis also attempts to identify the provision of a fine-tuned IPRs system, which incorporates TRIPS flexibilities and the enabling of a reliable innovation system, which is tailored to the local realities and needs of the country. This policy will include, but is not limited to, policies complementing the IPRs regime. Since the patent system for a country is a public policy tool. Therefore each country must be able to design and operate its patent system in its own best national interest using the flexibilities of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
Based on an understanding of the TRIPS, its obligations, flexibilities under TRIPS, post-TRIPS environment and case studies of national innovation strategies of certain developing countries like India & Brazil, this thesis aims to give an overview of the TRIPS Agreement and its possible implications on the pharmaceutical sector in developing countries; what are the challenges and what are the options? And addresses the question that to what extent can lessons from national experiences be transferred to current policy developments for innovation in the pharmaceutical industry in a developing country context especially in case of Pakistan? The research findings aim to contribute significantly to the body of knowledge in relation to new developmental policies. Overall, it is hoped that these findings can promote innovation and ensure the sustainability of the local pharmaceutical industry in the developing world in general and in Pakistan in particular.
In short, this study suggests elements for the development of Public Health-Sensitive Patent System in developing countries with the special consideration to Pakistan. Analysis of particular cases and possible exceptions to the general recommendations made herein should be further undertaken and elaborated in the light of the National Law.


Note: Downloadable document is a Dissertation for the degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmaceutics.

Focusing the effect of innovations on economic growth, the literature has not adequately cared about what determines the innovations or innovative capacity. However, policy makers and business leaders have accepted the need for creating platforms and institutions that promote innovative activities since it was accepted that innovations were the basic key to economic growth. This study focuses on the effect of institutions or institutional quality on the innovations. In this study where OECD countries have been selected as the sampling (2002-2016 period) and World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators represent institutional quality while the number of patent application represents the innovation, the effect of institutional quality on the innovations has been examined through the methods of panel data analysis. Innovation is positively related to voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence and rule of law while it is negatively related to control of corruption. Moreover, there has been no relationship determined between government effectiveness and regulatory quality and innovation. According to the findings, voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence and the rule of law are essential for the emergence or increase of innovations in OECD countries.

A visit to the St. Sophia of Istanbul is like a visit to the nearly 2000 year old history of the city itself. The church is one the finest & most famous examples of Byzantine architecture in the world. It is located in the heart of old Istanbul, next to the also famous Blue Mosque, in the Sultan Ahmet Square of Istanbul. The above photograph above shows the actual view of the Hagia Sophia Church Museum (Aya Sofya Muzesi) as it appears in Istanbul today. Four minarets have been added to Hagia Sophia, after the Ottomans captured Constantinople at 1453 and converted the building from a church into the mosque. Today, Saint Sophia is neither a Church nor a Mosque, but a museum that is open to the public. The Hagia Sophia was built as a Constantinian Church by the emperor Justinian I, between A.D. 532 and 537 and at the time, it was estimated to be the largest covered space in the world. Its architects were Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. It was built in only five years. On May 558, the dome of the church collapsed due to a December 557 earthquake, and though a new dome was quickly rebuilt afterwards.Hagia Sophia is a Greek phrase that means 'Holy Wisdom'. This ancient basilica was also called Saint Sophia. The Turks call it 'Aya Sofya Muzesi' (Hagia Sophia Museum) or in short, Ayasofya. After its construction ended, Hagia Sophia served as a Church for the following nine centuries, until  Constantinople was invaded and taken over by the Ottomans on the 29th of May, 1453. After this date, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.
Then in 1935, during the first years of the Republic of Turkey, the Mosque was secularized and made into a museum under the direction of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Turkish Republic.    It became a national museum, as it remains today.

The global intellectual property (IP) regime is in the midst of a paradigm shift in favor of greater access to protected work. Current explanations of this paradigm shift emphasize the agency of transnational advocacy networks, but ignore the role of academics. Scholars interested by global IP politics have failed to engage in reflexive thinking. Building on the results from a survey of 1,679 IP experts, this article argues that a community of academics successfully broke the policy monopoly of practitioners over IP expertise. They instilled some skepticism concerning the social and economic impacts of IP among their students as well as in the broader community of IP experts. They also provided expert knowledge that was widely amplified by NGOs and some intergovernmental organizations, acting as echo chambers to reach national decision makers. By making these claims, this article illustrates how epistemic communities actively collaborate with other transnational networks rather than competing with them, and how they can promote a paradigm change by generating rather than reducing uncertainty.

The article revises the effects of technology transfer offices (TTOs) on capacity building within the university, from the perspective of
creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. The objective of the article is to understand clearly and deeply how TTOs build capacity in
creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship for all the stakeholders, researchers, faculty members, SMEs, incubators, undergraduate and
graduate students, and attorneys. Particular focus is given for analysing TTOs activities in order to comprehend the strategy of TTOs in delivering and building capacity for innovative products and services. The author concludes that the universities and TTOs should have a common strategic plan and policy to empower and to increase efficiently and effectively the impacts TTOs activities have on the
development of the technology-based innovative products and services.
Keywords: Technology Transfer Offices, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship

Bu araştırma, sürdürebilir okul kültürü ve ekosistemi için, okul yöneticilerinin ve öğretmenlerinin farkındalık ve üst bilişlerini artırmak üzere yapılmış Empati Projesi ile ilgili görüşleri almak için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma 2015 yılında İstanbul’da yer alan üç lisenin 6 yöneticisi ve 38 öğretmeninin gönüllü katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar üç hafta boyunca 24 saatlik farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati eğitimi aldıktan sonra Empati Projesinin kendilerine fayda sağlaması amacıyla 5 soruya cevap vermişlerdir. Nitel araştırma prensipleri çerçevesinde katılımcılardan veriler, açık uçlu anketler toplanmıştır. Daha sonra veriler NVivo kullanılarak ayrıştırılmış ve en fazla kullanılan temalar ve ikincil alt temalar çıkartılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerin görüşlerine göre  farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati eğitiminin verimli ve etkili olabilmesi için öğrenci ve öğretmen işbirliğinin artırılmasının önemi ortaya konmuştur. Bu paralelde bu konu ile ilgili uygulamaların artırılmasının sağlanmasıdır. Farkındalık arttıkça okul içinde yer alan kişilerin olumlu anlamda değiştiğini göstermektedir. Kazanımlar ile ilgili olarak katılımcıların kişisel gelişimleri, deneyim ve beceri edinme imkanlarının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yaşamlarının tamamını kapsayacak şekilde çatışma çözme becerileri, problem çözme becerileri, iletişim ve en önemlisi de farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati becerilerini geliştirmeleridir. Asıl önemli olan bir diğer konu ise önyargılarla baş etme becerilerini artırırlarken yaratıcı düşünme becerilerini de geliştirmeleridir. Bu sayede  başarı ve mutluluk getiren  alışkanlıklar sağlamaktadır. Bu tür bir durumda sürdürebilir gelişim gösteren bir okul kültürü ve ekosisteminin oluşturulabileceğini mümkün kılmaktadır.

PLEASE CITE AS Noto La Diega G (2016) Patents on Computer-Related Inventions in India. Intel Prop Rights. S1:009. doi: 10.4172/2375-4516.1000S1-009

In India, sec. 3(k) of the Patents Act 1970 clearly excludes the patentability of computer programmes per se. For many years, the regime of computer-implemented inventions has been unclear, until the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (the India Intellectual Property Office) issued its Guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions. Notably, this gave rise the civil society’s protests; indeed, there was the fear that the government was surreptisciously allowing the patentability of computer programmes per se. Therefore, the guidelines have been withdrawn and recently a new version has been published. It openly reaffirms the exclusion of the software patents and introduces a three-step test to determine the applicability of sec. 3(k) of the Patents Act to computer-related inventions. This opinion focuses the new guidance, by placing it in the context of the leading role of India in the technological and social developments revolving around the Internet of Things.

In recent years, educational technology and innovative programs have been introduced
to many education systems. Although these technologies have a great potential to improve teaching,
learning and management processes especially at higher education, many obstacles and resistance
hinder their implementation. In order to shift towards an entrepreneurial higher education institu-
tion, organisational culture needs to be adapted to the present conditions. Given the importance of
the subject, there is a need for a deeper look into the nature of organisational culture in the context
of its relationships with innovative and technology-based development for educational institutions.
This paper attempts to show and critically analyse the role of organisational culture on the develop-
ment of innovation and technology-based projects (ITBP) at the higher education; particularly by
considering the perceptions of the researchers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34
researchers from different fields. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used in this
study. Academic people (89%) from well-developed organisation in terms of physical components
had better results in developing innovation and technology when compared to the academic people
from non well-developed cultural organisation. Furthermore, values of the organisation are signifi-
cantly important in order to increase the depthless of the innovation and technology-based projects
development.

"This invention relates to methods for bonding substrates, and in particular, bonding of semiconductor and/or semiconductor oxide and nitride wafers.

Abstract: Substrates may be bonded according to a method comprising contacting a first bonding surface of a first substrate with a second bonding surface of a second substrate to form an assembly; and compressing the assembly in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere under suitable conditions to form a bonding layer between the first and second surfaces, wherein the first bonding surface comprises a polarized surface layer; the second bonding surface comprises a hydrophilic surface layer; the first and second bonding surfaces are different. ...

BACKGROUND

The long-term reliability of multicomponent devices such as bio-sensors and solar cells is at least in part determined by the robustness of the bonding methods used to hold the devices together. Typically, epoxy bonding methods are used to prepare such devices, but suffer from the limitations of limited longevity (10 years) as well as poor thermal matching between components which can lead to internal stresses and ultimately bonding failure. Implantable bio-sensor devices need to be hermetically sealed in a saline environment such as a human or an animal body for the lifetime of the implant.

As many biosensors and solar cells are typically based on silica wafers (borosilicate, alpha-quartz, etc.) and Si(100) wafers, there exists a need in the art for improved methods for bonding the same together. In particular, there exists a need for methods which can provide hermetically sealed devices which may be implanted into the human body. Additionally, there exist needs to improve the temperature and pressure requirements of bonding for such applications. There is also a need to improve the bonding between a broader range of materials for such applications.

SUMMARY

OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention provides methods for bonding substrates comprising contacting a first surface of a first substrate with a second surface of a second substrate to form an assembly; and compressing the assembly in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere under suitable conditions to form a bonding layer between the first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface comprises a polarized surface layer; the second surface comprises a hydrophilic surface layer; the first and second surfaces are different.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for bonding substrates comprising contacting a first bonding surface comprising O2H2Si(1×1)(100) of a first substrate comprising Si with a second bonding surface of a second substrate comprising a silicate to form an assembly; and compressing the assembly in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere under suitable conditions to form a bonding layer between the first and second bonding surfaces.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for bonding substrates comprising contacting a first bonding surface comprising hydroxy-terminated silica of a first substrate comprising a silicate with a second bonding surface comprising SiOx, where 0<x≦2, of a second substrate comprising a silicate to form an assembly; and compressing the assembly in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere under suitable conditions to form a bonding layer between the first and second bonding surfaces.

In a second aspect, the invention provides the bonded substrates formed according to the first aspect of the invention.

In a third aspect, the invention provides implantable medical devices comprising a bonded substrate of the second aspect of the invention.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides solar cells comprising a bonded substrate of the second aspect of the invention."

The purpose of this article is to propose effective legal measures to solve problems of inaccessibility to vital drugs in Thailand, without the violation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). One cause of drug inaccessibility in Thailand is pharmaceutical evergreening patents, a strategy used by drug companies to extend the period of patent protection by minimal changes in drug formula without enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The article found that there are four causes of evergreening patents in Thailand. First, there are broad definitions of patentability requirements in the Thai Patent Act 1979. Second, there is a lack of pharmacists sufficiently knowledgeable about pharmaceutical matters to examine drug patent applications. Third, there is a lack of an effective process to oppose patent applications in the Thai Patent Act 1979. Last, Thailand has no clear prescription for revocation of the patent in the Thai Patent Act 1979. To tackle the evergreening issue, this article proposes that solutions can be found in the lessons learned from India and Brazil, two countries that implement pro-health intellectual property policies, because these countries are state member of TRIPS Agreement, like Thailand, and they adopt measures to solve evergreening patent by using the principles and loopholes that TRIPS provides to the members to take benefits to safeguard their people to access essential medicines in more effective ways than Thailand. Therefore, the solutions from such countries not only help to improve people's access to medicines but importantly, they also do not violate the obligations imposed by the TRIPS Agreement.

The term “patent”, a familiar word in the invention world and for the ‘average Joe’ has the public dreaming while it generates envy, even sometimes jealousy. An invention could bring respect for a newly found ingenuity but it could also provide a map to a buried ‘treasure’. For many, “patent” or “invention” can be synonymous of riches and royalties like winning a big jackpot in a national lottery.

But the truth is so different.
The problem is not to invent as many of us keep coming up with good ideas but the commercialization of this new product or concept.

The first challenge for the inventor is to overcome the initial impulse to dismiss its invention. Time and again when one gets an easy flowing idea, the first reaction is to think that it has already been created.
The second feeling is that the idea does not seem to be so great.

Beyond those typical psychological and emotional perceptions, the key is certainly to verify the true novelty of the object in order to label it as innovative.

The majority of approved patents will not be commercialized. Therefore it is possible that this invention has already been discovered but kept unknown due to the lack of production or simply because of the absence of marketing and distribution close to home.

Surely the internet now offers accessible options to research more easily existing products across the globe. However this is not sufficient.

Once this first investigative phase is concluded, the neophyte inventor will make sure to protect this new idea. After facing the doubts, then the paranoia takes over. Our creator finds the idea so brilliant that the entire world is surely out there to get it, to steal it. It is not wrong but it is not all accurate.

Usually, our inventor will rely on a well-known and recognized organization for being the sole but necessary ‘official’ establishment, like in the U.S.A. with the ‘USPTO’ (United States Patent and Trademark Office), or in France with ‘INPI’ (National Institute of the Industrial Property).
Those national bodies are overseen by their Governments and are under the international tutelage of a worldwide association of similar institutions from various countries, called ‘WIPO’ (World Intellectual Property Organization) based in Switzerland.

All seems well in the best of worlds.

However it is not the case, quite the opposite indeed.

From this point on, the hassles of our inventor only got started.

These organizations benefit from a belief rooted for ages in our collective consciousness that they are above criticism as solid models of perfection for reliability, confidentiality and proficiency. Brilliantly they have managed to appear as the necessary channel for a protection while vanquishing any suspicion of monopoly from a dangerous competitive environment they fear.

For most people, invention = patent = ‘USPTO’ (United States Patent and Trademark Office) or ‘INPI’ in France, or some other national and governmental institute linked to ‘WIPO’. It is a sure and definite fact. However we will soon see that it is not a reality.

Do make the difference between the terms “patent” and “invention”.

A patent is some kind of certificate issued by an international organization, ‘WIPO’, via a national and governmental institute (or office).

An invention is an intellectual product.

If a patent needs an invention to exist, the reverse is not true.