Mobile GIS

The existence of wetlands in central Biqā‘ has been reported by various textual sources ranging between the Hellenistic and Medieval periods. Intensive large-scale drainage work operated by the Mamluks in the 14th century C.E. has led to an important loss of its expanse. The aim of the following study is to initially establish a new predictive model of these wetlands by cross-referencing the geographical data provided by textual sources with remote sensing surveys and geographic information system. The territorial landscape of the Biqā‘ in the Roman period will then be revisited and discussed at a second stage. These wetlands seem to have formed a buffer zone between the territory of the Roman colony of Berytus located in northern Biqā‘ and Sidon in the South.

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding.

Floods are one of the most common and widely distributed natural risks to life and property. Due to such hazards associated with flooding as disruption of services, health impacts, famine and disease, flood protection must be taken into account in almost all development projects. Feasibility study of flood and evaluating the sensitive places prone to flood is the main step for controlling and managing the flood and utilizing it. Kaleybar Chay basin, that is located in East Azerbaijan province, is one of the areas which has experienced several floods during the last years and because of mismanagement, it has caused several life and property losses to the residents of this area. In this study, the effective factors which impact on flooding, from physical, hydrological and environmental factors were explored through executing the ANP model. Through the present research, the ETM + image of the Landsat satellite and the ANP model were used considering their abilities in analyzing the criteria and coefficient of their results with their real world. The results of the study showed that in ANP method, 20 percent of the area which is in the north areas of the basin has the high risk from flooding aspect; the results of the study were supplied for recognizing the area with high possibility of flooding in Kaleybar Chay basin and the provided maps will be used in executive organizations (such as governorate, natural resources) for logistics planning and controlling the flood.

Opportunities for developing innovative approaches in teaching and learning geography have been increasing very rapidly in recent years. This is in part because of the spread of new technologies that allow access to geographic information and geographic geo-media resources. Technological applications and user tools are readily available and this book examines aspects of their use in the classroom. These new tools that offer broad access to information and open data sources have revolutionised the way in which teachers of geography—in higher education, but also in primary and secondary education—can do their work with pupils and students. Education for Digital Earth, as conceived by Al Gore 20 years ago is now possible. The exclusive use of traditional approaches to the teaching of geography is no longer reasonable today.

All periods of Egyptian history are represented at Gebelein and it encompasses many kinds of archaeological site found in the Nile valley (that is, cemeteries, settlements, fortifications, temples, rock quarries etc.). The area was a significant centre in the history of ancient Egypt, but its exact role and the reasons for its importance still awaits explanation. That is why the Gebelein Archaeological Project was initiated. The field survey of Gebelein, which started in 2014, aims to recognise the topography of the area and the degree of destruction of the sites and to locate archaeological remains as well as to determine their interpretation and dating. This report outlines the results of work conducted during seasons 2014, 2015 and 2016, which encompassed the archaeological and epigraphic field surveys, geophysical prospection as well as work conducted in the rock-cut chapel of Hathor.

A field reconnaissance in the region of Gebelein, Khozam and el-Rizeiqat in 2013 was aimed at obtaining information on site topography and state of preservation, even as it tested mobile GIS devices and remote sensing analysis to improve usage procedures in field prospection. Archival maps and satellite imaging were used to locate archaeological features, analyze changes of landscape and modern expansion of the cultivation zone from the natural alluvial plain into the low desert area.

The Gebelein archaeological site complex is located 28 km southwest of Luxor, on the western bank of the Nile in the Qena Governorate in Egypt. Practically all kinds of archaeological sites known in Egypt are represented in the site complex, dating from the Paleolithic through the Islamic Period.
Modern expansion of the cultivation zone and settlement development is threatening the survival of many of the sites, hence the project proposes to investigate the site complex with a new form of comprehensive field survey.
The novelty of the method depends on combining the results of gathering, managing, storing, post-processing and interpreting different types of individual data from the field. The team has carried out a magnetic prospection of selected parts of the site and combined the
results with an analysis of data coming from a number of other research and survey methods, including most recently an anthropological and ceramological survey.

Have you ever wondered if it is possible to create field documentation using only your mobile phone? Can you imagine that you have just one tool to measure coordinates, take photos, create 3D models, plan your drone path and fill in the artefact database? Well, it seems that we are on the edge of a technological revolution: in the next few years, we are going to face a breakthrough in the GNSS technologies In April 2018, India successfully launched its eighth satellite (IRNSS-1I), Galileo should have reached its full capability soon. The first GPS 3 satellite will be sent to the orbit. This next generation satellite is thought to introduce a fourth GPS signal  (L1C). As David A. Turner – Deputy Director Office of OES/SAT - has pointed out, one of the key topics discussed in the modernization of GPS is to “encourage compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems”. There is already a response to this in the smartphone industry as well: The BCM4775X is stated to be the first GNSS chip designed for smartphones to provide dual L1 and L5 frequency. Moreover, Android 7 OS has been equipped with tools to measure the carrier phase, which is a major ingredient in differential GPS. This capability is not available in every type of smartphone yet, but it is possible that future non-professional hardware could have better performance in GNSS. We are facing changes in the professional hardware as well, as the current operating system used for most PDAs is being withdrawn from the market and replaced by others. GPS signals are going to change from codeless into a modernized civil-coded transmission, which is not going to be usable by all equipment currently used by archaeologists. A new era of modernized GNSS is approaching. We can face it when it is there in the 2020s or we can start preparing for it now. This is the question behind this session in which we will discuss both technical and methodological problems of field surveys which exists today and might occur tomorrow.

The modernisation of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has brought about significant changes in the methods of positioning and navigation. More recently, countries are adopting the continuous observation and measurements using a network of GNSS receivers called Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) as the standard. For example, Nigeria has established 11 permanent GNSS Network (NIGNET) or CORS since 2008, which has provided the incentive for the adoption of the geocentric datum in all its geodetic activities. Unfortunately, the spatial coverage of the Nigerian CORS stations on a distance of more than 300km (between the stations) seems inadequate based on the global station densification standard of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). This study explores the CORS network and determines the suitability of improving the density of the existing CORS stations with a view to extending their spatial coverage in Nigeria. Data obtained from various sources are processed and analysed using buffer and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) techniques. The result shows that the existing CORS stations in Nigeria only covers about 25% of the country. Therefore, the study proposes new CORS stations that improve the distribution and the spatial coverage of the existing stations (to about 96%) in line with the ITRF's standard.

Human activities and movements in space have attracted considerable research interest in planning. One of the major issues in the human movement studies is data collection, which concerns the poor understanding of pedestrian spatiotemporal behavior. Most of the earliest data collection
methods are based on questionnaires and observations. Later on technologies are applied. With increasing the availability of mobile phone and improvement of features of the mobile phones, it is now more feasible than ever before to operationalize and implement the data collection of individuals. This study aims to investigate the applicability and usability of mobile GIS as a data collection method on human movements. The study is carried out by selecting a case study. University of Moratuwa premises is selected as the study area. Findings reveal that mobile GIS method has a high efficiency,
accuracy and reliability as a data collection method for human movement comparative with other methods.

Mini buses are deployed on the University of Ghana Campus to facilitate movements of students and other users. Tracking systems are not very popular in Ghana and also virtually non-existent on the University campus. Moreover, the related work reviewed in this paper lacks visual display on a mobile phone and in most cases web visualization. Our approach seeks to develop a tracking system which is cheaper and integrates the real time visualization on web and mobile phones. The system aimed at disseminating information available to management and users of the bus service. The system consists of three modules namely, data logging system (tracking hardware), web-mapping application and mobile application. The tracking hardware (made up of an Arduino Uno Microcontroller, a SIM 900 GSM/GPRS module and a GPS shield) is placed on a mini bus to log the coordinates into a database. The location of the shuttle can be viewed on an Android phone by users. The distance between the shuttle's position and the position of the user can be determined. The route can be traced on the map for users to see. The user can make decisions based on the information gathered to access the shuttle. This project would help students cut down the cost incurred when boarding taxis to their destinations on campus. On the side of management of the Mini buses, the system tracks mini buses on campus regularly. This project can offer a cost-effective approach to vehicle tracking in developing countries.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar o uso de bancos de dados geográficos, apresentando a extensão espacial PostGIS e sua utilização no âmbito municipal, bem como possibilidades diversas de análise espacial, utilizando dados do tipo vetorial, " raster " e tabular para extração e/ou confecção de dados espaciais para alimentar com informações os diversos segmentos que integram a estrutura organizacional de uma prefeitura. Como produto final, as análises podem ser revertidas em uma inesgotável fonte de informações, com baixo custo de investimento para implantação. Com objetivos em análises macro, os dados podem ser obtidos gratuitamente em diversas fontes de dados no Brasil ou exterior. Para extração de informações mais detalhadas resta a alternativa de aquisição de imagens de alta-resolução. O resultado deste trabalho apresenta algumas informações úteis para a administração pública municipal, que podem ser extraídas das imagens de alta-resolução. Palavras-chave: Sensoriamento remoto, processamento de imagens, banco de dados geográfico, PostGIS, raster. Abstract The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of geographic databases, presenting PostGIS spatial extension and its applicability to the municipal level, as well as the different possibilities of spatial analysis. Using sample data types such as vector, raster and tabular data to the extraction and / or generating of various spatial data with information aiming to feed different segments comprising the secretariat structure of a municipality. As a final product, the analysis of these data can be reversed into an endless source of information, with low investment cost for deployment. With goals in macro analysis free data can be obtained from various data sources in Brazil or abroad. For more detailed information there's an alternative that is the acquisition of high-resolution images. As one of the objectives of this study, we'll explore some useful information to public administration that may be extracted from high-resolution images.

The paper proposes a work flow before, during and after the archaeological field survey, with the use of mobile GIS technology, aimed at verifying the location of archaeological sites, documented in the 1980s and 1990s.
The first part characterized the field survey and of scientific and conservation assumptions of the program called the Polish Archaeological Record, which became the basis for a national register of archaeological sites and the current source of spatial data acquisition. The text specified also circumstances needed to carry out verification research. Further part described the steps of the research process, carried out with the use of traditional methods and based on the analogue records. Additionally, areas endangered by the risk of generating errors were highlighted.
The next part proposes work flow on the mobile devices with GIS, with a focus on the process of preparing materials for actions in the field - acquiring digital data from analogue maps. The text compares the possibilities and characteristics of GPS navigators, tablets and smartphones with Google applications and PDAs with GIS software as research tools for the verification of data obtained. Key features of selected devices and applications are summarized in the table.
The summary indicates the benefits of the new solutions during the field survey, significant changes in relation to traditional methods, and the postulate to take into account new technologies and adapt to
them the collected information about the resources of the archaeological heritage in the national conservation offices.

Analysis of pottery is one of the best methods for the functional and chronological interpretation of archaeological sites. By applying Geographic Information System (GIS) onto Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), it has provided new opportunities in field prospection in the form of Comprehensive Field Survey (CFS). As a multidisciplinary approach, it offers good results in terms of data acquisition and proves to be an inexpensive and accurate solution for complex, non-invasive research.

This paper presents a review on a major category of coordinated attacks i.e. cooperative blackhole /
grayhole attack which are a serious threat to ad hoc network security. In cooperative blackhole attack
multiple nodes collude to hide the malicious activity of other nodes; hence such attacks are more difficult to
detect. In this paper a survey of various security mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature for
diction of such attacks is presented.

The process of how people recognize spatial configurations and
use them is an important subject for understanding of human
walking pattern. It plays a vital role in pedestrian pathway and
city street network design. In this context this study is to
investigate the relationship between Human walking pattern and
Spatial Configuration using Mobile GIS and Space Syntax
Application. Mobile GIS is a newly introduced method that
facilitate to collect much reliable and accurate data instead of
conventional methods, space syntax enables the advance analysis
in relation to space.
In this study first actual human walking pattern were captured by
using Mobile GIS application. Then spatial configuration and
visibility of the study area were analyzed by using UCL Depth
map software.
Then visual analysis and spatial correlation were employed to
identify the relationship between human walking pattern and
spatial configuration. Results indicates, human walking pattern
has significant correlation with spatial configuration (78%) and
visibility of the space (62%).