Lesson Study

ABSTRAK Dalam pendidikan teknikal dan vokasional, penguasaan teori dan amali adalah sangat penting dalam melahirkan modal insan yang berkemahiran dan berketrampilan. Terdapat dua (2) jenis penilaian yang dijalankan iaitu Penilaian Berterusan (PB) yang mewakili 70% dan Penilaian Akhir (PA) sebanyak 30%. Kedua-dua bentuk penilaian ini menilai aspek teori dan amali.Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji permasalahan yang timbul semasa proses Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran (PnP) dan penilaian akhir amali modul Pembuatan Pakaian di kalangan pelajar Program Fesyen Dan Pakaian(FP. Dalam kajian ini, seramai 45 pelajar Fesyen dan Pakaian telah terlibat sebagai sampel kajian. Kajian ini berbentuk tinjauan dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil dari analisis data yang telah dibuat didapati masalah yang paling dominan ialah dari segi penyimpanan dan susan atur hasil pola dan juga pakaian yang telah dihasilkan.

This is a short poem by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣabbān (d. 1206/1791) translated from the original Arabic into English verse. The poem is a concise, technical list of the ten essentials aspects of any science. It is intended to help students memorize the outline of the topic, while a teacher's additional commentary would be needed to really understand the content and meaning of the ten essentials.

KPL is one of the programs that must be implemented by students of the department of education at Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). The MPA Student is required to implement the program that is determined to implement the lesson study in the framework of lesson study. Based on the facts in the field, there are many obstacles faced by MPA Students, among them (1) the lack of presence of field supervisor in the learning activities; (2) lack of guidance of teachers in learning activities; (3) lack of material handout lesson study. Based on the problem, the researcher wanted to focus the research on how the effectiveness level of Lesson Study Module in Geography Learning for Students at school MPA activity. This research is one of descriptive research by using qualitative approach. The subjects of this study are students who have taken the MPA. Based on the research results can be seen that 77% of students give positive responses to the module. The developed modules are very effective and worthy of use for MPA Students. The developed modules can be used as reference material for MPA Students in conducting lesson study activities. In the future, it is expected that there will be further research in the field of lesson study geography. It is also recommended that modules can be experimented so that modules can be developed again for the better. Abstrak: KPL adalah salah satu program yang wajib dilaksanakan oleh mahasiswa jurusan kependidikan di Universitas Negeri Malang. Mahasiswa KPL wajib melaksanakan program yang sudah ditentukan, yaitu melaksanakan pembelajaran dalam kerangka lesson study. Berdasarkan fakta di lapangan banyak sekali kendala yang dihadapi Mahasiswa KPL, di antaranya (1) kurangnya kehadiran dosen pembimbing lapangan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran; (2) kurangnya bimbingan guru pamong dalam kegiatan pembelajaran; (3) minimnya materi handout lesson study. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut peneliti ingin memfokuskan penelitian pada bagaimana tingkat efektifitas Modul Lesson Study dalam Pembelajaran Geografi bagi Mahasiswa pada kegiatan KPL sekolah. Penelitian ini adalah salah satu penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa yang pernah menempuh KPL. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa 77% mahasiswa memberikan respon positif terhadap modul. Modul yang dikembangkan sangat efektif dan layak digunakan bagi Mahasiswa KPL. Modul yang dikembangkan dapat dijadikan bahan rujukan bagi Mahasiswa KPL dalam melaksanakan kegiatan lesson study. Kedepan diharapkan ada penelitian lanjut di bidang lesson study geografi. Disarankan juga agar modul bisa dieksperimenkan sehingga modul dapat dikembangkan lagi menjadi lebih baik lagi.

Perhatian!!!

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This report provides a detailed outline of the lesson study process that teachers engaged in to plan, teach, evaluate and re-teach one lesson of mathematics. It includes details about the meetings held, the two lessons taught by two different teachers, the objectives and aims for doing this lesson, the two lesson plans, photographs of the lesson, and comments from students, teachers and observers.
Our aim is to disseminate one practice of teachers working together. Through this document, we seek not only to help others understand the planning and implementation process, but also provide a resource that other teachers may use in their teaching and serving as a support framework for carrying out other lesson studies in whatever subject/area of study.

The concept of constitutionalism entails the idea of limitation of power. It refers to the idea of limited government power. Within the context of a constitution, it implies a system of limited constitutional governance. Rosenfeld describes constitutionalism as "a three faceted concept" that, requires imposing limits on governmental powers, adherence to the rule of law, and the protection of human rights. 1 Mcllwain on the other hand describes constitutionalism as the antithesis of arbitrary rule, the opposite of despotic government, as the government of will instead of laws. 2 However, there is a distinction between constitution and constitutionalism. Schochet in relation to this distinction points out that, "there is a closeness between constitutionalism per se and the having of a constitution, closeness that is behind the easy and frequent slippage from one to the other. 3 This closeness must be distinguished in order to prevent the slippage. Constitution refers to the form, the document itself, the body of laws, legislation and resolutions, defining, authorizing and regulating state power. It is the juridical framework supporting functioning of state power. Constitution is focused on the order based on the statute, along with organizing of state power and ensuring its stability. It also regulates the form of the state, the order of establishing institutions representing state power and area of their authority, along with the administratively territorial system, persons' legal status and their interrelation with state power while constitutionalism relates to the substance, values embedded in the constitutional provisions. Constitutionalism presupposes the existence of a constitution, whether written or unwritten. 4 According to Okoth Ogendo, the opposite is not true. Most African countries based on their constitutional history, they adopted new 'constitutions' amended or replaced old ones with new ones in order to consolidate their personal powers, with countries such as DRC beating the world record of one constitution per year in 46 years of independence; hence the reference of these constitutions by Ogendo as constitutions without constitutionalism. 5 Many of the constitutions instead of limiting powers of the government, establishing the rule of law, protecting human and people's rights and fostering democracy, they were enacted

This research presents features of knowledge of content and students (KCS) and knowledge of content and teaching (KCT) as empirical evidence of mathematics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) utilised and enhanced through their participation in iterative cycles of lesson study. Over the course of one academic year, twelve teachers in two secondary schools engaged in this research as a double case study of teacher learning within a lesson study community. Qualitative data was generated through audio recordings of teacher meetings and through multiple teacher interviews. Dialogue within the lesson study communities was mapped to a framework of PCK as proposed by Ball, Thames and Phelps
(2008). Results of this study find empirical evidence of
the features of KCS and KCT in teachers’ planning and
reflection conversations and demonstrate teacher learning over iterative cycles of lesson study.

"Abstract: In this paper we describe our insights from an intervention with middle school teachersaimed at collaboratively planning a lesson for teaching the topic of integers. The collaborationinvolved teachers working together with teacher educators to share teaching approaches, exploredifferent meanings of integers, explore different contexts and develop resources for teaching integers. It led to opportunities for teachers for negotiation of beliefs, developing shared values of
making mathematics accessible to students using close to real life contexts and opportunities for going beyond the textbook by taking decisions on the basis of one's own knowledge.
"

Este artículo, pretende reflejar las reflexiones, experiencias e investigaciones de un grupo de investigación de la Universidad de Málaga en relación con las Lesson Study (LS): un proceso de investigación y acción cooperativa. Una forma de enseñar a ser docente en la formación inicial y permanente. Una de nuestras líneas de investigación se ha centrado en abordar los conceptos y dilemas involucrados en la formación del pensamiento práctico de los docentes, así como en los complejos procesos de reconstrucción del mismo. En esta última década las LS nos han ayudado a entender que: (1) El conocimiento de los docentes debe considerarse, de forma más amplia, como una combinación activa de conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes, emociones, creencias y valores el pensamiento práctico del profesor; (2) La mayoría de estos recursos personales y profesionales son inconscientes o mejor subconscientes; (3) Los cambios en el pensamiento práctico del docente requieren más experiencia práctica y reflexión, un proceso dialéctico con dos momentos principales: la teorización de la práctica y la experimentación de la teoría reconstruida; (4) La LS, como investigación acción cooperativa facilita la emergencia de este proceso dialéctico; (5) La LS es una forma particular de desarrollar la investigación acción, agregando una ruta compleja, sistemática, flexible y cooperativa para tratar proyectos de innovación curriculares concretos y contextuales; y (6) La virtualidad pedagógica de la LS para reconstruir el pensamiento práctico del profesorado desde dentro y fortalecer la comunidad profesional docente.

This article aims to reflect the reflections, experiences and research of a research group of the University of Malaga in relation to the Lesson Study (LS): a cooperative research and action process. A way of teaching to be a teacher in initial and ongoing formation. One of our lines of research has focused on addressing the concepts and dilemmas involved in the formation of teachers’ practical thinking, as well as in the complex processes of reconstructing it. In this last decade LS have helped us to understand that: (1) The knowledge of teachers should be considered, more broadly, as an active combination of knowledge, skills, attitudes, emotions, beliefs and values: called as thought practical of the teacher; (2) The majority of these personal and professional resources are unconscious or better subconscious; (3) Changes in the teacher’s practical thinking require more practical experience and reflection, a dialectical process with two main moments: the theorization of the practice and the experimentation of the reconstructed theory; (4) The LS, as a cooperative action research facilitates the emergence of this dialectical process; (5) The LS is a particular way to develop action research, adding a complex, systematic, flexible and cooperative route to deal with specific and contextual curricular innovation projects; and (6) The pedagogical virtuality of the LS to reconstruct the practical thinking of teachers from within and strengthen the professional teaching community.

Nous allons étudier l’évolution des pratiques d’enseignants en mathématiques à travers l’analyse des effets du dispositif de Lesson Study (LS). Ce dispositif de type collaboratif et réflexif réunit un groupe d’enseignants et de coaches-chercheurs. Dans quelle mesure ce dispositif permet-il de modifier les pratiques enseignantes ? Qu’est-ce qui change ou résiste aux potentiels changements dans les pratiques ?
Pour analyser une évolution des pratiques, nous situons notre travail dans le cadre théorique de la double approche didactique et ergonomique développé par Robert et Rogalski (2002). Dans le dispositif de LS, les enseignants préparent collectivement une leçon puis l’un d’eux l’enseigne. Celui-ci doit se l’approprier créant ainsi des modifications même minimes. Nous étudions ces modifications en adaptant la méthodologie de Mangiante (2007) issue des travaux de Leplat (1997).
Nous envisageons d’introduire le concept de zone illusoire dans les pratiques (Blanton, Westbrook, & Carter, 2005), définie comme une zone dans laquelle l’enseignant croit mettre en place la possibilité d’actions pour les élèves sans que ce ne soit réellement le cas. Cette zone illusoire pourrait représenter un état transitoire dans le développement de l’enseignant.

Mots clés
Pratiques enseignantes, double approche, évolution des pratiques, zone illusoire, Lesson Study

درس پژوهی برای جوامع یادگیری: راهنمای جامع برای اصلاح نظام آموزشی مدرسه
مبحث درس پژوهی در ابتدا توسط کشور ژاپن به تمام نقاط دنیا شناسانده شد و اولین کشوری که این مبحث بدانجا منتقل شد امریکا بود. تمرکز این موضوع بیشتر بر روی آموزش درس ریاضی بود و تفکر غلطی در این رابطه وارد اذهان عموم شد که مبحث درس پژوهی صرفا مربوط به درس ریاضی و علوم می باشد. با اینکه سوالات زیادی درمورد شیوه ثابت شدن و بکارگیری این موضوع در مدارس وجود دارد اما این مبحث بیشتر در سطح فرم یا طرح می باشد.
این کتاب به طور کامل به بررسی نظریه درس پژوهی برای جوامع یادگیری  (LSLC) می پردازد و این نکته را مد نظر قرار می دهد که اصلاح فرهنگ مدرسه مستلزم تغییر سطح یادگیری دانش آموزان، معلمان و حتی والدین می باشد. بدین منظور هدف LSLC، تفییر شیوه های مدیریت کلاس است. این کتاب به بحث در مورد این مسئله می پردازد که LSLC، نظریه و چارچوب جامع و کاملی درباره اصلاح و پیشرفت نظام آموزشی مدرسه است و روش خاصی را در این رابطه دنبال می کند. فصل های این کتاب شامل:
• بوجود آوردن زمان مناسب
• تشکیل گروه یا تیم
• ترویج و توسعه امر اصلاح و بهسازی
• اصلاح مدرسه بطور روزانه
• مطالعه درس های تحقیقی
• بحث درمورد درس های خوانده شده
• اصلاح مداوم و پایدار مدرسه براساس LSLC
کشورهایی آسیایی همچون ژاپن، چین، کره، تایوان، اندونزی و سنگاپور توجه زیادی به موضوع درس پژوهی دارند و همچنین جایگاه مهمی در میان کشورهای غربی پیدا کرده است. این کتاب می تواند هم برای کسانی که علاقه زیادی به سیاست آموزشی و پیشرفت آن دارند و هم کارکنان آموزش و پرورش مناسب و درخور باشد.

The theory and tools of “improvement science” have produced performance improvements in many organizational
sectors. This essay describes improvement science and explores its potential and challenges within education. Potential
contributions include attention to the knowledge-building and motivational systems within schools, strategies for learning
from variations in practice, and focus on improvement (rather than on program adoption). Two examples of improvement
science in education are examined: the Community College Pathways Networked Improvement Community and lesson
study in Japan. To support improvement science use, we need to recognize the different affordances of experimental and
improvement science, the varied types of knowledge that can be generalized, the value of practical measurement, and the
feasibility of learning across boundaries.

The consumption of energy drinks is rapidly increasing, as demonstrated by their large market growth. The targeted demographic group is teenagers, young adults, 18 to 34 y old; although expansion into nontraditional markets is also occurring. It is claimed that energy drinks can offer an increased energy boost related to their ingredient profile of caffeine, taurine, herbal extracts, and vitamins. Research suggests that energy drink formulations, in addition to increasing energy utilization, may also improve mood, enhance physical endurance, reduce mental fatigue, and increase reaction time. However, in most cases, the corresponding mechanisms of action are not clear. In addition, concerns have been raised over their safety and with a currently weak regulatory environment, efforts need to be made to ensure consumer safety. The objective of this article is to review the current U.S. energy drink market with emphasis on its market size, target demographic, active ingredients, potential benefits, safety, and regulations .

Teacher’s pedagogy is a key factor in achieving better learning from both the teacher and the students through the application of theory and practice in teaching a particular subject and its context. In view of enhancing the teaching pedagogy of teachers, this paper sought to investigate the impact of Lesson Study (LS) in teaching pedagogy through the delivery of netiquette instruction – a topic that was  deemed very relevant to young adults in this Information Age. The process of LS revealed themes that pointed out how teaching pedagogy could be enhanced. In the light of the LS process, teachers’ collaboration in the preparation of lesson and conduct of classroom instruction revealed a significant ruminations on how lessons could be improved. In particular, the post-lesson debriefing revealed that the presence of integration of empathy in the conduct of instruction was a positive teaching practice. However, the need for the following concerns to further enhance teaching pedagogy th...

The purpose of this paper is to capitalize on the advantages of an evidence-based lesson analysis while proposing a method of research on teaching that offers opportunities for deeper reflections. The objective is to examine how well a transnational learning project such as this one can determine the cultural script of a mathematics lesson in Malaysia through the perspective of Japanese educators well trained in the lesson study approach. Emphasis here is on a cross-cultural analysis to view in depth the cultural script of teaching mathematics in Malaysia with particular focus on how teachers respond to students’ mistakes in a mathematics lesson.

Statement provided the Indiana University Office of Overseas Study to request an exemption from the US State Department Travel Advisory for Mexico.  In this paper, statistical information is presented on the safety of Yucatan compared to locations in the USA.  The State Department assessment of safety and security in Yucatan is discussed and a cultural historical discussion of the region is offered.

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