Deflection

Story-high, prefabricated concrete façade elements with 6-8 cm thick outer layers were frequently used in building construction in the 1960/70s. In current construction and rehabilitation, they are much thicker (12-15 cm) or economically non-competitive, due to significantly increased concrete cover or the required use of stainless steel reinforcement, respectively, for durability. Additionally, these elements are placed further away from the support structure, owing to significantly increased requirement in thermal insulation. The outer shell of a façade element of the late 1960s was 4-8 cm away from the support structure while today, it is placed at a distance of 16-32 cm. The potential of replacing steel bars in prefabricated concrete façade elements by non-metallic glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement was explored experimentally in a collaborative research project, targeting 5 cm thin elements and also requiring to test an associated new anchor system.

A new identification methodology for dynamic axle loads using the superposition principle and influence surface concept was proposed in the companion paper, in which the effects of various factors such as bridge inertia force, measurement station, vehicle speed, traveling route, number of vehicles, road surface condition, and noise level were investigated through numerical simulations. In this study the proposed methodology is applied to identify the axle loads of a test truck traveling across an existing bridge. The axle load time-histories are obtained and compared to the static axle loads of the test truck. The results show that the identified dynamic axle loads are fluctuating around their static counterparts. The dynamic impact factor and load amplification factor for the axle loads under different vehicle speeds and road surface conditions are also studied. Being able to identify the real dynamic axle loads, the methodology can be applied to improve the current bridge-weigh-in...

Cette recherche a pour but de comprendre le comportement
face à l’eau de mer de structures en béton renforcées de
PRFV afin de rassurer les entreprises de génie civil amenées
à employer ce type de barres. L’étude s’articule autour
d’un programme de collaboration entre le laboratoire de
Génie Civil (LGC) de l’École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de
Tunis (ENIT) et le Centre de Recherche de la Compagnie
Baden en Allemagne (CRCB). Cette recherche s’intéresse
à l’application et l’amélioration des matériaux composites dans le domaine du BTP et surtout dans les ouvrages maritimes
exposés à un degré d’agressivité élevé. Cette étude
devrait contribuer à développer l’usage des barres en composite
du fait de leur bonne durabilité dans les milieux
marin.

In today's day to day life, it is very difficult to have free to stay relaxed while doing work. According to the research of 48% slip disk problem can occurs in workers due to only standing work. There is a need to have arrangement such that when worker get free time and during working can sit and relax. Therefore the idea of chair less chair comes in picture. It gives ability to sit anywhere and everywhere. One can easily walk or even can run with this chair, and can easily sit when get some free time. This new concept is very useful for the industrial worker, farmers, and old peoples. In this paper we will study the basic formation of this chair less seating arrangement. This paper illustrates the results followed by design consideration.

Non-destructive test is the best method for evaluate the different parameters of the pavements. In destructive testing taking core or make destruction to the pavement is time consuming. And difficult to carried out in heavy traffic area. Non-destructive test are carried out on various pavement to determine the test parameters. Modulus of Elasticity, Poissons’s ratio and deflections of pavements are evaluated by using NDT instrument. Determination of strength of pavement and revised loading criteria for design of pavement. Test equipment use for to carry test on rigid pavement is Rebound Hammer and for flexible pavement is Falling weight Deflectometer. Test data collected from the tests for various pavement is used to evaluate, maintain and upgrade existing pavement systems to meet today's traffic demand for higher magnitudes of loading and frequencies.

With the development of science and rapid growth of engineering needs for suitable structural analysis softwares, FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis has become one of themain tools for design process. Combination of hardware and software resources gives complete geometric model of any assemblywith accurate results for research field. At the same time, this approach enables effective realtime data manipulation that reduces design process time to minimum. Practical significance of this design system is reflected in more convenient, faster and safer task completion. Bridge cranes are one of the most widely used cranes for material transport in modern production and they represent complex systems, composed of many subsystems with different coupling characteristics. Empirical design is most often used for crane’s necessary structure calculations and other design parameters that have direct impact on production performance.Bridge girder, as a main component in special machinery equipment, requires accurate perfomance data results like bending stresses and deflections that meet the design requirements. The result of this research is analytical calculation of single girder bridge crane, with determined maximum bending stress and deflection on bridge girder. After calculation is performed, geometric 3D model of single girder bridge crane is created in CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) software. Geometric 3D model was than subjected to FEM analysis in same software, whereupon results comparison has been done.

This report investigates the amount of deflection in an olympic barbell during a dead-lift. A deflection model from deflection theory is used in comparison to finite element analysis (FEA) from Strand7. It is found that there is a deflection of approximately 5% of the length of the barbell when there is a 501 kg load applied.

The aim of the present paper is to study the bending behaviour of honeycomb sandwich structure made of aluminium alloy cores, through the four point bending tests. Effects of the variation in honeycomb core height and honeycomb sandwich panel skin are investigated. The honeycomb panels demonstrate an initial linear elastic behaviour which is followed by nonlinear elastic-plastic behaviour. Also the flexural behaviour of honeycomb sandwich structure was analyzed by finite element analysis. The honeycomb sandwich panel failure modes are reported and discussed.

The paper present here in is an extraction from my book named "Design of Concrete Structures" having ISBN:978-81-905015-0-1 from Alok Publications. The chapter discusses the simplified procedure adopted in IS 456:2000 code (Clause-23.2). The detailed calculation of deflection in IS 456:2000 code book is discussed in Annex-C of the code which is not discussed herein but can be found from the previously uploaded paper namely "Analysis and Design of T-beam bridge over Rangiya Nala using Limit State Method". Hence readers interested in further reading on deflection can download the above said paper on bridge and see the deflection check part. Here only the simplified method is discussed.

Using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as an alternative to traditional steel
reinforcement solves durability problems in reinforced concrete structures. This study
investigated the effects of bar slippage on the pre- and post-heating flexural response
of concrete beams reinforced with different FRP and conventional steel bars. A total
of twenty-four control and heat-damaged concrete beams with different FRP/steel
bars were loaded (in triplicates) under a four-point loading configuration to evaluate
their mechanical performance and failure modes while acquiring strains in tension
steel and compression concrete. A new theoretical method was proposed to predict
the load capacities of the beams with consideration of slippage between the FRP bars
and surrounding concrete. The results were then compared with the load capacities
computed using the ACI code that assumes a prefect bond between FRP bars and
concrete. The post-heated concrete beams failed at a relatively low load capacity.
They also presented an increase in deflection and ductility and a decrease in stiffness
and total absorbed energy. The theoretical ultimate load of the FRP-RC beams,
computed on the basis of the ACI code, was overestimated relative to the
corresponding measured values. By contrast, the computations based on the actual

Most of the road network in India has a significant level of deterioration and therefore requires major rehabilitation projects; in general, most of these rehabilitation activities involve a new asphalt layer on the original pavement structure; knowledge and analysis of structural capacity of the pavement is essential to perform a durable and economical rehabilitation design. The determination of the structural capacity of flexible pavements as a function of the deflections produced by the application of a load. The techniques most used in many countries to measure pavement deflections are the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and the Benkelman beam, the first one works under dynamic loading and the second device under static loading. The use of devices under static loading has not been recommended by several design methodologies, including AASHTO, but these are still used widely in many countries including India, for this reason it is necessary to compare the deflections by Benkelman beam and falling weight deflectmeter. In this study deflections measure by BBD and FWD techniques on 30 deflection observation points on selected 1.5 km flexible urban highway stretch. Both test are perform simultaneously on marking points. And data collected by booth test are as per IRC: 81-1997 and IRC: 115-2014.

In a recently published volume on grammaticalization entitled The limits of grammaticalization (1998), the editors Giacalone Ramat and Hopper observe that the study of grammaticalization ‘appears to be entering a new and significant stage’ (p. 1). After a period of revived interest in grammaticalization in the 1980s and early 1990s, resulting in a constant flow of textbooks and case studies, ‘there is a growing reflexive interest in integrating grammaticalization with theoretical work in descriptive and historical linguistics’ (ibid.). One of the topics that is increasingly subjected to scrutiny is the status of such processes as degrammaticalization or lexicalization, which are sometimes dealt with under the same rubric as grammaticalization, but which are not in accordance with the very cornerstone of grammaticalization: the Unidirectionality Hypothesis. This hypothesis predicts that lexical items may grammaticalize into grammatical items or that less grammatical items may grammaticalize into more grammatical items, but not vice versa. The relation between grammaticalization and unidirectionality will be dealt with in section 2.
Within grammaticalization studies, such ‘counterdirectional changes’ have been approached in different ways. It will be seen that the treatment of these changes is largely, though not entirely, a matter of definition. Basically, there are two main types of counterdirectional changes: lexicalization and degrammaticalization. The former is sometimes treated as a subset of the latter (e.g. in Ramat, 1992), but I will argue in section 3 that a descriptive model in which the two are kept apart is more adequate. Degrammaticalization is evidently the less common of the two, but to my mind it is also the more interesting one. The low frequency of degrammaticalization changes, when compared to grammaticalization changes, raises the question of what factors may be held responsible for such apparently unusual developments. In this paper, I will argue that one such factor was nominal deflexion, i.e. the loss of case as an inflectional category, which led to a number of degrammaticalization changes. Using data from Swedish, I will show that deflexion (directly or indirectly) resulted in the ‘upgrading’ of inflectional suffixes and the interruption of the grammaticalization of an adposition. After a short introduction to deflexion in section 4, I will discuss these case studies in section 5.

Шестопалова К. М. Психологічні механізми взаємозв’язку антиципації та життєвої компетентності особистості. – На правах рукопису.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата психологічних наук за спеціальністю 19.00.01 – загальна психологія, історія психології. – Дніпропетровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара Міністерства освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України, Дніпропетровськ, 2013.

This paper describes design and FEA analysis of mono leaf or single-leaf spring that consists of simply one plate of spring. The performance analysis of spring is under static loading condition. Due to the absorb and release property it is become a major factor in designing the leaf spring which is showing the replacement of steel springs with composite leaf springs. A current leaf spring is made up of a steel material which is having high weight, high corrosion, more noise and the property of material is changing when the load is acting and gives low natural frequency. Therefore, composite materials become the predominant alternative material for replacing the spring steels. The objective of this paper is to compare the load carrying capacity, strength and weight saving of composite leaf spring with that of EN45 steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stress, deflection and weight saving for comfort riding and enhancing durability of spring. Dimensions of the composite leaf spring are to be taken as same as conventional EN45 steel leaf spring used in TATA SUMO GOLD for rear suspension. A Finite element approach for analysis of mono leaf springs using ANSYS R15 software is carried out. Using CATIA V5R20 for modelling the leaf spring. The results are compared with the properties of EN45 steel and thermoplastic polyimide with 30% carbon fibre composite material.

Cylindrical compression spring behavior has been described in the literature using an efficient analytical model. Conical compression spring behavior has a linear phase but can also have a nonlinear phase. The rate of the linear phase can easily be calculated but no analytical model exists to describe the nonlinear phase precisely. This nonlinear phase can only be determined by a discretizing algorithm. The present paper presents analytical continuous expressions of length as a function of load and load as a function of length for a constant pitch conical compression spring in the nonlinear phase. Whal’s basic cylindrical compression assumptions are adopted for these new models (Wahl, A. M., 1963, Mechanical Springs, Mc Graw-Hill, New York). The method leading to the analytical expression involves separating free and solid/ground coils, and integrating elementary deflections along the whole spring. The inverse process to obtain the spring load from its length is assimilated to solve...

Abstract: Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in construction industry which involves use of natural resources for the development of infrastructure. This growth poses a threat to natural resources that are available. Copper slag is considered as waste material and can be used as replacement of fine aggregates. M30 grade of concrete mix with water-cement ratio of 0.45 is used to determine the various mechanical properties. This research work mainly consist of two parts, in the first part, substitution of natural sand partially by copper slag in concrete is done with replacement of 0%, 35%, 40% and 45%. The optimum value obtained for 40% replacement of copper slag. The 28 days average compression strength was observed to increase by about 0.45% - 23.6%, split tensile strength by 16.61% - 34.98% and flexural strength of concrete by 27.78% - 38.89% when compared with control mix.  In the second part, the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with optimum copper slag content is studied. The reinforcement is varied from 0.62% - 0.89% in the flexure zone and the parameters like deflection, surface strain, cracking load, ultimate load and crack width of reinforced concrete beams was experimentally noted and compared with theoretical values as per code is: 456-2000.
Keywords: copper slag, workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, deflection, surface strain, crack width, cracking moment, ultimate moment.
Title: Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Replacing Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate
Author: Deepak Gowda. B, Dr. H. B. Balakrishna
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research
ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)
Research Publish Journals

Failure of local anaesthesia is a common problem faced in the clinical practice. Inferior alveolar nerve block is showing high percentage of failure among the local anaesthesia techniques. The study is conducted to understand the factors minimising the amount of needle deflection during the inferior alveolar nerve block. Successful local anaesthesia has been critical to the daily practice of dentistry. It is required to ensure maximum patient comfort while clinical procedures are being performed. The main objective of the study is to assess various factors affecting the deflection of the needle while giving inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia in a tissue like material agar-agar having almost similar physical properties to human tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the cause-and-effect relationship between many factors (needle gauge, tip design, angle of insertion, insertion technique and thickness of tissue) and amount of needle deflection during inferior alveolar ...

Compliant mechanisms gain some or all of their mobility from the flexibility of their members rather than from rigid-body joints only. More efficient and usable analysis and design techniques are needed before the advantages of compliant mechanisms can be fully utilized. In an earlier work, a pseudo-rigid-body model concept, corresponding to an end-loaded geometrically nonlinear, large-deflection beam, was developed to help fulfill this need. In this paper, the pseudo-rigid-body equivalent spring stiffness is investigated and new modeling equations are proposed. The result is a simplified method of modeling the force/deflection relationships of large-deflection members in compliant mechanisms. The resulting models are valuable in the visualization of the motion of large-deflection systems, as well as the quick and efficient evaluation and optimization of compliant mechanism designs.

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete(FRC) toughness parameters, crucial for structural design, can be obtained either by using load–deflection or load–crack opening displacement(COD) relationships. Therefore, determination of midspan-deflection under a given crack width is important in terms of flexural toughness characterization. This research is aimed to determine the relationship between mid-span deflection and COD, depending on beam-thickness/fiber length(t/fL) ratio and fiber aspect ratio(d/fL). In this study, Load-deflection and Load-COD curves from 4-point flexural tests were evaluated in detail to figure out a relationship between the mid-span deflections and crack openings. Proposed relationships were verified with the findings from literature and good results were obtained.