Data Envelopment Analysis

La transferencia de conocimiento de la investigación pública a la sociedad se ha convertido en un elemento estratégico y fundamental por varios aspectos. La transferencia representa una fuente de financiación para la actividad investigadora, una fuente de innovación para las empresas y una fuente de desarrollo económico. Además, es parte fundamental del objetivo de construir una economía basada en el conocimiento y constituye el tercer eje de la Estrategia española de ciencia y tecnología y de innovación. A este respecto, resulta fundamental evaluar la actividad de transferencia para conocer la situación actual y proponer acciones de mejora. En este trabajo proponemos un modelo de evaluación de la eficiencia de los hospitales españoles en producción científica, dato que podría utilizarse como indicador de transferencia de conocimiento.

The present paper discusses the use of statistics methods of forecasting and the use of data envelopment analysis to assist in the definition of goals for sustainability index in the context of Agenda 2030. The proposed methodology consists in the time series analysis using Loess method for identification and removal of outliers, forecasting the time series using exponential smoothing, in the definition of the benchmark using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and posterior definition of global goal and finally, in the distribution of global goal by the least squares method, combining the benchmark and the forecasting. For

The issue of the implication of interlinkage of factor markets on the allocative efficiency level of the farm households deserves a special attention in the light of the controversy among two distinct schools of thought: the Neoclassical and the Marxist. An attempt has been made in the paper to measure allocative and cost efficiencies of the interlinked holding vis-à-vis a comparable group of non-interlinked holding in the framework of Data Envelopment Analysis. Empirical evidence establishes the Neo-classical proposition that interlinked factor markets can be considered as one of the “efficiency improving institutional change” in rural agrarian economy. JEL classification: D61, C87, Q14. Keywords: Interlinkage, Allocative Efficiency, Rural Credit, Data Envelopment Analysis

The current study, using data envelopment analysis (DEA), aims to assess the healthcare systems efficiency of 26 European countries with Covid-19. This study developed DEA models to assist decision-makers in European countries via seven different scenarios to address the inefficiency of health systems following Covid-19. The input variables of the adopted DEA models include the number of conducted tests, medical doctors, nurses, hospital beds, and GDP. Whereas, the output variables include the number of affected, recovered, and deaths cases. Various output scenarios were considered and analyzed. Out of 26 European Countries, twelve were found efficient in all the assumed output scenarios. Moreover, we found four countries efficient in four scenarios out of the seven. Besides, another five countries have an efficiency level between 50%-90% in all the assumed out-put scenarios. Lastly, five countries have total efficiency levels at most 35% in each scenario. According to the developed DEA models, the countries under study can be divided into four main levels: efficient, efficient with some inefficiency, inefficient, and severely inefficient. Generally, more than 50% of the European countries have moderate to severe problems in their healthcare systems. Those countries have major issues in facing virus transmission. In general, healthcare-system-adapted DEA allows assessing the relative efficiency for countries. It is easy to perform, and it can provide helpful information which assists policymakers in continuous improvement.

This paper presents a review of the most recently published works of the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the evaluation of websites of different fields such as healthcare, e-business, e-commerce, and e-government.
The evaluation of websites is performed using web diagnostic tools (WDTs). Some studies have evaluated e-government websites using WDTs only, while others integrate them with data envelopment analysis. We summarize each study including the country that was conducted in, the size of data set,
inputs to DEA, outputs from DEA, the approach used, the tools used,
and the results obtained. It also covers whether there is a use of combination between DEA and data mining or machine learning approaches to classify the efficiency of these websites.

Veri zarflama analizi (VZA) farklı ölçüm birimleri ile ifade edilen çoklu girdi ve çıktılara sahip karar verme birimlerinin göreli etkinlik analizinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan etkinlik analizi yöntemlerinden birisidir. VZA yöntemi etkinlik ölçümünün yanı sıra hem olumlu hem de olumsuz kriterlere sahip karar problemlerinin çözümünde de kullanılmaktadır. Veri zarflama analizi yöntemi veri odaklı bir yöntem olduğu için girdi ve çıktı değişkenleri kesin değeri bilinen değişkenler olmalıdır. Ancak, gerçek hayat problemlerinde girdi ve çıktı değişenlerin değerleri her zaman
kesin değer olarak ifade edilememektedir. Göreli etkinlik analizinde kesin değeri bilinen verilerle birlikte dilsel ifadelerin (sıralı veriler) ve sınırlandırılmış girdi ve çıktı değişkenlerinin kullanımına olanak sağlamak için “Bulanık veri zarflama analizi” (BVZA) yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bir perakende mağaza zincirinin İzmir ilinde açmayı planladığı mağaza yerlerinin belirlenmesinde bulanık veri zarflama analizi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Firma tarafından belirlenen yirmi iki mağaza yeri alternatifi elde edilen göreli etkinlik analizi sonuçlarına göre sıralanmıştır

Many authors have been used different mathematical models to study the results of the Olympic Games. Some of these studies try to find new ways to establish alternative performance rankings while others evaluate the efficiency of the countries participating to the competition. Some use economics variables as inputs, others, included social aspects but in general, all of them chose the output orientation. In this work we are interested in studying the results of the Winter Olympic Games, held in Vancouver, Canada in 2010. We choose FDH (Free Disposal Hull) model but we decided to use input orientation. We brought into account the number of athletes of each country as input. As outputs, we use the number of gold, silver and bronze medals. The unit of analysis will be all the countries that took part in the games, even though they had not won any medals.

This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research

Conventional benchmarking measures focus mainly on water produced whilst ignoring water produced but not reaching consumers, unaccounted for water (UFW). Benchmarking must credit utilities for a reduction in UFW and improvements in service delivery. This study measures the performance of 20 urban water utilities using data from an Asian Development Bank survey of Indian water utilities in 2005. It applies directional distance function as an analytical tool for measuring performance of water utilities. The results reveal that at the mean level, Indian water utilities have the potential of increasing water delivery levels and reducing UFW by 20%. About half of that can be realized by changing the scale of operation. Metering of the water delivered and the length of the distribution network are major determinants of performance of water utilities.

Example of DEA model with weight constraints to virtuals inputs and outputs
Data (Cooper,W.W, Seiford, L.M., Tone, K. Data Envelopment Analysis: A comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-Solver software, Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000)
https://rpubs.com/PESSANHA/591579

An index to compare supercomputers is proposed in the study. This index is based on the concept of technical efficiency and is developed adopting a non-parametric technique, e.g. Data Envelopment Analysis. The index is used to calculate the technical efficiency of 500 high-performing computing systems listed in the TOP500 supercomputers database. Finally, statistical analysis is performed to assess the weight that some supercomputers characteristics have on their efficiency.

A four-stage methodological framework useful to analyze the performance of a product development process, with a focus on the information flow inefficiencies is presented. The formal and informal communication exchange between interacting tasks is captured through the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) representation, while the properties of the information flow structure are explored calculating metrics of Social Network Analysis (SNA). Information exchange inefficiency of process tasks is calculated performing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).

The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of the surgical and medical services of a public hospital in Eskisehir,-Turkey. In this study, the efficiency levels of 10 surgical and 11 medical services in the hospital are examined through output maximization-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) models with 4 inputs(the number of beds, the total number of physicians, the number of other healthcare personnel and the bed-occupancy rate). In evaluating the efficiency of medical services, the total number of surgical operations is not used as an output variable because surgical operations are not conducted by medical services-and a single output model is prepared for medical services. In addition, the output variables for the model developed for surgical services are the number of discharged inpatients and the total number of surgical operations. According to the findings obtained from DEA, surgical services are much more successful in performing their activities than medical services. With these findings, it is possible to assert that services that will be established in the hospital must include efficiency in their feasibility studies. In this context, it may be necessary for inefficient services to 253 review the basic input factors such as number of beds and the total number of personnel in terms of efficiency and reorganize according to the results of the analysis

This paper investigates the short-term market reaction of nine profit-efficiency, pre-classified merger deals of US banks over the time period from 1992 to 2003. The findings show that mergers combining low efficiency acquirers and targets create significant market returns following the merger event, while mergers combining the least efficient acquirers with moderately efficient targets diminish the acquirer's wealth more than any other type of merger. Furthermore, findings show that acquirers generally lose about 2.5% of their wealth upon the merger announcement while targets experience, on average, significant market returns of 15.5% following the merger announcement. The findings of the cross sectional analysis show that the CARs of acquirers are positively related to their technical efficiency and geographic diversification, while targets' CARs are negatively related to both target size and revenue efficiency.

Performance assessment is key to business management in any industry sector as it helps organizations to control, compare and even correct their performance. This paper proposes a model to evaluate the Argentine insurance sector, analyzing efficiency and relative productivity during the 2002-2011 period, using an efficient frontier technique known as Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Index. The results indicate that the market has not improved its productivity over the last ten years. One of the causes is attributed to the technological decline suffered in the period. Companies needed more resources to keep up their production, they have not invested in pursuit of improving their administrative and technological practices, or investments have not brought an increase in the volume of negotiated premiums.

One of the most powerful and applicable tools to evaluate the efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) is data envelopment analysis (DEA). In order to evaluate the efficiency of multi-division DMUs, it is essential to pay attention to the internal or linking activities among their different divisions, and also, we have presented a model of DEA, due to uncertainty in some input and output indexes of units, which beside paying attention to internal or linking activities, the data have been entered into the model in a fuzzy form. The suggested model is a slacks-based measure (SBM) model which deals with evaluating the efficiency of DMUs. At the end, a case study on the Iran regional power companies using the suggested model is presented. Mean whilst the proposed model is compared with other existing models and the results prove its advantages as well as the validity of our model.

Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an increasingly popular management tool. This write-up is an introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis DEA for people unfamiliar with the technique. For a more in-depth discussion of DEA, the interested reader is referred to Seiford and Thrall 19900 or the seminal work by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes 19788. DEA is commonly used to evaluate the eeciency of a number of producers. A typical statistical approach i s c haracterized as a central tendency approach and it evaluates producers relative t o a n average producer In contrast, DEA compares each producer with only the "best" producers. By the way, in the DEA literature, a producer is usually referred to as a decision making unit or DMU. DEA is not always the right tool for a problem but is appropriate in certain cases. See Strengths and Limitations of DEA. In DEA, there are a number of producers. The production process for each producer is to take a set of inputs and produce a set of outputs. Each producer has a varying level of inputs and gives a v arying level of outputs. For instance, consider a set of banks. Each bank has a certain number of tellers, a certain square footage of space, and a certain number of managers the inputs. There are a number of measures of the output of a bank, including numb e r o f c hecks cashed, number of loan applications processed, and so on the outputs. DEA attempts to determine which of the banks are most eecient, and to point out speciic ineeciencies of the other banks. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing YA units of output with XA inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate eeciently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of producing YB units of output with XB inputs, then other producers should also be capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in nding the "best" virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is better than the original producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the original producer is ineecient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scaled up or down and combined. 12.1 Numerical Example To illustrate how DEA works, let's take an example of three banks. Each bank has exactly 10 tellers the only input, and we measure a bank based on two outputs: Checks cashed and Loan 147

Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) kalitatif nitelik taşıyan sübektif sonuçlara bağlı olarak karar değişkenlerini değerlendirmektedir. DEA ise kantitatif yapılı göreceli etkinlik düzeylerini belirlemede kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu iki tekniğin aynı karar probleminde kullanılması, karar modelinde sübjektivite ve objektivitenin aynı anda yansıtılmasına imkân tanımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, giderek yaygınlaşan kripto paraların, gelecekte sıklıkla kullanılması olası turizm alanında faaliyet gösterenlerinin etkinlik düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve etkin turizm kripto paralarının saptanarak gelecekte piyasaya sürülecek ya da mevcutta faaliyet gösteren turizm kripto paralarına referans olarak gösterilmesidir.

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluates the decision variables based on the subjective results of qualitative nature. On the other hand, DEA is a method used to determine relative efficiency levels with a quantitative structure. The use of these two techniques in the same decision problem allows the simultaneous reflection of subjectivity and objectivity. The aim of this study is to measure the activity levels of cryptocurrencies, those operating in the field of tourism, which are likely to be used frequently in the future, and to determine the effective tourism cryptocurrencies and to show them as a reference to the tourism cryptocurrencies that will be released in the future or that are currently operating.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to apply a Cobb-Douglas, Translog Stochastic Production Function and Data Envelopment Analysis in order to estimate inefficiencies over time as well as respective TFP (Total Factor Productivity) sources for main Brazilian grain ...

ÖZET Limanlar bulundukları bölgelerde, ticaret olanaklarının gelişmesine, sanayileşmeye, yaşam standartlarının iyileşmesine, istihdam artışına ve bunların paralelinde sosyal imkânların artmasına katkı sağlarlar. Ekonomik ve sosyal katkılarının yanı sıra ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik açısından da hayati önem taşırlar. Ulusal ve uluslararası arenada bu denli önem taşıyan limanların ticari hayatta tercih edilebilir olması için verimli çalışması zorunludur. Limanların bulundukları ülke ekonomisindeki verimliliğini arttırmak için de limanlar ve hinterlantları (art bölge) ile birlikte düşünülerek gelişim süreçlerinin planlanması gerekmektedir. Her liman belirli bir hayat dönemine sahip olduğu gibi yıllar içinde artan veya azalan ticaret hacmi ile birlikte dinamik olarak değişime zorlanırlar. Bu değişim gerçekleşmediği takdirde limanlar tercih sebebi olmaktan çıkacaktır. Azalan yük hacmi liman bölgesini ve hinterlandını olumsuz etkileyecek ve liman verimsiz çalışmasıyla ülkenin bilançosunda negatif tarafta yer alacaktır. Ancak limanın gelişen ticaret hacmine ve teknolojiye ayak uydurması ile kaynakların verimli kullanımı sonucunda artan verimlilik ile gelişimi sağlanabilir ve hayat dönemi sürdürülebilir. Günümüzde birçok gelişmiş şehirde görülebileceği üzere liman kavramı ticaret merkezi olmayı devam ettirirken üretim yapılabilen sanayi merkezi haline de gelmiştir. Bu makalede 2010-2013 yılları arasında Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin önemli illerindeki limanlarının Karadeniz Ereğli Limanı'na göre verimlilikleri analiz edilmiştir. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin önemli illeri yük hacimlerine ve hinterlandına göre seçilmiş olup karşılaştırılan limanın Karadeniz Ereğli Limanı olmasının sebebi söz konusu limanın Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin sanayi olarak en gelişmiş yerinde olması ve limanlarının elleçlenen yük oranına karşın girdilerinin düşük olmasıdır. Bu makalede farklı birimlerde girdilerin kolay karşılaştırılabilmesi için metod olarak Veri Zarflama Analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz çerçevesinde uluslararası bazı sebeplerden dolayı verimlilik değişimleri belirtilmiş ve daha verimli olabilmeleri için öneriler sunulmuştur.

This paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at evaluating the cost efficiency of 108 Italian major municipalities, and investigating to what extent the municipality efficiency is also associated to the effectiveness of public expenditure, and consequently to quality of services offered to citizens. The study implements Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate the efficiency score and understand if it is influenced by scale economies and determine the type of these economies. For this purpose, every municipality was modeled as a production function using 6 cost item inputs and 2 outputs. Finally, the study implemented a truncated regression equation using the bootstrapped efficiency estimate as the dependent variable, and a selection of indicators measuring the quality of public services offered in the context as the independent variables.

Results reveal that there exist important scale inefficiencies in a number of municipalities, but unexpectedly a great amount of inefficiencies are caused by decreasing returns to scale. Additionally, the study suggests that a trade-off between expenditure efficiency and effectiveness, i.e. the quality of public service, seems to exist.