Crisi Costituzionalismo (inter)nazionale

In aperto dissenso con chi, dall'8 agosto 1991, continua a parlarne e ad affrontarli in termini emergenziali, in questo lavoro, i flussi migratori non sono considerati eccentriche ed episodiche emergenze ma fenomeni strutturalmente sistemici, complessi e plurali nella molteplicità di variabili che li condizionano e connotano. Da qui le due affermazioni difese in questo lavoro: (i) la necessità di una ridefinizione organicamente complessiva dei termini della tutela e attuazione dei diritti fondamentali che, nell'indivisibilità del loro insieme e nel loro doppio legame con la salvaguardia dei beni fondamentali, individuano l'unica strategia per porre fine a quelle forme di migrazione di chi vi è costretto dal venir meno delle condizioni minime della propria sopravvivenza; (ii) la necessità che anche gli interventi per porre finalmente rimedio alle troppe reticenze e incertezze del diritto (inter)nazionale nella declinazione delle garanzie per rendere effettivo il diritto di migrare e per tutelare i diritti di chi migra, debbano essere pensati e posti in essere nella prospettiva di una ridefinizione complessiva della tutela dei diritti fondamenti nella loro totalità e della loro interazione con la salvaguardia dei beni fondamentali. Abstract: Contrary to those who continue to address them in emergency terms since 8 August 1991, in this work migratory flows will be dealt with not as eccentric and episodic emergencies but as structurally systemic, complex and plural phenomena in the multiplicity of variables that condition and characterize them. Hence the two statements that will be defended in these pages are: (i) the need for an organically comprehensive redefinition of the protection and implementation of fundamental rights which, in their indivisibility and double bind with the safeguarding of fundamental goods, identify the only strategy to put an end to the forms of migration of those forced by the loss of minimum conditions for their survival; (ii) the need that the also the interventions to finally remedy the uncertainties and delays of the (inter)national law concerning the right to migrate and the protection of the rights of those who migrate, are to be conceived as part of the overall redefinition of the protection of fundamental rights in their interaction with the safeguarding of fundamental goods.

In a close comparison both with Luigi Ferrajoli’s theory of law and democracy and with Stefano Rodotà’s position, the intent of these pages is to focus on the claim for a consciously systemic strategy to face the main challenges of the global era. Thus, in particular, reference will be made to forms of the mutual conditioning between funda- mental rights and commons, as well as to the evaluation of the consequences that the legal regimentation of their respective guarantees may involve with regard to a possible (re)definition of national and international law. Preliminarily, paying attention to some of the arguments underestimating or contrasting the need for a legal regulation of the guarantees of fundamental rights in their interaction with commons, a brief survey of some profiles in relation to which the notion of commons is the target of sharp contro- versies will be provided.

In the perspective of an ongoing confrontation with Danilo Zolo’s view, this paper focuses on two main factors increasingly affecting the crisis of the State and its sovereignty since the second half of the last century: the (dis)ordered development of the (inter)national fundamental rights law, on the one side and, on the other, the always more pervasive diffusion of the lex mercatoria in its different forms. Rarely considered in the symmetrical opposition that connotes their impact on today’s sovereignty crisis, the two factors together show that the main point is not whether to support sovereignty once again but rather how to choose between two alternative and irreconcilable systems of values: that of the neoliber(al)ism with its straight defense of economic profit and partisan interests, or that of the constitutionalism of the second half of last century based on solidarity and the protection of dignity, fundamental rights and commons.