Content Centric Networks

Natural disasters are becoming more and more prominent in our world today, increasing by over 400% in the last 20 years alone. To overcome the challenges brought about by such situations, it has been proven vital to ensure continued and effective communication. Unfortunately, however, this has often been difficult with network failures commonplace, particularly during large-scale emergencies, e.g. earthquakes. Within this article, we explore the potential of information-centric networks (ICNs) to provision highly resilient communications during disaster scenarios. We first provide background to the area, before highlighting the key characteristics of ICNs that are well suited to augmenting resilience in the domain. Following this, we explore remaining challenges of note, concluding that, despite its potential, several key obstacles must be overcome before a truly resilient ICN can be realised.

Content-centric networking is a new networking paradigm for efficient data distribution in various environments including wireless sensor networks. It is likely that everything which benefits from networking will be connected. Recently, we have seen a huge proliferation of heterogeneous wireless devices, sensors, and distributed applications. These devices may generate a vast amount of time-constrained data. Content-centric networking is greatly useful to increase the data availability and the efficiency of data delivery. Internet of Things will enable all the communication devices to be interconnected and make the data generated by or associated with devices or objects globally accessible. In this article, we propose a possible architecture, necessary components, and related mechanisms for efficient data delivery in the wireless Internet of Things environment, which is based on content-centric networking. We also present simulation results to show the feasibility of the proposed architecture.

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture for the future Internet that focuses on content rather
than IP addresses. By leveraging named-data instead of named-hosts, ICN does not need the set up and maintenance
of stable paths between end-nodes. This makes ICN particularly convenient in networks characterized by intermittent
connectivity and hostile propagation conditions, such as wireless multihop networks like ad hoc and mesh networks.
In this paper, we present an information-centric architecture for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks, named
E-CHANET, which performs routing, forwarding and reliable transport functions, specifically tailored to cope with
the limitations and requirements of wireless distributed environments. E-CHANET performance is evaluated through
simulations and a comparison with the legacy TCP/IP architecture and the basic CCN model is provided. Achieved
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution in mobile wireless environments.

Internet was developed as a packet data network where users and data sources (server) with specific IP addresses interacted over a pre-established communication channel. This model of client–server data communication has evolved into a peer-to-peer mode of data sharing in recent times. Applications like, YouTube, Bit Torrent, social networks have revolutionized the idea of user generated contents. Modern users care only for specific data items irrespective of their sources. So, the idea of using IP addresses to identify servers hosting a particular content is losing its importance. Moreover, want of IP addresses is a challenging issue haunting the Internet community since long. The need of the time is a content-centric networking platform where data hosts are of less importance, and Named Data Networking (NDN) has been proposed to that end. NDN allows users to float a data request without any knowledge about the hosting entity. NDN can handle user mobility, security issues more efficiently than the current Internet. Although NDN has been proposed in 2010, so far, there is no survey paper studying its architecture and various schemes proposed for its different characteristic features, like, naming, adaptive forwarding and routing, caching, security, mobility, etc. In this paper, we introduce a novel taxonomy to study NDN features in depth. We have also covered several NDN applications. We conclude our survey by identifying a set of open challenges which should be addressed by researchers in due course.

Recently, the Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) have been utilized in various operational communication paradigms. This includes the communication scenarios that are subject to disruption and disconnection as well as the scenarios with high delay and frequent partitioning, i.e., Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Due to several characteristics match, a new research paradigm named as Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN) is introduced. Through relays and store-carry-forward mecha- nisms, messages in VDTNs can be delivered to the destination without an end-to-end connection for delay-tolerant applications. However, the choice of routing algorithms in VDTNs is still under study. Numerous routing protocols have been proposed to meet requirements of many applications. In this paper, we therefore provide some detailed study of recently proposed routing schemes for VDTNs. We also perform comparative analysis on the basis of unique criterion such as forwarding metrics with their implementations. In addition, open challenges and future directions are provided to make room of interest for the research community.

—Named data networking (NDN) resolves traditional transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)-based Internet problems (i.e., location dependent, complex usage, scal-ability, poor resource utilization, etc.) and is considered as an eligible candidate for futuristic Internet paradigm. In NDN-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the participating nodes are operated in highly dynamic and challengeable environment such as low battery power, channel fluctuations, intermittent connec-tivity, etc. Due to the broadcast nature of the wireless channel , the NDN-based MANETs highlight severe issues (e.g., packet collisions, flooding, data redundancy, and packet retransmissions), which further degrade network performance. In this paper, to cope with these problems, we have proposed a novel protocol, named location-aware on-demand multipath caching and forwarding for NDN-based MANETs. Performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated by using a simulator called ndnSIM. Extensive experiments along their results show that proposed protocol performs better as compared with the other recent proposed protocols in terms of content retrieval time, Interest retransmissions, and the total number of Interest packets injected, as well as discarded, in the network.

Named data networking (NDN) is a newly proposed paradigm for future Internet, in which communication among nodes is based on data names, decoupling from their locations. In dynamic and self-organized cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), it is difficult to maintain end-to-end connectivity between ad hoc nodes especially in the presence of licensed users and intermittent wireless channels. Moreover, IP-based CRAHNs have several issues like scalability, inefficient-mapping, poor resource utilization, and location dependence. By leveraging the advantages of NDN, in this paper, we propose a new cross layer fine-grained architecture called named data networking for cognitive radio ad hoc networks (NDN-CRAHNs). The proposed architecture provides distinct features such as in-networking caching, security, scalability, and multipath routing. The performances of the proposed scheme are evaluated comparing to IP-based scheme in terms of average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is effective in terms of average contents download time and packet delivery ratios comparing to conventional cognitive radio ad hoc networks.

Content-centric networking is a new paradigm conceived for future Internet architectures, where communications are driven by contents instead of host addresses. This paradigm has key potentialities to enable effective and efficient communications in the challenging vehicular environment characterized by short-lived connectivity and highly dynamic network topologies. We design CRoWN, a content-centric framework for vehicular ad-hoc networks, which is implemented on top of the IEEE 802.11p standard layers and is fully compliant with them. Performance comparison against the legacy IP-based approach demonstrates the superiority of CRoWN, thus paving the way for content-centric vehicular networking.

Named Data Networking (NDN) aims to discard the existing host-centric networking paradigm just to replace it with a more practical Content-Centric Networking (CCN) paradigm. CCN allows users to fetch and distribute contents directly using their names. NDN router stores all incoming content requests ('/'-delimited string components) in the Pending Interest Table (PIT) until they are satisfied. Multiple requests for the same content are merged in a single PIT entry and when the requested content is available, it is forwarded simultaneously to all the requesters. Although NDN has several benefits over the existing IP-based network, replacing IP addresses with names increases memory consumption and lookup cost. One possible way to restrict memory usage is to use name encoding, i.e., to encode identical components of a name with a unique integer. In this paper, we proposed a novel memory efficient name encoding scheme (called, Radient) for PIT and evaluated it extensively. Our results show that the Radient scheme can reduce memory consumption by 35.45% compared to the ENPT for 29 million names.

—Future cars are becoming powerful sensor platforms capable to collect, store and share large amount of sensory data by constant monitoring of urban streets. It is quite challenging to upload such data from all vehicles to the infrastructure due to limited bandwidth resources and high upload cost. This invoke the need to identify the appropriate vehicles within the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network, that are important for different urban sensing tasks based on their natural mobility and availability. This paper address this problem leveraging the self-decision making ability of a " Smart Vehicle " regarding its importance in the network. To do so, we present CarRank, an Information-Centric algorithm for a vehicle to first rank different location-aware information. It then uses the information importance, its spatio-temporal availability and neighborhood topology to analytically find its relative importance in the network. CarRank is the first step towards identifying the best set of information hubs to be used in the network for the efficient collection, storage and distribution of urban sensory information. We evaluate CarRank under a scalable simulation environment using realistic vehicular mobility traces. Results show that CarRank is an efficient ranking algorithm to identify socially important vehicles in comparison to other ranking metrics used in the literature.

—Vehicles today are becoming powerful sensor platforms capable to collect, store and share large amount of sensory data by constant monitoring of urban streets. It is quite challenging to upload such data from all vehicles to the infrastructure due to limited bandwidth resources and high cost. This invokes the need to identify the appropriate vehicles, important for different urban sensing tasks based on their natural mobility. This paper address this problem leveraging the self-decision making ability of a " Smart Vehicle " to measure its relative importance in the network. To do so, we present InfoRank as an Information-Centric algorithm for a vehicle to first autonomously rank different location-aware information. It then uses the information importance along its mobility pattern to find its importance in the network. We also present a selection algorithm to find the best ranked vehicles for urban sensing and vicinity monitoring to achieve a desired coverage within a limited budget. Our vehicle ranking system is the first step towards identifying the best information hubs to be used in the network for the efficient collection, storage and distribution of urban sensory information. We evaluate InfoRank under a scalable simulation environment using realistic vehicular mobility traces. Results show that the proposed ranking system efficiently identified socially important vehicles in comparison to other ranking schemes.

"Content-Centric Networking (CCN) provides a complete communication framework for data retrieval and dissemination, leveraging innovative naming and security schemes and
novel routing strategies augmented with caching at intermediate
nodes. Content requests are forwarded towards the source(s)
by directly using content names (instead of IP addresses), well
matching the applications’ usage of Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs).
Despite the potentialities, CCN cannot be straighforwardly applied in wireless environments and, in particular, in resource-constrained sensor nodes. In this paper, a two-tier CCN architecture is proposed to manage the heterogeneity of involved devices (remote server, sink, sensor nodes) that is enhanced with some changes in the forwarding strategies to improve data collection."

In the last couple of years, Information Centric Networking (ICN) has gained momentum as increasing number of patches for various issues (like mobility, security, availability etc.) have transformed TCP/IP into a complex and delicate network architecture. Among many core functionalities of ICN, pervasive in-network caching has potential to play an indispensable role in ameliorating the overall network performance. The paper thus aims to empirically evaluate the performance of some of the existing in-network caching techniques and also proposes a new caching technique. More specifically, in the first part of the paper, it is empirically proven that off-path caching performs the best, as compared to on-path and edge caching in terms of hit rate, average retrieval delay, cache diversity and external traffic over expensive links. In second part of the paper, EDOP caching has been proposed as hybrid caching strategy that couples effectively off-path caching with edge caching. The results exhibit that EDOP caching effects significant improvement in average retrieval delay for the top most popular contents while inducing marginal trade-off in other relevant performance metrics.

Vehicular communications is a growing area for communications between vehicle and everything. On the other hand, information-centric networking (ICN) is being recognized as a new paradigm for the future Internet and 5G networks. Content-centric networking (CCN) is a similar approach to ICN. In this paper, we propose an architecture and functional entities for CCN-based vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. We concentrate on various V2X communication scenarios and the applicability of CCN in the respective scenarios using proactive caching and optimized routing. We also show that CCN in-network caching can be effective by using the content popularity and the degree of vehicular safety oriented content. In addition, we analyze the performance of the architecture and demonstrate that proactive caching works better than reactive caching.

The futuristic Internet paradigm, named data networking (NDN), was recently introduced to solve the severe issues of current Internet architecture, such as complex usage, poor resource utilization, inefficient mapping, scalability, location dependence, and so on. Communication in NDN is based on content names decoupling from their locations. NDN also provides strong built-in functionalities, like multi-path routing, security primitives, flow balance mechanisms, and in-networking caching. Similarly, NDN-based mobile ad hoc networks are highly dynamic in nature whereby the participating nodes have experienced highly challengeable environments and constraints, such as channel fluctuations, intermittent connectivity, and low battery power. In this environment, if a node has limited residual energy, after sending a few packets, it will die soon. Furthermore, all of its pending request entries are also destroyed, which further exacerbates the communication process. To cope with this problem, we have proposed a novel protocol called the on-demand energy-based forwarding strategy (OEFS) that takes the residual energies of the nodes into account during the entire communication process. For the performance evaluations, we have used NDNSIM, which is specially designed for NDN-based networks. The simulation results show that the our OEFS outperform the existing state-of-the-art protocol in terms of content download time, interest retransmissions, the total number of Interest propagation, and data redundancy in the network. We also find the effect of OEFS on the energy threshold and show that OEFS enables mobile nodes to consume less amount of energy.

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture for the future Internet that focuses on content rather than IP addresses. By leveraging named-data instead of named-hosts, ICN does not need the set up and maintenance of stable paths between end-nodes. This makes ICN particularly convenient
in networks characterized by intermittent connectivity and hostile propagation conditions, such as wireless multihop networks like ad hoc and mesh networks.
In this paper, we present an information-centric architecture for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks, named E-CHANET, which performs routing, forwarding and reliable transport functions, specifically tailored to cope with the limitations and requirements of wireless distributed environments. E-CHANET performance is evaluated through simulations and a comparison with the legacy TCP/IP architecture and the basic CCN model is provided. Achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
solution in mobile wireless environments.

"In this paper we aim to demonstrate that the emerging paradigm of content-centric networking conceived for future Internet architectures can be also beneficial from the energy efficiency point of view.
The reference scenario to prove this statement is a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) characterized by dynamic topology and intermittent connectivity. We design CHANET, a content-centric MANET that relies on a connectionless layer built on top of legacy IEEE 802.11 networks to provide energy-efficient content-based transport functionality without relying on the TCP/IP protocol suite."

Research in Named Data Networking-based Mobile Ad hoc Network (NDN based MANET) experienced a lot of momentum and development in recent years. Such robust developments in the specific area surely contributes to advanced possibilities that Named Data Networking (NDN) can provide compared to traditional host centric networking solutions such as TCP/IP for dynamic routing that is much needed for MANET environment. Based on our observations, most existing work of NDN based MANET studies chose to use full wireless broadcast approach method for dynamic content routing as their solution in MANET environment. This review is carried out by analyzing how energy conservation of dynamic content routing was conducted in previous studies that has employed various methods of wireless broadcast smart control that are totally different from one another. We then discuss the disadvantages of the suggested solution from previous studies and scrutinizes it from the aspects of energy conservation of content routing in NDN based MANET point of view. Following that, we proceed to
suggest on how dynamic content routing should have been done in order to achieve beneficial energy efficiency improvements of content routing mechanism in NDN based MANET. Following that, we suggest how dynamic content routing mechanisms for energy conservation can be improved in NDN based MANET. At the same time, we show the differences between our suggested solution and existing solution as a proposal towards the creation of next generation of content routing solution for NDN based MANET implementation.

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Content centric networking (CCN) is a newly proposed futuristic Internet paradigm in which communication depends on the decoupling of content names from their locations. In CCN-based multihop wireless ad hoc networks, the participating nodes show dynamic topology, intermittent connectivity, channels fluctuation, and severe constraints such as limited battery power. In the case of traffic congestion, the affected nodes die early owing to the shortage of battery power. Consequently, all pending request entries are also destroyed, which further degrades the network performance as well as the node working lifetime. In this study, we have proposed a novel energy aware transmission scheme in which the forwarding mechanism is based on a node's residual energy. The proposed scheme is evaluated using official ndnSIM. This scheme enhances performance in terms of content retrieval time and total Interest transmission in the network.

In-network caching is the essential part of Content-Centric Networking (CCN). The main aim of a CCN caching module is data distribution within the network. Each CCN node can cache content according to its placement policy. Therefore, it is fully equipped to meet the requirements of future networks demands. The placement strategy decides to cache the content at the optimized location and minimize content redundancy within the network. When cache capacity is full, the content eviction policy decides which content should stay in the cache and which content should be evicted. Hence, network performance and cache hit ratio almost equally depend on the content placement and replacement policies. Content eviction policies have diverse requirements due to limited cache capacity, higher request rates, and the rapid change of cache states. Many replacement policies follow the concept of low or high popularity and data freshness for content eviction. However, when content loses its popularity after becoming very popular in a certain period, it remains in the cache space. Moreover, content is evicted from the cache space before it becomes popular. To handle the above-mentioned issue, we introduced the concept of maturity/immaturity of the content. The proposed policy, named Immature Used (IMU), finds the content maturity index by using the content arrival time and its frequency within a specific time frame. Also, it determines the maturity level through a maturity classifier. In the case of a full cache, the least immature content is evicted from the cache space. We performed extensive simulations in the simulator (Icarus) to evaluate the performance (cache hit ratio, path stretch, latency, and link load) of the proposed policy with different well-known cache replacement policies in CCN. The obtained results, with varying popularity and cache sizes, indicate that our proposed policy can achieve up to 14.31% more cache hits, 5.91% reduced latency, 3.82% improved path stretch, and 9.53% decreased link load, compared to the recently proposed technique. Moreover, the proposed policy performed significantly better compared to other baseline approaches.

Ability of caching the contents is one of the most important feature of an Information Centric Networking (ICN) node. By managing the cache space intelligently we can improve network’s performance and increase users’ Quality of Experience (QoE). Moreover, scalable video streaming in ICN is envisioned to be very beneficial as well as a challenging issue. In this paper, we are proposing a mechanism for cache management and request forwarding policies for scalable video streaming in ICN. Our proposed cache decision policy ensures to cache the base layer of a scalable video near to the users, which is mandatory layer for decoding any SVC encoded video and is needed by all the users with any data-rate budget, and consequently cache the higher layers in the upper nodes in the CCN/ICN within a specific RTT range. Furthermore, our intelligent cache decision cover fairness by considering router’s cache capacity (inside the RTT range) and at the same time giving more priority to the nodes that are nearer to the users. A limited cooperative request forwarding mechanism, which is the part of our proposal, plays a role to improve users’ QoE by providing the popular requested contents quickly. We have intensively simulated our proposed cache management and request forwarding scheme. The simulation results show that our proposed solution outperforms the current cache management schemes and improve the cache utilization. Also our proposed scheme decrease the traffic flowing inside the network by eliminating the request flooding and providing the requested contents from the nearby location to the users. The proposed scheme provides video faster to the users, specially the mandatory base layer is provided very quickly to the users.

The emergence of powerful mobile devices has allowed users to publish more contents in the Internet in recent years. The existing Internet architecture cannot cope with such exponential growth in users published contents. Content-centric networks have been proposed recently to allow future Internet to be data-centric rather than network centric. Several content centric networking approaches have been proposed, but most of them assume that users know the unique identifiers of the contents that are of interests to them. SECON [1] proposed a content centric mobile network solution that provides keyword-based retrievals. However, the authors do not provide detailed description on how their solution can be made scalable. In this paper, we propose two scalable solutions for keyword-based retrievals in content centric networks. Our preliminary simulation results indicate that our solutions are scalable.

Content Centric Networks (CCN) is recently proposed scheme for next generation Internet communication in which nodes do not need to communicate based on locations information instead they used contents names. In cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), nodes have dynamic network situation due to intermittent channels conditions as well as the presence of primary users activities. Based on IP-based communication approach, it is hard to maintain end-to-end connections among cognitive radio (CR) nodes in CRAHNs. In this paper, by leveraging the benefits of CCN, we propose a new cross layer architecture, named content centric networking for cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CCN-CRAHNs). Proposed scheme is evaluated by using simulation which shows the advantages of CCN-CRAHNs as compare to IP-based CRAHNs in term of average end-to-end delay in cognitive environment.

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a new popular communication paradigm that achieves information retrieval and distribution by using named data instead of end-to-end host-centric communications. This innovative model particularly fits mobile wireless environments characterized by dynamic topologies, unreliable broadcast channels, short-lived and intermittent connectivity, as proven by preliminary works in the literature.

In this paper we extend the CCN framework to efficiently and reliably support content delivery on top of IEEE 802.11p vehicular technology. Achieved results show that the proposed solution, by leveraging distributed broadcast storm mitigation techniques, simple transport routines, and lightweight soft-state forwarding procedures, brings significant improvements w.r.t. a plain CCN model, confirming the effectiveness and efficiency of our design choices.

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a promising framework for evolving the current network architecture, advocating ubiquitous in-network caching to enhance content delivery. Consequently, in CCN, each router has storage space to cache frequently requested content. In this work, we focus on the cache allocation problem: namely, how to distribute the cache capacity across routers under a constrained total storage budget for the network. We formulate this problem as a content placement problem and obtain the exact optimal solution by a two-step method. Through simulations, we use this algorithm to investigate the factors that affect the optimal cache allocation in CCN, such as the network topology and the popularity of content. We find that a highly heterogeneous topology tends to put most of the capacity over a few central nodes. On the other hand, heterogeneous content popularity has the opposite effect, by spreading capacity across far more nodes. Using our findings, we make observations on how network operators could best deploy CCN caches capacity.