Chilli

ABSTRACT: Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is presently roasted using conduction heating in electrically-heated mechanical roasters. In this study, the possibility of using Far-Infrared (FIR) radiation heating for roasting chilli was investigated. The moisture content, temperature and colour variation of chilli pods at 3240, 3920, 5260 and 7188 W/m2 FIR radiation intensities with different exposure times were measured. The colour of the factory roasted chilli pods prepared using a drum roaster at 120 °C for 25 min were 30.73(L*), 9.33(a*) and 48.51(b*). These values were used as the standard and compared with the colour values of chilli roasted with FIR radiation. The factory-roasted colour of chilli pods was achieved in 60 s at the highest intensity of FIR radiation (7188 W/m2) used in the experiment. The chilli temperature rose above 100 °C and the moisture content reached 9.02 % (dry basis- db) at 60 s FIR exposure with 7188 W/m2. At the radiation intensities of 3240, 3920, 5260 W/m, ...

Ionic liquids can be used as non-volatile, tunable solvents, extractants and electrolytes. This work investigates their ability to extract an organic analyte, capsaicin, from fresh Capsicum annuum Bird's eye chilli peppers (also known as Thai chillies), followed by the electroanalytical quantification of the extracted analyte. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was also extracted and quantified. Two ionic liquids were identified to extract capsaicin from fresh chilli more effectively than the conventional ethanol-based process; the inherently basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [Emim][OAc], and the inherently acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, [Emim][HSO4]. The ionic liquid extracts could be electrochemically quantified using a bare glassy carbon electrode either in the pure ionic liquid (one pot extraction and quantification) or after dilution with water/ethanol to assist resolution of the capsaicin (flavour indicator) and ascorbic acid (freshness indicator) features.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) native of Mexican region which is an important part of world and Indian culinary. It has therapeutic uses. India is chief grower and exporter of chilli in world. The present research was held at vegetable research farm, Institute of agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. o study "management of thrips of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with newer combination product". The newer molecules used to determine bio-efficacy of thrips are spirotetramat, fenpropathrin and diafenthiuron along with combination of spirotetramat + diafenthiuron in different doses, it was observed that (spirotetramat 30g/l +diafenthiuron 120 g/l w/v SC) @ (75+300) g a.i./ha, reduced 65.73% of thrips population. Along with bio-efficacy of insecticide, its yield treatment wise found that the plot treated with spirotetramat + diafenthiuron @ (75+300) g a.i./ha gave maximum yield 4.35 tonnes/ha and about 39.04% increase in yield compared to untreated plot. These combination products can be used in the insect pest management programme of chilli.

Four varieties of Chilli V (Magura), V (Kajoli), V (Vaduria) and V (Bogra Morich) showed wide 1 2 3 4 differences in their genotypic constituents reflected by morphological status. Major characters of growth and yield such as plant height, days to first flower bud initiation, number of flowers/plant, number of fruits/plant, number of fruits/plot, individual fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, yield/plant, yield/plot, dry weight of fruit/plant, number of seed/fruit and Vitamin C content were influenced by cultivars. However, the maximum number of fruits (265.5/plant and 2949.0/plot), yield (291.3 g/plant and 4.6 kg/plant), dry weight of fruit (100.7 g/plant) and Vitamin C (83.1 mg/100 g fruit) was found from V , while minimum from V. 2 4

Many plant species are used in the different parts of the world since ancient time to control various pathogenic bacteria. This work was designed to assess the antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense fruits against eight pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant extracts were assessed for the presence of large classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenol, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar and capsaicin. The aqueous and methanol extracts of three varieties of capsicum fruits showed wide antibacterial activities against the different human pathogenic bacteria. From this result it is concluded that capsicum fruits may serve as natural bactericidal agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by different Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogenic bacteria.

The experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur, Bangladesh during the period of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objectives to evaluate the effect of different mulch on soil temperature, soil moisture conservation and yield attributes of chilli. There were five treatments comprising T1: no mulch, T2: rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 , T3: water hyacinth mulch @ 5 t ha-1 , T4: black polyethylene mulch and T5: white polyethylene mulch. The results revealed that, all the mulch treatment had higher soil temperature and soil moisture content at 5 cm and 10 cm depth compared to no mulch treatment. Soil temperature was highest in black polyethylene mulch, it increased average soil temperature by about 5.7 o C at 5 cm depth and 5.1 o C at 10 cm depth compared to no mulch treatment at 120 Days. Rice straw mulch treatment recorded highest soil moisture, it increased average soil moisture about 27.87 % at 5 cm depth and 28.57% at 10 cm depth over no mulch treatment. Rice straw mulch treatment produced highest green chilli yield (8.81 t ha-1) which was 26.94 % increased over no mulch treatment (6.94 t ha-1).Considering economic analysis, highest gross return (Tk 352400 ha-1), gross margin (Tk 235400 ha-1) and BCR (3.01) was obtained from same treatment T2 i.e., rice straw mulch treatment.

The present investigation was carried out in the plain areas of Chitwan to determine the promising plant growth regulators (PGR) promoting growth and yield of chilli cultivars Jwala and Suryamukhi during the winter-summer season of 2003/2004. Suryamukhi ranked superior to Jwala for most of the yield attributing characters, whereas Jwala was better in vegetative characters than Suryamukhi. Among PGRs, 2,4-D at 2 ppm was better for fruit set, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight per fruits, 1000 seed weight and fruit yield where as NAA at 40 ppm gave the highest leaf area index (LAI). PGRs were ineffective in promoting flowering and fruiting during winter season. GA3 at 10 ppm exhibited maximum amount of ascorbic acid content. The treatments, 2 ppm 2,4-D, 5 ppm triacontanol, 40 ppm NAA and 10 ppm GA3 produced 28.75%, 25.70%, 13.61% and 2.30% higher fruit yield over control, respectively. The highest net profit and B:C ratio were recorded in case of 2 ppm 2,4-D. The use of GA3 as foliar spray was not economical.

Chilli (Capsicum annum/Capsicum frutescens L.) is widely cultivated and cash crops around the world, used both as spice and as medicinal plant. Chilli also called red pepper belongs to the genus capsicum, under the solanaceae family, similar botanically to potatoes, tomatoes and egg plants. The genus capsicum is diploid with x=12 basic chromosomes and 2n+2 x=24 (Pickersgill, 1977), whereas wild type species carry 2n=26. The word Capsicum derived from greek word kapto meaning "to bite" or "to swallow". Chillies are native to Mexico, assumed to have originated from South America, from their introduced to central America [1-3]. Chillies were introduced to sub-continent (Indo-Pak) by Portuguese traders from Brazil. Chillies are referred to as chillies, bell peppers, Chile, paprika, hot peppers, red peppers, pod peppers, pimento, cayenne peppers, and capsicum in various regions of the world. However, in general the chillies are the smaller-sized and more pungent types, whereas, the quite larger, mildly to moderately pungent types are capsicums. Its categorization is difficult due to vast number of varieties available and the continuous creation of new varieties through the use of hybridization. Chillies have been used widely for its unique pungent taste and dazzling colours. Many varieties of chillies are present, among these commonly used are Capsicum annum (sweet or bell pepper) and capsicum frutescens (hot pepper). The optimum day temperatures for chilli pepper growth range from 20 to 30 °C [4]. Chilli is often crosspollinated crop with an extent of over 63%. Chillies are valued principally for their high pungency and bright red colour. The pungency in chilli pepper is due to the substance called Capsaicin (C 18 H 27 NO 3) (N-vanillyl-8-methyl-6-(E)-noneamide) and several other chemicals, collectively known as capsaicinoids, the higher the capsaicin the hotter the chilli. This substance produces the heat sensation; stimulate the human body to trigger heat receptors viz., Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This fiery reaction can be overcome by taking the Milk that contains a protein named casein, which grasps the oily capsaicin to carry them away. Moruga Scorpion is considered the hottest chilli in the world with more than 1.2-2 million SHUs, reported by Mexican university in 2012. The Capsaicin is basically produced in the seed-bearing membranes of the fruit. Wilbur Scoville in 1912 introduced a scale known as Scoville heat scale used to measure the hotness of the chillis, composed of heat units ranging from 0-16 million, depending on the capsaicin content of the chillis. Chilli has various chemical contents viz., vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, proteins and fibre, making beneficial for humans indifferent ways. Red colour in chillies is due to the presence of pigment capsanthin (primary carotenoid). Other bioactive compounds found in chilli are Lutein known to improve eye health is abundantly found in green chillies. Whereas yellow chillies contain a

Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum and farm yard manure were evaluated along with fungicide (carbendazim 50 WP) as a seed, seedbed treatment and soil drench against root-rot in chilli caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Under in- vitro conditions the T. viride and T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of R. solani and carbendazim also inhibited the radial growth of R. solani significantly at different concentration viz 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively as compared to control. Under field conditions all treatments significantly reduced percent root-rot incidence over control. Seedbed treatment with T. viride and T. harzianum along with FYM performed best in terms of seed germination, seedling height and number of leaves per seedling. However seed treated with T. viride, T. harzianum showed significant reduction in root-rot incidence of chilli.

Plant parasitic nematodes are considered worst enemies of mankind because of devastation they cause to crops. They are distributed all over the world in different kinds of habitats and cause severe losses to economically important crops. Up to 40% nematode infection has been observed in chilli. Present study was aimed at checking the antagonistic activity and developing systemic resistance against nematodes. The influence of rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence on mortality of nematodes was studied in-vitro as well as the seed treatment of rhizobacteria on growth parameters of chilli. The results obtained were highly significant that revealed P. fluorescence that induced systemic resistance against Meloidogyne javanica. Seedling of chilli were treated with P. fluorescence to see the efficacy on disease development and different growth parameters. The results achieved were highly significant. This showed that Pseudomonas fluorescence enhanced the growth of chilli by controlling del...

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide, causing the economically important disease anthracnose in a wide range of hosts including chilli (Capsicum spp.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the extent and pattern
of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum sp.) in the influences of drip irrigation, spacing and nitrogen fertigation in chili (Capsicum annuum L.). The results revealed that drip irrigation reduced anthracnose disease infestation four times as compared to the flood irrigation method. Dripper spacing plays a significant role in reducing the disease incidence, least infestation (4.0%) was noticed in case of dripper placed at 60 cm apart as compared to closer spacing of dripper. Fertigation also reduces disease incidence more than three times as compared to top dressing apart from saving in labour and time. Fertigation resulted in maximum yield (1.20 Kg/m2). The drip irrigation had significantly increased yield (1.50 Kg/m2) and net income
(60.30 %) as compared to flood irrigation.

Chilli (Capsicum annum) leaf spot caused by Alternaria solani is the most important, devastating and widespread disease in India. In vitro and greenhouse screening of Trichoderma harzianum isolates (T. har 25-92 and T. har 29-92) was conducted to investigate the plant growth promoting activities and inhibition against A. solani in chilli. Dual cultures of T. harzianum isolates and A. solani, with and without contact, were used as a mean to study the mycoparasitic response in T. har 25-92 and T. har 29-92. Both the isolates produced significant amount of chitinase and â-1, 3 glucanase in response to pathogen contact. Greenhouse studies indicated that T. har 25-92 and T. har 29-92 exert strong antagonistic activity against A. solani. Additionally, a significant increase in per cent seed germination and growth of chilli plants in terms of plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content was recorded. The induction in the level of total phenolic content and peroxidase activity by 1.5 to 3.0 fold in T. har 25-92 and T. har 29-92 treated plants indicates that these enzymes may have a role in the defense response against A. solani. Overall, the results suggest that these strains may be exploited for management of leaf spot and growth promotion in chilli.

The present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the adoption of recommended agricultural practices and to determine the present level of adoption practices to cultivate the cashew farmers in Mannar District of Sri Lanka. In this study, a total 100 farmers were randomly selected from three Divisional Secretariats in Mannar District and details on adoption of recommended agricultural practices were collected from the farmers through structured questionnaire and interview. Result revealed that the communication channel significantly (p<0.1) and positively influences the adoption level of pest and disease management practices, and fertilizer application. Attributes of innovation significantly (p< 0.1) and positively influences the pest and disease management practices and pruning practices. Social system significantly (p<0.1) and positively influences the pre planting practices, pruning practices, fertilizer application and new varieties. Present level of adoption practices showed that, Fifty five percent of the respondents adopted for pre planting practices and 51% of farmers partially adopted for planting the recommended new varieties. More than half of the respondents were not adopted for recommended practices related to pruning practices (80%), pest and disease management (67%), and fertilizer application (51%).

The present investigation, carried out during spring-summer season of 2009-10 at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, was aimed to optimize the dose of 2, 4-D used as a plant growth regulator in chilli to find out suitable genotypes assessing the variability of chilli crop occurred in India for cultivating in tarai region of Uttarakhand. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot Design with three replications where the three levels of 2, 4-D i.e. 0, 2 and 4 ppm were applied in main plots and the 27 genotypes allotted to each main plot as subplot factor in each replication. The observations were recorded for growth and yield attributes viz. plant height, number of primary branches/ plant, fruit length, weight of fruits/plant, number of fruits/plant and fruit yield/ha. Among all the genotypes PC-7, PC-2064, PC-6, PC-4, and CCHO-5-8 performed better for growth and yield attributes and also produced significantly highest fruit yield (325.0, 270.0, 246.3, 246.3 and 240.9 q/ha, respectively) with application of 2, 4-D @ 4ppm. The results showed that 2,4-D @ 4 ppm had marked influence on growth and yield of chilli, followed by 2,4-D @2ppm produced highest fruit yield than check. Significant differences were also observed for genotypes and their interactions in respect of 2, 4-D for all the attributes.

This paper presents a preemptive goal programming model for multi-objective nutrient management problem by determining the optimum fertilizer combination for chilli plantation in Sungai Buloh Malaysia. Application of nutrients to the soil is commonly done by using fertilizers. A fertilizer is said to be a complete or mixed fertilizer when it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N-P-K). A set of data have been used to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model. Results of the model indicate that all objectives have been achieved. Moreover with the fertilizer combination, the current cost of fertilizer used for chilli plantation can be reduced. The flexibility of the model can be done by adjusting the goal priorities with respect to the importance of each objective.

In this study an attempt has been made to study the price discovery relationship for five of the top traded agricultural commodities on NCDEX namely chilli, Coriander, zeera, pepper and turmeric. The essential daily data on spot and futures market prices were collected from the NCDEX website for the period 2010 to 2015. The near month contract of the futures markets commodity was considered for the study, as they are mostly traded as compared to next month and far month future contracts. Augmented Dickey Fuller test was test stationary of the data series. Johansen cointegration test was access the long-run relationship between the variables and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) was examine the short run dynamics. The cointegration results validate the existence of long-run relationship between spot and futures series of Chilli, coriander, jeera, pepper and turmeric respectively. The vector error correction model verifies bidirectional causality between spot and futures series of Chilli, coriander, jeera, pepper and turmeric suggesting that both the spot and future markets of the selected agricultural commodity plays the leading role through price discovery process in India and assumed to be informational efficient and reacts more quickly to each other.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), is severely infected by anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) and powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica), which significantly reduces the quality and yield of chilli in India, especially in the recent years. The concern of modern plant breeding for improvement of new varieties with escape behavior to diseases or genetic resistance, but currently, the use of chemicals offers a practical and rapid solution to combat the disease outbreaks. Compounds having a novel mode of action are of special interest, since they play a key role in resistance management strategies with enhanced characteristics such as systemicity and longer protection period in plant disease management. In the present study, an experiment was conducted for the management of fruit rot and powdery mildew in chilli at Horticulture Research and Extension Center, Devihosur, Haveri, Karnataka, India. Fluxapyroxad 250 g/l + Pyraclostrobin 250 g/l 500 SC @ 0.05% recorded significantly least per cent disease index and significantly highest dry yield of chilli compared to all other treatments. It has also recorded significant improvement in quality parameters such as increase in capsanthin and capsaicin content along with improved plant health characters such as prolonged greening and greater dry mater production. The untreated check recorded significantly highest per cent disease index and least dry yield of chilli. The technical feature of this fungicide will provide useful information for stakeholder for target specific action against anthracnose and powdery mildew diseases along with improved plant health, quality and increase in yield.

The experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur, Bangladesh during the period of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objectives to evaluate the effect of different mulch on soil temperature, soil moisture conservation and yield attributes of chilli. There were five treatments comprising T1: no mulch, T2: rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1, T3: water hyacinth mulch @ 5 t ha-1, T4: black polyethylene mulch and T5: white polyethylene mulch. The results revealed that, all the mulch treatment had higher soil temperature and soil moisture content at 5 cm and 10 cm depth compared to no mulch treatment. Soil temperature was highest in black polyethylene mulch, it increased average soil temperature by about 5.7 oC at 5 cm depth and 5.1 oC at 10 cm depth compared to no mulch treatment at 120 Days. Rice straw mulch treatment recorded highest soil moisture, it increased average soil moisture about 27.87 % at 5 cm depth and 28.57% at 10 cm depth over no mulch treatment....