Cement Industry

Egypt has increased cement production from 4 million tons in 1975 to 46 million tons in 2009, and now accounts for around 1.5% of global cement production. Dust emissions contribute about 6% of the PM 10 in Greater Cairo reaching as much as 30% in areas nearby the cement plants. New regulatory standards, expected to be ratified in 2010, will reduce dust emission limits from 300 to 100 mg/m 3 for existing plants and from 100 to 50 mg/m 3 for new plants. Online monitoring by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) of the 72 main stacks in the 16 cement plants provides real time information on dust emissions. New plants are 98% compliant and older plants 92% compliant with the emission limits. Little routine monitoring is done on SO X and NO X emissions. Cleaner production and pollution prevention opportunities for the cement sector include: 1) use of alternate fuels in cement kilns; 2) NO X reduction; 3) reduction of dust emissions; 4) use of silica fume waste to produce new cement products; 5) reuse of bypass dust; and 6) treatment of hazardous waste.

The paper presents the use of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) in Chelm Cement Plant (Poland). These types of fuels are produced from non-hazardous waste and can be used for energy recovery in waste co-combustion plants.
They are much cheaper compared to primary fuels, so their use in the process of cement clinker burning brings evident economic benefits. Chelm cement plant owned by the CEMEX company is a leader in the use of alternative fuels in Poland. In the years 2005-2011 the amount of co-combustion of alternative fuels in the cement had risen from 107 to 318 thousand tons, and their share in the cement kiln heat balance reached in 2011 the level of 73.5%. This increase did not result in increase of pollutant emissions to the air.
English title: The use of solid recovered fuels (SRF) from waste - case study of fuel co-combustion installation in Chełm cement plant.

Cement is used as a construction material in Sri Lanka. It is made with calcined lime and clay. Alumina, silica and iron oxide are the main substance of the clay. In Sri Lanka, the demand for cement is high in the building and construction sector. In the beginning, the establishment of the Kankasanthurai cement factory is the first cement factory in Sri Lanka. The purpose of this study is to examine the production process, its economic support, raw material availability, demand, process modification, optimization steps to implement the production process with minimal environmental impact and minimize the environmental pollution by the cement industry.

Thermal activation of Ga’ara kaolin is used to produce a good quality metakaolin. Portland cement clinker is ground
and blended with 3% gypsum. In this study, two types of mixes are made: the first using 10% hydrated lime and
different percentages of metakaolin as replacement by weight of the blended cement; in the second type, only
metakaolin is used, without hydrated lime, in mixes as a replacement by weight of the blended cement. The aim of
this study is to make a new type of environmentally friendly, blended cement with good fresh and hardened
properties. Energy savings can be achieved by using materials produced as industrial by-products (metakaolin,
hydrated lime). The compressive strength is 42.1 MPa for the mix with 12% metakaolin and 0% hydrated lime, and
38.8 MPa for 12% metakaolin with 10% hydrated lime, as compared to the reference mix value of 37.9 MPa at age
90 d. Blended cement can be made with 86% Portland cement fineness, adding 22% metakaolin + hydrated lime as a
replacement by weight of the blend, to give almost the same compressive strength as the reference mix, with
excellent soundness properties. This could reduce the annual production of cement, as well as the associated
emission of gaseous pollutants from factories during the cement production process.

Abstract: Cement industry contributes to 5% of global CO2 emissions. To mitigate pollution, there is a need of CO2 sequestration into stable forms. Present research focusses on CO2 being channelized towards an important construction practice. This paper summarizes the potential of CO2 absorption in concrete. To verify CO2 absorption in concrete, an artificial CO2 environment for curing of concrete cubes using dry ice was created. Considering concrete of M20 grade, a comparative experimental study of water cured concrete cubes, CO2 cured concrete cubes, for penetration (using phenolphthalein indicator), and compressive strength was carried out. The result analysis of the tests indicated that CO2 cured concrete cubes showed 22.125% higher compressive strength than water cured concrete cubes and CO2 penetration of 13.5 mm after 2 hours. The rate of CO2 penetration and strength gain in concrete was found to be rapid in the early hours. It is shown that CO2 can prove to be a useful resou...

Abstact : The use of alternative fuels as co-processing application in Indonesia have been used by some of the cement industry in Indonesia. Alternative fuels that have been used there are, rice husk biomass, used tires, waste oil, solid waste, and used packaging, with a percentage of up to 33%. With this fuel substitution will affect the emissions released through the kiln stacks. So the analysis of the concentration of ash and particulates generated after alternative fuels used in kilns and fuel compared to coal. The data analyzed comes from the plant in the cement industry from 2011 to 2013. From Statistic descriptive analysis obtained average concentrations-average 41.4 mg/m3 particulate and stilll below the standards. While energy is substituted by alternative fuels average 10.17% and particulate emissions by value average 6.55245x10 4 tons of particulate / ton. Abtrak : Penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif sebagai aplikasi co-processing di Indonesia telah banyak dilakukan oleh beberapa industri semen di Indonesia. Bahan bakar alternatif yang digunakan antara lain biomassa yang berupa sekam padi , ban bekas, waste oil, limbah padat, dan kemasan bekas, dengan presentase hingga 33%. Dengan substitusi bahan bakar ini akan berpengaruh pada emisi debu dan partikulat yang dikeluarkan melalui cerobong kiln. Sehingga analisis konsentrasi partikulat yang dihasilkan setelah bahan bakar alternatif digunakan pada kiln serta dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar batu bara. Data yang dianalisis berasal dari plant pada industri semen dari tahun 2011 hingga 2013. Dari analisis statistika deskriptif didapat konsentrasi rata – rata partikulat 41,4 mg/m 3 dan masih di bawah baku mutu. Sementara energi yang disubstitusi oleh bahan bakar alternatif rata – rata sebesar 10,17% dan emisi partikulat dengan nilai rata – rata 6,55245 x10 4 ton partikulat/ton. Kata kunci : emisi debu dan partikulat, co-processing, bahan bakar alternatif

The iron-steel and cement sectors are essential elements of the global economy and also significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. The most important GHG emission sources of the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector in Turkey are CO2 emissions from these two sectors, nearly three quarters of total emissions by IPPU. Emissions by IPPU have become critical especially after the European Green Deal (EGD) and the concomitant carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM).
Although the impact of carbon pricing on national economies are widely researched, there are very few studies that focus on carbon pricing in Turkey. In this thesis, I first construct an up-to-date social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Turkish economy for 2019. Next, I investigate the carbon cost and potential impacts of CBAM by using SAM multiplier analysis. The results show that carbon cost of CBAM on the Turkish exporters, under three different carbon price scenarios (€45-7€1-€100/tCO2e), ranges between €1.8-€2.8-€4 billion annually. The results of SAM multiplier analysis indicate that decrease in iron-steel exports by €0.22-€0.36-€0.50 billion leads to €0.17-€0.27-€0.38 billion decrease in economywide GDP and €0.42-€0.67-€0.94 billion decrease in total output, under the three price scenarios and without considering free allocation. Decrease in cement exports by €0.05-€0.08-€0.12 billion leads to €0.06-€0.10-€0.14 billion decrease in GDP and €0.14-€0.22-€0.37 billion decrease in total output under the same price levels and allocation policy. This thesis also provides an evaluation of free allocation under CBAM for iron-steel and cement sectors and discusses the results from the perspective of free allocation.

A partir de su puesta en funcionamiento en el año 1909, la industria del cemento ha sido una de las actividades económicas fundamentales en Venezuela. Este artículo expone la evolución histórica de la producción y empleo del cemento y el concreto armado como bases de la industria de la construcción, el sector económico más activo del país después del petróleo, y uno de los mayores generadores de empleo desde finales del siglo XIX. Se examinan sucesivas etapas y procesos fabriles, la creación de plantas manufactureras, personalidades y agrupaciones que les han dado soporte, la interacción con los mercados globales y la presencia de capitales privados y públicos, nacionales e internacionales, en las empresas vinculadas a la producción y distribución del cemento y sus productos asociados en el país.

Cement industry is known to be an energy-intensive, one which consumes considerable amount of energy during the production process. In the present industrial scenario, importance is given to the energy-intensive sectors, in terms of use of energy and energy conversion efficiency. The present investigation concentrates on energy conversion and optimization of operational parameters of a cement industry, with respect to the factors such as increased competition, costs, reduced profit margin, impact on environment etc. To find a viable alternate to these factors, a study on the electrical and thermal energy analysis was carried out in a cement plant with a capacity of 1500 tonnes per day. The conservation of energy could be made in three effective ways, such as effective use of electrical equipment, effective and change in operation of existing operational equipment without investment, change of existing equipment with the state-of-the-art equipment with investment. Ten years of operational data of Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) of equipments of the industry is collected and analysed for this study. From the energy study, the Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO) amounting to net saving of SEC 14kWh per ton of clinker (11.6%) is identified. On successful implementation of suggestions that the 9.5 kWh per ton of clinker is realised without major investment and 4.6 kWh per ton of clinker with investment with a payback period of less than 2 years. The possibility of thermal energy saving upto 1000 kJ per kg of clinker is also identified by this study.

A indústria cimenteira é uma das mais fundamentais para a economia mundial, movimentando aproximadamente US$ 250 bilhões de dólares/ano. Porém, seu processo produtivo consome grandes quantidades de combustíveis e eletricidade. Mundialmente, o setor é responsável por 5-7% de todas as emissões de dióxido de carbono. Portanto, o foco deve ser dado à redução de emissões de gases efeito estufa relacionadas com o uso da energia térmica e elétrica utilizada no processo produtivo, logo, o coprocessamento é uma técnica no qual os resíduos são utilizados para substituir matérias-primas e / ou combustíveis na industria de cimento. O objetivo principal do artigo é identificar as principais empresas no Brasil que estão utilizando o coprocessamento e, como objetivo especifico identificar como essas empresas estão utilizando esse processo para geração de vantagem competitivas. O método foi a pesquisa qualitativa a partir do levantamento bibliográfico e submetido a análise de conteúdo. A Votorantim Cimentos e a Lafargue Holcim adotam esse método no Brasil e em outras unidades no mundo. Essas empresas já vislumbraram oportunidades de vantagem competitivas a partir do co processamento, pois diminui custos, seja no consumo de combustíveis e eletricidade no processo produtivo, gera receitas com o reaproveitamento dos resíduos e agrega valor a marca da corporação em mercados notadamente exigentes com a questão ambiental.

CAPITOLO 1 - TESI DI LAUREA relativa al sito denominato "I FORNI DE TREGNAGO", ovvero il cementificio di Tregnago nella provincia di Verona di fondazione di inizio '900, abbandonato negli anni'60. Nel primo capitolo di questa tesi viene ricostruita la storia del paese di Tregnago e del contesto in cui è inserito: la Val d'Illasi.

The cement industry is the most energy-intensive industrial sector in Morocco (69 kep for each ton of production in 2015). To cope with this increase, industrialists have every interest in reducing their energy consumption for significant financial savings and avoidance of significant quantities of greenhouse gases, thus meeting the requirements of the national strategy of energy efficiency.
The present thesis aims to contribute to improving the energy performance of a Moroccan cement plant as a whole. In the first part, a detailed analysis of the material balance with respect to substances and atoms was carried out. An analysis of the measurements collected for this purpose was conducted. Redundant measurements were validated by the Lagrange multiplier technique before being used for the calculation of unmeasured variables. Then, a detailed analysis of energy balances was developed. This made it possible to evaluate the enthalpies of the input and output currents, as well as those related to the fragmentation of the material, in the mills, and to the chemical reactions (combustion, calcination, clinkerisation), in the precalciner and the rotary kiln, as well as heat losses. The energy efficiency of the cement plant studied was thus evaluated at 55%.
In the second part, an exergy analysis across the studied cement plant was performed. It has identified sources of irreversibility occurring within each subsystem and set targets for improving the energy efficiency of the analyzed cement plant. The exergy efficiency of the process was evaluated at 41%. The results of the exergy balances are graphically represented in the exergetic ternary diagram. This one allows visualizing all the aspects of the exergy analysis, namely the irreversibility, the external losses and the exergetic efficiencies of the units composing the process. It has thus revealed two main sources of inefficiency: the preheater / calciner and the two raw mills. This is mainly due to the irreversibilities of the chemical reactions and the large temperature differences between the input and output currents. An advanced exergy analysis was conducted to obtain information on the avoidability or otherwise of irreversibilities. This analysis showed in particular that 81%, 13% and 6% of the irreversibilities of the preheating / calcination and raw milling systems, respectively, are unavoidable. On the other hand, improvements can be made to reduce the avoidable share of these irreversibilities.
Energy efficiency potential improvements were then examined in the light of the scientific literature. The implantation of a waste heat recovery unit connected to the kiln exhaust gas treatment system has been proposed in this sense on the basis of a technical-economic feasibility study.

Pemilihan lokasi PT Semen Gresik, Tbk. Pabrik Tuban mengacu pada kedekatan pabrik dengan bahan baku (raw material oriented), dimana bahan baku utama yaitu batu kapur dan tanah liat di sekitar lokasi pabrik memiliki kualitas yang baik sehingga kualitas produk semen di pabrik ini mampu memenuhi standart semen Portland yang ditetapkan oleh Standart Industri Indonesia (SII/ SNI). PT. Semen Gresik, Tbk memiliki 4 Unit Pabrik Tuban dengan kapasitas produksi 9,2 juta ton/tahun, total produksi Semen Indonesia adalah 9,28 juta ton/tahun.Tahapan pembuatan semen dengan proses kering terdiri dari 5 tahapan, yaitu : proses penyediaan bahan baku, proses pengolahan bahan, proses pembakaran,proses penggilingan akhir, dan packer. Adapun unit penunjang dan pengujian proses produksi meliputi unit utilitas, laboratorium, unit kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3), pengendalian proses, evaluasi proses, jaminan mutu,pengujian bahan, bahan bakar alternatif, dan material ketiga. Tipe semen yang diproduksi oleh PT Semen Gresik,Tbk Pabrik Tuban adalah Semen Portland tipe I (Ordinary Portland Cement), Semen Portland Tipe II,Semen Portland Tipe III, Semen Portland Tipe V, Special Blended Cement (SBC),Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC). Sistem manajemen yang telah diterapkan oleh PT Semen Gresik, Tbk adalah Sistem Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001:2008, Sistem Manajemen Lingkungan ISO 14001:2004, Sistem Manajemen Laboratorium ISO/IEC 17025:2005 dan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) OHSAS 18001:2007.

Semen portland komposit merupakan bahan pengikat hidrolisis yang
berasal dari hasil penggilingan bersama-sama terak semen portland dan gypsum dengan satu atau lebih bahan anorganik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keberadaan Sulfur Trioksida (SO3) terhadap setting time semen PCC. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu metode uji kimia dan fisika. Metode uji kimia meliputi pengujian BTL ( Bagian Tak Larut ) dan pengujian Sulfur Trioksida (SO3) sedangkan metode uji fisika yang meliputi normal konsistensi, penentuan waktu pengikatan, penentuan blaine dan penentuan residu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan SO3 1,99%; 2,41%; 2,81%; dan 3,45% menghasilkan waktu pengikatan awal berturut-turut 140, 145, 144, 146 menit dengan waktu pengikatan akhir 240, 243, 245, dan 249 menit.
Berdasarkan metode regresi linear diketahui bahwa 1% kenaikan SO3 akan meningkatkan waktu pengikatan awal dan akhir sebesar 5 dan 7 menit. Tingkat kepercayaan (R2) data adalah 78,79% untuk initial set dan 96,41% untuk final set.
Kata kunci : semen, setting time, sulfur trioksida

Cement is an important element for a nation's economy as this binder is a building material used for infrastructure and property development. As such, cement sales gives valuable information about savings and investment in a country. Rapidly accelerating domestic cement sales are a sign that the infrastructure as well as the property sectors are booming. The cement industry of Indonesia is a lively one. The country's total installed production capacity expanded from 37.8 million tons in 2010 to over 100 million tons in 2016, while domestic sales surged from 40 million tons to an estimated 60 million tons over the same period. 

However, similar to other industries, Indonesia's cement sector has been plagued by Indonesia's economic slowdown that started in 2011. After rapidly rising cement sales in the years 2010-2012, sales started to slow from 2013 onward due to slowing economic growth, weakening purchasing power, low commodity prices, uncertainties surrounding the winners of Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections, and the higher benchmark interest rate (raised aggressively in 2013 in an effort to combat high inflation, the wide current account deficit and to support the ailing rupiah amid monetary tightening in the USA). Apart from the higher interest rate, Indonesia's central bank also implemented other measures that cooled the country's property market, such as a higher down payment requirement.

In 2016 this tighter monetary trend reversed. Bank Indonesia cut its key BI rate and raised the loan-to-value ratio for the purchase of a house in a bid to boost the nation's sluggish property sector. This may bring some new life in this sector in the second half of 2016. The residential property market accounts for the majority of cement demand in Indonesia and therefore the nation's cement players are eagerly waiting for a rebound in the property sector.

Air pollution is a major problem in Bangladesh. Cement industries are one of the most top contributors to GDP. They produce a lot of pollution in the environment. Local manufacturers do not maintain the requirement of the Department of Environment (DOE). This paper aims to study the pollution sources, emission inventory, emission monitoring, air pollution modeling, and pollution control equipment in the cement industry. Sample air pollution modeling is shown in AERMOD software. Finally, some recommendation was done in the paper.

Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, portföy​ seçiminde önemli iki faktör olan Beklenen Getiri ve Risk değerleri incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümünde, portföy riskinin dağıtılmasında Geleneksel Portföy Yönetimi Yaklaşımı ve Modern Portföy Teorisi sözel ve matematiksel olarak ifade edilmekle beraber Modern Portföy Teorisinin riskin dağıtılmasındaki üstünlüğü vurgulanmıştır. Üçüncü ve son bölümde uygulamaya geçilmiştir. Uygulama bölümünün ilk yarısında Borsa İstanbul'da işlem gören çimento sektöründeki firmaların günlük kapanış fiyatlarıyla Excel Programı kullanılarak her bir hisse senedinin Yıllık Beklenen Getiri ve Risk Oranları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, Harry Markowitz tarafından ileri sürülen varlıklara ait getiri oranları arasındaki kovaryans ve/veya korelasyon katsayılarının yorumlandığı Ortalama-Varyans Yaklaşımı üzerinden değerlendirilmiş ve portföyü oluşturacak hisse senetleri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen hisse senetlerinin farklı oranlarda bir araya getirilmesi ile meydana gelen portföyler arasından belirli bir risk oranında en yüksek getiriye sahip portföyler Markowitz Etkinlik Sınırını oluşturmaktadır. Seçilen hisse senetlerine ait veriler ile MATLAB Programında Markowitz Etkinlik Sınırı elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünün diğer yarısında Ağırlıklı Ortalama Mevduat Faiz Oranları verilerinden TÜFE Enflasyon Oranları çıkarılarak Reel faiz oranları elde edildikten sonra Vadeli Mevduat Yatırımına ait Yıllık Beklenen Getiri ve Risk Oranları hesaplanmıştır.  Elde edilen veriler alternatif yatırım fonksiyonu olarak daha önce çimento sektöründeki firmalara ait hisse senetlerinden elde edilen Markowitz Etkinlik Sınırı ile aynı Beklenen Getiri - Risk grafiğinde işaretlenerek iki yatırım seçeneği arasında kıyaslama yapılmıştır.

Many major African cities are currently experiencing a construction boom, creating a strong demand for inputs such as bricks, tiles, concrete and cement. Observers have therefore attributed a large potential for the creation of employment opportunities and socioeconomic development to the African construction mineral sector. Today, a significant proportion of inputs like cement are supplied from outside Africa, although suitable raw material deposits often exist locally. The attention of development economists therefore lies on the promotion of a local construction and industrial minerals industry and associated downstream beneficiation assuming that this will play a significant role in furthering development and achievement of the SDGs. But can this really be a game changer for African countries? In this paper, focusing on the case of cement in Sub Saharan Africa, 1 we seek to address critical factors that enable the development of a local industry for construction materials or – vice versa – prevent it from emerging. We intend to shed some critical light on the prospect of realizing the economic potential of construction minerals. Finally we will look into what international development cooperation could do in order to support developing countries in establishing their own cement industry.

We conduct the first valuation of HOM-Hoang Mai Cement JSC, listed on the HNX. By using the discounted cash flow method and the comparative method, we determine the target price of HOM stock is VND4,480 / share, 24% higher than the current price. Although the business activities are not really outstanding, HOM is trading at an attractive price compared to the intrinsic value, as well as being able to benefit from the positive factors of the cement industry in the coming period. Therefore, we recommend BUY for the medium-term target with the following main points: ► A positive export market can help HOM recover its consumption capacity and reduce domestic competition pressure. In 2018-2022, China - the world's largest cement exporter - will cut 392 million tons of cement (~ 6.4% of global capacity), creating a space for Vietnamese cement businesses. promote export and reduce oversupply pressure of domestic cement industry. ► VICEM restructuring process enhances HOM's competitiveness. VICEM will initially loosen input management with HOM & its members, allowing HOM to be allowed to import cheaper commercial coal, saving about 2% of production costs and improving its competitiveness. INVESTMENT RISKS: ► Changes in export market policies. Export markets can contribute up to 20-25% of revenue for HOM. This market is affected in the short term by Vietnam's export tax policies as well as the safeguard policies of major consumption markets such as the Philippines and China. ► The possibility of failure and reduced performance of long-term used machinery. HOM's production line has been operating for 23 years, exceeding the optimal design life (15-20 years). Therefore, HOM has to spend 25 billion VND (about 1.5% of revenue) annually to buy replacement equipment, as well as bear the risk of having to stop its chain and repair activities for up to 60 days.

Stream flow rates and their several compositions are measured in a typical cement raw mill separator. In order to simultaneously reconcile flow and composition measurements in this circuit, the component mass balances was included as constraints which contain the products of flow rate and composition variables in the data reconciliation problem. In this paper, the effectiveness of simultaneous procedures for bilinear data reconciliation is established, the numerical problem constraints were coded in MATLAB and a mass balance model is built. Moreover, based on the difference between the measured and reconciled data it was found that it performs optimally.

Cement production is an energy and carbon-intensive process. Hence, they are a noteworthy contributor to global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The cement industry has always been among the greatest CO 2 discharge sources with 900 kg CO 2 released with each production ton of cement. Malaysia massive amount of biogenic wastes, palms oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, sawdust ash/ash from timber. Around 0.3 million ton of palm oil fuel ash is produced every year in Malaysia, yet there are no noteworthy employments uses of these ashes. Disregarding Malaysia technical and financial benefits, till date these ashes, are only used for landfill purposes. Excessively dependent on this energy will lead to an expansion in CO 2 emission that consequently responsible for the global warming. Researchers discover by substituting fossil fuels with alternative fuels will lead to lessening in carbon dioxide emissions. Hence, we suggest that by eliminating legal, economic obstructions, CO 2 mitigation strategies can be applied on the extensive scale of the cement industry to a globally acceptable emission targets in each nation. Furthermore, the relatively small number of participants signifies that an agreement for the cement market in Malaysia can probably be reached easily between the parties in decreasing CO 2 emissions.

The present paper describes the integration of oxygen membranes in cement plants both from an energy, exergy and economic point of view. Different configurations for oxygen enrichment of the tertiary air for combustion in the pre-calciner and full oxy-fuel combustion in both pre-calciner and kiln are examined. The economic figures of merit are compared with those from a standard cryogenic plant. Both oxygen enriched air and full oxy-fuel cases allow for an increase in clinker production, use of alternative fuels as well as on-site electricity production. In addition, the full oxy-fuel cases generate a concentrated CO 2 source that can be used for enhanced oil recovery, in combination with biomass gasification and electrolysis for synthesis gas production, or possibly sequestered. The cases with oxygen enriched air provide very promising economic figures of merit with discounted payback periods slightly higher than one year. The full oxy-fuel cases have a discounted payback period of approximately 2.3 years assuming a CO 2 selling price of 35 US$/ton. The sensitivity analysis of full oxy-fuel cases clearly shows that for the discounted payback period, the most sensitive parameters are the CO 2 price and the clinker selling price.

This present work aims to valorize a solid waste produced by the cement kiln,such asthe cement kiln dust (CKD) generated from the cement plant of Amran-Yemen during the production of cement.Which we substituted the clinker (cement) by the weight of it at different percentage to achieve the following objectives: *Minimize the emission of CO 2 into the atmosphere which is the main cause of the greenhouse effect and reduce the solid waste "cement kiln dust (CKD)" that were generated by the cement kiln during the production,while elaborating a new hydraulic binder friend of the environment; *Gain a percentage of energy and raw material consumed. In this paper, the possibility of using the cement kiln dust (CKD) as an addition in the production of cement and concrete has been studied. We studied the effect of adding of CKD on the physical-chemical characteristics as well as its influence on the physical properties of cement-based of CKDon one hand. In addition the effect of the CKD on the compression strength mechanical has been studied on the other hand. The obtained results showed that the solid waste (CKD) and the emissions of CO 2 were reduced according to the use of the percentage of cement kiln dust in the formulation matrix. The fineness by sieving and by the Blaine Specific Surface Area (BSSA) augmentedwhin the percentage of adding CKD also increases. The quantity mixing water is growing in function of the increase in the percentage of addition of CKD in cement. In more expansion rises when the content of the CKD increases. The setting time increases with the increased of the percentage of the CKD also. Similarly, the mechanical strengths at 2/7 and 28 decrease with the percentage of cement kiln dust in cement was augmented.

The purpose of this paper
is to measure the level of related
party transaction disclosures
and to examine the factors that
aect the disclosures of related
party transactions from the
perspective of the Bangladeshi
listed cement companies
between the periods of
2012-2016. A manual index was
constructed by considering the
disclosure requirements of
International Accounting
Standard (IAS) -24. The financial
statements of the selected
companies were used for the
analysis. A relatively low level of
related party transaction
disclosures have been found.
Besides, the multiple regression
analysis (OLS) represents that
there is a significant relationship
between RPTD and the
leverage, product market
competition, return on asset and
foreign ownership. Furthermore,
several corporate governance
variables such as product
market competition, ownership
structure, and audit quality were
tested in this study.

We conduct the initial valuation of BTS shares-VICEM But Son Cement, listed on Hanoi Stock Exchange. By using discounted cash flow method and mutiples valuation, we determine the target price of BTS share is VND 3,500 / share, 20% lower than the current price. We believe that, despite being supported by the recent positive recovery of the cement industry, BTS faces various risks in current business activities, as well as a lack of sustainable competitive solutions for the upcoming period. Therefore, we recommend to SELL BTS shares with following key catalysts: ► Business activities are becoming less attractive as of losing internal competitive strengths. Although previously possessed valuable advantages in production value chain compared to competitors (fuel sources, brands, consumption markets distribution channel), BTS is gradually losing its competitiveness as of the rapid change of key competitive factors in the cement industry with the new entry of big players in the region (see more). ► The slow progress of restructuring and equitization of VICEM is a major barrier. Since the end of 2018, VICEM has announced the restructuring of BTS and its subsidiaries to prepare for the IPO of VICEM in 2020. However, up till now, restructuring objectives have been missed for deadlines and are likely to be delayed for another 3-4 years, causing major barriers to BTS's recovery plan (see more). ► Competition in the local region continues to increase on a larger scale along with the industry's saturation. As industry competition rising, consumption growth saturated and production costs become higher, poor-capability cement manufacturers are gradually being eliminated, raising higher risks in the industry. While facing that challenge, BTS has not yet to provide a reasonable competing solution to improve internal issues, while the industry overall situation is continuing to deteriorate (see more). ► High risk in business activities. BTS is exposing a lot of risks in business activities, directly affecting the ability to operate continuously, including (1) Risk of financial distress with short-term debt obligations (2) Consumption uncertainty with high dependence on the export situation of the industry (3) Tight legal issues related to managing pollution in production. These risks are high and in need of special attention (see more).

The cement industry is a significant contributor to anthropogenic CO 2. For China, the cement industry is crucial for development, considering the surging urbanization. CO 2 emissions from the industry are detrimental to the planet, its ecosystem, and inhabitants. Forecasting of the emissions is a critical step in the emissions' mitigation strategies, and to achieve sustainable development. However, the level of uncertainty accompanying CO 2 estimates leads to discrepancies in predictions. The current work aims to study the estimation of cement industry CO 2 emissions from an uncertainty-driven technical perspective, and present a forecast for the Chinese cement industry emissions using a novel grey prediction model. By modeling the framework of China's cement industry and the CO 2 emissions estimation techniques as grey systems with partially known information, this study develops an interval grey number-based approach to calculate the relative uncertainty. A grey sequence is generated from the whitenization of the interval grey numbers to represent annual emissions from different sources. The proposed approach is more flexible than the conventional midpoint estimate-based approach recommended by JCGM. The proposed model, V-GM(1,N), is found to give the highest accuracy of 97.29% in simulating the actual cement industry CO 2 emissions data from 2005 to 2018. Comparative analysis of the proposed model with other forecasting models revealed the superiority of the model. The proposed framework, involving the forecasting model and uncertainty analysis approach, is likely to facilitate the decision-makers in making realistic and reliable forecasts at reasonable computational costs.

Chúng tôi tiến hành định giá lần đầu cổ phiếu BTS-CTCP Xi măng Bút Sơn, niêm yết trên sàn HNX. Bằng cách sử dụng phương pháp chiết khấu dòng tiền và phương pháp so sánh, chúng tôi xác định giá mục tiêu cổ phiếu BTS là 5.100 đồng/cp, cao hơn 16% so với mức giá hiện tại. Mặc dù gặp nhiều khó khăn về tài chính do gánh nặng nợ vay lớn từ đầu tư xây dựng, tuy nhiên, nhờ nỗ lực trả nợ của doanh nghiệp và các yếu tố tích cực của ngành xi măng giai đoạn gần đây, BTS trong ngắn hạn đã có thể ổn định hoạt động kinh doanh của mình và hiện giao dịch ở mức giá hấp dẫn so với giá trị nội tại. Do đó, chúng tôi khuyến nghị THEO DÕI cho mục tiêu ngắn hạn đối với cổ phiếu BTS. Nhà đầu tư có thể cân nhắc mua BTS tại mức giá 4.200 đồng/cp với tỷ suất sinh lời kỳ vọng là 21,4% và thời gian nắm giữ từ 6 tháng tới 1 năm. Sau khoảng thời gian này, chúng tôi đánh giá rằng rủi ro đầu tư vào doanh nghiệp ở mức cao và không thích hợp để tiếp tục nắm giữ. LUẬN ĐIỂM ĐẦU TƯ: ► Kết quả kinh doanh 6T2019 tích cực nhờ kế hoạch mở rộng đầu tư công và tăng cường thu hút FDI ở thị trường Hà Nam. Trong 6 tháng đầu năm 2019, doanh thu BTS đạt 1.568 tỷ đồng, lợi nhuận ròng đạt 34 tỷ đồng, tăng lần lượt 9,5% và 96% so với cùng kỳ 2018. Kết quả tích cực này đến từ việc tăng cường đầu tư công và thu hút vốn FDI tại Hà Nam. Dự kiến, theo kế hoạch phát triển tỉnh Hà Nam đến năm 2030 (QĐ 364/UBND), xây dựng trong khu vực sẽ tăng trưởng hàng năm từ 9-11% giai đoạn 2020-2030. ► Thị trường xuất khẩu tăng trưởng tích cực giúp BTS giảm áp lực dư cung trong nước. Trong 2018-2022, Trung Quốc-nhà xuất khẩu xi măng lớn nhất thế giới-cắt giảm 392 triệu tấn xi măng (~6,4% công suất toàn cầu). Sáu tháng đầu năm 2019, so với cùng kỳ 2018, nhờ xuất khẩu sang Trung Quốc tăng mạnh (65% về lượng và 88% về trị giá), sản lượng tồn kho toàn ngành giảm 9%, với công suất huy động toàn ngành tăng thêm 2% (ước đạt 94%). ► Tiến trình tái cấu trúc VICEM giúp nâng cao khả năng cạnh tranh của BTS. Từ năm 2019, VICEM sẽ bước đầu nới lỏng việc quản lý đầu vào với BTS & các thành viên, giúp BTS được phép nhập nguồn than thương mại rẻ hơn, tiết kiệm tới 3% chi phí sản xuất và cải thiện khả năng cạnh tranh của mình.

We conduct the first valuation of BTS-JSC But Son Cement Joint Stock, listed on the HNX. By using the discounted cash flow method and the comparative method, we determine the target price of BTS share is 5,100 VND / share, 16% higher than the current price. Despite the financial difficulties due to the large debt burden from construction investment, however, thanks to the debt repayment efforts of the business and the positive factors of the cement industry in the recent period, BTS is short. The company has been able to stabilize its business activities and currently trades at attractive prices compared to its intrinsic value. Therefore, we recommend TRACKING for the short-term target for BTS stock. Investors can consider buying BTS at 4,200 VND / share with expected return rate of 21.4% and holding period from 6 months to 1 year. After this period, we assess that the risk of investing in the business is high and not suitable for holding. INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATION: ► Positive 6M2019 results thanks to plans to expand public investment and increase FDI attraction in Ha Nam market. In the first 6 months of 2019, BTS's revenue reached 1,568 billion VND, net profit reached 34 billion VND, an increase of 9.5% and 96% compared to the same period of 2018. This positive result came from the increase in investment. public investment and FDI attraction in Ha Nam. It is expected that, according to the development plan of Ha Nam province till 2030 (Decision 364 / UBND), construction in the area will grow annually from 9-11% in the period of 2020-2030. ► Positive export market growth helped BTS reduce domestic oversupply pressure. In 2018-2022, China - the largest cement exporter in the world - cut 392 million tons of cement (~ 6.4% of global capacity). In the first six months of 2019, compared to the same period of 2018, thanks to a sharp increase in exports to China (65% in volume and 88% in value), the total inventories volume of the whole industry decreased by 9%, with the sector's mobilizing capacity. increase by 2% (estimated to reach 94%). ► The restructuring process of VICEM helps improve the competitiveness of BTS. From 2019, VICEM will initially relax the management of inputs with BTS & its members, allowing BTS to import cheaper commercial coal, save up to 3% on production costs and improve competitiveness. mine.

As it stands right now, the Ethiopian Cement Industry has multiple challenges ranging from operational inefficiency, insufficient demand leading to under capacity utilization, lack of innovation and strategic thinking, weak cooperation, dependence on expensive source of energy and above all human capital deficiency.
Even though there were few players and many other challenges the industry had to endure, at least in terms of human capital, it was once a self-sufficient industry in the history of cement industry development of the country.
Currently, the industry is significantly dependent on foreign sourced skills not only for plant building but also for operation and maintenance as well. In a country where annually more than 300,000 and 100,000 trainees and students graduate from TVET and higher education programs respectively as well as where unemployment is considerably large, this reality is really troubling.
Furthermore, the predominant reality in this business era of talent economy is that no business can survive and sustain through the stiff competition without obtaining, developing and retaining talent of its own.       
Therefore, there are adequate societal, industry and firm level reasons why such human capital deficit should be systematically addressed through a collaborative effort at all levels.
This presentation intends to address historical reasons for existing human capital deficits within the Ethiopian Cement Industry, shows current human capital status, and proposes a systematic approach for collaborative skills developing in order to sustainably meet future human capital needs of the Industry.   
Keywords:  human capital deficit, talent development, Ethiopian cement industry, systematic approach, collaboration

The potential applicability of several biopolymers, including xanthan gum, diutan gum, acacia gum, modified starch, guar gum and a cellulosic polymer, for maintaining the solid particles of a particulate grout in suspension has been evaluated through static bleeding tests. The grout material investigated was ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) cement prepared at different water to binder ratio values ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. Among the biopolymers studied, diutan gum and xanthan gum were found to have the highest performance in bleeding prevention at very low concentrations in ranging 0.25–1.0%. A synergy was observed for xanthan gum and guar gum and for xanthan gum and cellulosic polymer combinations. This helps reduce the overall amount of biopolymer required for suspension stabilization. By measuring the zeta potential and viscosity values of the biopolymer-added grouts, the mechanisms underlying the sedimentation inhibitory action of the biopolymers are discussed.