Archeology of Architecture

La présente contribution vise à préciser les aspects géographiques et chronologiques liés à l’apparition, au développement et au déclin d’un type de construction en pierre sèche localement appelée « torre ». Ces édifices monumentaux, qui présentent une forme de tour tronconique, sont élevés selon un cahier des charges architectural précis, et trouvent leur strict équivalent en Sardaigne avec les milliers de nuraghi monotorre du Bronze ancien et moyen. La publication du détail du maigre corpus des torre de Corse, ainsi que la révision des données chronologiques fournies par les fouilles et les prospections opérées ces cinquante dernières années, seront également l’occasion de souligner l’importance prise par ces monuments dans l’évolution de la construction du discours archéologique depuis les années 1960 et les travaux de Roger Grosjean.

A book on early Dominican architecture in Cracow, from the founding of the Holy Trinity convent (1222) to the 20s of the 14th century. Due to the large scale of archaeological and architectural research carried out in the Dominican church and friary in recent years, the book is in some parts out of date, but it still remains the basic monographic study of the problem.

Ogni realtà architettonica, è espressione dell’ambiente socio-economico in cui è stata concepita e ogni suo elemento riflette la volontà generatrice del sostrato culturale locale. Partendo da questo assunto, il presente volume affronta, mediante l’uso di nuovi strumenti di ricerca propri dell’archeologia del costruito, lo sviluppo delle architetture fortificate e dei contesti urbani nella “Lunigiana Storica”, sub-regione culturale collocata tra Toscana e Liguria, durante il medioevo. L’autore analizza in particolare il fenomeno della signoria dei vescovi di Luni, grande forza economica promotrice ed artefice dell’incastellamento e dell’organizzazione rurale della diocesi tra X e XIV secolo. Lo studio degli edifici storici, oggetto di questa ricerca, è affrontato mediante una strategia metodologica multidisciplinare costruita sull'impiego combinato di indagini proprie dell’archeologia e dell’edilizia storica quali l’analisi stratigrafica, tecnologica e crono-tipologica degli elevati, e i più recenti strumenti di rilievo fotogrammetrico e la ricostruzione tridimensionale.

Local architectural heritage is an expression of a long-lasting circle of traditions and oral knowledge fostered from one generation to another and revealed through simple or complex architectural realities. It is also a manifestation of economic and social impact on the landscape. Given this assumption, this volume, by means of new building archaeology research approaches, debates the development and the organisation of the fortified architectures, settlements and centres during the medieval age in the historical area of Luni (Lunigiana), a sub-cultural region that stands between Tuscany and Liguria (Italy). The author portrays a complete and summarized picture of the development of the power of the bishopric in the Luni area, promoter of the seigniorial territorialization and castle-building, between the 10th and 14th centuries. The study of the historical architectures adopts a multifaceted methodology that combines building archaeology such as wall stratigraphic relationships, building phases, type-chronology of the architectural elements, and masonry techniques analysis together with more recent dense image modeling and 3D reconstruction techniques

Num contexto cada vez mais actual de uma prática arquitectónica que se baseia no restauro e reabilitação do edificado, a análise estratigráfica apresenta-se como uma metodologia de trabalho indispensável mas ainda desconhecida em muitos meios.
Propomo-nos, no âmbito devidamente contextualizado do restauro e
reabilitação arquitectónica do Palácio de Valflores, apresentar esta metodologia de trabalho. Será pertinente abordar os vários momentos da mesma, desde o seu aparecimento em Itália, à sua evolução por Espanha até ser aplicada em Portugal.
Abordaremos as questões mais teóricas da sua aplicação e das suas ferramentas de trabalho, apresentando paralelamente um conjunto de casos de estudo que servem como primeiro contacto do leitor com esta metodologia.
Num contexto da prática da arquitectura, não bastará somente escrutinar este método mas também demonstrar a sua aplicação mais profunda num caso actual - o Palácio de Valflores.
Dessa forma, concluiremos o nosso estudo com a análise tipológica e
arquitectónica deste edifício, dando a conhecer os trabalhos em curso no mesmo apresentando ainda um pouco da análise estratigráfica que se tem desenvolvido em Valflores no âmbito de um trabalho mais vasto de investigação em Arqueologia da Arquitectura.

The study focuses on the spread of the brick decoration in the late-medieval architecture of Chierese and Alto Astigiano land. The survey covered an area of 500 sq km and identified 37 defensive, civil and religious buildings in 17 towns. Of each building, settlement context, type, structural and formal evolution were analyzed, with special emphasis on the various repertoire of terracotta decorative elements and plaques (XIII-XV centuries). The work was closely linked to a computerized filing: in a large database specific data were merged for each record, accompanied by extensive graphic documentation on both architectures and their decoration. The classification of the decorative patterns is planned according to typological criteria in order to facilitate comparisons and define history and evolution. The graphic set, ranging from the relief of a single plaque to the representation of whole facades, is designed to provide the widest recording on their features. The research has revealed a number of evolutionary processes: starting from religious buildings, decorative patterns spread to defensive architectures, first in schematic and linear forms (the overfired brick diapering, linear frames etc.), and then, from fifthteenth century on, in the appearance in civil architecture of impressive decorations assembled on the basis of a rich repertoire of figurative molded plaques. The so-called "civilization of baked clay" centered around Chieri is found not to be apart from the artistic and cultural milieu of Northern Italy: close ties to the Lombard environment emerge, from which it draws building features and decorative patterns. Moreover, it shows to share ferments of renewal with the Gothic style flourishing beyond the Alps, due to contacts of the Chierese élites with the refined courts of Burgundy and Flanders. The surveyed repertory showed how Chieri and its land shared an international context, maintaining at the same time a marked originality in many of its achievements.

Il contributo analizza il rapporto tra il Comune di Genova e le maestranze specializzate di costruttori e lavoratori della pietra durante la fase di maggiore espansione territoriale nella Liguria occidentale. Questi ultimi, noti nella storiografia col nome di magistri antelami, già sul finire del XII secolo iniziano a mostrare le prime organizzazioni del lavoro tipiche della futura associazione corporativistica. I tratti caratteristici del loro lavoro (murature in opus quadratum, produzione di conci ben lavorati e spianati, con tracce di strumenti per la lavorazione omogenee in tutto il territorio) iniziano a comparire in modo significativo nel Ponente ligure solo a partire dal Duecento, circa un secolo dopo rispetto al capoluogo o ai centri della Liguria di levante ed esclusivamente in contesti legati a un dominio diretto genovese. La motivazione di tale fenomeno è riconducibile ad un uso apertamente politico dell'architettura monumentale da parte del Comune che emerge in modo incrociato sia dalle fonti scritte che dalle fonti archeologiche. La monumentalizzazione del paesaggio avviene contestualmente e in risposta alle ultime rivendicazioni di autonomia da parte dei centri cittadini e delle signorie locali durante gli anni di regno di Federico II.

The thesis analyzes the contribution of the buildings built for the World’s Fairs to the history of architecture structural typologies, defining these contributions, their importance and the fields where they're acknowledged, supporting the fact that these events have been Structural Experimentation Laboratories. The work focuses on typological and design aspects, ranging the period from the first World Fair held in 1851 to the year 2000. Numerous historical relations are established between Exhibition buildings and others besides these events, either precedents or sequels. This method places exhibition buildings in the technological context of their time and therefore proves justice to its value. The thesis not only aims to technical issues but also relates the structures of exhibition buildings to the different architectural trends based on technological exaltation or structural fantasy, taking also into account the main historical events in western world during the studied period. Additionally, there are many references to other un-built projects that took part in the several design competitions for these exhibitions that help to build up the idea of World’s Fairs as creative catalysts. The thorough documentary work and the rigorous analysis of all these documents delivers justice to the value of these buildings, otherwise in marginal consideration, and helps detect mistakes in classical publications on history of modern architecture. Also, this thesis reveals many written and graphic documents unpublished in contemporary editions.

La tesis analiza la aportación que han supuesto las estructuras de los edificios construidos con motivo de las Exposiciones Universales a la historia de las tipologías estructurales de edificación, determinando cuales han sido estas aportaciones, en que campos se han producido y su trascendencia histórica, fundamentando documentalmente el carácter de Laboratorio de Experimentación de Estructuras que han constituido estos acontecimientos. El trabajo se centra fundamentalmente en aspectos tipológicos y de diseño estructural, abarcando el período histórico comprendido entre la primera Exposición Universal, celebrada en 1851, y el año 2000. Se establecen relaciones históricas entre los edificios expositivos y otros ajenos a estos eventos, que han constituido antecedentes y secuelas de los mismos, metodología que permite el engranaje del edificio de exposición en el contexto tecnológico de cada época y, por tanto, su justa puesta en valor. La tesis no se centra únicamente en aspectos técnicos sino que también establece múltiples relaciones entre las estructuras de los edificios expositivos y determinadas corrientes arquitectónicas basadas en la exaltación tecnológica o en la fantasía estructural, valorando además la influencia de los principales acontecimientos del devenir histórico general del mundo Occidental en el período estudiado. Asimismo, se realizan numerosas referencias a proyectos no construidos, permitiendo apuntalar la idea de la Exposición Universal como catalizador de la creatividad estructural. El trabajo documental realizado y el análisis riguroso de dicha documentación han permitido poner en su justo valor algunos pabellones expositivos que han permanecido en una situación histórica marginal. La tesis saca a la luz abundante documentación tanto gráfica como escrita inédita en publicaciones contemporáneas.

This thesis is avaliable in hight resolución .pdf on the following links:
Esta tesis está disponible en .pdf de alta resolución en los siguientes enlaces:
http://openarchive.icomos.org/1705/
http://hdl.handle.net/2183/16523

Of High Middle Ages origins, the Castle of Leiria has undergone different structural changes, mostly striving to adapt to the military defense evolutions.
In the present study, the military structures of the castle’s sector A (núcleo A), one of the three areas into witch the fortress is traditionally divided, have been under stratigraphic and artistic analysis, allowing to determine the constructive sequence of several erected sets and therefore attempt its chronotypological attribution.
Thus, different construction moments were defined.
Object of much research, divergent as to the methods but consistent in the desire to reveal its secrets, the Castle of Leiria already relies on a long and devoted historiography. To the many diferent narratives developed over more then a century we propose to add, with the present study, new arguments and so, hopefully, cast a new light upon the old walls of the Castle of Leiria.

Se presentan los resultados de varios proyectos desarrollados entre 2003 y 2019, centrados en el proceso de fortificación de la frontera galaico-portuguesa con motivo de la Guerra de la Restauração (1640-1668). La primera consecuencia fue la construcción de una red defensiva fronteriza que modernizó la red de castillos medievales, generando un nuevo paisaje que materializó los principios de la fortificación abaluartada. Las ciudades sufrirán una importantísima transformación que modificará radicalmente su planta, los sistemas de
acceso a ellas e incluso la vida de sus habitantes. Este texto muestra cómo analizamos arqueológicamente la materialidad de estas transformaciones, la arquitectura, los cambios producidos en el territorio o la red de relaciones que se establece entre las entidades construidas,
lo que nos ha permitido comprender el sistema defensivo que se gestó en la frontera a partir de 1640 y siguió transformándose en los siglos posteriores hasta que esta defensa deja de tener sentido.

Located in the old medieval outskirts of Coimbra, a residential building has traditionally been named "medieval house”, due to its architecture, consistent with what was in vogue in Portuguese cities of the late medieval period. However, the opening of parietal archaeological surveys in the building revealed techniques, materials and construction systems that were used right until the eighteenth century.
The archaeological interpretation and the art-historical analysis of the architecture of the “medieval house” of Coimbra offer a unique opportunity to reflect on some architectural paradigms. Comparing it with other buildings and with iconographic sources, its chronotypology was analyzed and the diachrony of the constructive models adopted in this house demonstrated. Questioning its chronological epithet, the persistence of certain habits and constructive archetypes were explored, as well as the tension between private and public spaces, deepened by living and working in the same place.

"[ES] Se presenta la Memoria Técnica resultante de los trabajos arqueológicos desarrollados en el marco de la redacción del Plan Director de las Fortalezas Transfronterizas del Tramo Bajo del Río Miño. Estos trabajos consistían en la realización de una prospección arqueológica superficial previa a la redacción de dicho Plan Director, cuya finalidad era la de conseguir un mayor y mejor conocimiento arqueológico de los inmuebles y sus entrornos inmediatos, así como de los Bienes Patrimoniales que pudieran estar relacionados con las infraestructuras de dichas fortalezas. Sin embargo, además de los resultados de estos trabajos y las propuestas de actuación sobre estos bienes, se recogen aquí también los resultados de todos los trabajos realizados, en el marco de esta redacción, con anterioridad a esta prospección, como son la organización del archivo de Jaime Garrido y el vaciado de la información existente en los Servicios de Arquitectura y Arqueología de la Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Cultural de la Consellería de Cultura, Comunicación Social e Turismo.
[EN] This text consists of the final report of the archaeological works carried out within the development of the Management Plan for the Cross-boundary Frortresses in the Lower Miño river. Those works consisted of a superficial survey in advance to the design of the aforementioned Plan. The aim of the survey was to gather an indepth archaeological characterization of the fortresses and their immediate surroundings, and to collect additional information regarding any further cultural features related to them.However, in addition to that, we also present here the results of a series of previous works concering the organization of a series of documentary archives related to the fortresses, those of Jaime Garrido and the Architecture and Archaeology Services of the Galician Heritage Service, Board of Culture."

This paper is about innovations in vault construction occurring in Rome in the first half of the 2nd century AD. Based on new information gathered during the restoration of the Trajan’s Markets and the study of the sepulchre of Hadrian it is possible to draw attention to the use of brick in arches and vaults, and to show how they were employed to add stiffness and resistance to the structure. Both constructions had to face enormous challenges in terms of structural stability. Trajan's Markets, being built against an artificial cut into the Quirinal Hill, needed to overcome major engineering difficulties related to retaining the hillside with irregularly shaped buildings. Solid brick vaults appear in many key sectors of the construction. On the other hand the sepulchre built by Hadrian on the right bank of the river was a massive structure built on a thick alluvial ground. Particularly in the lower sector of the construction brick vaulting appears again as an identifiable characteristic.

REVISTA PARC - PESQUISA EM ARQUITETURA E CONSTRUÇÃO
Editorial PARC#4 V3
PATRIMÔNIO ARQUITETÔNICO - DA ARQUEOLOGIA AO PROJETO DE RESTAURO: QUESTÕES CONTEMPORÂNEAS
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE - FROM ARCHAEOLOGY TO THE RESTORATION PROJECT: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Editoras: Regina Andrade Tirello e Maria de Magalhães Ramalho

Download pdf completo | Download full text
http://revistaparc.fec.unicamp.br/concrete5/

Anadolu'da Roma Mimarisi dersi seminer ödevi kapsamında hazırlanan bu çalışma, Ephesos Antik Kenti'nde yer alan Domitianus Tapınağını konu almaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, Ephesos Antik kentinin konumu, tarihçesi ve tapınağın kent içerisindeki konumunu ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölüm ise, Flavius Hanedanı Dönemi tarihçesi ve dönemin karakteristikleşmiş mimari özellikleri, İmparator Domitanus'un kısa biyografisi ile imparatorun tapınağın inşasında oynadığı rolü ve tapınağın inşa edilmesi sonrasında kentin elde ettiği ayrıcalıkları içermektedir. Ödevin üçüncü, yani son bölümünde, tapınağın tüm teknik detayları hakkında bir derleme yer almaktadır.

The church of St. Mary of Muge (Muge, Salvaterra de Magos, Portugal), was buit in 1297 as a small gothic temple. Currently nothing remains of the original building except some disconnected architectural elements. This work is an attempt to reconstruct virtually the medieval phase from the written documents and similar churches that still exist.

""The Chiesa Madre of S. Maria Assunta at Laurenzana (PZ, Basilicata, Italy) was a middle-age church, named in medieval documents Sancta Maria de Plataeis; the first mention is in Suebian age, under the emperor Friedrich II Hoenstaufen; a new building phase was at XVI-XVII century, with the expansion on North side. The third phase was in second part of XVIII century.
The life of the church was accompanied by the burial use of the underground rooms, under the floor of the building; the particular burial condition have helped the natural mummification of the deads. Many damages were caused by the earthquake of 1980.""

Augustodunum, civitas Aeduorum, fondée à l’époque augustéenne, fut dotée de quatre portes urbaines : la porte d’Arroux et la porte Saint-André qui sont les mieux conservées, la porte Saint-Andoche dont il ne reste qu’une tour de flanquement et la porte de Rome, depuis longtemps disparue. L’étude stratigraphique du bâti des portes et la réflexion sur le fonctionnement du chantier de construction des portes urbaines d’Autun constituent le cœur de ce travail. Par ailleurs, antiquaires, voyageurs et artistes ont laissé depuis le XVIème siècle de nombreux témoignages de leur visite des portes romaines d’Autun. Ce fonds documentaire considérable, constitué de sources écrites et iconographiques, n’avait jusqu’alors pas été étudié de manière globale. Il a fallu mettre en série les sources textuelles afin de comprendre la part des emprunts aux travaux antérieurs. Un travail semblable de critique des représentations iconographiques des portes urbaines a également été effectué. Complément indispensable de l’étude stratigraphique des élévations conservées, l’étude de cette documentation ancienne a permis de proposer une hypothèse de restitution de l’histoire longue des portes d’Augustodunum de leur construction à nos jours. Le dernier volet de ce travail a consisté à replacer les portes d’Autun dans la série des portes urbaines monumentales de l’Occident romain construites entre le IIème siècle av. J.-C. et le IIème siècle ap. J.-C. mais aussi à présenter de nouvelles propositions de restitution du projet architectural, du plan des portes et de l’organisation interne de leurs tours de flanquement.

Augustodunum, civitas Aeduorum, roman city founded under the reign of Augustus, was equipped with four roman city gates : the gate of Arroux and the gate of Saint André, both well preserved, the gate of Saint Andoche which sole remaining part is a flanking tower, and the gate of Rome, destroyed long ago.
The heart of this study lies in the stratigraphic reading of those gates structure and in thoughts about the building site of Autun’s city gates operating process.
Moreover, since the 16th century, antiquaries, travelers and artists have described in many ways their visits to the roman city gates of Autun. These accounts constitute a major documentary collection of written and iconographical sources that had never been studied as a whole before. A classification of written sources was necessary in order to understand the borrowings from previous works. A similar work of critical study has been realized for the iconographical representations of the gates.
As an essential complement of the stratigraphic reading of remaining elevations of the gates, the ancient archeological documentation study was indispensable to propose a restoration hypothesis of Augustodunum’s city gates long term history from their construction time to nowadays.
The last section of this study aims to locate Autun’s city gates in the series of monumental city gates built in Western Roman Empire between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD. Furthermore, that section presents new propositions for the restoration of the architectural project, of the gates plan and of the inner organization of these gates flanking towers.

The Church of S. Giovanni Battista Decollato at Mensano (Siena), has a basilica plan with a central nave and two side-aisles, each terminating in an apse. Inside there are eight massive monolithic columns, with classicizing capitals carved with allegorical subjects. The building has undergone several transformations over the years of building activity. Traditionally ascribed to Maestro Bonamico Pisano, who was involved in the actual construction of Pisa Cathedral, and in the execution of the pulpit of Volterra Cathedral, the capitals are without doubt the most interesting decorative elements in the Church: a rare, if not unique, example of Pisan Romanesque sculpture in the Elsa Valley.  The church is an emblematic example of minor (secondary) historical heritage, and is a key representative of religious architecture of the time. It is even more significant in view of its proximity to the old Via Francigena.

The church is on the small hilltop town of Mensano, a medieval Senese outpost in the far western sector of the Upper Elsa Valley.
Geological studies identified an active landslip affecting the slope immediately behind the apse section, while suggesting deep-lying damage and cracks in the ground, which indeed can be seen in the walls of the building.
An accurate investigation was carried out on Pieve, which consisted of classic metric, material and morphological phases. In particular attention was taken to the survey of the cracking framework, which has highlighted a serious cinematism in progress.
At the same time a numerical analysis was carried out which confirmed the low degree of seismic vulnerability of the monument.

  The case of the Mensano’s Pieve is an emblematic example of minor (secondary) historical heritage, and it is a key representative of ancient religious architecture.
The countless medieval baptistery churches across Italy are increasingly suffering from gradual abandonment. The causes of this are to be found in the recent global economic crisis, which, in Italy, have led to a drastic cut in the resources normally set aside for basic maintenance, at least.
But “minor” does not mean “less important”, because, as in the case of Mensano, these works are often true architectural and artistic jewels. Not protecting them, or doing only little to protect them, is a very serious mistake, especially in view of the high degree of seismic activity in Italy, specifically in areas close to the monument in question.

The study of Maturana-Verástegui Palace has enabled us to understand the complex construction evolution of a building which, in perfect symbiosis with the historic past of the family which lived in it, was gradually transformed in a series of alterations until it became the structure we see today. Nevertheless, one of the most surprising results
of the study was the discovery that the palace was built on the ruins of two former properties, which burned down during the first half of the 15th century and whose construction dates back to the gradual occupation of the site during the 13th century.
The good state of conservation of the burned-down remains presented a unique opportunity for us to learn not only about the construction techniques used in the city from the 13th century onwards, but also about the different activities carried out inside a building dating from that period. In this sense, industrial activities seem to have played a key role, since the ground floor contained a forge specially designed to manufacture weapons (non-firearms).
However, we should not forget the everyday activities of the family which lived and worked inside the building, since a fabric washing zone was discovered, and it was even possible to distinguish the pottery and metal implements located on each of the floors, a finding which is of great importance for the study of the cultural material of the era.

"[ES] Presentamos un estudio de las fortalezas que fueron construidas durante la Guerra de la Restauração Portuguesa (1640-1668) en lo que se conoce como ´raia húmida´ o ´raya húmeda´, que se corresponde con el territorio limítrofe al valle del Miño, denominado Baixo Miño en la Región de Galicia y Vale do Minho en el territorio portugués. A pesar de que el tema de este número especial de la revista Castillos de España está centrado en Galicia, creemos que debemos abarcar ambos lados de la frontera, puesto que constituyen una realidad indivisible. Se aborda el cambio producifo entre la arquitectura medieval y la defensa moderna y cómo estas construcciones afectan al territorio donde se emplazan. Se apunta también la formación de un paisaje cultural fortificado en constante cambio, que es entendido como un sistema. También se analiza en detalle uno de los sub-sistemas que se articulan en este paisaje, el llamado sub-sistema Goián-Vila Nova de Cerveira-Medos.

[EN] We present a study of the fortifications which during the War of Restauração Portuguesa (1640-1668) are built in what is known as "raia húmida" or "wet line" that corresponds to the territory borders the Miño valley, called Baixo Miño in the Region of Galicia and Vale do Minho in Portugal region. Although the special issue of the journal Castles of Spain which includes focusing on Galicia, we believe that we should address the strengths of both sides of the border, as they constitute an indivisible reality. It covers the changes between the medieval architecture and modern defense and how they affect the territory under consideration. It also addresses the formation of a fortified cultural landscape is constantly changing and it is understood as a system. It also analyzes in detail one of the sub-systems which is articulated in this landscape, the so-called sub-system Goián-Vila Nova de Cerveira-Medos."

Rammed earth is one of the most known traditional construction techniques, commonly used in urban and rural buildings in São Paulo State between 16th and 19th century. Strongly associated with regional cultural heritage, this technique was the nodal point of architectural history studies from 1950’s to 1990’s, when several scholars aimed to comprehend its diffusion, sometimes conciliated with experimental interventions of recovery. The analysis and recent critical review of these interventions have been pointed out the inattentiveness and conjunctural excesses of the past to claim for retrospective project methodologies approaches that ought to be more aware about international preservation premises of restoration discipline. Nowadays, the focus lays on precise documentation of material constitution of these buildings, which can lead, on a conservative basis, towards the diagnosis of interaction processes of different materials on the same surface and, on formal and architectonical orientation, towards the comprehension of what has been added, removed or altered through time. Based on these premises, this article exposes principles of study, methodology and procedures used for the vertical archaeological record of a rammed earth wall at old Paraíso Ranch Granary, in Campinas. Classified by the city, state and federation, the building was preserved by its last owner, Antonio da Costa Santos, architect and former mayor that gave to it their contemporary architectural value through undocumented conservative interventions. Using principles related to building archaeology field, we sought to organize a proposal for documentation that assesses the conservation of architectonical structures combined to the hypothesis orientation of “authorial” construction maintenance through time. This work aims to disseminate adequate ways of architectural record of rammed earth buildings in São Paulo to make available consistent documentation methods coherent to contemporary preservationist demands.

The article proposes a new interpretation of the church of S. Lorenzo in Verona, built between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century. The church is important in the context of Romanesque architecture in northern Italy and Europe and needed an updated study made with modern techniques.
The construction is very difficult to study because it was very restored in the 19th and 20th centuries; despite this, the church adopts exceptional architectural solutions: first, the plant is made up by a large presbytery with three apses, which are in sloping progression with the chapels of the transept (chevet échelloné); second, two strong round towers are attached to the façade; third, there are extensive upper galleries running above the aisles; finally, a refined sculptural apparatus has been adopted, especially in the capitals.
The article provides an original image of the Romanesque structure of S. Lorenzo: thanks to the new survey of the church made with 3D laser scanner technology and the stratigraphic analysis of the walls it can be assumed that the church originally had a roof with cross vaults and wooden trusses; the transept was much less developed than it appears today; the floor had three different levels; the cruise was covered by a lantern; the main nave was lower than it is today and therefore the church did not have a clerestory, but had a hall structure (Hallenkirche).

La ermita de San Pantaleón de Losa se ha datado tradicionalmente a inicios del s. XIII en base a la inscripción de consagración colocada en ella y datada en la Era 1245 (1207 dC.), con una posterior ampliación norte de estilo gótico. Sin embargo el análisis arqueológico de su arquitectura, el artístico de su decoración y el de los datos documentales distinguen en ella una secuencia que contradice las cronologías tradicionales. La primera etapa reutiliza la sillería, las piezas decorativas y la inscripción citada que deben pertenecer a una iglesia anterior desaparecida (documentada entre 1133 y 1178) y por lo tanto se debe datar después de 1245, entre la segunda mitad del s. XIII y la primera del s. XIV, resolviéndose así las contradicciones tipológicas que presenta. De modo parecido, la segunda etapa constructiva reutiliza material de tipología gótica que quizás perteneció a la “casa” de la Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén que se sabe que se encontraba en ruinas en el año 1535, debiéndose datar en pleno s. XVI.

THE FIRST OPENED CARAVANSERAI, RABAT (RIBAT)
OF CENTRAL ASIA
Aultepe is one of the well-studied monuments of the early middle ages of Central Asia. The
excavation author S. K. Kabanov, based on the data obtained suggested that it was the ruins of
a castle of a local landowner. Many Central Asian architecture experts supported the author’s
findings on the purpose of the monument. After these studies, for many years Aultepe was
considered a reference monument of the early middle ages, with which newly discovered
monuments were compared. But large-scale archaeological excavations conducted in recent
years in Central Asia have provided new materials on the architecture of the region. These
data allowed us to turn again to the conclusions of the author. Until today, many scholars of
the history of architecture, the emergence of caravanserais, ribat or rebates associated precisely
with the spread of Islam in Central Asia. New studies of the materials of the monument to
Aultepe made it possible to put forward the assumption that the construction of caravanserais,
discounts or ribates dates back to an earlier time. Most likely, the origins of the discounts and
caravanserais, who played an important role in the development of trade in the middle ages,
reflect the increased role of the Great Silk Road. The article also raises the question of the
origins of the tradition of building discounts in Central Asia, which played an important role
in the development of trade on the Great Silk Road.
Key words: Aultepe, Central Asia, castle, discount, caravanserais, trade routes, architecture,
sufa, castle, fortress wall, tower, platform, dwellings, storage, “pakhsa”, mud bricks;