Alep, Aleppo, Architecture

“The city is as old as eternity, but still young, and it has never ceased to exist. Its days and nights have been long; it has survived its rulers and commoners. These are its houses and dwellings, but where are their former residents and the people who visited them? These are its palaces and chambers of court, but where are the Hamdanid princes and their poets? They have all passed away, but the city is still here. City of wonders! It endures. Its kings fall; they disappear, but its destruction has not been ordered”.

Dünyanın en eski şehirlerinden biri olan Halep, Anadolu ile Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz ile İran arasındaki yolların kesişim noktasındadır. İpek Yolu’nun kavşağında olması, kentin sosyo-ekonomik yönden gelişmesini etkileyen en önemli etmen olmuştur.
Halep, M.Ö. 64 yılına gelindiğinde Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Suriye eyaletinin sınırları içine alınmış ve Bizans dönemi boyunca iktisadi açıdan çok önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. Halep’in İslam hakimiyetine girişi ise M.S. 637'de olmuştur. Daha sonra sırasıyla Emevi ve Abbasilerin egemenlik sahası içinde yer almıştır. Kent, 1086 yılında Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’ne bağlanmıştır. Artuklular, Eyyubiler ve Moğol hakimiyetinin ardından 1516 yılında kent Osmanlı yönetimine girmiştir.
Halep, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun en önemli kentleri arasında yer almıştır. Halep’in bugünkü şeklini almasında İslam medeniyetlerinin, özellikle de Eyyubi ve Memluk medeniyetlerinin büyük katkısı vardır. Kentin surların dışına doğru gelişmesi 13. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Ancak günümüze kadar ayakta kalan mimari dokunun büyük çoğunluğu Osmanlı dönemine (1516-1918) aittir.
Kentin tarihi önemi, zenginliği, geçmişini ve mimari dokusunu muhafaza etmiş olması sebebiyle “Eski Halep Kenti” 1986 yılında UNESCO tarafından, Dünya Kültür Mimari Listesi’ne alınmıştır.


ABSTRACT
The Old City of Aleppo is the historic city centre of Aleppo. Many districts of the ancient city remained essentially unchanged since its construction during the 12th to the 16th century. Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. Each district was characterized by the religious and ethnic characteristics of its inhabitants.
In 636 AD, Aleppo was conquered by the Arab Muslim troops. About 80 years later, during the rule of the Umayyad Caliph Sulaiman. In 1516, Aleppo became part of the Ottoman Empire. It was soon made the capital of its own province and emerged as a nexus of trade between the Orient and Europe.
Characterized with its large mansions, narrow alleys, covered souqsand ancient caravanserais, the Ancient City of Aleppo became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.

دمشق إلى الأبد
فايزة الحلبي
20032024
Nagham HODAIFA sa double carrière de peintre et de chercheuse  18032024
An association of the music of Kinan Azmeh with a fragment of my trilingual piece La Chute subject to acceptance by kinan  04052023
KINAN AZMEH A SYRIAN GENIUS 25042023
اين يكمن الخطأ ؟ لعبد القادر النيال (الكتاب قيد النشر)  Where did the things go wrong
by Professor: Abdel-Qader Al-Nayal  27/03/2023
عيد النوروز  La fête du Neirouz  23/03/2023
Maya Dabbagh dans « Noor » 16/03/2023
Stop murderous sanctions against children of Syria  15/03/2023
A concert with a difference: Enrique Mazzola, Kinan Azmeh and the LPO  27/01/2023
LE PASSÉ GLORIEUX D’UN PATRIOTE SYRIEN: FAEZ MANSOUR
وداعاً يا نعمان
15072022
"تسول اللاجئات السوريات في الجزائر".
Réponse de Ahlam ALAZEM Ecrivaine Syrienne
مطروز أو محاولة تأسيس المشتت
ثريا الفيلي-طولون  10072022
Matrouz ou essayons de reconstruire les éléments de notre dispersion
Touriya  Fili - Toulon
LE MIRACLE SYRIEN: LES HOMMES ET LES FEMMES: Jacqueline Amphoux Elsaleh
HOMMAGE À PALMYRE PAR NISSRINE SLITINI
HOMMAGE A KHALED AL ASAAD ET A L’ITALIE PAR SIMONE LAFLEURIEL ZAKRI
Rahaf Cheikhani
I -a- Avec Palmyre tombe le séquoia
I-b- Ib - Amin et Jacqueline Elsaleh ont longtemps vécu en Syrie avant de s’installer en Creuse
II-a-La légende Sabah Fakhri
II-b- Mon cousin germain Bicher Barmada souvenirs de Samir Abdulac
II- c - Osmane Aîdi
II- d - Introduction. Le quartier de Chaalan À Damas (1918 – 2009). Mémoires des gens, mémoire des lieux
Souvenirs de quelques rencontres à Damas et Paris
II- e - Les papiers d'Ibn Hay al-Shaalan : Afif al-Bahnassi et chapitres de la mémoire de la Syrie contemporaine
II - f- LA DOUCEUR DU RETOUR AU CAMP YARMOUK
II - g - Bibliothèque Nobel syrienne... Au revoir par
Sami Marwan Moubayed
II - h - Les personnalités
Sabah Fakhri l’Alepin par Boutros Al Maari
Pour les amoureux d’Alep:
https://www.academia.edu/34921624/Aleppo_Architecture_and_History_By_Julia_Gonnella_Comments_by_Khairat_Al_Saleh
Mohed Altrad
Estaz Keilani
II-f Notes par Simone Lafleuriel Zakri suite à mon
commentaire “Renaissance progressive de la Syrie dévastée”
II-i- SIMONE FOR EVER
II-j- L’ouverture du marché de « Khan al Harir » et de la place de « Fustoq » après leur réhabilitation
III - Créateurs syriens en Chine... Les écrivains syriens ont œuvré pour enrichir les liens de la culture syro-chinoise à travers le temps
مبدعون سوريون في الصين … أدباء سوريون عملوا على إغناء روابط الثقافة السورية الصينية عبر الزمن
IV- I believe Christ would choose to be born in Syria this year among the ruins of Syria
V-  Dictature politique et dictature religieuse
VI - L’Histoire du Proche Orient Antique
Présentation vidéo du film "Ainsi parle Tarām-Kūbi. Correspondances assyriennes"
VII- Décès de Michel Kilo, pilier de l'opposition syrienne
VIII - Abouna Zahlaoui rappelle au monde ce que signifie le « Chemin de Damas »…
IX- The message of Nadia Khost
X - Disparition de Hassan Abbas
XI - EXPLORATION LES JEUNES VIRTUOSES
Naïssam Jalal
Mayssane Sidaoui
XII - Hommage : Khaled Al- Asa’ad, Salim Abd Al-Haq, Jafar Al-Hasani
XIII - Qui sommes-nous?
XIV - Those who marked up our contemporary history Hatem Ali by Mohamed Sami Al-Kayal
XV- Des expositions à Damas illuminent le "beau temps" de l'histoire de la Syrie
XVI - LESSONS FROM MUSSALAM KHAYAT
XVII -  PARTIE BOUTROS ALMAARI-UN PEINTRE HAUTEMENT ENGAGE
XVIII -  QUI EST HIND OBIEDIN ?
XIX -  Qui est Khairat Al-Saleh
XX -  CORRESPONDANCE AVEC MUSSALAM KHAYAT
XXI -  Qui est Abdullah Al-Khani?
XXII -  LES SYRIENNES PAR FAIKA KHAYAT
XXIII -  LES FRANCO - SYRIENNES ANDRÉE ABDULHAK
XXIV - EXCLUSIVELY WRITTEN BY AMIN ELSALEH

01/12/2009
A Crystal Ball Visioning: Unfolding the 21st Century" by Imad F. Abdullah  is a great opus. It reverberates with resounding sentences like:
"Syria is often in the headlines being pushed to lower its hemlines."
If my history serves me well thanks to the lights of Samir Abdulhak and his father Dr. Salim Adel Abdul Hak and Dr. Shakib al Djabri plus late Georges Chatila , Syria was always in this role:
The first trans-countries  great invasion was by Naram Sin of Akkad against northern Syria with the scorching of Ibla in the third Millennium BC; The first great Battle of history was at Meggido (Palestine, actual imm el fahm) in the middle of the second millennium BC between the pharaoh Thutmose and "the Aramean king or princes" it stroke so much the imagination that its compete name Aram Meggido (the city of Meggido) gave the brand name Armageddon for the final battle: a most famous inversion form the first battle to the final battle by intruders on Syrian history in their holy books.

J'ai promis à Mazen Azem de t'écrire et de le mettre en copie. C'est la 1ère fois que j'échange avec Mazen et il m'a paru nécessaire que je t'informe que presque toute notre conversation était à ton sujet. Pour moi tu es le seul parmi nos amis du Lycée qui a une connaissance riche de ce que sont les Syriens et que si un jour on doit apprendre plus sur les Syriens on doit t'interroger. Je lui ai dit que tu connais toutes les grandes familles, tous les hommes d'état, tous les événements qui ne sont pas hélas tous répertoriés, si je t'écrit c'est que j'approuve presque toutes tes idées, et que je souhaite que tu puisses enrichir ma collection sur les Syriens, cette Syrie qui s'étend jusqu'à ce qu'on appelle Israël aujourd'hui. Oui, l'histoire doit être réécrite par des personnes neutres et si attachés à leur pays. Mais est-ce que c'est tout ce que j'ai échangé à propos de toi avec Mazen? permet-moi de mettre en copie un camarade d'enfance Imad Abdullah qui a éclairé souvent ma lanterne et qui contribue à toutes les publications sensibles touchant tous les sujets qui nous préoccupent tous ; Au plaisir de te lire Mussalam avec le permis de publier tes nouvelles idées; Bien à vous trois Amin Dear Mazen, I was looking for you and Mustapha Bustamy and Ghiath Taleb Agha (some of them living in Euclid California very appropriately) for the account of the dearest Hassan Shakib Djabri who was very ea ger for your

Families of Muqarnas Blocks in Historical Compositions* By Mamoun Lutfi Sakkal Abstract: Muqarnas is a unique architectural–decorative element introduced by Muslim architects and builders before the 10th century. It is made up of repeated units with a concave surface such that each layer in a muqarnas composition projects beyond the previous layer and creates a rich, articulated surface that changes in three-dimensions. These units will be called the muqarnas blocks in this paper. This paper presents a new method for generating the various forms of muqarnas blocks, explores the relationships between the blocks, and provides a method by which we can predict the possible forms of missing parts in a muqarnas structure based on the properties of the existing blocks’ remains. The study doesn’t address issues associated with restoration and preservation activities other than the geometric reconstruction of the muqarnas design. The method presented in this paper is called the “dome dividing” method because it is based on a simple process of dividing a dome’s surface to several divisions, then completing these divisions to create a full family of blocks. The most common families are presented, and a detailed discussion of the 45 degrees family is illustrated.

Book comprising two hundred twenty short papers exploring the cultural heritage of the Middle East from a comparative point of view. Verbal manifestations (Arabic, often compared to Aramean, Greek and Latin) and non-verbal manifestations (social interactions, food, cities, architecture) are analyzed from diachronic and synchronic points of view. Physical space, religious space and social space are explored.

Aleppo is the second largest city in Syria and is the commercial capital of Syria. Aleppo
has a long history, extending from the third millennium BC to the Islamic era. From 1516 to
1918, Aleppo was part of the Ottoman Empire; it was the third largest city after Istanbul and
Cairo. As part of this empire, local Aleppine architects and artisans combined their tradition
with those of other parts of the large empire. Due to growth in population, the Ottomans
developed and expanded the city, provided commercial and religious facilities, and established
more neighborhoods outside of the walls. During the Ottoman era, polychrome wooden
decorations flourished in Syria to decorate the wealthy houses. These lavish panels were
created by talented craftsmen to represent the owner´s wealth, social class, and knowledge.
This paper employs a historical and descriptive approach to explore the history, designs and
decorated interiors of Ottoman-era Syrian houses by using the documentation done by the
first author between 2006 and 2010. Since 2012, much of Syria’s architectural heritage has
been destroyed due to the armed conflict. In Aleppo, the losses in both ancient and modern
parts of the city have been tremendous. Many traditional houses were damaged. This paper
will highlight the current situation of these Aleppine houses.

74 photographs of architecture describe, through seven monuments, the main features of the architectural style that shall determine islamic architecture in the Near East for more than three centuries. Special attention is paid to stone muqarnas. These photographs were shown, in large format, in Damascus, Dar al-Baroudi, Faculty of Architecture.
At the end of the twelve century, and the beginning of the thirteenth century, Aleppo has led the way for stone architecture development in the Near East. The recent desctructions have altered these monuments, and completely destroyed one of them. This document testifies to the glory of Aleppo's architectural school.

With this study on Aleppo during the second half of the 17th century, Charles Wilkins not only proposes a detailed vi- sion of the evolution of this urban society in Ottoman times, but also a reflection on the relationship between what happened at the scale of the Empire, notably a series of wars, and the re-organization of taxa- tion at the scale of the city, with a series of decisions which had a huge impact on urban neighbourhoods, guilds, notables and merchants. This is probably one of the major originalities of this book: focus- ing on the entanglement of scales between geopolitics and urban life in a complex organization like the Ottoman Empire.