In quantum physics an anomaly or quantum anomaly is the failure of a symmetry of a theory's classical action to be a symmetry of any regularization of the full quantum theory. In classical physics an anomaly is the failure of a symmetry to be restored in the limit in which the symmetry-breaking parameter goes to zero. Perhaps the first known anomaly was the dissipative anomaly in turbulence: time-reversibility remains broken (and energy dissipation rate finite) at the limit of vanishing viscosity.

Technically, an anomalous symmetry in a quantum theory is a symmetry of the action, but not of the measure, and so not of the partition function as a whole.

Global anomalies

A global anomaly is anomaly associated with global symmetry.

Scaling and renormalization

The most prevalent global anomaly in physics is associated with the violation of scale invariance by quantum corrections, quantified in renormalization. Since regulators generally introduce a distance scale, the classically scale-invariant theories are subject to renormalization group flow, i.e., changing behavior with energy scale. For example, the large strength of the strong nuclear force results from a theory that is weakly coupled at short distances flowing to a strongly coupled theory at long distances, due to this scale anomaly.

Anomaly may refer to:

Astronomy and celestial mechanics

Geophysics

This is a list of fictional characters from DC Comics who are or have been enemies of Superman. It is notable that several of Superman's enemies are or have been foes of the Justice League of America as well.

Central rogues gallery

In alphabetical order (with issue and date of first appearance):

Foes of lesser renown

In alphabetical order (with issue and date of first appearance):

Group villains

Allies in conflict

Some characters originally conceived as heroes have come into conflict with Superman.

Enemies created for other media

These are Superman villains created in other media, with no appearances in previous comics. Livewire, Mercy Graves, Non and Ursa subsequently made appearances in Superman comic books, and have been integrated into the mainstream continuity of the DC Universe.

Villains from comics in other media

A number of villains from the comic books have made an appearance, or appearances, in Superman related live-action media.

Primeval is a British science fiction, drama television programme produced for ITV by Impossible Pictures. Created by Adrian Hodges and Tim Haines, who previously created the Walking with... documentary series, Primeval follows a team of scientists tasked with investigating the appearance of temporal anomalies across Great Britain through which prehistoric and futuristic creatures enter the present, as well as trying to stop the end of the world.

First broadcast in the UK on 10 February 2007, it has since expanded to an international audience. Overall reception of the programme was positive during the first and second series, maintaining a 25% audience share in the United Kingdom during both series to date. Before it was broadcast on 9 August 2008 on BBC America, the programme received generally positive reaction from American critics as well. The third series, which ITV announced on 30 January 2008, began on 28 March 2009. In the US, series 3 premiered on 16 May 2009 on BBC America.