Articles by Olivier Martin
Les docteures ont-elles des chances équivalentes à leurs homologues masculins d'être qualifiées a... more Les docteures ont-elles des chances équivalentes à leurs homologues masculins d'être qualifiées aux fonctions de maître.sse de conférences des universités ? Les maitresses de conférences ont-elles des chances vraiment comparables à celles des maîtres de conférences d'obtenir une qualification aux fonctions de professeur.e.s ? Et, une fois entrés dans l'un ou l'autre de ces deux corps, les hommes et les femmes ont-ils des chances identiques d'être promus dans les diverses classes existant au sein de chacun de ces corps ? Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, en tout cas apporter quelques éclairages statistiques, ce texte s'appuie sur des analyses anonymes des dossiers analysés annuellement par le CNU19 (notamment durant mon mandat 2011-2015), complétées par des données issues des rapports statistiques du ministère, du Journal Officiel ainsi que de résultats établis dans un autre cadre (Chenu, Martin, 2016). Mon propos est essentiellement focalisé sur les étapes dont le CNU a la charge : les étapes de qualification aux fonctions de maître.sse de conférences ou de professeur ainsi que les étapes de promotion (avancement dans les corps des MCF et des PR). Nous présentons également quelques résultats concernant les nominations. L'étude des trajectoires différenciées des femmes et des hommes dans les carrières de sociologue et démographe des universités françaises fait l'objet d'un autre article à paraître très prochainement (Chenu, Martin, 2016) et seuls quelques résultats généraux issus de cet article seront ici remis en perspective. Nous saisissons également le cadre de ce texte, essentiellement centré sur les différences de sexe à plusieurs moments de la carrière, pour publier quelques données générales sur les corps des enseignants-chercheurs permanents (professeur.e.s et maître.sse.s de conférences) : les effectifs de ces deux corps ; leur démographie ; l'évolution de leur composition. C'est par cette description démographique générale que nous débutons notre article, avant d'examiner de manière successive les différentes étapes de la carrière d'un enseignant-chercheur : la qualification aux fonctions de maître.sse. de conférences, la nomination à ces fonctions, la qualification aux fonctions de professeur.e, la nomination sur un poste professoral, la promotion au sein de chacun des corps.
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La vérité des chiffres : une illusion ?
Débat entre entre Alain Blum, démographe, et Olivier Mart... more La vérité des chiffres : une illusion ?
Débat entre entre Alain Blum, démographe, et Olivier Martin, sociologue.
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« Savants, sciences et savoirs en société : quelques réflexions sur le renouvellement de la socio... more « Savants, sciences et savoirs en société : quelques réflexions sur le renouvellement de la sociologie des sciences ». Sociétés contemporaines, tome 64, 2006, p. 5-19.
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This article aims to review the status and role of a quantitative scale for assessing the therape... more This article aims to review the status and role of a quantitative scale for assessing the therapeutic
effects of antidepressants. This scale, known as HAM-D (Hamilton Scale), plays a central role
in medical practices, standards of care, health policy and fi nally the concepts of depression.
While examining the social and scientifi c conditions, explaining the centrality and importance
of this scale, the article details the consequences of the uses of it. The scale shapes the concept
of depression by providing a one-dimensional representation, an almost operational and
performative defi nition. Digitizing the depression offers antidepressants market participants
the ability to “stage the number” which signifi cantly contributes to the fact that treated patients
with these molecules are far more numerous than what logically would allow the characteristics
of those on which the (relative) clinical effi cacy of antidepressants has been shown.
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The Origins of Factorial Ideas. From Theories to Statistical Methods. This article considers the ... more The Origins of Factorial Ideas. From Theories to Statistical Methods. This article considers the ideas and concepts in factorial analysis through a historical overview of its methods. The origin of this statistical technique is to be found in the works of the psychologist Spearman who sought to identify factors of the mind, in other words, the agents contributing to various mental activities, during the early decades of this century. Spearman’s statistical tools were progressively detached from the psychological realm where they had been created. Spearman’s theory of mental factors became a general disembodied method. The new autonmous character of statistical formalisms resulted from criticism and response to criticism coming from mathematicians as well as psychologists, Thomson, Thurstone, and Hotelling in particular. The analysis of that development, running roughly from 1900 to 1940, sheds light on one of the forms of the influence of mathematical formalism in social science.
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Maurice Halbwachs is known as the durkheimian sociologist who took the greatest interest in stati... more Maurice Halbwachs is known as the durkheimian sociologist who took the greatest interest in statistics and mathematics, and in their use - and the limits thereof - in sociology. He viewed statistics as the best tool for the development of positive sociology. But at the same time, he attributed very limited actual power to statistics and mathematics, which could only be used to establish facts. It is then up to the sociologist to interpret and explain those facts, which need to be situated in their exact social context. He rejected mathematical abstraction and the abuse of standardisation. His attitude toward statistics is basically ambivalent, in that he wished to apply it to the study of social facts without reducing those facts to mere collections of events or of individual acts.
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Papers by Olivier Martin
Enfances, Familles, Générations, 2018
Research Framework : Sociological knowledge about the link between digital practices and family l... more Research Framework : Sociological knowledge about the link between digital practices and family life still needs developing. It is within this context, this journal issue and introductory article explore how marital negotiations and parent-child relationships are being transformed by these digital practices, forms of surveillance mediated by these technologies or, conversely, new ways in which autonomy is attained, the balance between peer and familial socialisation, as well as the connection between gender roles and the ways in which these technologies are used by couples and families. Objectives : This introductory article is designed to present the current state of research on these topics and critically examine the corpus of articles included in this issue.Methodology : Through a review of the literature, we situate this special issue within a broader context of research that, for nearly twenty years, at the intersection of work on the family and work on communication technologies and the internet.Results : In the first section, we suggest that this field of research is yet to be developed. In the following sections, we will show how the articles in this themed issue largely demonstrate that family digital practices reflect current social norms, as well as the tensions these norms may create. Although this analysis is not new (Pasquier, 2018), it is refined by the multiplicity of actors, discourses, and methodologies. Conclusions : As a result of the evaluation and selection of the articles, this themed issue is intended to give a voice to sociologists influenced by a relationist approach and a constructivist language. These articles deal with intimacy and fall within the framework of the sociology of everyday life, taking a close look at ordinary practices. Technologicaly deterministic analyses (Jaureguilberry and Proulx, 2011) are therefore less present. Scholars interested in these topics will find that much remains to be done, and the constant evolution of these practices and technologies ensures that there will always be new questions to address.Contribution : This themed issue contributes to the dialogue between various sociological studies of the individual and his or her relationship to norms, where some believe that the norms govern the individual (structuralism), while others believe that the individual negotiate and co-creates the norms regulating these 'good practices' (pragmatism, interactionism). Moreover, this introductory article will provide a short but necessary survey of French-language sociological knowledge about families in the digital era – a way to remind ourselves and our readers of the Foucauldian idea that scientific works about a research topic are not neutral.
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Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines, 2002
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Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines, 2002
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Articles by Olivier Martin
Débat entre entre Alain Blum, démographe, et Olivier Martin, sociologue.
effects of antidepressants. This scale, known as HAM-D (Hamilton Scale), plays a central role
in medical practices, standards of care, health policy and fi nally the concepts of depression.
While examining the social and scientifi c conditions, explaining the centrality and importance
of this scale, the article details the consequences of the uses of it. The scale shapes the concept
of depression by providing a one-dimensional representation, an almost operational and
performative defi nition. Digitizing the depression offers antidepressants market participants
the ability to “stage the number” which signifi cantly contributes to the fact that treated patients
with these molecules are far more numerous than what logically would allow the characteristics
of those on which the (relative) clinical effi cacy of antidepressants has been shown.
Papers by Olivier Martin
Débat entre entre Alain Blum, démographe, et Olivier Martin, sociologue.
effects of antidepressants. This scale, known as HAM-D (Hamilton Scale), plays a central role
in medical practices, standards of care, health policy and fi nally the concepts of depression.
While examining the social and scientifi c conditions, explaining the centrality and importance
of this scale, the article details the consequences of the uses of it. The scale shapes the concept
of depression by providing a one-dimensional representation, an almost operational and
performative defi nition. Digitizing the depression offers antidepressants market participants
the ability to “stage the number” which signifi cantly contributes to the fact that treated patients
with these molecules are far more numerous than what logically would allow the characteristics
of those on which the (relative) clinical effi cacy of antidepressants has been shown.
Les chiffres régissent une bonne partie de nos vies : ils servent à coordonner nos actions, à établir des règles de vie commune et à trouver des conventions au sein des collectifs. Ils contribuent aux prises de décision et à l’exercice du pouvoir. Ils participent à nos quêtes de justice et d’harmonie, et à la construction de la confiance. Et ils prétendent aussi refléter la réalité de façon objective.
La puissance des chiffres provient-elle de leur capacité à énoncer des certitudes, de notre soumission volontaire à des artifices utiles, de leur aptitude à fabriquer un monde et à nous l’imposer, ou des leviers qu’ils nous offrent pour s’entendre et agir ?
À travers une analyse sociologique et historique de la quantification, Olivier Martin nous montre toute l’étendue de l’empire des chiffres dans nos sociétés.
Olivier Martin, sociologue et statisticien, est professeur à l’Université de Paris et dirige le Centre de recherche sur les liens sociaux (CERLIS - CNRS).
Appuyé sur des enquêtes sociologiques minutieuses, ce livre entend rompre avec de telles visions. Il montre comment et dans quelle mesure internet a pris place dans nos pratiques les plus courantes. Qu’est-ce qui a changé dans les manières de faire des rencontres, d’échanger avec des proches, d’étudier, de jouer, de discuter, de draguer, de s’exprimer, de sortir avec des inconnus, et même de tricoter ?
Ce livre révèle comment nos vies se sont ajustées à internet et comment, inversement, internet s’est adapté: ainsi démontre- t-il comment internet est devenu notre ordinaire. Finalement, comprendre le rôle et la place d’internet, c’est comprendre nombre de faits sociaux généraux.
Dirigé par Olivier Martin et Éric Dagiral, enseignants et chercheurs en sociologie au Centre de Recherche sur les Liens Sociaux (CERLIS, Université Paris Descartes & CNRS), cet ouvrage comprend les contributions originales de Claire Balleys, Valérie Beaudouin, Marie Bergström, Vincent Berry, Dominique Cardon, Éric Dagiral, Thomas Cornillet, Caroline Datchary, Cédric Fluckiger, Laurence Le Douarin, Charlotte Le Van, Olivier Martin, Ségolène Petite, Anne-Sylvie Pharabod, Christophe Prieur et Vinciane Zabban.